{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6h4cn6zh1w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gettinger, Max (Mike)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1989-12-11 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Margery Diamond (Interviewer)","Max \"Mike\" C. Gettinger (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMax C. \"Mike\" Gettinger interviewed by Margery Diamond on December 11, 18, and 27, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMax “Mike” Charles Gettinger was born in a small village near Mielec, Poland, to Aaron and Sarah Gettinger, on December 3, 1911. Mike was the youngest of five children. Aaron Gettinger left for the United States when Mike was an infant. While in Poland, Mike attended a \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e, a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. At the age of eight, Mike joined his father in New York and began attending a \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e, an all-day school. Mike’s father owned a kosher grocery store in Brooklyn, where Mike helped in the family business. He attended high school at \u003cem\u003eMesivta Torah Vodaath\u003c/em\u003e in Brooklyn. He continued studying there until the age of 21. Mike graduated from the City College of New York and later attended the School of Social Work of the University of Buffalo (now the State University of New York at Buffalo), graduating in 1940. Mike was drafted to the United States Navy in 1942, where he did psychiatric social work. Mike had a successful lifelong career in social work in the Jewish field. After serving in the navy, Mike began working with the Jewish Family Service in Buffalo. He worked for the Jewish Family Agency in Detroit, Michigan, Sing Sing Correction Facility, the Jewish Board of Guardians, and the Joint Distribution Committee in Israel as an assistant director for Malben. In Atlanta, Mike was assistant director of the Atlanta Jewish Federation and was instrumental in its reorganization and fundraising. Mike forged relationships with Atlanta and national politicians and leading figures within the Catholic church in Atlanta. Mike Gettinger married Claire Klein (1913-1998) of Brooklyn. They had two children, Joshua and David, who are both physicians; and several grandchildren. The family were members of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Mike and Claire retired to Birmingham, Alabama. Mike died in Birmingham on December 2, 2000, one day before his 89th birthday. He is buried alongside his wife in Birmingham's Elmwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMike Gettinger begins the interview talking about his family in Mielec, Poland, where he grew up. He talks about his relationship with his parents and grandparents. He relates that he has been recording stories of these relationships and what life was like in a \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e book at his synagogue. He talks about his experience with school in Mielec and how that differed in his education experiences in Brooklyn, New York. He speaks of the \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e he attended in New York and his father’s insistence that he attend. He talks about continuing his education at the School of Social Work in Buffalo, New York. He discusses his relationship with his grandparents and his family living in Europe. He tells of his returning to visit them after he had finished high school in the United States and the importance of that visit. He recalls his conversations with his family in Europe after seeing Hitler Youth in Berlin. He speaks about his time in the United States Navy, the work he had done there, and recalls an antisemitic incident. Mike talks about his family’s relationship with \u003cem\u003eChassidic\u003c/em\u003e rabbis and visiting dignitaries in their home in Brooklyn. He remembers a rabbi living with them and holding Friday night services with as many as 25 people in their home. He discusses in great detail his lifelong career in social work in the Jewish field and how that relates to his own religiosity. He talks about the Jewish organizations where he had worked during his career, what he learned, and his contributions. He talks about his relationship with Atlanta politicians and figures in the Catholic church in Atlanta and how these were important in affecting policy. He speaks in great detail about the Jewish religion using rabbinic sources and relating interesting allegories. He uses his vast knowledge of Judaism as a perspective to discuss many important matters. He speaks of meeting his wife, Claire Klein, who was also from an Orthodox family in Brooklyn. He talks about their two sons, Joshua and David, and their marriages, careers, and children.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28485"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMax C. \"Mike\" Gettinger interviewed by Margery Diamond on December 11, 18, and 27, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMax “Mike” Charles Gettinger was born in a small village near Mielec, Poland, to Aaron and Sarah Gettinger, on December 3, 1911. Mike was the youngest of five children. Aaron Gettinger left for the United States when Mike was an infant. While in Poland, Mike attended a \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e, a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. At the age of eight, Mike joined his father in New York and began attending a \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e, an all-day school. Mike’s father owned a kosher grocery store in Brooklyn, where Mike helped in the family business. He attended high school at \u003cem\u003eMesivta Torah Vodaath\u003c/em\u003e in Brooklyn. He continued studying there until the age of 21. Mike graduated from the City College of New York and later attended the School of Social Work of the University of Buffalo (now the State University of New York at Buffalo), graduating in 1940. Mike was drafted to the United States Navy in 1942, where he did psychiatric social work. Mike had a successful lifelong career in social work in the Jewish field. After serving in the navy, Mike began working with the Jewish Family Service in Buffalo. He worked for the Jewish Family Agency in Detroit, Michigan, Sing Sing Correction Facility, the Jewish Board of Guardians, and the Joint Distribution Committee in Israel as an assistant director for Malben. In Atlanta, Mike was assistant director of the Atlanta Jewish Federation and was instrumental in its reorganization and fundraising. Mike forged relationships with Atlanta and national politicians and leading figures within the Catholic church in Atlanta. Mike Gettinger married Claire Klein (1913-1998) of Brooklyn. They had two children, Joshua and David, who are both physicians; and several grandchildren. The family were members of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Mike and Claire retired to Birmingham, Alabama. Mike died in Birmingham on December 2, 2000, one day before his 89th birthday. He is buried alongside his wife in Birmingham's Elmwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMike Gettinger begins the interview talking about his family in Mielec, Poland, where he grew up. He talks about his relationship with his parents and grandparents. He relates that he has been recording stories of these relationships and what life was like in a \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e book at his synagogue. He talks about his experience with school in Mielec and how that differed in his education experiences in Brooklyn, New York. He speaks of the \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e he attended in New York and his father’s insistence that he attend. He talks about continuing his education at the School of Social Work in Buffalo, New York. He discusses his relationship with his grandparents and his family living in Europe. He tells of his returning to visit them after he had finished high school in the United States and the importance of that visit. He recalls his conversations with his family in Europe after seeing Hitler Youth in Berlin. He speaks about his time in the United States Navy, the work he had done there, and recalls an antisemitic incident. Mike talks about his family’s relationship with \u003cem\u003eChassidic\u003c/em\u003e rabbis and visiting dignitaries in their home in Brooklyn. He remembers a rabbi living with them and holding Friday night services with as many as 25 people in their home. He discusses in great detail his lifelong career in social work in the Jewish field and how that relates to his own religiosity. He talks about the Jewish organizations where he had worked during his career, what he learned, and his contributions. He talks about his relationship with Atlanta politicians and figures in the Catholic church in Atlanta and how these were important in affecting policy. He speaks in great detail about the Jewish religion using rabbinic sources and relating interesting allegories. He uses his vast knowledge of Judaism as a perspective to discuss many important matters. He speaks of meeting his wife, Claire Klein, who was also from an Orthodox family in Brooklyn. He talks about their two sons, Joshua and David, and their marriages, careers, and children.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/043/small/Gettinger.png?1623083389","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gettinger_Mike.mp3"]},"duration":18796.8,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/043/small/Gettinger.png?1623083389","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/116/043/original/Gettinger_Mike.mp3?1622558543","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":18796.8,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gettinger, Max (Mike) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DIAMOND: For the tape.\n\nGETTINGER: My name is Max C. Gettinger, known as Mike Gettinger. I live at 1281 Briardale Lane in Atlanta, Georgia, 30306.\n\nDIAMOND: Thank you. This is an interview with Max C. Gettinger at Atlanta Jewish Federation Building on December 11, 1989. It is for the Jewish Oral History Collection of Atlanta, co-sponsored by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, Jewish Heritage Center, and the National Council of Jewish Women. I'm Margery Diamond, interviewer. Good morning.\n\nGETTINGER: Good morning.\n\nDIAMOND: Now we can dispense with the formalities and begin. You mentioned when I walked in that interviewing a professional, such as you are, would be somewhat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different in scope than interviewing a person without the background that you come to us with. Could you say a little more about that for the tape?\n\nGETTINGER: I would say that especially a social worker who has been schooled, really through necessity, that the person must be objective and not personalize in dealings with people, particularly in case work where I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started. Therefore, it's probably a more objective kind of reporting that you will be getting, rather than personalizing about one's self. You try to get rid of the personal rather than impose your own personality on others and so on.\n\nDIAMOND: Let me ask you this question. What can we do to get to your own\npersonality? If we could take away the trappings of the office and take you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in your memory to your earliest recollections to something totally outside the professional experience.\n\nGETTINGER: You're very fortunate in one respect. I've been doing some\nautobiographical writings. We have in our synagogue something we call the yizkor book. Every year, members are invited to present some personal reaction to a theme, usually around the subject of tradition, your family background, your own background, and how it's affected ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. Some kind of, shall I say, a spiritual kind of an approach. I've been delving in that in the past also, in my relationship with my parents, my father, and so on, what life was like where I was being brought up. I've learned to become also personal.\n\nDIAMOND: Can we let that be our focus this morning.\n\nGETTINGER: Good.\n\nDIAMOND: Then get to anything else that you may feel at the next interview.\n\nGETTINGER: Let me start from the beginning.\n\nDIAMOND: Great.\n\nGETTINGER: Of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, we're all born in the beginning. I was born in something called the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which was at that time, in Europe. It was at different times in Poland, but at that time it was part of the\nAustrian-Hungarian Empire. In World War I, I understand my family was on the side of Germany, not on the Allies. We've since ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed. I was brought up in the small town, living with my mother and sister and a bunch of adults, in a small village next to a town which had a fairly large Jewish population called Mielec [Poland]. Until the age of eight, I really didn't know my father, because he had left when I was an infant. As happened to many people, he left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before World War I. Came to America. The usual procedure was to send for your family when you somehow found your way of life and earning a living. It wasn't until 1920 that transportation opened up again. I didn't join my father until I was eight years of age. I was born actually in 1911. When he left, it was just a few months after I was born. That's where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wrote about it recently in our yizkor book that I didn't know my father until I was eight. I was pampered by a bunch of adults in this house. My grandparents were fairly well to do. They had a fairly large estate. As a matter of fact, in those years we didn't call them serfs, but in effect, he had a lot of serfs living there. More importantly, my mother was the oldest of eight children. All of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them had not been married at the time I was living there. My sister was a little older, but I was the youngest child in that setting, so I was spoiled rotten. I knew that at the point because every once in awhile they encouraged me to give, what we say in Yiddish, \"chochma,\" sort of wise sayings, and I was a wise guy. Here I come to the United States after not having to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to school. I didn't go to school in those years up to the age of eight, by the way. I would go to the cheder in this small town, some two, three miles away. But if the weather was inclement, my mother wouldn't have me go. If I didn't feel like going, I didn't go either. Then I come to the United States to Brooklyn, and I see my father for the first time, that bearded gentleman, to which I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been accustomed seeing bearded gentlemen in the small town, what is now Poland. But after a few days he told me that I would be going to a yeshiva. I asked him, \"What's that?\" He says, \"That's an all-day school.\" All this, by the way, conversation is in Yiddish, naturally. This would be an all-day school where I would be attending classes from nine in the morning until seven at night. I said, \"I haven't seen yet enough of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this country and I don't know enough yet about America. I'd like to look around a little bit more.\" He more or less began to urge me to consider going there. One thing led to another. The next thing I know he slapped me. I had never been slapped in my life. When I recovered from this horrible, abusive approach, and it was really only a slap, my mother had come up because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she had heard some noises in the meantime. Loud\nvoices. I ran over to her and I said in perfect Yiddish, \"I didn't come to this\ncountry to be hit by this man. Let's go back to Poland.\" Of course, things\nquieted down after a while.\n\nDIAMOND: That was your first experience with male authority.\n\nGETTINGER: That's right. But a week later, I went to the yeshiva and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nregrettably, by the way. My father never hit me again. That's the interesting\nthing. Whether he was afraid of rebelliousness or he saw that this was not the\nroad to discipline, but he never hit me again. I never saw him hit any of the\nkids, by the way. There were five of us. That's the beginning of my life in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this\ncountry. I started going to the yeshiva. There were only five such schools in\nthe entire country. We now have over 500 all day schools. Even the Reform have now about 15 to 20 all-day schools all over the United States. In those years, it was considered a horrible reflection to go to what was called a parochial school because only the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholics had parochial schools. The Jewish attitude usually was that we would destroy the public school system by going to the all-day schools, not recognizing that this was an answer to the need for more intensive Jewish education. Starting with the yeshiva in Brownsville [Brooklyn], [Yeshiva Rabbi] Chaim Berlin, which is still in existence by the way. After finishing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elementary school, I went to the high school, which was in Williamsburg [Brooklyn] known as the Mesivta Torah Vodaath. There, I continued going until, I guess it must have been 1932. I was at that point already 21 years of age. There was some danger that I might become a rabbi. I didn't realize that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't want to become a rabbi. I didn't know at that point why not. Later on, I was able to more or less figure out because if you become a rabbi, you really must in some ways try to indoctrinate others with your own religiosity. As I became a social worker, I realized that my particular way of living and behaving, religiously, doesn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always suit the next person. Everything really has to be on a more subjective nature.\n\nDIAMOND: You're skipping to some very professional attitudes.\n\nGETTINGER: Now I'm going into professional.\n\nDIAMOND: Can we go back to the personal?\n\nGETTINGER: Of course.\n\nDIAMOND: I'm enthralled with your story. You knew your grandparents?\n\nGETTINGER: Very well. Very intimately.\n\nDIAMOND: Can we go back to that? Flip back to that point in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, the little boy from birth to eight. What are some of the things you can remember about your grandparents that you can tell us?\n\nGETTINGER: I got to know them even more because I was eight years when I left. But ten years later, I persuaded my father that I should take another trip to Europe and visit with my grandparents and other relatives that I had all over Europe, literally. I was, at that time, going to the yeshiva. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe that was my way of sort of breaking with it. But when I came back, I continued going to the yeshiva. At any rate, I was six months in Europe during this period in 1930. As I told my son, I have two sons. I'm going to digress every once in awhile because it's necessary. As I told my younger son, David, when he quit Stanford [University] to go traipsing in Europe. This was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1970s. I said, \"You're not doing anything unusual. I did that when nobody else was doing it.\" I spent six months using my grandparents' home as the base, the same home where I was raised, and visiting with an uncle of mine in Vienna [Austria], my father's brother, very well off there, and another uncle in Berlin. I was in Berlin two years before [Adolf] Hitler took over. To give another digression, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was telling my father's brother, when I was seeing the marching of Hitler Youth, just two years before they took over. I said, \"Why do you want to stay here? Doesn't it look kind of dangerous to you?\" To which he said, \"You Americans always exaggerate.\" Of course, two years later, he found out that this was not an exaggeration. What I remember about my early life there is, I was surrounded, going back to Poland, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surrounded by these uncles and aunts, adoring uncles and aunts. I became really their favorite. I knew that and renewed my acquaintanceship with them all. By that time, they were all married, except my youngest aunt who is only a few years older than I was. It was quite an interesting experience. As a matter of fact, they wrote to me all along, after this reunion that we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. In August of 1939, one of my aunts wrote to me that things looked very bad and that war was imminent. It started in September. This is a letter that I received in August. \"Could somehow we get them out of Poland?\" I wrote back immediately. There is no way we can get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them out of Poland, but we'll get them into the United States if they can get out of Poland. It was really up to her to get out from there. My letter came back with the writing \"address unknown.\" The Germans had taken over already. My mother's four sisters were destroyed with their entire families. I knew them, of course, intimately. I still have all kinds of memories from them. Pictures that I had taken, quite a lot. We renewed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our very close relationship when I went back. That part of history is really very much a part of my life. My mother's three brothers managed to live through the war. Four brothers, rather. Two of them had come to America. I should tell you this too, that our home became a mecca for Europeans, and especially family members, who lived with us until their families came. Not only that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it also became a mecca for rabbis. It was very common in those years where rabbis would also leave Europe. I'm talking now in the 1920s and early 1930s. Rabbis would come to this country, make some money, send back some money, but mostly return with some money that they had made. Usually, they would stay in our house over the weekend while they were in synagogue. On        ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSunday morning, my father would go around collecting money for these people. One thing that always amazed me, we were rather poor, incidentally, in this country. My father was never affluent the way he had hoped he would become affluent. I remember my mother telling him . . . you talk about personal things, that she's ashamed to go to the kosher butcher because she owes him now for four or eight weeks. Somehow, he would find $5 to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give to him on account, because in those years he only owed $25 over a two-month period. That was the association. Nevertheless, and this always surprised me as a kid, my father would usually go around collecting money for these rabbis. He would usually start off with a $5 bill, which in 1920s was a lot of money. How he did it, I don't know to this day. But that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was part of our pattern. Maybe I got into the philanthropic field through that kind of a process also. That's the early part of it. Now do you have any further questions on that?\n\nDIAMOND: I do. I still want to know about your grandparents.\n\nGETTINGER: My grandparents were fairly well to do, as I said. Even when I came back. That was already the beginning of the [Great] Depression. They had it in Poland too. He had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"variety of what they call manufacturing. He used to make, what do you call it, from cement, for wells, so that you could put them down into the earth. In that particular area, there was no electricity at that time. You drew water from a well. He would make those. I don't know what the technical name is for that. He also made bricks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were all hand done. In other words, men would make the bricks and put them out under the sun where they would dry up and so on. That was quite a business. Also, cisterns under . . . in order for water to go through and ride over it and that kind of thing. These were all my grandparents. My grandfathers.\n\nDIAMOND: What kind of relationship did you have with your grandfather? As far as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time together, what would that have been like?\n\nGETTINGER: I didn't see too much of them. My grandmother would go into the fields to supervise the workers collecting the corn and potatoes, huge fields. Even in 1930, she would still go. She was in her 70s. When I told somebody how amazing how she would go at sunrise and come back at sunset, supervising these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\n\nDIAMOND: So, your grandmother was a working woman?\n\nGETTINGER: That's right. Not at home, but other there. Not actually doing the work but supervising. There may have been 20 of these people working over there. Both my grandparents were not very articulate people at showing love and affection. It's not a particular Jewish pattern, in those years anyway, to show that. Nevertheless, I never realized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how close I meant to her, because a year later, my sister happened to visit there on her honeymoon, to that town. There in that little village she found some old pair of pants that I had discarded, which she was saving. I realized for the first time the affection she felt, which she never really openly expressed. Their relationship was also very interesting. I observed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this when I was 18, and I noticed that. They were close, but you didn't see intimacy ever. Every once in a while, there would be a slight argument, and then later on he would kibbitz around, trying to show by way of an apology, but joking around. You could see a closeness that you don't ordinarily see between married folks, even today. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a sort of kidding, very genteel kind of thing. They were both very genteel people. I never heard any loud voices from either of them. That's how I remember them. I also remember some other things. For example, I actually remember being a refugee when I was five years of age in World War I where we had to run away from the Russians. The Russians were on the side of the Allies. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our great enemy because we were with the Germans. We were fearful of the Russians. We ran away to Czechoslovakia. I remember some incidents coming into this huge barn where literally hundreds and hundreds of people were there as refugees. After the war, we came back, again to\nthe same estate which managed to survive quite well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian prisoners of war were assigned to various farms. One of them was assigned to us. He refused to go back to Russia after the war and remained in the house. He became a very good friend of mine. He and I and my dog Caesar would go around traipsing sometimes in the woods and the forest and so on. It was all a very happy childhood, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just with these adults and my sister, with whom I had a casual relationship, and my mother, with whom I had a fairly strong . . . I saw that she sort of adored me very much.\n\nDIAMOND: Let me ask you to look. You described your grandparents' relationship as very close but without the overt expressions of intimacy. What about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents' relationship? How was that?\n\nGETTINGER: When I came to this country, it was quite similar. I noticed that\nalso. I also noticed that when there were some differences between them, my\nmother would sort of shut up and not really protest. Her protest was that she\nwasn't aware that he wasn't coming home for dinner or something like that. Also, the fact that we had financial problems, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was no fault of his.\nIncidentally, he was one of five brothers. All of them were in the feather\nbusiness, for bedding, pillows, and that kind of thing. Also, fancy feathers,\nwhich went for hats in those years and are now coming back I understand. This was a very successful business for all the brothers except for my father, who started this in America. Somehow it didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. So, he did a lot of other things. In some ways, it reminds me of the Rothschilds, who had a bunch of sons also, and who made their fortunes in different countries. There was the English Rothschild, the French, the Germans, and so on, yet they all played together in some fashion. My father's three brothers were very successful. One, as I told you, was in Vienna, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other was in Berlin, and the other was in Poland in the same town where I was being raised. All of them very successful. Years later, before Hitler took over, one of them, especially the one in Vienna, helped my father get back into the business for a while. He got back into the feather business, not so much in the feathers themselves, but making from quills, from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the edge of a quill, a mouthpiece for cigarette holders, which were very fancy. I sold that for a while. But somehow or other it didn't go because of some other problems. That's a story by itself. He did that. He was the only one in America making these mouth quills, which went for the mouth if you held it as a cigarette holder. It was sold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fancy shops. The problem was that the rest of the cigarette holder, which was usually made of cork or some kind of a hard paper, would not stand together with this mouthpiece. I tried to tell him that. I used to sell that for him after I graduated from college. Eventually he got out of it. Even towards the end of his life when he was already in his late 60s and early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"70s and he wasn't making much of a living, but he was doing something meaningful, meaningful in a sense he was busy. By the way, this was a very simple operation, hand made over a flame. As you push down the quill over the flame in the little hole, it curled up and that's how it came to mouth pieces. He was the only one in the United States doing it. That's a distinction of itself. At any rate, I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was losing money on this thing, but we kids decided it was more important for him to keep busy and to feel that he was making money. To the very end, he was able to do that.\n\nDIAMOND: That was a long life in those days, 60s and 70s.\n\nGETTINGER: Yes. He lived to be 73. As a matter of fact, I just wrote about that. I was living in Israel at the time. I went to Israel as a social worker for the\nJoint Distribution Committee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to become the Assistant Director of the Malben\nprogram, which we may go into later on. At that point, he decided to visit with\nus. This was in 1960, 1961. Two days before he was supposed to leave, and he was already packed, he died suddenly in a synagogue after prayers, which is supposed to be a great kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of indication of a righteous man who dies at prayers in the synagogue.\n\nDIAMOND: If you would forgive me, a pause at this point. I'm needing to get up and take a little break. Would that be okay with you?\n\nGETTINGER: By all means.\n\n[Interview pauses, then resumes]\n\nDIAMOND: You were speaking about your father. You mentioned that he had done many things, the quill being the thing he did at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end and the beautiful way that he died is just touching to be in that state and that rapport.\n\nGETTINGER: My mother also died in rather unusual circumstances. She was only 52 when she died while entertaining her best friend during Chol Hamoed Pesach at home in the evening. She just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died from a stroke, I guess. I wasn't living at home at the time. I was already married and in social work and living in Detroit. I remember getting this telegram to call because I wasn't home that\nnight when it happened. We flew to New York. As I recall, the funeral was\nalready been arranged. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was on a Sunday morning that the funeral took place. The question was would I want the casket to be opened so I could see my mother's final remains. I said no. I want to remember her as I remembered her. I never saw my mother after I had left her some three months before. It was about six months after we had married. I had married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that point. She was also a very close-mouthed, never expressed her love for us, but her closeness to us was always evident. The older folks, the European folks, never expressed their strong emotional feelings towards their children, but they never had to. You felt it there all the time. With my father, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was another story. My father once said something rather interesting to me. I became really close to him after I left home. I left home when I was 27 to go to school in social work in Buffalo [New York]. From that point on, I would visit him occasionally with the family. He used to ask my advice, more so than anybody else, and yet we hadn't been close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to that point. I remember it was about five, six years after our mother died. On one of my visits, he asked me if I would mind if he remarried. He was still in his early 60s. He says he needs companionship. He didn't talk about sex obviously. Would I have any objection to his marrying? I said no, I don't think any of us would. He says, well somebody told him of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a shidduch, of this nice religious woman who was a widow herself. At any rate, I said by all means, and they were married. Years later . . . this was not a happy marriage. Years later he told me this interesting little legend. He says, \"According to rabbinic sources, there is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question that is raised. What did God do once He created the world? After all, He was finished with the creation. What was His function?\" To which the rabbi's comment . . . These are interesting allegories. One doesn't have to believe them, but allegories I've always said, legends give more a true picture of the people than does the historical record. The rabbi said, \"Once He got through making the world, His job was to create unions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between man and woman.\" He became a shadchan, so to speak. So, all marriages are decided in heaven. That's the first marriage that you have. But the second marriage, you\nget what you deserve.\n\nDIAMOND: [Laughs]\n\nGETTINGER: He said that about himself, by the way. It wasn't a very happy\nmarriage, but he lived through it. I remember once he said something to me,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is also rabbinic in its source. He never claimed that it was original. He\nsaid something to the effect, and maybe that explains why he never tried to\nchastise me directly, but in some indirect way, I would know that he approved or disapproved, usually disapproved of something I did or didn't do. He used this expression: there's an interesting rabbinic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statement that one must chastise his fellow man, his friend, even 100 times in order to change or improve his ways. There is another statement which says, \"Even as it's a mitzvah to chastise someone to improve, so it is a mitzvah not to chastise someone who will not listen to you.\" That was a very important principle. I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since seen the truth of that in the social work profession, in casework that I was involved, and that's pretty much the thing. I think that one can apply that to children. If you know that your child is not going to pay attention. I'm not talking about certain fearful things that he might get into trouble, but generally speaking to try to correct somebody when it's not going to work, you're better off not trying to correct it. Timing is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also a very important aspect. My father was constantly throwing out these little tidbits to me. As a matter of fact, I told\nyou about that in our synagogue, we have this yizkor service where we present little vignettes of our own ideas or what we heard about it or parental\nrelationship and so on. The thought occurred to me, because my three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters and brother constantly bring up some wise sayings of our father. I said to them . . . this came to me through this yizkor thing, \"Why don't we do a collection of the things that he's done, not for our sakes, but our children want it.\" Sure enough, they've asked me for this, what we ought to do. So, I wrote this special letter to my sisters and to my brother, in which I also wrote the last time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had something to do with the story that I presented it in our yizkor book. I said we ought to get together our little stories. Everybody remembers different little stories. They all agreed to it. I should tell you this, too, that we have two sets of children in our family. Two of us were born in Europe from the same mother and father of course. The three others followed here much later. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid sister is some 19 years younger than my oldest sister. I'm also some 15 years younger than she is.\n\nDIAMOND: When your mother met your father in America, they . . .\n\nGETTINGER: They had three children. Yes, but there is a wide discrepancy. This is not unusual. This actually happened to hundreds of thousands of Jewish families because of the breakup in their union between the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning of World War I and the end of World War I. I don't know if you are familiar with these figures. Between 1920 and 1924, literally, over a million Jews came from Europe, reunions usually of that nature. Then in 1924, there were problems because we instituted in this country restrictive immigration laws, and for many years after that, well until the refugee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation. You have literally hundreds of thousands of families who were separated, and when they were reunited, you have more sets of children coming into the picture. That was true in our case.\n\nDIAMOND: Was it more the norm for people to stay married in these situations?\n\nGETTINGER: There are some interesting developments in this. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early 1900s, there was formed in New York The National Desertion Bureau because many of these people forgot that they had families in Europe. Usually, that was not of a religious element. You've got to remember that in Europe there was a major change starting in the early 1900s, or really starting in the 1890s, perhaps, with the Haskalah movement ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the breakup of religious interests and ties that people had. The Haskalah movement was a period of so-called enlightenment, when people broke away from religion. Many of those people came to America, most of them. Strong religious reasons for breakup were not there. This is the reason why many of them did break up. The National Desertion Bureau, which was a Jewish organization, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formed to trace the fathers of families that they left in Europe. There were all kinds of interesting stories, some of them apocryphal, of course, about what happened to the landsmanshaften. I don't know if you're familiar with the landsmanshaften. In the early years in this country, we didn't have too many social work agencies to help people. What happened mostly is that\npeople from the same towns formed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associations and helped each other. They were known as landsmanshaften.\n\nDIAMOND: I've heard the expression but I never knew what it was.\n\nGETTINGER: That's what it means. A landsman is a man who came from the same place. Landsmanshaften were the organizations. You have, to this day, hundreds of such landsmanshaften still in existence, although they were formed perhaps as much as 100 years ago, because they have a lot of benefits, cemetery benefits, retirement benefits, and so on. Some of them still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exist. Now maybe some grandchildren might be part of them. Most of them have, more or less, stopped functioning. These landmanshaften helped people who came from the same town with loans, with getting them jobs, which was most important. That's how they managed to live in cities and took part in Jewish trades. You didn't have a formal organization, but in this informal process, it went on. There is this apocryphal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story that one day a couple of people from the same landmanshaft were hearing a member from their group telling somebody else that tonight that his balaboosta, which is a Yiddish expression for \"my wife.\" He was referring to another boarder. Usually, these people would get together and live together and one would cook one night. He was referring to the fact that his balaboosta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which means in effect, my woman is cooking so and so. These people are hearing the story. Did you hear this guy is living with another woman already? Now we must do something about it. They got together. They got enough money together to send for the wife and three children, brought them to this country. One day, they marched in to see Chaim. They said, \"Chaim, forget about your life over here. Here is your wife and three children.\" Chaim didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what hit him. He didn't mind that of course. He would have sent for them anyway. There are all these, as I said, apocryphal stories about reunions and also separations. That's what happened. People would disappear, usually, and start a new life for themselves. But these were usually not the religious element. Religion there was a force they would not, of course, succumb to such attractive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solutions in their own lives.\n\nDIAMOND: In terms of your religious background, can you talk a little about what that was like in Germany and then trace it?\n\nGETTINGER: The fact that I went to the yeshiva until I was about 21 years of\nage, undoubtedly, affected my own style of life to this day. If you were to ask\nme where I belong, from a religious point of view, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"denomination, I would have to tell you it depends from whose perspective. From my father's\nperspective, probably not Orthodox. From somebody who is a member of the AA [Ahavath Achim] Synagogue or even the synagogue where I belong, I'm considered Orthodox, because I don't ride on the Sabbath. I never have, except when I was in the Navy. For that reason, I lead a fairly, what I would consider, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restrictive religious life. I would not expect anybody else to follow my example. As I told you earlier, I did not want to become a rabbi, and I didn't have far to get my so-called ordination, because I did not want to impose my own style of life on others. It's suitable for me because of my background, my upbringing. Religion was a pleasant situation in our household, as I told you, with all these visiting Hasidic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis we had in our house. So, it took to me. My training, and my education, and my conditioning, all sort of affected my own religious style. I would think that somebody trying to ape me would be like a fish out of water. I always suspect people who all of a sudden see the light, you know, reborn, whatever they call themselves.\n\nDIAMOND: The new Jews.\n\nGETTINGER: That's right. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is something to be said for people who have some kind of sense of a balance where religion plays some important part in their lifestyle. In the earlier years, that was a problem in our social work profession, incidentally. I remember a supervisor of mine telling me that the first time my curriculum vitae came to them, because I was changing jobs, they were concerned that I might ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impose my own religious style on my clients. But that didn't prove to be the case. That's a very personal reaction. If you want to get into personal reactions, that's probably a good way of presenting it. That would not be somebody who is looking into a profession as a rabbi. He's got to have a point of view which he must in some way transmit to others. Rabbis may deny that, but that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be their role and it's . . .\n\nDIAMOND: That's your view.\n\nGETTINGER: That's my view. But I think that . . . I agree that rabbis ought to\nhave that kind of a role. Otherwise, they shouldn't be in that profession.\n\nDIAMOND: I'm going to carry a theme through just a little bit to have it all\ntogether on this side of the tape. You talked about your grandparents and their relationship and your parents. Tell me something about how you met your and your relationship there.\n\nGETTINGER: I met my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife [Claire Klein Gettinger], believe it or not, in the\nCatskills, while I was there just passing through on the way from New York to\nBuffalo where I was living at the time. We sort of hit it off. We started to\ncorrespond. Over a period of about a year, I saw her perhaps on four or five\ndifferent occasions. Then we decided to be married. It was as simple as that.\n\nDIAMOND: A whirlwind romance. How about that.\n\nGETTINGER: That's right.\n\nDIAMOND: How old were you?\n\nGETTINGER: I must have been around 27. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, about 28, 29.\n\nDIAMOND: You were already involved professionally.\n\nGETTINGER: Yes, I was already in social work. I was living at the time in\nBuffalo, as a matter of fact.\n\nDIAMOND: Where was your wife from?\n\nGETTINGER: She was from Brooklyn. She came also from quite an Orthodox family but not in the same light that our family was because of our relationship with rabbis and all these visiting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dignitaries. As a matter of fact, there was a period of time, six months, when a rabbi lived in our house, and we had services every weekend and every Friday night. This was among the Hasidic rabbis. We're talking about the Hasidic rabbis. It is very common that they have on Friday evening a late dinner where their followers come together, as many as perhaps 25, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"35, and the rabbi talks and sings and so on, and also presents each one pieces of food that he's eating, which is called \"shirayim.\"\n\nDIAMOND: I've never heard of that.\n\nGETTINGER: Yes. This was part of our household. As I said, we were rather poor. Yet nobody wondered how we were able to do all these things. There it was being done. It was a very happy household ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that point of view. Maybe that's one of the reasons why religion has affected all of us. I am probably the least religious of my brother and three sisters. My brother, incidentally, is a very Orthodox rabbi, a scholar of really great renown, but very private also. He's a rabbi and functioning in New York. He has three children, all of whom are religiously inclined. As has my youngest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister, who has five children. Four of them are married with a number of children. They all live in Israel now. All of them are very Orthodox. So are my other two sisters. We have a family of Orthodox people, which is rather unusual. I attribute it all to the kind of the setting in which we were brought up, where religion was part of a happy experience, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never really imposed. Incidentally, in spite of the fact that I was going to the Yeshiva in those years, but when I was a kid of about 10 or 11, I was a very strong Brooklyn Dodgers fan. We had the Brooklyn Dodgers in Brooklyn. Ebbets Field was located about six miles away from where we lived. On Saturday afternoon in the summer months, we would all walk to Ebbets Field and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sneak in on the seventh or eighth inning, if the game was already almost finished, and watch the game. That didn't prevent us from taking these long walks and watching these games. My father would ask me, \"Where were you?\" and I'd give him some vague answer.\n\nDIAMOND: Would it have been against your religion to purchase the ticket ahead?\n\n[End Tape 1, Side 1]\n[Begin Tape 1, Side 2]\n\nDIAMOND: This is side 2 of an interview with Max Gettinger. Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\nFederation, December 11, 1989. I'm Margery Diamond, interviewer. We will\ncontinue. We were speaking of your family, your brother and sisters and their\nchildren. During the short break, you mentioned your wife and her family. Can we start there and tell us about your wife and whatever you'd like to share?\n\nGETTINGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She comes from an Orthodox family as well. I think that she had . . . while her mother was a very kindly disposed lady, her father was much more of a strong kind of a person who tried to impose strong religious attitudes on his children. As a result, with some of them, it took, and some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of them it didn't take. I think that's inevitable. Interestingly enough, she has a niece, her brother's daughter, who has 17 children, who now has three daughters in their late 18, 19, 20 years old. One of them gave birth before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother gave birth to the 17th child. This is an extremely Orthodox family living in the Borough Park section of Brooklyn. Yet, it's her brother who really rebelled against the strong Orthodoxy, although he had been married to a very religious girl, he divorced her. Went to Israel. Studied at The Hebrew University [of Jerusalem] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where he became involved in archaeology and did some kind of guided work for the Union for Reform Judaism. Eventually began to teach in their school that they have in Israel. He's now the Dean of the Union American Hebrew Congregations, which is the official Reform school in Israel, which among all the seminaries ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have, this is the only one that requires at least one year of study in Israel, and not the others. Although the others give them the opportunity, but it's not a requirement. So, there is this young man who lives in Israel who is now the dean of that school. This is an interesting piece of work that you might find use for. For a while, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father would have absolutely nothing to do with him. He is a brother to the sister who has 17 children. On a button, every year she has a child. No twins. These are all individuals. In the beginning, the father would have absolutely nothing to do. Would visit his other daughter in Israel, but not this son. Wouldn't talk to him. The mother, who is also extremely pious, but is a mother and continued her relationship with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. Eventually, the father made peace with him. They're very close now in spite of the fact that the father disapproves very strongly of the son's Reform style. Nevertheless, when he became Dean, I happened to be talking to him on the phone. I said to him, \"Charlie, I think you get a mazel tov! Your son just became a dean of the school.\" He had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been the assistant dean before. To which he says in\nsimple Yiddish, you have to understand that part of it, \"glick aft dir getroffen!\" which means, \"look at the great thing that suddenly happened to me.\" I said, \"Charlie, you misunderstand. I'm not congratulating you because he became dean. I'm congratulating you that now that he is dean, he'll be visiting this country three, four times a year and see you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more often.\" To which he says,\n\"Takeh?\" Really? That changed his whole perspective. That's how people behave, you see. Religion may be a very strong force in the way they see relationship to God. But yet, there are certain intimacies that you develop that, even the irreligiosity that is a barrier, somehow is overcome with these people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have that situation with a lot of families, incidentally, including matters that pertain to intermarriage and things like that.\n\nDIAMOND: Let's talk about your family. You have two sons.\n\nGETTINGER: I have two sons.\n\nDIAMOND: Tell us about them.\n\nGETTINGER: They have families. Both of them are physicians. The older one, who just became 40 as a matter of fact. Or is he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"39? I don't know. Birthdays don't mean too much to us by the way. As I keep telling my wife, who doesn't quite understand that, that we never celebrated birthdays in our families. We only celebrated the bar mitzvah, and that was the end of it. I remember when I was 16, and I wanted a pair of ice skates, I finally reminded my sister, wouldn't it be nice if she gave me a birthday present. That's the only birthday present I ever received, except for the bar mitzvahs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we had. As I said, birthdays are not important. How did we get into the birthday situation?\n\nDIAMOND: I asked you about your children and you couldn't remember exactly how old your son was.\n\nGETTINGER: The children. That's right. Their birthday. Joshua is our oldest.\nVery bright. Graduated 4.0 from Brandeis University. Was always a top student. He was going into pure math. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Had already gotten into MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], working towards his Ph.D. when he had second thoughts about going into a field that has absolutely no relevancy to ordinary life. As he once explained to me when I asked him, \"What is pure math?\" He says, \"Fifty years from now, we might find some use for it. But it's only theoretical. Has no application whatsoever.\" He had question about what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was getting into, in spite of the fact that he was a top student straight through college and high school years. He decided to take a year off. Quit school. He was living at that time in Boston area. Became an orderly at Massachusetts General Hospital and decided on that basis that he wants to become a doctor, which he is to this day. He and his wife, who is also a physician, practice family medicine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this small town in Tennessee. Madisonville, Tennessee. There are no Jews there. The nearest Jewish community is Knoxville, 45 miles away. In order to get his kids to go to Hebrew School and Sunday School, he has to drive them, or somebody has to drive them twice or three times a week. That's where they go. He was four children. Three girls and most recently a boy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally.\n\nDIAMOND: Mazel tov.\n\nGETTINGER: That's right. It's interesting. The boy is now one and a half years old. We had a bris there. I had to bring the mohel from Atlanta for the bris. This was on a Sunday. They had 40 of their friends from Madisonville attending, all non-Jewish. Forty from Knoxville, all Jewish. This was the most interesting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of a bris because for the first time I think the non-Jewish people there realized what a bris was all about. It's one of the problems. Incidentally, as family physicians, both of them do everything except major surgery. They deliver babies. There are no obstetricians in a radius of about 10-15 miles. That's one of their problems, because they're always on call. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Money is of no factor to them. If it weren't for their joint income, they couldn't make it. That's the kind of life that they enjoy. We had a very interesting bris occasion. They decided to say a few words, particularly for their friends, including their friends from Knoxville who were not too familiar with these things, and explaining just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what this was all about. She recalled the name of her uncle, after whom Joseph is named. The father spoke about the Sidra of the week, which was appropriate for that occasion. They asked me also to say something about the bris. I told them a very interesting sideline to this whole thing. My grandson's name is Joseph. Joseph in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Bible is a very unusual personality, Joseph, what happened to him and so on. Of all the characters in the Bible, the only one who was called Joseph the Righteous is Joseph. Not Abraham. Not Moses. Not David. Nobody is called Joseph ha-Tzaddik. Just like everybody else has a special appellation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham is called Avraham Avinu. Abraham, our father, the first Jew. Moses is called Moses, our teacher. Moshe Rabbeinu. Everybody has an appellation. In the case of Joseph, the appellation is Joseph ha-Tzaddik, the righteous. Why of all the people was he selected to be called the righteous one? After all, he even married an Egyptian woman. The commentary on that is very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. Joseph never tried to deny his background even when he was in prison and it was dangerous to indicate that he was a Hebrew, he indicated he was a Hebrew because when he was dealing with some of the officials of Pharaoh,\nand he told that one of them would be released eventually. The story in the\nBible tells you he remembers this Jewish - this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew boy who was there. How did he know he was Hebrew? Because he didn't try to deny his Jewishness. This is what I told the people. It's very important that none of us ever deny our background, whether you're Jewish or you're Christian. Everybody has to have some kind of a feeling he belongs to an entity, to an ethnic group, and not to try to deny it. That's why we consider our Joseph, Joseph the Righteous. Our new Joseph. It was a rather interesting experience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nDIAMOND: That is a beautiful, beautiful bris story. I mean, to be able to a\nparticipant in your grandson's bris.\n\nGETTINGER: In your own grandson's, that's right. To explain it also to the\nChristians why Jews feel the way they do so strongly. We've been accused of\nthinking of ourselves as the chosen people without really understanding what is meant by it. Incidentally, one of the things that somehow I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel we're missing the boat is that we don't bring religion up to date. We don't keep re-evaluating and showing how it's applicable to any period and to any time. This is something that I've always felt we have to do. Maybe I'll give you a little playlet that I once wrote on that very thing.\n\nDIAMOND: I'd like that. We've heard about your son.\n\nGETTINGER: That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joshua. In Tennessee. Joshua has a very strange predilection to read the Torah on Saturday morning. Are you familiar with that thing? Do you belong to AA Synagogue?\n\nDIAMOND: Yes.\n\nGETTINGER: So you're familiar with reading the Torah. Reading the Torah is a very difficult thing not because there is no lettering for vowels. That's not\nthe problem. I can do that. What you have to do is memorize the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cantillation.\nEach word has on top of it a musical tone, and that can only be memorized\nbecause it doesn't show itself in the Torah itself. It shows you in the chumash\nthat you get, but not in the Torah. That requires pure memorization. Somebody once said that to read the Torah on Saturday morning is like studying a full opera, not just the opera of the soprano or the tenor, but the full ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opera, and that you have to memorize. In spite of the fact that they have this extremely busy program, there he is memorizing these things so that when he can get off and go to Knoxville, he can read the Torah. He loves it. He's made a profession out of it. He feels that every cantillation has a different meaning, gives additional meaning to the words themselves, how it's broken down, how it's emphasized, and things like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what he loves doing, believe it or not.\n\nDIAMOND: How wonderful that in the middle of Tennessee he can continue his Jewish study.\n\nGETTINGER: He can do that. That's right. My other son is quite different. David is very much disillusioned with religion. Religion for everybody, not just\nJewish. He thinks religion is a barrier into the interrelationships of people,\nnations, and some historical data, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, pretty much confirms that. He's\nnever accepted religion. He's really broke away from it. In spite of the fact\nthat when he graduated from Druid Hills High School, he played on the basketball team the last two years, much against the astonishment of everybody because he had never played basketball before. There was a very interesting article in the Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Journal-Constitution. It starts off like this. The reporter is asking the coach, \"How come Coach Couch,\" that was his name, \"that your team has won five games out of six on Saturday night, and you've lost six out of six on Friday night?\" To which he says, \"Well, there's this Orthodox boy.\" He says, \"What does Orthodoxy got to do with it?\" \"Well, he doesn't play Friday night. So we've been losing games on Friday night. But Saturdays, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he plays, and we've won five out of six.\" That article was sent to the Yeshiva University, and he was given his basketball scholarship for the first . . .\n\nDIAMOND: Based on that article?\n\nGETTINGER: Based on that article. He was on the basketball team as a freshman, but became disillusioned with religion while he was even there and broke away from it completely. That's when he decided to leave the Yeshiva and he transferred to Stanford. He's got good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grades, also, quite well. Of course, he wasn't good enough. To this day, basketball is not just a hobby, it's an obsession with him. He is now a physician on a medical staff at UAB. University of Alabama at Birmingham. They have there a league of some 35 to 40 teams who are post graduate, who have something to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the medical complex. There is a tremendous complex there. I never realized that they have 13,000 people who work in this complex. At any rate, he has one of those teams. He's the leader of one of those teams. Three years in a row, they've won the championship. Nevertheless, that's David. David, incidentally, who could have been a stand-up comic. He's got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a beautiful sense of humor. We didn't go to his graduation. I should tell this, too. I've never gone to any of my graduations except my elementary. I couldn't say no there. In elementary school, I went to my graduation. But not high school, not college, not the school of social work, none of those things. It's not very important. I might have gone to his medical graduation, except that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was in California, in San Francisco. I couldn't get away for some reason or other. He had sent me a letter. This is David, in which he said I had once read to him from a Jewish book of humor. Would I send him that book because he wanted to use one of those little stories. He doesn't understand Yiddish, but he understood part of it as I explained it to him. I said, why do you need it? Well, the class asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him to give the principal address at the graduation of their graduate schools. I said to him on the phone, \"David, I'll send it to you, but please, try to give one serious thought in your presentation,\" knowing David. I never could get to this place anyway. I asked him to send me the speech after he made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, which he did, handwritten by the way. He never had it even typed up. The way the speech reads, \"My father who, fortunately, is not here today, asked me to present one serious thought this evening.\" At this point, he says, \"Look up at the audience.\" He looks up at the audience and he says, \"Sorry Dad.\" With that, he launches into a description of four years of medical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education. Some of his friends had told me this later. It was hilarious, they said. Nobody could stop laughing. There was only one person who was very sad during the whole thing, the dean of the medical school. But that's David. David has gotten himself involved with a non-Jewish girl, and as happened, she came over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our house regularly, also in California, incidentally. I won't describe to you all the details which we discussed on different occasions. One day we were visiting him. I've had a series ofoperations, including open heart surgery. Six bypasses. All of this, by the way, at UAB. Because David is there, he watches over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me in a way that I find very difficult to take.\n\nDIAMOND: I think it's touching.\n\nGETTINGER: But that's David, you see. Joshua leaves me alone. But David won't leave me alone. When he asked me do I have any pains in my heart, and I said no, but I described something, he insisted that I go over there. His closest friend did the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"checkup on me, who is a cardiologist, and said eventually you'll probably need some bypass. I said, \"Well, as long as I'll need it sometime maybe we can do it now.\" He said, \"I'll see if we can squeeze you in.\" The next day I was operated. I had these six bypasses. At any rate, I would say this is about a year ago, we're visiting with him and Holly. They were living together in a house that he had bought. He was, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this time, already on their medical staff. He had three years of residency. They asked him to be chief resident the fourth year. The fourth year he finally said to them that he wants some reference, to which they said to him, \"Why do you want to leave here? What would you like to do here?\" That's why he's there to this day. He's been there three years after his residency. At any rate, we're in his house, my wife and I, and we had taken a walk. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I like to walk around sometimes. My other son, too, when we're together. We're sitting around a table. Then in this very circuitous way starts telling us something. Finally, I catch on. He's telling us that they were married two weeks before by a justice of the peace. With this particular proviso, his wife, Holly, with whom we feel very close to, by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. She's a wonderful human being. Wonderful person. Came to this conclusion that the child that they would have would be raised Jewishly, in spite of the fact that she does not want to change. Because they had broken up earlier. When they broke up, she found complete reassurance in some religious experiences that she had developed in the Episcopal Church. She would not consider converting. David, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has very little use for religion, has much less use for Christianity. They're very much in love, and they respect each other highly. There they are, and sure\nenough within a year she gave birth. This child was Judaized by [Rabbi] Juda Mintz about two months ago. She was here. She came here and she participated in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ceremony. The child is going to be raised. David, who does not see much use for religion, assumed for himself that he has to provide a complete religious background for his child. So, he will have to go to synagogue and take the child, much as he doesn't particularly see it as importance. I told him . . .\n\nDIAMOND: Are you smiling inside now?\n\nGETTINGER: No, not that. I told him that there's a Jewish belief that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes you do things for the wrong reasons, but you come around to the right reason eventually. At any rate, he had me buy him a tallit, which he has not had. I had to return to him the tefillin which he hadn't used all these hours and days and years. The child is only now about seven, eight months. He's getting ready to start taking the child to the synagogue in their town. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the situation. By the way, they come to us regularly. They were coming to us regularly before, too. I am not all completely satisfied that this is the best solution. I don't say it to them. But I think they know my sentiments. The reason why Holly made this proposal, because she believes strongly in religion. What she objects to is that David doesn't have this religious inclination. She doesn't mind if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not Christian. She has no feeling that one must follow the Christian approaches but religion is a very important aspect to life, which is part of my feeling also. Except that I don't accentuate it as the way she does. So those are the two boys.\n\nDIAMOND: What a difference.\n\nGETTINGER: They're totally different from each other. But they have complete respect for each other. David, of course, thinks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Josh is this genius. He's never had anything less than an \"A\" no matter what he undertook. And Josh is convinced that David is the original person, that his knowledge of medicine is going to be far superior. I see Josh . . . we visit regularly, his place. We're only two and a half hours distance in both places, by the way, but we visit Josh more often. These four grandchildren have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit more meaning with us. Often, we are there with the kids, sort of babysitting, and Josh and Barbara may be away. He's given me instructions as he gets these calls from patients who want to see him, how I can judge when something is very serious so I can call him immediately. Their home is completely open to their patients, so they see them on weekends. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even come to the house when it's necessary. That's their way of life. David is the same way. I remember. I still do some work, by the way. One of my reasons for going to Augusta [Georgia] today is to do consulting work with them. They're having some problem with their Federation. I did that in Naples, Florida, where I set up a new Federation a few years ago. They gave me a condominium for four\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months while I was doing this work there. I invited one day my two boys to come there for a visit to spend the weekend, to play tennis there. The moment David came in, they came together, David asked me for the phone. He goes over to the telephone. At that time, he was a resident in the VA [Veterans Affairs] hospital in Birmingham. The first thing he does is to call up somebody at the VA. What's happening to a patient of his. Joshua ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks at me. He says, \"I don't know of any resident, on the first day he goes away for a day who ever bothered.\" After all, VA is not even his regular patient. He only sees them during this one month that he's there. Imagine the interest to find out what's happening to his patient. That's these kids.\n\nDIAMOND: Like father, like son.\n\nGETTINGER: I don't know about the father, but that's the way they are. You don't get that kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reaction usually in the medical profession. Some of it. . .\nthey take sometimes these things very personal. Doctors can't afford to take\nthings too personal. That's really the answer why doctors have to create a\ncertain distance between them and their patients. When you get overly involved, perhaps, you lose your objectively in what you're supposed to be doing in a scientific way. That's why doctors don't like to perform ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operations or to deal with their own families. That's really the major reason for it.\n\nDIAMOND: Because of the personal involvement.\n\nGETTINGER: Personal involvement. What else do you want to know?\n\nDIAMOND: I want to know what you want to tell me. Let me check on our time and see how we're doing. I haven't heard a lot about you as an individual and your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life past. I think we got to 18 and your trip to Europe and then we sort of made a jump to today. Can we fill in that gap?\n\nGETTINGER: I went back to the yeshiva. Even while going to the yeshiva, I had to help my father. He had a grocery store in a section of Brooklyn. It was one of the very few in all of Brooklyn that was a kosher grocery store. We sold our own butter. We made butter, what we sold, to make sure that it was kosher. We had our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"milk delivered by my mother's uncle, my grand-uncle, who came to this country in the 1890s, opened up a farm in a section called Woodhaven, which is just the outskirts of Brooklyn. Eventually, he had 300 cows in this place, and he sold kosher milk. I'll tell you an interesting story how I once broke the law. Okay?\n\nDIAMOND: Sure.\n\nGETTINGER: Now you're getting into an area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we sometimes committed crimes. When I had graduated college, I wasn't doing much. I should tell you that when I graduated college, a friend of mine, this was during the Depression, graduated in 1934, the height of the Depression. He had graduated Brooklyn College the year before and couldn't find a job. I graduated the year later. He had started a brassiere business. His father had manufactured brassieres, had retired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already. He made, in small quantities, brassieres. He started to peddle brassieres to stores. He says, \"Why don't you do the same thing?\" I said, \"What are brassieres?\" I don't even see them on my sisters. He said, \"There's nothing. I'll teach you the whole thing. You sell these bandeaus,\" as they used to be called. I don't know if you what that is. It is these small little brassieres. He says, \"All you have to do, there are only a few different kinds we were selling.\" We sold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them for a $1.80 a dozen, incidentally. They were sold for a quarter a piece. He says, \"I'll teach you the whole thing. Come to my house on Monday morning. I will take the Bronx and Queens and you take Brooklyn and Manhattan.\" We covered the whole thing. At any rate, I did that for a few years. I was married at the time. We only sold as much business as we needed to sustain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ourselves. We didn't contribute to our families. If we made $4 or $5 a day, we quit in order to play tennis. Tennis became a very important part of my life at that point. At any rate, my father at one point said to me, and this was while I was doing this kind of thing. He had heard that the rabbinate, and this is in the mid-1930s, did very well, not the Orthodox rabbinate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Why don't I apply to become a Conservative rabbi at the seminary?\" That was an amazing thing for my father to tell me that. A friend of his had said, \"These rabbis make good money.\"\n\nDIAMOND: So, he was looking after your business.\n\nGETTINGER: That's exactly it. I go up there. This, as I said, was maybe 1936, I go to see Dr. Finkelstein, who was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president, the dean, and everything else at the school. In order to see him, I have to see his secretary in order to get the application. She gives me the application and she starts conversation, initially, \"What do you do now for a living?\" I said, \"I'm a salesman.\" She said, \"What kind of salesman?\" \"I sell brassieres.\" She says, \"Don't put down brassieres. Just put down salesman.\" I never applied, incidentally. That's when I decided instead to go into social work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A year later, I applied to the School of Social Work. Was accepted at [University at] Buffalo, and I got into the profession eventually. I've never done anything else except social work, in the Jewish field. Always in the Jewish field except for the two years or so I was in the [United States] Navy when that broke it up. Even there, I did social work because I eventually ended up doing psychiatric social work in mental hospitals with guys who came back completely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"psychotic from the Pacific until I was discharged. Then I went back into my social work profession. Social work has always been my experience, in the Jewish field.\n\nDIAMOND: In the Jewish field.\n\nGETTINGER: Always in the Jewish field.\n\nDIAMOND: Did anti-Semitism ever play a part in that decision or what made it? Obviously, your background made it important that you continued Judaically, but can you comment a little bit about it?\n\nGETTINGER: My one and only experience with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Semitism in the navy happened when I was . . . I was actually in the Seabees to start with, if you know what they were? Seabees were called [United States Naval] Construction Battalions. Their job was to work with the Navy and to go and to set . . . after they bombarded an island, we had to go in to set the conditions up so that they can actually invade it, set up airports and things like that. That was the Seabees. As a Seabee, you weren't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eligible to do anything except construction work. I had no experience in that. I was deferred from the service because I was the only male social worker in Buffalo. The guy who is the head of the social work agency needed one male social person. I never asked for it. I had mixed feelings about not being in a war. After all, Hitler meant something, to me, anyway.\n\nDIAMOND: Definitely.\n\nGETTINGER: Nevertheless, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they gave me a deferment without my asking for it. At that point, eventually after I was out for about three years. . . In 1942 or\n1943, early 1943, I was finally drafted into the service. When I appeared before the draft situation, you are already in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"central, in New York City, and you appear before somebody who says, \"Where do you want to go? To the army or the Navy?\" I said, \"I want to go into the Army.\" Because the Army had a place for social workers. I was already a trained social worker, and I wanted to do that work in the service. The guy puts a stamp on me and says, \"Well, you're in the Navy.\" Whereupon, the next guy sees that I had given my preference to the Army. He looks at me and says, \"Don't you like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Navy?\" Just like that. This was the very next person. I said, \"I smoke a pipe and the Navy doesn't have any pockets, and I wouldn't be able to smoke a pipe in the Navy.\" I wasn't going to tell him the reason for it. So here I am as a Seabee. I'm in boot camp for the first six weeks at a horrible place in Camp Peary, which is in Williamsburg, Virginia, believe it or not. But I had never been in any camp. We all went through horrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times in December and January. Talk about colds. Everybody had colds then. The guy who was in charge of our barrack of 60 people was a fellow by the name of Botta, an Italian from Cleveland [Ohio]. Right away, he began to pick on a couple of the guys there. He was an older man than we were. He had been a carpenter, and he had a rating which we didn't have. I used to enjoy playing pinochle. I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell you this dark part of my life. I was very good at that. When I was in college, I supported myself on playing pinochle. But in City College [of New York], you didn't need much money, so $5 a week is all I needed. When I made\nthe $5, I would quit playing that week. That's how I got along. City College,\nyou didn't have to pay for any tuition in those years. As a matter of fact, we\nonce staged what was like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strike because we wanted to have free books also. We never got them. At any rate, so here I am in the service, and I'm playing pinochle with this guy. I see that he's cheating, so I stopped playing pinochle with him. That was the last. At that point, he had it in for me. He would make constant references to my Jewishness. Others noticed it. What bothered me more than anything else was the isolation I felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the other Jewish guys who didn't want in any way to be associated with me so that they would not bring down upon themselves this guy's attitude. By a strange thing, one day, we used to do all kinds of practice for two days of the week. The third day, we were around the barracks and we did work around the barracks. He would always assign to me the worst thing that could happen, which was kitchen duty. You didn't have washing machines. All ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was done, scraping all the horrible things. I was always assigned to kitchen duty. One day, he's reading out the list from topside, from the main office. A few people were assigned to special responsibilities in terms of their background. All of a sudden, he reads this, \"Gettinger. Library.\" And he looks up. This was the best duty of all. In the library, all you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to do was sell stamps and give out books and you were treated like a human being over there. He looks at me. He says, \"So you went to see the chaplain, your rabbi, and he put you over here.\" There are 60 people listening to this, to which I said, \"Botta, if you knew how to read and write, maybe you would go to the library.\" Of course, he had no comeback since he insulted me first, but he took revenge the very next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. I remember, the day before we were eating in the mess hall, they served ham. The first few weeks I didn't eat any meat. Then I found I was losing weight. So, I started to eat meat, but I would not eat the ham and everything else that went from that source. He happened to sit next to me, and he looks at the fact that I didn't eat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ham that was being served. He said, \"What's the matter? You don't like our food over here?\" He starts making references again without saying Jewishness. I turned to some of the other guys and I said, \"Do you mind what I eat?\" No. They didn't even know what he was referring to. He continued that. That night, he really let me have it. He made me do what was called a fire-watch. We had a little stove in this barrack, a wooden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barrack, and we had to make sure that it didn't go up in flames. He had me do the hours from 1 [o'clock] to 2. No, from 11 to 12 and from 2 to 3, so that there would be a break up. Two hours. This was punishment because I didn't do something that he said I was supposed to do, and I really had done it. The next day, I went to see the chief who is in charge of the barracks. He didn't stay with us. I wasn't quite sure ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how he would take this little story about antisemitism. But I finally brought it up. I said, \"I don't know what experience you have, but Botta has been using this antisemitic attitude. I'm Jewish.\" To which he says to me, \"You think you have a problem. I'm Catholic, and I've got this problem from the officers.\" That kind of a thing. At any rate, he says, \"Who do you think ought to replace him?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go back. I told him there were a couple of guys there who I think could do the job and who were respected. Sure enough, within minutes he comes into the office. Calls everybody together, the 60 people. He says, \"I want you to know that from on, so and so is in charge of this barrack.\" And he walks out. Everybody looked at me, because the night before this had happened where he had put me on special duty in the lavatories. From that point on, he tried to cater ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to me. That was my one and only experience with antisemitism anywhere.\n\nDIAMOND: What a powerful one.\n\nGETTINGER: Yes. It was obvious what the guy was. I once asked him, I said,\n\"Botta, what do you have against me? I don't think it's just my Jewishness.\"\nWhereupon he said, \"I don't like your kind. In Cleveland, the building ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"industry\nis controlled by you Jews,\" and he goes into this whole thing. I said, \"That's\nwhat I wanted to hear from you.\" That was his answer. I knew this guy was a\nhopeless kind of a case.\n\nDIAMOND: You knew it had a bigger story than just you.\n\nGETTINGER: Of course. That's how it goes. So, where are we?\n\nDIAMOND: We are at a stopping place. I know you're tired.\n\nGETTINGER: No, not at all.\n\nDIAMOND: I want to say thank you and then I'll stop the tape. Thank you very, very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much. We will continue next week.\n\n[End Tape 1, Side 2]\n[Begin Tape 2, Side 1]\n\nDIAMOND: Good morning.\n\nGETTINGER: Good morning.\n\nDIAMOND: Would you please say your name and address to test the equipment.\n\nGETTINGER: My name is Mike Gettinger. I live at 1281 Briardale Lane, Atlanta, Georgia, 30306.\n\nDIAMOND: Thanks. This is the second interview with Mike Gettinger at the Atlanta Jewish Federation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Building on December 18, 1989. It is for the Jewish Oral History Collection of Atlanta, cosponsored by American Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National Council of Jewish Women. I am Margery Diamond, interviewer. I'm glad to be back because our first interview was fantastic.\n\nGETTINGER: Glad to have you back.\n\nDIAMOND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We talked about your family and your history and your background in terms of personal history. I'd like to start today talking about your more than 50 years in social work. Let's begin there and whatever you'd like to share.\n\nGETTINGER: I entered the School of Social Work in Buffalo, New York, in\nSeptember of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1938. After my graduation in 1940, I got my first job in social\nwork with the Jewish Family Service in Buffalo where I had also done a year of field work. This was a general family agency. I was the only male worker on the staff. It was also a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time that registration for the draft took place, and the executive director of the Family Agency asked me if I would object if he asked for my deferment since I was very early on the list to be inducted. I told him that I had some mixed reactions about not being in the war. This was not World War I where there is some real question about its cause and origin, but this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the Hitlerian War. He said that he would submit it if I did not raise any objection because he needed one male worker on staff. He went along with it. I told him no, I would not object but I wouldn't ask for it. I did get a deferment and began my practice. One of the major reasons why he needed me is because just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time that the draft was inaugurated in the United States, the United States government also passed some kind of a ruling that all foreigners who were not here legally, legally meaning that they came in through regular immigration quota, could be deported. Whereupon, literally thousands of Canadians who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had come into this country very easily, just crossing the border, began to return to Canada before they would be deported. Since Buffalo itself has what is called the \"Peace Bridge\" connecting Canada with Buffalo, hundreds of refugees began to return by way of the Peace Bridge. The Canadian government stopped them on the    ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCanadian side to prove their Canadian citizenship, whereupon they were\nimmediately returned to the American side. Since they couldn't prove their\nAmerican citizenship, they were immediately arrested and put in jail in Buffalo. We found out almost overnight that there were scores of Jewish refugees over there, and I became their official ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"defender. As a matter of fact, I knew nothing about immigration laws at the time. I asked the U.S. Immigration Office in Buffalo could they tell me something about their rights, because I was interested in getting them back into Canada; however, it would take time and I would have to get in touch with a similar agency to the HIAS in Canada in order to effectuate their return since they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to show papers. In the meantime, I would not like to see them deported. I did not say this to the American Immigration Officers. For two reasons, I felt that this, first of all, would be a stain on Jewish deportees, and they indicated the background of all these people. More importantly, once you were deported, you could never return to the United States unless through some kind of an act of [United States] Congress. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was my approach. I would enable them to return, but at the same time I did not want them deported. The U.S. government was very cooperative, except in a few instances where they felt that they wanted them deported so that they could never return, particularly if there was some question about their radical connections. There was one young lady, I think she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was still a teenager, of whom they had a picture that she had paraded in the May 1st Labor Day parade, and they preferred to deport her. Actually, there was absolutely no reason why she should be deported. In that case, they objected to my trying to get her back into Canada but wanted her deported. I won that case, incidentally. After a while, they were kind of sorry that they taught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me the ropes, how to defend these people. There must have been at least 40 to 50 Jewish Canadians who were enabled to go back on that kind of a basis. That was an experience of another kind. We managed to get them out on parole under my supervision, so to speak. We had to find housing for them. It was quite an ordeal for about a half of year until this thing sort of cleared up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in that agency, as I said, perhaps for about two years after my graduation as well as one year while I was still in School of Social Work for my field work assignment. From there, I went to Detroit. In Detroit, I began to work for the [Jewish] Family Agency there. I was, again, assigned to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugee work since this was in the early 1940s, and a number of Austrians and Germans had come there earlier, before the war got started. I worked with them. I was there for only about a year. I became very friendly with the executive director. As a matter of fact, my salary improved considerably from $1,400 to $1,680 a year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that point, I had just married, so I had to support a wife also on that basis. The interesting part about this story, which perhaps brings some light on the early years of the Jewish Family Agencies or the Jewish social work generally, my supervisor told me when I was leaving that agency about a year or so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards that they had some question about employing me since I had indicated that I had a yeshiva background. What\nconcerned them is that I might try to proselytize my clients into an Orthodox\nkind of persuasion. It was only when I left that she told me this story because\nshe found out that that was not my intention. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That never came up as an issue in the course of my work. Since she supervised me, she saw that very readily. In those years, very few people with religious inclinations, particularly the\nOrthodox inclinations, were in the social work profession. As I recall, I was\nprobably the second person in the social work profession with a yeshiva\nbackground. The first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one, it so happened, Willie Posner, had been a fellow\nstudent of mine at the yeshiva. He became a rather important social worker in\nthe field, also quite traditional in his background. That was the very beginning. Social workers in those years were not inclined to be, particularly,\nthe Jewish social workers, to be interested in religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiences. I was\nthere only for about a year or so. I really left over a $2 difference in a raise\nsituation. It was very funny when I told this to this friend of mine, Harold\nSilver, who was the executive director. I had been offered a job, increasing my salary from $1,680 to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$1,998. Part of that was for increased cost of living. I suggested why doesn't he make it a straight $2,000 and we'll call it just a\nsalary. He says, \"I can't do it.\" I said, \"Well, in that case I'll have to look\nfor another job.\" All this was done in very good humor, a somewhat humorous way. He stuck to his bit, and I stuck to mine. Eventually, I left there to take a job in New York where I was given quite an increase ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to, I believe, I started there at a salary of $4,000, double the salary, with the Jewish Board of Guardians. The interesting thing about the Jewish Board of Guardians at the time, which was an agency primarily almost exclusively concerned with dealing with delinquent children. They had an arrangement with the City of New York that all children under ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the age of 18, I believe, or 17, if the agency wished to get them into their custody, could so indicate that to the court. They had this wonderful institution called Hawthorne Cedar Knolls School which still operates, as I understand, to this very day, which is a highly specialized\npsychiatric institution. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first inclination when I came there, not being aware\nabout the staffing, I found out that everybody was a member of the union, which was very early situation then. I did not know it at the time, but the union was dominated by communist elements. I was not aware of it, but it wouldn't have made any difference to me in any event. I remember, the very first few every other Tuesday we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had what we called union meetings, luncheon meetings, at the agency itself. Incidentally, this agency had three or four satellite agencies in the greater New York, in Brooklyn and Manhattan mostly. It had probably as many as 100 social workers of one kind or another. My job, incidentally, was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working with these juvenile delinquents, but working with prisoners in Sing Sing [Correctional Facility] and other state prisons in New York State. This was a remnant of the first particular institution in New York that the Jewish Board of Guardians had started back in the 1890s. All of this came about rather circuitously because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the chief of police of New York City made a public statement that the Jews constitute a criminal element out of proportion to their number. Jacob Schiff, who was the great philanthropist of his day, decided to investigate this situation in the course of which he discovered that this was not true, for which the chief of police publicly apologized. In that process, he found that there were a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish prisoners who had families who needed help of one kind or another, and this is how the Jewish Board of Guardians was originally started to work with prisoners in the State of New York. This particular assignment continued even through the 1940s. One of the reasons why it continued all those years is because until 1933, this is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"piece of history of New York, the parole system was in the hands of three religious elements. Jewish prisoners paroled were handled by the Jewish Board of Guardians. Salvation Army handled the Protestants. The Catholic Charities handled Catholics. Until finally in 1933, the State of New York instituted its own parole system, so that they did all the parole. Nevertheless, the Jewish Board of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guardians, which in the meantime had organized the major emphasis on juvenile delinquents, because if you have prisoners, then there must be problems in their homes, and had been very successful at it. Continued this program with prisoners which they called the adult offender. A man had been with this program for 33 years when he retired from this job. They needed someone to take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his place, and that's how I began to work with that. I would go to Sing Sing every week with the chaplain. While he was conducting the services on Wednesday mornings, I\nwould be seeing the prisoners for whatever reasons they wanted to see me. To get back to this union at the agency. Every other Tuesday, they had a meeting of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the union local, Local 19 as I remember, Social Workers Local 19. The questions that they considered, the war was already on in Europe, but the United States had not entered the war yet. We dealt with such subjects as Chiang Kai-shek, who was a fascist according to our understanding. The problems of the Blacks in the South ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who needed to be helped. There were many instances. But in none of the meetings in the first three or four that I attended, was there any discussion about Hitler, the refugees. As a matter of fact, a petition was being circulated among the staff, that we objected to America's entrance in a war, about which there had been some talk, since this was also an imperialist war. Nothing was said really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Hitler and what his objectives were. When they came around, they asked me to sign this petition against the draft, I said simply that I had mixed feelings about not being in the service and I wouldn't sign the draft. I was, I understand, labeled a misguided liberal. Not a fascist but just a misguided liberal. Interestingly enough, about a few months later, as we say in Yiddish, \"helft gott\" [God ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helps], and Japan attacks the United States and Hitler declares war on the United States. All of a sudden, we are at war. Now, the war is already a human kind of a war. With that, new petitions were being circulated after a while. I don't think it took more than about a half year when people were asked to sign a petition to open up a second front so that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pressure on\nRussia could be lessened. That was a big deal, of course, in the early phase of the war until we actually started the invasion of Europe by way of Italy at\nfirst and then later on by way of France. The Russians were very much anxious that the pressure be taken off against the attack on Russia. Russia was already very much in the war. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans were able really to march through most of Russia. Stalingrad [Russia] had not yet come up. Therefore, all this was an effort on the part of the allies to open up the second front to ease this pressure. Here again, I surely would sign a new petition to open the second front. I had a standard answer, \"I'm not the general. I can't decide how we ought to conduct the war.\" I wasn't too popular, as I understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, during those periods of time. Nevertheless, there was no differences at this point between our efforts and the Russian efforts. We were at one with them at that point. In the meantime, I had never asked, as I said, for my deferment, having been given the deferment and renewed on two different occasions. Finally, it caught up with me at this agency, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was drafted into the service. This time into the Navy. I don't know if this is an interest to your reports, but I\nremember when I was being processed in New York City where I would go. One of the last things they do, they ask you, where do you want to go? Into the Army or to the Navy? Because the Navy had no program for social workers, which the Army did, I told the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"examiner that I would prefer to go into the Army. Whereupon, he indicated that was my preference, but he put a big stamp on my application, which said \"you're in the Navy.\" What appeared was the very next person was this gentleman of the Navy. He takes a look at this last question where my preference was. He said, \"What's the matter? You don't like the Navy?\" I said a very simple thing. I knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no point in explaining that to him. \"It so happens that I smoke a pipe, and the Navy doesn't have any pockets for pipes, so I prefer to go into the Army.\" That didn't make any difference. Then they did something that we didn't understand. All of a sudden, I'm told that I am in the special assignments. That is the next step that we were going to. I compared notes with a number of other fellows who were also put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in special assignment. What did that mean? We found that we had something in common. Most of us were Jewish,\nincidentally, this being New York. The special assignment it ended up it really\nmeant the Seabees, a construction battalion, which was another thing. Being\ntrained to be a construction battalion. In my case, it ended up being trained to\nbe a stevedore. Eventually, I managed somehow to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get into the regular Navy and make use of my social work background. Being prepared and attending special classes and seminars, I became a psychiatric technician and ended up doing work in mental hospitals, which in itself was a very interesting thing. I had never had the experience of working with psychotics so directly in a hospital. That continued for several ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years until my discharge. I don't know if at this point you want to go into my further work in the social work profession. At any rate, when I got out of the Navy, according to the laws of the Department of the Armed Services, a person who left a job was entitled to get back his own job. That was a requirement of the business as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well as the professions. When I came back to the agency, in the meantime the man who had supervised me in my work with prisoners, who incidentally is John Slawson. Last month the New York Times reported that he died at the age of 93. He was a brilliant man. He and I got along very well. It so happens that while I was in the service, he became the Executive Vice President of the American Jewish Committee. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over the years, I had contact with him. He very much liked to hear the interesting stories about my work in prisons. That is a story by itself. Maybe if you're interested, and if it has any relevancy to what we're talking about, I'll be glad to give you some direct points. Incidentally, I have some real questions about this whole matter of rehabilitation in prisons. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the little over two years that I worked with these prisoners, I did not get the feeling that much could be accomplished. My work, incidentally, had nothing to do with the prison, the inside the prison work. The major emphasis of my work, and that's the reason why the agency continued with this department called the adult offender [department], is because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these people needed help in order to get out of prison on parole, which meant a job, reunion with a family, and a few other things along these lines. Also, the families on the outside needed help. That's where I came in, to make referrals to them where they might get assistance and so on. In the hundreds of cases that I dealt with, they sought me out. I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seek them out. We would talk usually about what they needed for parole requirements. We never really got into the question about how they might change their whole attitude, their whole lifestyle in the future. There was one in particular . . . there were actually two cases in which I got terribly involved and a third case, in which I was involved with a man awaiting execution. It's interesting also to note that our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization, the Jewish Board of Guardians, and I as the social worker representing them, was the only one permitted to go right into the prison cells in the death house to talk to these people while they were awaiting execution. This was also during the period of Murder, Incorporated, which became a very well-known case in the history of . . . in which Tom Dewey, who was governor at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time and who had really helped get his reputation through his prosecution of Murder Incorporated, was very much involved with this whole thing, and might have been president except for some gratuitous situations. To get back to this situation about rehabilitation. There were several instances where I felt I might have some influence. One of them was a fellow who, very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unusual, who never learned how to read and write. This was a Jewish man, who had been a plumber's assistant since he didn't know how to read and write. Since he couldn't make enough money to support himself and his family, he took up an added business enterprise called the Second Story Endeavors, which meant that he would sneak into houses through the windows and so on. After being caught several times, he was finally sent up  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor a two and a half to five years in prison. His wife wouldn't have anything to\ndo with him. When I called her, she said she's given him all these chances and that's the end of it. When I talked to him and I found out that strangely enough he didn't know how to read and write. He had come to this country from Russia at the age of 12. Never learned in Russia and immediately went to work in America. I told him here was his opportunity to really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"develop some knowledge so that he could become a plumber on his own. And here we had the finest schools, right here in Sing Sing. The principal of the school was the former editor of The World, the famous newspaper. The best teachers were there for various crimes. Incidentally, this particular principal, I don't know his exact title, superintendent, was there for murdering his wife. He had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life sentence. There he was doing a nice job together with a whole school of teachers. Why doesn't he learn the job? It took a little bit of persuading. Finally, he said okay, he'll take a look at it. I never saw him for the next, I would say, next six months. One day he came. He had to reintroduce himself to me a second time. He told me that he had been taking these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"courses, classes, which the institution certainly permitted and, in some ways, encouraged. By this time, he had learned how to read and write. He had a letter, a ten-page letter, which he wanted me to kite out. \"Kite out\" means that you take out a letter without permission of the authorities. Every letter had to be seen by them. The reason why he couldn't write it through the usual channels, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could only write a two-page kind of a letter, which wouldn't give her the full flavor of what he had been through and how he had accomplished, finally, that he could write the letter. I looked at the letter. Sure enough, it was in his handwriting. It was explaining his whole background and now he wants to get together with his wife. But kiting a letter was against the law. I never, never succumbed to all of the request of these prisoners ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who always had some special reason for me to help them out. One of the things that they asked me to do to help them out - would I bring them a dozen eggs, because they were permitted to do this in an open space where they could do their own cooking in Sing Sing. Because in order for them to bring in eggs from the outside, they had to pay these guards $1 a dozen. Whereas, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nknew that it was only 50 cents a dozen, and I could save them that money and I wasn't being searched. I said, \"Is it permissible?\" \"No, it's against the law to bring that in.\" I said, \"In that case, I can't do it.\" But this time, I did\nbreak the law. I decided I was going to take this letter out. I called her up on\nthe phone. I couldn't talk to her freely on the phone. I had the feeling that my\ntelephone, as the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telephone of many other people was somehow being recorded. The FBI, very often, would look for ex-prisoners who were on parole, and who had to report for the draft. Since they knew that I had contact with them, I had this suspicion that maybe my telephone was tapped. At any rate, I just said I wanted to talk to her and to see her personally and would she come in. Sure enough, she came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. I told her, \"I have something here which I want you to read, but I want the letter back because I was going to tear it up afterwards.\" You never knew how it could be used afterwards either. She read it. She was overwhelmed. She first wouldn't believe it. I said, \"Yes, he's been taking these courses.\" She promised to see him. Of course, she did. That's how they got together. He still had another, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, year to go before he was eligible for parole. He was the only one that I agreed to write to when I went into the service. I would get letters from him. The outside envelope was usually marked with a number, no name, and the other name on it, the origin of the letter was Ossining [New York]. Ossining, of course, is Sing Sing. Everybody would know it. People thought when I was getting letters from this guy that it must be some uncle or some relative. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never found out what happened. But I would say, this was one of the few cases of what I would call rehabilitation. There may have been a few others. There was one particular one, which I am not going to go into, of a man who was serving a sentence of 35 years to life. He had been defended by Judge\nSamuel Leibowitz. At that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was only a lawyer. Judge Leibowitz became famous internationally. At that point, I decided to see him, whether he wouldn't intervene and ask for a commutation of sentence. It was a very unusual case. The judge said to me he won't do it because this man had made derogatory remarks about him in Sing Sing of which he had heard about. But that's a story of another kind. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was one man who was waiting execution. I could submit, with the help of a special advisory committee that I had at the agency, a request to the governor in support of his commutation. Waiting execution. I remember the fellow's name was Feingold. I don't remember his first name. I had serious questions whether the guy had ever committed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any kind of a murderous act for which he was convicted. In those years, incidentally, it was not difficult to sentence somebody to the electric chair. At this point, I agreed to look into the case. The more I looked into it, the more I became convinced that he was innocent of this particular crime. He had never really been a hardened criminal in his background. So, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked on his case. When I went into the service, my successor continued to work on the case. Eventually, I understood, that he got a new trial and was freed. I have always had some questions about capital punishment. My experience in Sing Sing was such that I knew, everybody knew, that time and time again innocent people have been executed for these crimes. There's no doubt about it. Since also studies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had been made that capital punishment is not really a deterrent to such crimes, that's another reason. Beyond that, I think that we cheapen life when we decide to execute a person, no matter what the crime is. The only difference that I would make about capital punishment is that I think, in the case of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terrorists, capital punishment is\njustified. There, I put it frankly at some kind of a Biblical story. If I may\ndigress for a moment on this.\n\nDIAMOND: Please do.\n\nGETTINGER: This might be even called a D'var Torah. There's a very interesting\nstory that's told in the Bible about Moses, the man who led the Jews out of\nEgypt, and that we was brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in the house of Pharaoh when he was being\ngroomed to take Pharaoh's place and all kind of thing. The Bible tells a very\ninteresting story, how one day he goes into the fields and he sees how the\nslaves were being treated. Then he sees how one taskmaster is about to slay a\nJewish slave. The Bible uses this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expression: [Speaks Hebrew] \"He looked here\nand there.\" [speaks Hebrew] \"He saw there was no man.\" Literally, you might say,\n\"Nobody was watching.\" [Speaks Hebrew] \"He smote the Epyptian.\" [Speaks Hebrew]\n\"He hid him in the sand.\" It's very unusual for the Bible to go into such\ndetails. Why does it have to tell us he looked around and nobody was watching?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, the rabbis conclude that this is a different kind of story. Because\nthe rabbis asked the question: How did this gentle Moses, Moses who was selected\nby God to lead the Jews out of Egypt, because God saw how he took pity on a poor\nlittle animal separated from its mother and he brought it to its mother. God\nsaid . . . this is all apocryphal. Legend. Legends are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important. God said,\n\"This is the man who is going to lead my people who shows such compassion.\" How\ndid this man of compassion kill another human being? Rashi, the famous\ncommentator of the eleventh century, makes this statement: [Speaks Hebrew] \"He\nlooked here.\" It doesn't mean he looked around to see if anybody was watching.\nHe looked into the future, and he saw that nothing good would ever come from\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. Only then did he take the law into his own hand. I couldn't quite\naccept that explanation in that form. I thought a much more current and\nreasonable explanation really goes into this whole question about how we deal\nwith terrorists. This man, this taskmaster, was a terrorist, a terrorist who was\nsupported by his own government in order to hold back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these prisoners and these\nslaves. The only way you can hold back slaves in check is to use examples. You\nkill a few slaves. In that way, you can browbeat all the others. That is, I\nthink, what the Bible is telling us. [Speaks Hebrew] \"He looked here and there.\"\nWhere was the justice? Where could he get some kind of . . . ? [Speaks Hebrew]\nmeans there was no man. Nobody was standing up for the rights of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. As a\nmatter of fact, the government was supportive of this taskmaster. Only then, did\nhe take the law into his own hands. That I think is justification in dealing\nwith terrorists who are supported by governments. They can't operate without\ngovernment support. Then, perhaps, killing is justified. But capital punishment,\nI don't think we create deterrents. I think that even if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one man is innocently\nkilled for a crime that he did not do. I think even for that reason we shouldn't\ndo it. Finally, it's not up to man that he should do this kind of thing.\nIncidentally, that little playlet that you received has some reference to this\nwhole question about that we have the choice of . . . everybody is supposed to\nhave free choice as to what he wants to do. In that case, free ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice means that\nyou are responsible for your acts. As you'll read the story, you will see that\nI'm pleading in this particular playlet that the one area there should not be\nfree choice is that nobody should be able to kill anybody else. That ought to be\nprohibited by God Himself. In that way, we do not deal with this problem about\nkilling. But nobody should take anybody's life No matter what the reason ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is. At\nany rate, where are we now?\n\nDIAMOND: We're at a stopping place because we're getting close to the end of the\ntape. Your stories are just so incredible, I don't want to get into the middle\nof something. If you're ready for a break, we can take a break right now.\n\n[End Tape 2, Side 1]\n\n[Begin Tape 2, Side 2]\n\nDIAMOND: This is side two of an interview of Mike Gettinger. Atlanta Jewish\nFederation, December 18, 1989. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Margery Diamond, interviewer. We were talking\nsocial work.\n\nGETTINGER: Let me gloss over quickly my experience. I went into service back in\n1943. I was there a little over two years. Nothing very startling about that\nparticular experience. The one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidence of antisemitism that I encountered . . .\n\nDIAMOND: I think we have that on the other tape.\n\nGETTINGER: On the other one. It's not too important either by the way. When I\ngot out of service, I was supposed to return to my old job working again with\nthe prisoners. I didn't describe the fact that I also used to visit Sing Sing\nevery Wednesday but other state prisons less frequently, perhaps about every\nother month or every three months. I got around to all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisons. When I got\nout, I was told that my job at the Jewish Board of Guardians, my original job\nhad been so well covered by my successor, whom I had hired as a matter of fact,\nand they didn't want to take him away from this job. Maybe they'll make it a\ntwo-man job, in which case I could be the second man. I said no, I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agree\nto that. Which of two or three other jobs that they had in the agency comparable\nto mine would be all right? They gave me various possibilities. Then they asked\nme . . . I didn't know the new administration. It had changed hands completely.\nThe assistant director of the agency, with whom I was dealing about this job\nsituation which went on over a period of several weeks, finally said to me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nhe wants me to sign a statement that I have no redress to any of my work\npreviously and that I'm accepting this voluntarily and purely. I said, \"No, I\ndon't want to sign this.\" He says, \"You have to sign this.\" Why they wanted me\nto sign this, I guess, they were afraid I might in some way bring a lawsuit,\nwhich was possible. At this point, I began to look for another job, while\nalready taking on this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new job that they assigned to me. I was with them for\nabout two months, being the head of the Big Brother Big Sisters work that they\nalso operated. I was in charge of that. Then I got another offer to become the\nexecutive director of what they call the Brooklyn Jewish Community Council. It\nwas one of the segments in the Brooklyn area that I was supposed to be in charge\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of. When I told the agency that I was resigning from them, to which the\nassistant director reminded me that I had only been on this job for two months.\nI said, \"No, I've been on this job for three and a half years, including those\ntwo years that I spent in the service. I have a perfect right to resign after\nthree and a half years. I'm giving you a month and a half notice so that you can\nfind a replacement.\" He argued with me. I said, \"In that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case, I decided I would\ngo back to the navy.\" The navy was very much concerned about people getting back\ntheir jobs. In my presence, this navy officer called him up. He says to him,\n\"Mr. Black, I understand Mr. Gettinger is doing you a favor by giving up his\nclaim to his original job. Do you have any objections to that?\" Obviously, he\ncouldn't tell him that he had objections. At any rate, I left that agency. Went\nto work for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community Council in Brooklyn, which was really a\ncommunity relations operation. This was right after the war, 1946, 1947. I felt\nthis was not entirely to my liking, and I looked around some more about getting\nanother job. This time, I went to the Council of Jewish Federations, which had a\nprogram of placing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, or rather, being the sources for people in the\nFederation field. They told me about two jobs that were available. I'm sort of\nskipping space. Originally, they offered me a job in a Federation in Tucson,\nArizona. Tucson, Arizona, at that point, was a Jewish community, I think, of\nabout 2,000 Jews. This would be the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professional job. This was the job\nthat was being considered when I was leaving the Jewish Board of Guardians. They\nsaid there is another job that is also available, and that's the Brooklyn Jewish\nCommunity Council. To which I said I would prefer to take the Brooklyn Jewish\nCommunity Council. I've been away for a while. Brooklyn is my home base.\nBesides, I never heard of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tucson, Arizona, at that point. Mind you, we're\ntalking about 1946. This gentleman, who was the personnel man at the Council of\nJewish Federation, says, \"Don't you realize that Tucson has really much more of\na challenge to you? Imagine people saying 'Gettinger of Brooklyn Jewish\nCommunity Council'. That has no significance. But Gettinger of Tucson, Arizona.\nThat sounds ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant.\" To which I said to him, I said, \"You know, there's a\nbeautiful story that's told about the Vilna Gaon.\" The Vilna Gaon who lived in\nthe eighteenth century and who was probably the greatest scholar since probably\nthe millennium. One day a famous preacher, a Jewish preacher came to see him.\nThis preacher was known for telling people how to improve themselves. The Vilna\nGaon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said to him, \"Tell me, how can I improve myself?\" The Dubner Maggid says to\nhim, \"I should tell you how to improve yourself? Everybody knows you are the\ngreatest scholar. You are this wonderful human being and so on.\" To which he\nsaid to him, \"Everybody could improve, so please chastise me how I can improve\nmyself.\" Finally, the Dubner Maggid said, \"If you insist, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me just tell you,\nit is no trick.\" In Yiddish, the expression is [speaks Yiddish]. \"It's no trick\nto be such a great person, as you are, hidden away in this room, 16 hours a day\nall you're doing is learning and studying. Go out into the world. Go try to make\na living to support your family. That will be a trick.\" To which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Vilna Gaon\nsaid, [speaks Yiddish] \"I don't want to do any tricks.\" So, I said to him, \"I\nreally don't want to be called Gettinger of Tucson. I would just as soon be in\nthis little town of Brooklyn rather than in the village of Tucson, Arizona.\" So,\nthere I remained for two years until I got another job opportunity to become the\nassistant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"director in Miami, which was rising at that point. I took that job.\nThat was quite a jump in salary also. There I was for seven years until another\njob came up, and this time to become the executive director of the Albany Jewish\nCommunity Council, which is the equivalent of a Federation. There I went in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1955\nto become the executive director. I was minding my own business and doing my\njob. Albany, of course, was not a large community. At that time, perhaps it had\nabout 12,000 Jews. But its importance was that it is the state capital for the\nState of New York. I thought I was doing a reasonably good job. Nobody said\notherwise. Then I got a call from the executive director of the Council of\nJewish Federations that there is a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opening in Oakland, California. The\ndirector who had been there for 30 years is finally retiring. It's a community\nof 30,000 Jews and they could use some new ideas so would I go down for an\ninterview? I agreed to go down. As I said, I wasn't too anxious to look around.\nWhen I came there, I spent I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe about three days. This was in 1959. What\nstruck me about it, it was kind of primitive, the whole Federation. At that\npoint, we already had our two boys. One was 10 and the other one was 7 and half.\nI found that my ten-year-old boy was already too far advanced for any Jewish\neducation that he could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obtain in that area, including San Francisco. The best\nthing they had to offer him was a two day a week school, which was very poorly\ndone from what I gathered. San Francisco didn't have anything better either. It\nwas a Sunday school type of education. When I met with a group my third day for\nmy interview. I could see that the interview had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone fairly well. They asked me\nif I had any questions. I said, \"I have only one personal question. I find that\nthe paucity of Jewish education does not even provide for my ten year old a\ncontinuation of his education.\" Which he did have, by the way, in Albany. For\nthat reason, I really couldn't accept it. There was a gentleman on the personnel\ncommittee, who was a physician working for the Kaiser ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Company, which is still\noperating. Incidentally, I had never heard of the term before, and I still\nhaven't heard it. He was a teenegician. He worked with teenagers. He had four\ndaughters. He was anxious to start a program of an all-day school. He wondered,\nwouldn't I come there and help start it. I said, \"If I come as the Federation\nhead, I wouldn't have the time for anything like that.\" I wasn't criticizing, as\nI said to the group, their concept of Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education. That's up to them. But\nfor my own personal needs, I needed a more intensive Jewish education. I left\nthere. When I came back, I called up the executive of the Council of Jewish\nFederation. I said to him, \"Phil.\" It was Phil Bernstein. \"I don't know if you\nappreciate the level of Jewish education on the coast.\" When I described it, he\nreally hadn't been aware of it. He said, \"If you're interested in Jewish\neducation, how would you like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to Israel?\" I said, \"That sounds\nintriguing.\" \"There's an opening there to work for the Joint Distribution\nCommittee,\" a two-year stint as the as Deputy Director General of the program\nwhich they called Malben, which is an acronym. That I accepted. Having worked in\nbehalf of Israel, and Israel being, of course, quite important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to me in a\nvariety of ways. In 1959 . . .\n\nDIAMOND: You said Malben was an acronym. Can you tell me exactly what that is on\nthe tape?\n\nGETTINGER: In Hebrew, it stood for Mosedotle-Tippul be-Olim Nehshalim, which\nmeans institutions for the care of handicapped immigrants. Let me put in a word\nfor the JDC. I'm no longer an employee so I can talk freely. I know of no\norganization, Jewish or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jewish, that ever tries to go out of business. You\nname any organization, including polio or anything like that. When they licked\npolio, they had to get into another area. Jewish organizations, particularly,\nnever want to go out of business, even if their reason for being no longer\nwarrants it. But here's an organization that tries to get out of business. The\nwhole reason for this Malben program was set up in 1949, ten years before I got\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, because the Joint Distribution Committee felt that it was not fair to\nexpect that Israel, which was a budding, new country, with all its problems of a\nnew country, which it still has, how can they accommodate the riffraff, the\nderelicts from institutions from the people who were saved from the Holocaust.\nLiterally, mental cases, physically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decrepit cases, and so on. How can they deal\nwith that? Therefore, the Joint said, we will deal with all handicapped people\nwho are coming into Israel. That's how the program started. When I came there in\n1959, they had a staff of 2,200. They had in their institutions for the aged,\n3,200 residents. It's phenomenal. Then they had special programs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for handicapped\nto start them in small businesses, what we call small business administration.\nAnybody who had a handicap was eligible. These were all newcomers, by the way.\nThe Jewish Agency agreed that wherever they set up new programs, that is new\nhabitations for these immigrants, all of these small stores that they had to\nhave as part of the infrastructure, were assigned to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JDC, and we put\nhandicapped people there. What did they do? A little grocery store, papa/mama\ngrocery store, maybe a shoe store, maybe a carpenter shop, and all these things.\nThis was what Malben was doing. Its major emphasis . . . in the very beginning,\nit had to deal with tuberculosis. The number of TB cases tripled overnight as\nthey came to Israel. Therefore, they had to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital, which they took\nover from the British. Eventually they licked that problem because antibiotics\ntake care of it without hospitalization. So, they turned that hospital over to\nthe government. They did that with homes for the aged. Even while I was there,\nalmost for a three-year period, we turned over to the City of Jerusalem, to the\nCity of Tel Aviv, and to Haifa certain institutions for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aged, which we felt\nthen they could already take over and work with them. When I came there, I\nmarveled at the nature of their program for the aged, especially, having been a\nsocial worker in America, and having seen what we've done in our aged program,\nwhich we're kind of proud of. But they operated these institutions for the aged\nin the most miserable hovels. They took over the barracks of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British. You\nknow what a barrack looks like? These they converted to homes for the aged. The\nbuildings were terrible, but what they did with the people was most wonderful.\nWhen I came there, I saw something very strange. If you go into a home for the\naged, and I don't care where it is and how well it's run, you'll usually see the\napathetic nature of the people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, in the early years, even when I came\nhere to Atlanta, in order to get into the home for the aged you had to be a\nwell-aged person. Even the well-aged person, you sit around and do nothing\nconstructive. After a while, you show how decrepit you get. You don't exercise\nyour mind, which is the most important part, perhaps more important than\nphysical exercises. I keep telling my colleagues who retire that this is\nsomething that has to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be exercised. But there are no challenges in our homes for\nthe aged, whereas there, the majority of the people were working in the\ninstitutions doing some menial work perhaps, but within their abilities and\nwithin their limits. Even cardiacs were doing some work, maybe an hour a day or\nsomething. Some of them worked in the kitchen and so on. The beauty of the\nprogram was such, I don't think the Israelis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized it, but I saw it right\naway. To come back to this whole thing, there was a problem that we had with our\ndirector general. I was the deputy director general. He knew he could trust me\nfrom a trust point of view, but he had gotten into a position, having worked in\nEurope, in Italy, an American social worker, and Morocco and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, where he\ncouldn't trust anybody. He came to that position where he couldn't trust anybody\nat all. Not from the financial point of view with me, but that was the nature of\nit. So, he only gave assignments of a very limited nature. Until one day he\ndiscovered that I might be of greater use to him in terms of responsibility. All\nthat came about rather fortuitously, which you will not read in any written\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"records. The director of one of the institutions for the aged was being accused\nby his own staff of all kinds of crimes, which we won't go into. There was a\nproblem, however, that this was a hero from the Arab-Israeli War, and you just\ncan't dismiss these people like that. He appointed me to make a study of the\nsituation, together with two other people who were heads of departments in other\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institutional parts of the Malben program, and to come up with some kind of a\nresolution as to what we ought to do with this particular case. In the course of\nthis investigation, I found out that there were a lot of things wrong with this\nparticular institution. Then again, it also occurred to me that we had either,\nor nine, or ten other similar institutions, probably that weren't completely\nwell either. He began to sense that also. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At any rate, we did not fire the guy.\nWe pushed him upstairs, and eventually he left his job. But following this\nparticular investigation on our part, we had a meeting of the top staff. As\nusual, it was the beginning of the calendar year and they were submitting all\nkinds of budgets. In every case, the directors of the institution were asking\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more staff. He didn't know no more than anybody would know sitting in Tel\nAviv. Here were the institutions all over, whether they needed two more people\nhere and five more people here. There's no way of knowing it. But in disgust, he\nsays he's not going to approve any of this until Mike Gettinger studies it and\napproves it. The part that's interesting really is he discovered my worth only\nafter this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigation. When we got through with the meeting, I walked into\nhim. I said, \"You've given me a job which is impossible. I don't know any more\nabout these needs than you do. What do you expect to do?\" He says, \"I don't\nknow. Figure it out somehow to come up with a resolution.\" I had made an\nobservation about these people who are working. I decided then and there that\none of the things that we ought to examine more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly, are all people who\ncould work in the institutions really working because that's the best thing for\nthem. If they're not working, maybe we can get these residents to do the work so\nthat we don't have to add the staff. It has two major benefits. Number one, it\nsaves you a lot of money, because we didn't have to pay them the same that we\nwere paying an outside employee. Number two, it gives these people who are not\ndoing anything something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaningful. In order to prove this, I went to my\nbrother-in-law's brother, who had made aliyah the year before to Israel and who\nwas on the staff of the social work profession of the Hebrew University, Paul\nBaerwald School of Social Work. He had students who did all kinds of studies. He\nneeded projects for them. I said, \"I've got a perfect project for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your students.\nLet us study the ethicality of work in the institution by the residents\" because\neven the Israelis do not see the beauty of this particular program, and let's\nsee what we can do. He assigned eight students, and we studied in a particular\ninstitution 100 residents, 50 who had worked for a whole year, and 50 who had\nnot worked for the past year. We studied them from three points of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"view: their\npsychological makeup, their physical makeup, and their social makeup. How do\nthey relate? As I expected, these people who worked, sure they might be bitching\nmore and more and complaining, but they were menschen, and remained menschen.\nWhereas, the others, you could see the lackadaisical effect on their lives. Even\nthat did not quite prove the thing. But one day, one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors said to me\nin the institution, this was Netanya which is a very well-known institution. He\nsaid, \"You know, that study of yours and the points you've been making, I'm\nfinally convinced because there is a woman in the institution who came to see me\nevery day in my clinic.\" Let's call her Mrs. Goldberg. Then he doesn't see her\nfor three weeks. Finally, he runs across her on the grounds. He says, \"Mrs.\nGoldberg, I haven't seen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you in some time. How have you been?\" She says,\n\"Doctor, I'm busy now. I've got to run to the kitchen. I've got a job there.\nWhen I have time, I'll visit with you.\" That convinced him. There was another\ncase of a woman who came from a famous Hasidic family who had never worked in\nher lifetime. She wrote a letter, how much work now appeals to her. All along,\nshe had been served by servants. All of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sudden now she finds the beauty of\nwork. That created a different kind of a climate. I went into each of these\ninstitutions. There's a problem whenever you study an institution to find out\nwhere they can improve themselves. We've had studies here of the home for the\naged at different times. How do you study an institution to see where\nimprovement could develop or where problems may exist? We have, on the American\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scene, at least 20-30 similar kind of homes for the aged where comparative data\ncould be used and also study how they deal with this. You use a particular\ninstitution against a background of similar institutions that are in the Jewish\nfield. I'm talking only of the Jewish field. In that way, you arrive at some\nkind of conclusion. But we had a problem in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel. The only decent institutions\nin all of Israel, and we comprised better than two-thirds of all the aged\ninstitutions in Israel, were those run by Malben. So how do you use the\ncomparison? I hit on this particular idea. I divided the institution into five\nareas. Let's study an institution from the economic point of view in the\nkitchen, what they need for staffing. Let's study it also about nursing care.\nLet's study it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also from the various occupational things that they were doing,\narts and crafts, and so on. I divided it into five different segments. I\ndiscovered that different institutions were better operating in one area as\nagainst the other area. I asked the question: How come that in Sha'ar Menashe\nwhere you're serving 300 guests, residents, meals that you only need ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10 people\nin the kitchen, whereas in Netanya you needed 14, and now they want 3 more. How\ncome? I found out that many of these people were not working and could work.\nThat's how we got into this whole picture. We did not increase the staff by any\nshow of the hands during that particular year. I don't know what happened\nsubsequently. Because we found in Netanya, where roughly something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like 40\npercent were not working. We asked them why not. They said, \"Nobody asked us\nto.\" We said, \"Well look,\" we were giving the residents something $1 a week for\npocket money. \"We will give you $5 a week if you're going to be working,\" which\nwas still maybe one fourth of what we were paying elsewhere for other people.\nThat created a different climate entirely. We were able to get all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these people.\nOriginally, I was told that in Netanya, the 40 percent who were not working are\nRomanians. For Romanians, work is considered degrading. It didn't prove that\nway. At any rate, it worked out. Years later, after I left there, and this must\nhave been at least ten years later, when I came here from there, I was taking a\ngroup around Netanya, showing our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mission about this wonderful thing over here.\nThis young, well, she's no longer a young woman. This woman, who worked in the\nagency when I was there, makes this statement, \"Mr. Gettinger is responsible for\nwhat you see over here, all these residents working.\" I didn't want to challenge\nher, but when we got finished with this group, I said, \"Mrs. Schwartz, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know\nthat I discovered this thing, and when I discovered it, it was already here. The\nonly thing is I helped develop it a little further and I didn't want to have it\nstopped. But I didn't start this whole program. Malben started this program.\" To\nwhich she says to me, \"Mr. Gettinger, you know that was ten years ago. These\npeople are still working. They shouldn't be working.\" There, they were working,\nof course. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when I said, eventually Malben turned over all of its\noperation. We were spending at that time $10 million, which was an awful lot of\nmoney for Israel. Malben is still in Israel, but instead of working in what we\ncall functional operations, which they handled, they are now only supporting\nother services and stimulating programs and starting programs. While I was\nthere, they started the program of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"psychiatric services, which Israel didn't\nhave. They gave doctors a certain amount of money so that they could leave their\njobs as doctors and study to become psychiatrists. There were a lot of other\nthings, handicapped people, children. They are now working with other kinds of\nchildren also. But all that is done now indirectly rather than directly. That's\na thing of the past. At any rate, I might still be in Israel, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will not\ndeny, if it weren't for the fact that when I came there, I came for a two-year\nstint. At the end of my first year, somebody was already being groomed to take\nmy place. I was actually there for almost three years. I've been back, of\ncourse. The program in Israel, as I told this to an executive director from a\nhome for the aged in Chicago. He came there with a group of social workers. This\nwas Jack Gold. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was the head of an agency. I took him to this institution,\nNetanya. He looks around. He says, \"How large is your staff here?\" I said,\n\"Before I answer you, Jack, tell me about your own staff.\" He said, \"Well, we\nhave 225 residents. We have a staff of 250. They're not all full time, but the\nratio is about one to one.\" I said, \"Here the ratio is one to eight. What you\nsee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here is one worker against eight residents. What you think are workers, are\nresidents. That's the difference.\" I said, \"That's what we should be doing in\nAmerican.\" Whereupon, he said to me, \"Well, we can't institute that because we\nhave more people who are not able to work.\" I said, \"I'm sure it's not that much\ndifferent from here.\". \"Besides that,\" he says to me, \"What do you think will\nhappen if we persuade,\" and persuade had to do not just hitting them on the head\nbut really trying to use ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influence, \"If we persuade some of our residents to\nwork, their children, who already have guilt feelings who are there in the\ninstitution, are going to say, 'My father and mother should be retiring. Why do\nyou make them work?\" That's the problem in America. I still believe that we\nought to make the effort. Of course, we have changed the format in our\ninstitutions. In our homes for the aged now you will never see a well-aged\nperson. You will only see what they call ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nursing cases. But that wasn't when I\nfirst came here. The home for the aged only would take in what they called\nambulatory aged. That has changed. Some of these programs that I'm talking about\nstill ought to be applied here, like the [Jewish] Tower situation. You just\ndon't have people sitting around and maybe even playing cards occasionally.\nThey've got to do meaningful work. Arts and crafts is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not the answer. That's\nsomething we haven't learned on the American system, unfortunately. By the way,\nthat study that we made in Netanya about the 50 who worked and the 50 who\ndidn't, I was supposed to write it up together with my brother-in-law's brother,\nwho is still there. We never got around to it. Someday it will still . . . I\nhave the raw material. Someday I think it will be worthwhile to put it out,\nbecause even in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, I don't think they saw the beauty of that program. That\nbrings me up to coming here. Are we finished there?\n\nDIAMOND: We have another ten minutes on this tape.\n\nGETTINGER: Let me just say this. When it became clear that I would be leaving\nIsrael, I get a letter from the executive director here, who was Ed Kahn. He\nwrites me this letter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"People won't believe that I'm ready to retire, but I am\nready to retire. Would you consider becoming my associate director so that you\ncould take my place eventually? Could you come down for an interview from\nIsrael?\" I wrote him back. Having known Ed Kahn just through hearsay, more than\ndirect contact, although we met at conferences. I write him a letter. \"When are\nyou expecting to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retire?\" To which he says, \"In the near future.\" That was his\nanswer. I write him again in a letter. \"What do you mean by the near future?\"\nWhereupon, he again replies, \"In the very near future.\" I never got an answer\nfrom him. I never got an answer when I came here. At any rate, instead of asking\nme to come down here for an interview, which would have been a rather expensive\nproposition, they contacted some people where I had worked before, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly,\nsomeone by the name of Stanley Meyers, who was a national figure and who was\npresident of Federation when I was working there as assistant director of\nFederation. The next thing I know, he writes me a letter that he got a call, one\nof those round-robin calls with three people on the phone, and that I have the\njob here in Atlanta, without being informed about it. That's how I came here.\nWhen I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, one of my first duties and responsibilities, as Kahn wrote me\nwhile I was still in Israel, was to reorganize what I called the three-ring\ncircus that we had here in Atlanta. We had three central Jewish organizations,\nwhich I may have mentioned to you before.\n\nDIAMOND: No, we haven't.\n\nGETTINGER: We haven't talked about it? I'll just touch on that. We had a Jewish\n. . . we had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federation, first of all. I think it was called Federation of\nJewish Charities, which really goes back to the first Federation here in Atlanta\nestablished in 1905. That was a program helping people who needed help,\npsychological, but mostly financial. That was organized, as I said, in 1905. The\nnext central organization was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized in 1936. That was organized to\nconsolidate fundraising under one umbrella organization. That became known as\nthe Jewish Welfare Fund. The man who was more instrumental in doing it, was\nHarold Hirsch. A piece of history, which I think, which should never go by\nwithout some real study. Harold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hirsch probably was more important for creating\nwhat is now the worldwide Coca-Cola Company than anybody else. He was a\nwell-known lawyer. Coca-Cola was not known for hiring Jewish employees until\nrelatively a few years ago. But they always had one key Jewish person there.\nHarold Hirsch was one such person in its early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. What he did for Coca-Cola\nis he developed through his legal system the whole franchising system. What\nCoca-Cola is really able to call its worldwide operation is because of that\nwhole system. Not just the chemicals that nobody knows what they are, except two\npeople. That's what really made Coca-Cola, nationally and internationally. He\nwas involved in the Jewish community as one of the leaders. He was troubled over\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact that there were a number of, well, probably as many as a dozen or more\nfundraising operations going on in the community in the course of the year.\nPeople were being bothered by this organization, locally, by this national\norganization, by this international organization. He says, \"Why don't we\nconsolidate all of them into one overall campaign so we won't be bothered so\nmuch.\" To which he was told by most people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You'll never raise as much money\ncombined as you do individually.\" He said, \"Well, let's try it.\" The first\ncampaign goal was set in 1936 for $50,000. That campaign ended up with $52,256.\nThat was the beginning, and they never had anything but a combined campaign\nafter that. That was the second overall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agency that was established. The third\nagency was established in 1946. That was the Jewish Community Council, whose\nprimary functions were two-fold. Number one, to do community relations work,\nwhich had been done sort of by ADL [Anti-Defamation League] up to that point.\nThe other was to do planning for the Jewish community. The community was\ngrowing. How do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you decide whether you need this new service or this extension\nof the service? Therefore, let's have a community council in which you have\nrepresentatives of various organizations who will see the needs and determine.\nYou have these three separate agencies with three separate boards, three\nseparate officers. But they had only one thing in common. The executive\ndirector. People didn't quite see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this connection, this whole thing. When one\nparticular agency wanted to do something, the answer was always, \"We don't have\nthe money for it.\" When somebody in the Jewish Welfare Fund wanted to do\nsomething. \"Well, how do we know we really need it?\" and so on. But the one\ncement person in this whole thing was the executive director. He pretty much\ncould control everything that goes on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was supposed to organize and merge all\nthese operations. Once I came here, that was forgotten. I think he also forgot\nthat he was supposed to retire very soon. But that's another part of this story.\nShall we leave it at this point?\n\nDIAMOND: I hate to stop.\n\nGETTINGER: We can go on.\n\nDIAMOND: This tape, we've got another five minutes, maybe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know that, and I'll\ntry to signal you so we don't run off. I think personally . . . I'm going to\nshare this with the committee and see if your written material, as well as the\ntapes, will suffice or if you would like another interview. If you want to talk\nabout some things that are not in the printed material, then I would be more\nthan happy to come back.\n\nGETTINGER: So far. I've confined myself pretty much to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these things having to do\nwith social work experience more or less.\n\nDIAMOND: Let's stop here for a minute, because I need a break.\n\n[End Tape 2, Side 2]\n\n[Begin Tape 3, Side1]\n\nDIAMOND: This is a third interview, a third tape, which is a continuation of our\nsecond interview with Mike Gettinger at Atlanta Jewish Federation. It's still\nDecember 18, 1989. This for the Jewish Oral History Collection of Atlanta,\ncosponsored by American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, and\nNational Council of Jewish Women. I'm Margery Diamond, interviewer. Your turn.\n\nGETTINGER: We're at a point now where we're talking about the merger of the\nthree central agencies which took place in 1967. Let me add at this point that\nwe certainly ought to be able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize the important developments over the\nmany years, particularly since the coming of Ed Kahn and what he helped do in\ndeveloping programs as the community grew in size and in importance. The Jewish\nCommunity Center, for example, was a very important part in that development and\nits expansion over the years. The Jewish Family Service began to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do a lot of\nwork which it hadn't done before. There were a number of other significant\nfactors that went on in the earlier years, which helped the community to emerge\nas a community, and to begin to feel more self-confident. But in my opinion, the\nmaturity of the Jewish community really developed, and I'm speaking now about\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"structured Jewish community. I'm not speaking about the synagogues. I'm not\nspeaking about the various organizations like Hadassah, B'nai B'rith, and so on.\nBut the central organizations, the representative Jewish organization, the\ncommunity which eventually Federation became, really occurred with the merger of\nthe three central agencies. Although many people questioned the elimination of\nso many officers and two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presidents, my standard answer was when you have three\npresidents you have no presidents. In order for the lay people to play a more\nmeaningful role in what was going on in the life of the Jewish community, there\nhad to be one overall organization. This is what the Federation in its merger\nrepresented. There were several individuals at the time that I introduced this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea who objected to it for a variety of reasons. Part of it, let me be very\nclear about it, had to do with the loss of power on the part of some individuals\nwho no longer could wield that influence when you had a larger group operating\nthe overall situation.\n\nDIAMOND: Would you, confidentially, share with the tape the names of those\npeople. Not that were not in conflict with you, necessarily, but who were in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power at the time?\n\nGETTINGER: For example, the person that I thought was really the motivating\nforce in the Jewish community, and who had the respect of most everybody was Abe\nGoldstein. As a matter of fact, way back in 1970, I think, when we gave him the\naward after he had been the first president of this merged agency, the award was\ngiven to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him and the plaque reads \"Mr. Federation.\" He, more than anybody else,\ndeserves that particular appellation. In his own way, he had tremendous\ninfluence politically behind the scenes, which many people were not even aware\nof. He was highly respected because in his own quiet, easygoing fashion, he was\nable to gather a certain consensus which very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were able to do. On the\nother hand, there was the situation with Max Cuba, highly revered now in the\ncommunity, who had been probably the key person with whom Ed Kahn had worked\ncontinually, and who had been president of the Jewish Community Council at the\ntime of the merger. He actually preferred that the Community Council continue to\noperate separately. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could not convince him otherwise, although we had a study\nthat went on for over a year and a half about the question about what should we\ndo with this this merger. It wasn't until I was able to bring into the community\nPhilip Bernstein, the gentleman who I mentioned earlier, and whom Cuba respected\nand listened to more than anybody else. When he came into the community and\nsupported the idea of a merger of all these three, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally able to do\nit. Then it was the question, who is going to be the first president? The\nconsensus was that Abe Goldstein was the most logical candidate. So, he became\nthe first president. From that, we began to develop all kinds of other\nactivities. The community also began to grow in population size. The general\ncommunity, but I think the Jewish community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps in some respects was\nadvancing population even more so, particularly in more recent years. I think\nthat came about because as national companies began to focus on Atlanta and have\nmajor offices here, they brought with them from up north all kinds of people. In\nthat process, many Jews came into the community more and more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With that also\ncame the realization that the Jewish community had to provide more services,\nmore services in existing agencies. Home for the Aged, for example, when I came\nhere in 1962, had something like 30 beds, I believe, on 14th Street. There, we\nquickly saw that we would need many more. They had waiting lists. Incidentally,\nit was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting how we came into this idea of putting up a new\ninstitution. The Jewish home on 14th Street originally, I think, was for 30\npeople. Then they added on perhaps another 15. Then they added on another\nsection for another 15. By the time they added on these three patches, they had\nabout 60 residents. They were about to put on another patch on this home for the\naged. When I began to ask questions, how much would it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost to do this, they\nsaid it would cost a considerable sum. I said, \"First of all, the property on\n14th Street was worth an awful lot of money. Secondly, with the amount that you\nhad to put in for another investment, it would also cost considerably.\" But\nyou're putting now a fourth patch on three other patches. Originally, it was not\nfunctioning too well from an administrative point of view. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why don't we consider\nwhat we can get for this property? I, not being in the real estate business,\nhaving no idea. I said, \"Maybe we can get as much as $3.25 million out of this.\"\nEverybody sort of looked up. They said, \"Well, we ought to look into it.\" Sure\nenough, they looked into it. I think they sold it eventually for $1 million, the\nproperty. How much would it cost to put up a completely new building? We were\ngiven wrong impressions by a so-called expert who came from up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"north. We thought\nit would only cost perhaps $2 million. It turned out to be considerably more.\nBut there, we put up finally the building on Howell Mill Place. That's how that\nparticular event took place. There were other services that began to develop,\neven before I came. The Jewish Community Center built this place over here. You\nhad at that point, of course, Ben Massell, Sr., who was very much interested in\nfurthering the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress of the Jewish community. He provided some of the grounds\nwhich is now where the Center is built. There were others of that nature. These\nwere outstanding people. I met Ben Massell just once. He died, I believe, in\nJuly or August of 1962. My predecessor had a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peculiar philosophical idea.\nThis might be of interest to some people anyway. I think the first week that I\nwas here, he gave me some advice how to function as a professional. He said to\nme, this was the very first week, \"It's important that you should not get too\nclose to the balebatim, lay people. It's not a good idea for the professional to\nget too close,\" which incidentally mirrored pretty much his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own way of working\nand living within the Jewish community. I listened to that. It was rather\nstrange talk to me. I've never heard that kind of talk. But I didn't say\nanything about it. It didn't take more than a week when he said to me, \"I see\nyou don't follow my advice.\" I said, \"What advice is that, Ed?\" \"I see you're\ngetting close to the balebatim.\" I said, \"What are you referring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to?\" because I\nhadn't met, really, too many. He says, \"You had dinner at Abe Goldstein's house\nlast week where a number of people were there also.\" Abe Goldstein and I become\ngood friends the week before I left Israel, because he came to Israel during\nthat week.\n\nDIAMOND: He wanted to check you out?\n\nGETTINGER: No. Ed Kahn asked me to help him out and serve some hospitality. We\nbecame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very friendly. When we left, he said to me, \"I want to know when you're\ngetting into Atlanta so I can meet you at the airport.\" And that was that. When\nI got to New York, I called Ed Kahn that I was in New York and I was going to\nstay there a few days and come back here. To which he said to me . . . I was\ncoming with my wife. We were leaving our two kids in New York until I found some\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housing temporarily. He says, \"When you get to the airport, take a taxi and come\nto my office.\" I thought it was kind of strange, particularly since Abe\nGoldstein kept telling me that, but I said nothing. Sure enough, when I got\nhere, and I felt a little bit uncomfortable about the whole thing. I didn't even\nknow where to put my wife when I was supposed to go to the office. Sure enough,\nwho was waiting at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gate? Abe Goldstein. Abe says to me, \"I had a hell of a\ntime getting to know when you're coming on a plane, and finally I found out.\"\nThis was part of his idea. Now Abe Goldstein, with whom I'd become friendly,\ninvites me to his home the following week to have dinner with him and a few of\nhis friends, including his two cousins, Drs. Goldstein. Marvin and Irving\nGoldstein. There I met also [Sam] Eplan, his other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin. It was a very nice\nsocial evening. That was the meeting that Kahn was referring to. He had heard\nthat some people met me. I will not go into another situation, which almost\ndestroyed me that happened a month later here. Ed Kahn was the one who\nengineered this whole thing. At the time it happened, he suggested to me that\nmaybe I ought to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consider resigning. This was after I had only been here about a\nmonth. This was after a meeting that took place, in which I had a lot of\nquestions about my role in this meeting. I didn't quite understand why I was\nsupposed to prepare certain things, which he didn't like the way I prepared it.\nAs it turned out, the meeting went against his interest. I never knew the\nbackground of that whole thing. When I got through with the meeting, I said,\n\"I'm very puzzled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what happened at this meeting. I thought that the\nmemorandum that you asked me to prepare, gave a situation in which you pretty\nmuch agreed with the criticism that the Jewish Community Center was not getting\nenough funding for its program,\" which was the truth, by the way. He says,\n\"Well, you did it all wrong.\" I said, \"Well, I told you that you ought to\npresent it and I shouldn't be presenting it.\" He then says to me, this was after\nthe meeting is over, \"I think you ought to consider ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resigning.\" I looked at my\nwatch. I said, \"It's after five o'clock, and I'm leaving.\" And I left. The next morning, Ed Kahn comes into my office. He never showed up here before ten or\neleven o'clock in the morning, by the way. He stayed late. That was his way of\nworking. He comes in. He did something that he never, I'm sure, did before.\nCertainly, I never saw him do it afterwards. He apologized over what he had said\nto me the night before. He says, \"I'm sorry what I said to you.\" To which I\nsaid, \"Let's forget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it, but I'm still extremely puzzled over the nature of\nthat particular meeting,\" which I didn't know all the facts. As it turned out, I\nfound out afterwards, that he had not told me about a previous meeting that he\nhad held, in which the people who were at the meeting felt that he was reneging\non something he had promised them. I found that out afterwards. I asked him\nabout it. He says, \"I never promised them that.\" To ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I said, \"But you were\nsilent when they insisted on a certain formula.\" He didn't answer that. Of\ncourse he was silent, and he was not known to be silent usually. At any rate,\nthat was the end of my real close association with Ed Kahn, unfortunately.\nEventually, he, after much effort on the part of some people, he finally agreed\nto retire from his three jobs. Only then did we have the merger of these three\nagencies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I consider the merger almost the maturing of the Jewish community\nbecause now we could handle all problems in one particular setting with the\ninput on the part of lay people. The professional was no longer the key operator\nin this whole thing. I don't think the people understood that. At any rate,\nthat's how it's been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever since then. A community cannot function without lay\nparticipation in a meaningful way. I first began to realize that when I came to\nIsrael. It came about in this fashion. The JDC does not have lay people in their\noperations in Israel. They're in New York. I thought to myself, this is going to\nbe ideal. I won't have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bother any more with balebatim. You're only going to\ndeal with social workers. You're only going to work with government officials\nand so on. It proved to be quite the opposite. As we say in Yiddish, es hat\nnisht arbetn. \"It did not work.\" I found that the importance of lay\nparticipation, not just in using them as sounding boards, but their experience\nand the fact that social workers, when they deal only by themselves, don't have\nthe sense of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practicality that some of our lay people. They're not always right.\nThey could benefit perhaps a little bit more from input on the part of\nprofessional knowledge, but you've got to have that teamwork. Without the\nteamwork, a community cannot really function properly. That's what I discovered\nin Israel. We had problems galore because we were dealing with government\nagencies because we never dealt with lay people. In Israel there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was no such\nthing as boards of directors. Even to this day, there's a paucity of this kind\nof a thing. All of a sudden, I felt here too we must develop a structure in\nwhich the lay participation would be completely meaningful. That's what proved\nto be the point. As we kept growing and developing further, new programs began\nto come into the merge. This community has always accepted a sense of\nresponsibility, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just locally, but also nationally and internationally. We\nare not separated from, let's say, the rest of the world. One would not have\nthought so originally, when you had a nice Southern community centered over\nhere. But maybe the infusion of the northern group, which has its problems, but\nalso has its great advantages. You never have this feeling that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the\nanswers for the south. Atlanta has something else going for it, which is\ngenerally not known. The reason why Atlanta has never suffered the way other\nSouthern communities have suffered with civil rights issues, we've never had any\nserious problems. I gather that, more or less from talking to individuals and\nalso reading something about it, but people like Abe Goldstein more or less\nreflected it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe Goldstein, who was a native of Atlanta, also had roots\nelsewhere as well. He was involved with the ADL nationally. He also was involved\nvery much with the political situation here. Although Jews were relatively not\nactive politically in Atlanta up to about the 1950s, except for Max Cuba, who\nhad a position with the Council here. And here and there, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had some others\noccasionally coming up.\n\nDIAMOND: [Unintelligible]\n\nGETTINGER: Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild never had an official position. Max Cuba did\nhave an official position. He was also on the zoning board. Abe Goldstein's\nclosest buddy was Mayor [William] Hartsfield. I understand that every morning,\nMayor Hartsfield and he would have a conversation on the phone. At least that.\nThey were extremely friendly. What I heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from him and from others is the\nreason why Atlanta developed what you would consider a liberal point of view\nvis-a-vis blacks, because of some consideration with northern entrepreneurs.\nAfter World War II, when Atlanta was trying to attract big business to come\nhere, my understanding is that big business up north said we don't want to have\nall the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems that you Southerners have with the blacks. You must promise us\nthat we will not have all these problems with employment and things like that.\nObviously, they could not desegregate everything. But you never had that closed\nimage that you have in other Southern communities, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston.\nYou name them all. They were all pretty much part of the Southern climate. Even\nwhen Ivan Allen became mayor of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the city, he himself began to recognize also\nthat he couldn't do things on his own. Do you remember that Peyton Place\nsituation, when he thought he would draw a line and up to this point blacks\nwould live? Well, that didn't last more than a couple of days, and it had to be\neliminated. The northern business people, I'm talking about the large firms, who\neventually developed, with very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few exceptions, major offices here always had\nthis attitude that we do not want to become part of the Southern problems that\nyou had since the [American] Civil War. That's why you've never had the kinds of\ndestruction, you know, what happened in a lot even in northern communities. The\nChamber of Commerce has played ball with the northern chamber of commerce. You\nmust give a lot of credit to this Chamber ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Commerce, who for whatever ulterior\nmotives they have, and it's probably business, economic motives. I don't care\nwhat the reason is. They are as much responsible as other factors. So, the\nJewish community was able also to function on that kind of a level. Although, in\nearlier years, this is really prior to Rothschild coming here, who began to take\nstrong interest in the Civil Rights Movement and working with Martin Luther\nKing. At any rate, this is why I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that the Jewish community really became of\nage also when its own Jewish leadership began to assert itself. For the first\ntime, we had people in the House of Representative here, Elliott Levitas and\nSidney Marcus and they went on even to Congress. People began at this point to\nassert themselves much more. The Jewish people were no longer saying Shah! Shah!\nand afraid of any kind of a rupture that might develop like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it did with the Leo\nFrank case. Let me give you some highlights about developments here in the\ncommunity. Let's talk a moment about the refugee situation. We've had refugee\nproblems here of one kind of another, even before the coming of the Russians.\nLet nobody tell you that there weren't problems when the first immigrations came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nafter World War II. I think that the first Germans who came here prior to World\nWar I were considered more or less socially on a par with even the Reform\nelement. Most of them were Reform. They were very well accepted. There was Mrs.\n[Lilo] Meyer, I don't know if you knew her, who was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very well accepted. They had\na German club here for a while, until it became integrated into the total\ncommunity. But when the Russians or the East European Jews began to come . . .\nnot just the Russians. The Russians didn't come here until much later, but East\nEuropeans. These were the people who managed to live through the Holocaust, who\nwere saved in one way or another, they came here and started these papa/mama\nstores. I don't know if I went into it with you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any way about these papa/mama\nstores. You had some of that even preceding World War I when Dr. Greenberg's\nfather came. He wrote his so-called autobiography in Yiddish, which his family\nasked me to translate, but I've never gotten around to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very\ninteresting. He came here after he had been in this country maybe a week. He\ncomes here because he had some relatives. They tell him the first thing what you\nought to do is to go peddling in the sticks of Georgia. [Hyman] Mendel [H.\nMendel \u0026 Company] had some dry good places where you can buy things. Get dry\ngoods enough that you can carry on your back. Take the train about 50 miles out\nof town and start walking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back, and to these farmer's places, and sell them\nthings from off your back. Some of them you could take orders and bring it back\nlater. The very first day he describes how he went into the fields. It was\ngetting dark. All of a sudden, he sees black people in the fields. He had no\nidea about the black situation at that point. He walks over to them. He doesn't\nknow a word of English. They don't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any other language but their English.\nSomehow, he conveys to them what's he's doing. By this time, it's getting dark,\nand he wants to stay over at the house of one of these people. Well, you just\ndon't stay over at a house of a black person, and these people didn't want to\naccommodate him, of course. Finally, he could figure out that there was a\nhesitancy on their part. He did that for a few weeks, but then he got tired of\nthis peddling. Somebody said, why don't you open up a grocery store. They had\nmaybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30, 40 such grocery stores. Abe Goldstein's father, I believe, had a\ngrocery store. Ben Massell's father had a grocery store. These were the\nbeginnings of the Jewish people over here, peddling and also grocery stores. The\ntheory that he wrote, he says, \"There is also an advantage. I'll never starve if\nI have a grocery store.\" Sure enough, he opened it up. But the real development\nof grocery stores occurred with the coming of these East ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"European Jews. You\ndidn't have to know the language. You could point to a price. You could make\nchange. Language was no handicap. Also, you could have the whole family working\nat it, and working probably twelve hours, seven days a day. You could make money\nthat way and save. Within a number of years, there were 200 such stores as late\nas in the mid-1970s. Most of them . . . nearly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of them were in the black\nneighborhood. Most of them, these papa/mama stores. But then something strange\nbegan to happen. As the black community began to emerge and become more open in\ntheir demands, they also became more abusive on these stores, whereas before, as\none of them told me . . . I went into Vine City [Atlanta] in the 1970s because\nwe were having a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serious problem over there. Some accused the storekeepers of\ntaking advantage of the blacks, and the storekeepers accused the blacks of doing\nthings, stealing from them and the kids coming in. Whereas, before if a kid came\nin and grabbed something, the storekeeper would grab him and bang him around and\nthat would be the end. You could no longer bang around these kids. If you did\nthat, they would stop buying from you. They would picket your place and maybe\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even attack you. So that became a problem. They came to us and asked that we\nought to do something, getting better police protection. We met with the police.\nI have here a whole article on that, which I won't go into any details. As I\nsaid, at that point, this was around the middle of the 1970s, we had at that\npoint about 200 such papa/mama stores in these neighborhoods. One Friday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11970.0,12000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nafternoon, and I still remember the occasion, in two different stores one mile\napart, two Jewish grocery people were killed by robbers. That finally frightened\nthem completely. We called an emergency meeting here at the office, incidentally.\n\nDIAMOND: Do you remember those people's names?\n      ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12000.0,12030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGETTINGER: I knew a few of them, but I don't remember the names anymore.\n\nDIAMOND: The two people that were killed.\n\nGETTINGER: The two people who were killed? One of them was Dr. Moelkner's [sp]\nmother, I believe. I don't know who the other one was. They were killed by\nrobbers. At that point they said we must do something. We had the deputy chief\nof police at this meeting. They said there is no way how they could protect all\nthese stores. They could send around . . . short ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12030.0,12060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of having a person there all\nthe time, which they couldn't afford. On top of everything else, we sent out a\nquestionnaire to all these storekeepers. We had the impression that with most of\nthese, probably three-quarters, if not more of them, that they had incomes from\nother sources and didn't need the stores anymore. They had gone into real\nestate, and they had done quite well by the way. To me, it seemed like this was\nlike a security blanket for them. They thought maybe these businesses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . .\nThat's why they wouldn't give them up. Although they suffered staying around\nthose hours. At any rate, three-quarters immediately answered that they didn't\nneed the income from the stores. A few said that they still needed them. We\nhelped a few to sell the stores through Small Business Administration, through\nthat process. Most of them liquidated. I don't think there were more than about\nten stores left by the time we got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through after about a year. We studied this\nfor about half a year and then finally helped out those people. Eventually, they\nall got out of the business, except those who could afford to have some police\nprotection. That was one example how we operated in that thing. Let me go into\nthis question of our relationship with the non-Jewish community, which I think\nwas very significant. We began to work more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closely with the non-Jewish\ncommunity in spite of the fact that the ADL suggested, \"why don't we turn over\nall of our community relations work to them.\" After all, here they are. They're\nthe experts and so on. The theory also was, which was given to me privately,\nthat here the Jewish people are afraid to really do something and to act\nconstructively because they're always afraid. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12150.0,12180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will the goyim say? Whereas,\ntheir national office has a different point of view in protecting them. On the\nother hand, some of us felt that it's more important to have a presence,\nlocally, and not just a national organization doing this. Nothing wrong with the\nnational organization doing its part of the work, as the American Jewish\nCommittee and the Jewish War Veterans, to a lesser extent. Actually, the work\nought to be done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of the representative Jewish organization, which,\nagain, was the Federation. This proved to be pretty much the situation on all\nlevels. I'll give you an example about this situation with the Catholic\nArchdiocese [of Atlanta]. Someday somebody ought to really follow up on this\nthing. I mention it here in passing. I got to know Archbishop Paul [John]\nHallinan almost from the beginning of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming here. He had preceded me by a\ncouple of months. One day I was attending a meeting at [Clark] Atlanta\nUniversity, some kind of an inter-faith meeting, and something to do with\nreligion. I found myself sitting at a table of four with Archbishop Hallinan.\nThis was back in 1962 or 1963. He had just come back from Rome where he had\nattended, it must have been a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years later, the funeral of Pope John XXIII.\nAs he's telling me this, and by the way, Hallinan was a very important person in\nthe Catholic hierarchy in America because he went to the [Second] Vatican\nCouncil meeting. There, he represented the American viewpoint that prayers ought\nto be said in the language of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, not in Latin. That was like . . .\nIt's like the Reform movement coming in and saying to the Orthodox, you got to\ndo this and this. That was a major change, and they changed it. To this day,\nEnglish is used now with most Catholic things, much to the chagrin of many\nCatholics, who are still accustomed to the Latin. He's telling me that he has\njust come from the funeral of Pope John XXIII. To which I had replied, that of\nall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12300.0,12330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the popes that I know about, and I don't know them too well, he was the one\npope we could say he was a righteous gentile, what we say in Hebrew, [speaks\nHebrew] . And very unusual. Unusual enough so that when he died, special prayers\nwere said for him in synagogues, voluntarily, because in ancient times they had\nto say prayers but not voluntarily. He said to me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"That's beautiful.\" I said,\n\"We knew,\" I continued, \"That Pope John was talking from the heart because it\nentered our heart. There is a famous rabbinic statement which tell you that very\npoint. He says, \"How do you say it in Hebrew?\" I told him, [speaks Hebrew]. \"You\nknow that a person is talking from the heart when it enters your heart.\" He\nsays, \"That's beautiful. I'm speaking next week before the American Jewish  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12360.0,12390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCommittee. Would you mind transliterating this for me so I can use that?\" So I\ndid that for him. Sure enough, the following week, I'm at this meeting and\ndinner also, which was at the Standard Club, and I see him before the meeting.\nBy this time, he's calling me by my first name, but I don't call him Archie. He\nsays to me, \"I'm breaking my teeth over your Hebrew, Mike.\" I said, \"You don't have to use the Hebrew.\" Sure enough, he referred to that as \"your rabbis have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said.\" From that point on, we became, sort of, distantly but friendly in nature.\nShortly afterwards, I get a call from his monsignor, a young Irishman who had\njust come from Ireland a year or two before, Noel Burtenshaw. He says to me, \"We\nhave a very important situation coming up in the Georgia legislature. A bill has\njust been approved by the House of Representatives which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is called the Voluntary\nAct of Sterilization, and now it's being considered by the Senate. The senate\ncommittee is meeting on this to decide to recommend it. This would be probably\nin another two days that they're meeting. \"Would the Jewish community agree to\nappear before the senate committee and oppose this bill together with us?\" He'll ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsend me the bill for me to look at it. I took a look at the bill. He sent it\nimmediately. I showed it to Elliott Levitas, who at that time was a strong\nmember of our community relations committee. Elliott agreed also. We called a\nmeeting of our executive committee of the CRC, in which we agreed that we would\noppose this bill, because everything in the bill was designed to be\nnon-voluntary and not voluntary. What was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nature of the bill? It authorized\nany ordinary, an ordinary is a judge even lower than justice of the peace, and\nany doctor in the State of Georgia could certify that this girl needed\nsterilization. No reason was given in the bill, why sterilization. Obviously, it\nwas intended against blacks, particularly those who have children without\nbenefit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of clergy. The Catholic church was strongly opposed to it, and so were\nwe. A day or two later, he and I appear before the senate committee. We did not\nhave a chance to compare our notes, and each one spoke in his own way of this. I\nspoke in terms of a social work thing. Can you imagine even a father could\nsometimes say it's all right to do this because he got angry at his daughter.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12540.0,12570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis is a terrible indictment against anybody. That's not the way you deal with\nthis, especially if you don't know the reason for it. He took it up from another\npoint of view. He said, this is how the Holocaust started, how people were\nsterilized. He used that Holocaust theme all along. The newspapers were there\nbecause they were asked to come by the Catholic Archdiocese. The next day, there\nwas this headline about our appearance and that the Senate Committee decided to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12570.0,12600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"postpone this for a whole year and to review this matter further for\nclarification. It was dumped at that particular state legislature, and it came\nto an end. It was just before the summer months. The next day, I got a telephone\ncall from Dr. James Kaufmann. You know Jimmy Kaufmann. Jimmy Kaufmann, for your\ninformation, is the par excellence lobbyist for the Georgia Medical Association.\nEvery year, he's there during the legislative season. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was there for this\nalso. He calls me on the phone, and we know each frankly. He says, \"How come you\nand the Jewish community fought this bill of sterilization?\" I said, \"Because\nit's a horrible bill, Jim.\" He says, \"This is intended against mental\ndefectives, girls, because you can't protect them and they can't protect\nthemselves.\" I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The bill didn't say that.\" To which he said, \"What if we develop a new bill for next year. Could you arrange for us to meet - for the\nGeorgia Medical Association to meet with the Archdiocese?\" I said, \"I think I\ncan.\" I called up Burtenshaw, and we arranged a meeting. I remember it took\nplace at the Biltmore Restaurant on Spring Street. He was there together with\nthe executive director of the Georgia Medical Association plus another\nphysician. This bill originally was proposed by doctors, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12660.0,12690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way. The\nCatholic Archdiocese was represented by its lawyer, plus Noel Burtenshaw. I was\nthere also. We reviewed the whole thing. They insisted that all this is intended\nagainst mental defectives. I said to them, \"If this were really spelled out in\nthat fashion, the Jewish community would not oppose it. We might question how\nyou arrive 'who is a mental defective.' That's something else.\" Sure enough,\nthey said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12690.0,12720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll work on this. It took months. I finally get a copy of the new\nbill that they are preparing. I read it. It's very carefully stated what it is\nfor and that in order for a girl to be sterilized, it had to be done in a\nhospital setting with two doctors agreeing to the whole thing and spelling out\nthe reason how and why. When I read this, I immediately called up Noel\nBurtenshaw. I said, \"Noel, I think there's a bill now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12720.0,12750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is quite different,\nand I don't see any objection to it. Why don't you take a look at it?\" He says,\n\"I know the bill because we helped prepare it.\" They didn't want this to become\nknown publicly because the Catholic church will never want to say that they're\nin favor of sterilization. But they never fought the bill, and that bill is\nstill on the records. That was an example of how we dealt with that. The Six-Day\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12750.0,12780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War came about just shortly after that. We were very much concerned how the\nAmerican public was viewing the Six-Day War. What seemed clear is that the\nreligious bodies were on the sidelines. Israel was really being threatened. I\ndon't know if you remember all the details.\n        ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDIAMOND: I'm going to take a look at our time and see. I could turn this tape\nover. I don't want to get off on another road. We might ought to turn the tape\nover if that's okay?\n\nGETTINGER: Go ahead.\n\n[End Tape 3, Side 1]\n[Begin Tape 3, Side 2]\n\nDIAMOND: This is side 2, our third tape, with Mike Gettinger, Atlanta Jewish\nFederation. December 18, 1989. I'm Margery Diamond, interviewer.\n\nGETTINGER: We're speaking about Archbishop Hallinan and his services to the\nJewish community. When the Six-Day War started, the Jewish community all over\nthe United States ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was concerned about the public relations approach in regard to\nIsrael. We got in touch with the Catholic Archdiocese Bulletin. It was called\nThe [Georgia] Bulletin. We wondered whether they would issue a statement on\nthat. Sure enough, they issued a statement which was so forthright and strong in\ndefense of Israel and so condemning about the Arab side, even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12840.0,12870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a point where\nHallinan, this was written in the name of Hallinan, an editorial, questioned the\nreligiosity of the Muslim religion compared to the Judeo-Christian religion. I\nthought he went too far. Only one other archbishop in the United States came out\nso strong on behalf of Israel. It made national headlines, and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important.\nAnother aspect to show you how he related to us. When he came back from the\nVatican Council II, he decided to do in Atlanta, what is called a synod, a\nsimilar kind of a thing where he would call together the Catholic hierarchies\nhere and discuss key questions in the Catholic religion, questions that came up\nin Rome, and also new questions that were coming up over here. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invited nine\noutside observers, including the head, the executive director of the National\nConference of Christians and Jews, some Protestant groups, and Charles\nWittenstein and myself representing the Jewish community.\n\nDIAMOND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was Charles Wittenstein's position?\n\nGETTINGER: Wittenstein, at that time, was the executive director of the American\nJewish Committee. I was director of the Federation. This was a most interesting\nsetting. It took place at Marist High School, in the gymnasium, a huge\ngymnasium, where they had at least 100 priests and perhaps as many nuns, who\nwere there listening to what was now being presented as the third draft of the\nsynod, the senate. They had gone over two drafts before. The procedure was, you\nhad a reader, or a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reporter, who read what was decided by the previous\ndiscussions. Now the final draft was being discussed. Hallinan was there, about\n20 feet away from the speaker. As I said, this took place in the gymnasium with\nthe speaker in the center where the basketball court is. Wittenstein and I were\nsitting maybe about ten feet away from Hallinan. Hallinan said to us before the\nmeeting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started, this was three days that we attended this conference, that we\nshould feel free to send on any request on our part where we questioned\nsomething that was said or make another suggestion. Although he himself did not\nparticipate publicly in this whole senate synod, but he would send on a note to\nthem. Of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, they listened to his final word. He was there as an observer\nbut more than just an observer. The thing went on. I found it extremely\ninteresting. They discussed the role of women. They discussed the celibacy of\npriests and all these kinds of things. That interested me, personally. At one\npoint, I felt that a correction had to be made because they referred to the fact\nthat the Catholic religion looks upon God as a constant recreator of the world.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13050.0,13080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not only did he create the world, but He constantly deals with the world on a\ncontinuous basis. He's not aloof from it. He refers to Christianity doing that.\nWhereupon, I sent him a little note. I said that the Jewish religion also says\nspecifically that God is constantly dealing with the world. He asked me for\nsources. I sent him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13080.0,13110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the daily prayers that are said. I wrote it out for him in\ntranslation, [speaks Hebrew]. \"God is constantly renewing his creation of the\noriginal world.\" Sure enough, he sends word to the reader to change that to the\nJudeo-Christian beliefs. That was a rather important statement to indicate that\nthey are not doing something that is different from their original source. Then\nI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote him another note. I felt that something ought to be said about the\ncreation of the State of Israel, about Judaism in general, and about the\nHolocaust and what it has meant and that the Vatican Council II dealt with this\nkind of thing. He formulated then a statement, most of it is taken out from\nVatican Council, highly laudatory about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13140.0,13170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people, whom he considers the\nchosen of God. Somebody from the audience, one of the priests, objected to the\nword \"the chosen of God\" because we were supposed to be superseded. He had told\nme privately at lunch the day before that the Jewish people have been superseded\nin their chosenness by the Christians, by Jesus. That's the belief of\n[Christian] fundamentalists, by the way. Therefore, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13170.0,13200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he refers to the Jewish\npeople as \"the chosen of God\", this priest thought that there ought to be an\nexplanation, \"who were the chosen of God.\" The statement was very much in terms\nof it continually still being the chosen of God. He looks towards me and asks me\nhow I feel about this statement. I shake with my head. I didn't write anymore.\nWhereupon, he shakes his head to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13200.0,13230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the reader the same way. The reader says, \"And\nthe Jewish representatives see no objection to the statement that was read.\"\nThere in the synod senate is this particular document, which I think has an\nimportance if anybody would take the trouble to call attention. A synod senate\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13230.0,13260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is like a statement from the Pope, has exactly the same thing. At any rate, this\ngives you some idea. When the war was over, I sent him a pipe, which is called\nthe Shalom Pipe. It comes from Israel. It's called the Peach Pipe. I thought\nthat he deserved. He was a smoker of pipes. He thanked me for it. It was shortly\nafter that that he died. He had gotten hepatitis while he was in Europe. He\nnever recovered from it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13260.0,13290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he died from that. I have never attended a funeral\nof the Catholic church. Here, I'm sent a special invitation to come to this\nchurch only because of this relationship that I . . . as I said, we were not\nclose, but we were friendly. Whenever the occasion came up, he was always there,\nand he knew that I would sort of count on it. I attended this. What impressed me\nmore than anything else, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13290.0,13320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I had never been to a Catholic church, particularly\nof this high dignitary. They had a number of cardinals who came from all over\nthe United States. When you go to a Jewish funeral, even if you don't hear\npublic crying, you see a sadness. You didn't see that sadness there. I couldn't\nunderstand it. I said, people there were smiling and sort of, you know, not\njolly and not joking, but a happy face.\n  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDIAMOND: An elation.\n\nGETTINGER: I wondered about it. Finally, I asked one of the people that I knew.\nHe said, \"We feel he's going up to heaven. He's finally meeting, you know, his\nMaker, his Creator. What can be a greater happiness than that?\" They don't see\nthe tragedy that he had so much more to give and that kind of a thing. That's\nthe Christian belief, I guess, particularly those who have these strong feelings\nabout it. Let me tie in this question about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Six-Day War and another\nsituation. This was about, I guess this must have been early in 1967, when we\nwere preparing . . . there was a lot of agitation already in the world about\nwhat [Gamal Abdel] Nasser was planning to throw the Israelis into the sea. At\nthat point, on the border of the Negev and the Sinai, the U.N. representative\nmilitary force was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there to prevent any kind of clash between them. Nasser was\nthreatening all along to get rid of that thing. The Six-Day War, the element of\nfright about the Six-Day War, really preceded the actual fighting June 5 and 6.\nWe were then already considering how to plan our campaign for 1967. We invited\n[Senator] Abraham Ribicoff, to be our principal speaker, who was senator ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\nConnecticut and who some people thought might be a candidate for the vice\npresident. The only time I've heard of a Jewish person being nominated. He was\nwell liked in the senate. We were able to get him to be the principal speaker at\nthe annual dinner, which always took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13440.0,13470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place in those years at the Standard Club.\nThis was the Pacesetter Dinner, people who were giving a minimum of $1,000. One\nday I get a telephone call from Harry Dwoskin. You know who he was? He says he\njust got a call from the office of Richard Russell, Senator Richard Russell, who\nis asking him, since he is a Jewish supporter in Georgia, which is a more\nimportant organization? The Jewish War Veterans or the Jewish Federation,    ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecause he's been asked to speak at both of these places at a meeting. He wants\nto know which one to accept. Of course, he told him obviously this is more\nimportant. Then he says, \"Which meeting was this Federation?\" He says, \"It's\nthis meeting for the campaign that they have.\" Harry calls me up. He says, \"I\ndidn't know that he has been invited to be the speaker. Why didn't you tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13500.0,13530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me\nthis?\" Because he has direct access to him. I said, \"We never invited him.\nRibicoff is our speaker. We can't have two senators speaking over here. What are\nwe going to do with this?\" Whereupon, I say to him, \"You better get back to him\nthat there must be some mistake.\" He calls me back the next day. He got in touch\nwith him directly. He says he talked to Mike Gettinger who is the executive\ndirector of Federation, and he doesn't know anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about you coming here to\nspeak for the Federation. He said, \"How should he know? He didn't invite me.\nSenator Ribicoff invited me.\" What do you do when you have two senators? We\ncan't disinvite him. He invited him, probably, because he felt this is his turf\nand this is the usual thing. I don't remember who was the consul general of\nIsrael at the time, but I happened to mention it to him. He says, \"It's very\nimportant to bring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13560.0,13590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russell over here. We really don't know he feels about\nIsrael. He's the most important senator because he deals with the armed services\nand all the help we need comes from that committee. Why don't you leave it that\nway and bring them both down.\" We agreed. How are you use him? We'll have him\nintroduce Ribicoff, and it worked out that way. First of all, he spoke for ten\nminutes in his introduction, highly laudatory of Ribicoff but also laudatory of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13590.0,13620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIsrael. Spoke really strong about Israel's partnership with America. After that,\nwe go into our fund raising and his eyes pop open. The first gift that's\nannounced, I think it was Sidney Feldman, who was chairman of the campaign that\nyear. He announces a $100,000 gift. You don't hear that kind of giving in\ncharities. Then I think it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nathan Lipson who was there, who announced his\npledge. I think it was $500,000 he was giving at that point. We raised an awful\nlot of money. You can imagine. You could see how impressed he was. One of the\nthings that we know in our field, that the United States very often looks at\nwhat UJA [United Jewish Appeal] raises nationally to find out how important\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel is to the Jewish people of America. It is not spoken of generally, but\nit's a very important indication to them of the strong support Israel has among\nthe Jews. That is not, shall I say, shoved off as far as America's interest is\nconcerned. After the meeting, Marvin Goldstein comes over. He says, \"Why don't\nwe go back to my hotel,\" where both of them were staying, Sidney Feldman also,\n\"and let's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13680.0,13710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have drinks afterwards.\" We adjourned. We get there about 10:30 at\nnight. They kept the restaurant open for our drinks. I don't remember if any us\ndrank. We're sitting around a round table. Russell is sitting next to me, and\neach one is talking to the person next to him. I said to Russell. Remember, this\nis March 1967. The end of March. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13710.0,13740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Vietnam War was very much in the picture,\nbut none of the agitation that you saw come out of [University of California]\nBerkeley and Columbia University had materialized yet. I'm not questioning him\nwhy we are in Vietnam? But I'm saying to him, \"What is happening in Vietnam? We\nalready have 200,000 soldiers.\" To which he says, \"It's not 200,000. You'll read   ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin a couple of days. We have 350,000 men. We have no reason to be in Vietnam.\"\nI'm listening to it. I can't believe it. This is a man everybody thought was the\nhawk, even afterwards by the way. And he's telling me that we have no business\nbeing in Vietnam, before even the college kids called it to our attention. Then\nhe added on, \"We can't be the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13770.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world's policeman. The only question is how do we\nget out of there. And we've got to find some ways of getting out of there.\" I'm\nreally startled by this kind of thing. I don't think anybody is aware,\nhistorically, that he was opposed to this whole invasion business, and what was\ngoing on and for him to talk that freely. When I got through with my wonderment,\nI said to him, \"Well, what about Israel?\" Nasser was already telling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13800.0,13830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U Thant in\nthe U.N. U Thant was the executive general of the United Nations, to withdraw\nall the people over there. He was threatening to march across in the border into\nIsrael. The Six-Day War was only two and a half months away. He looks at me and\nsays, \"I'm not privy to Israel's military details. But from what I know,\" and he\nknew more than I did, \"any group ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Arabs that try to invade them, Israel will\ntake them over.\" That was two and a half months before that happened. Everybody\nwas literally frightened over what was going to happen, the Jewish people in\nIsrael. But he felt very clearly. He said this sort of dispassionately. Israel\ncan handle that kind of a thing. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13860.0,13890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was amazed. It didn't take more than a few\nmonths later when the door was the opening of the campaign. Early in June, I\nthink it may have been May 31 or June 1, a special emergency meeting was called\nin New York for all Federations to come together and to discuss this imminent\ndanger that Israel was facing. Louis Pincus, who was at that time the head of\nthe Jewish Agency, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13890.0,13920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the arm that the UJA uses in Israel, was the speaker\nat that particular occasion. He warned us, \"It looks very bad and we don't know\nif war is going not to break out tomorrow.\" That's the way he put it. We decided\nto ask him to come to the community and call an emergency meeting when he comes\nthere. This was on Saturday night that we spoke to him. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was supposed to speak\nto us on Monday or Tuesday. I forget the exact day. The meeting as all arranged.\nWe come home. When we come home, it's June 5, and the headlines were \"War is\nDeclared.\" Immediately, we felt that this meeting that we had called was no\nlonger going to be a meeting for information and education, but it was going to\nbe the second meeting on the campaign. We had already raised $1.5 million. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13950.0,13980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnow we are going to run another meeting, an emergency meeting. We invited Louis\nPincus to come here the next day. We sent out telegrams on that Monday for a\nmeeting on Tuesday night. Something like 200 telegrams were sent out, and 155\nshowed up except for a few who were out of town, apologizing. That meeting was\nalso held at the American [Hotel]. In the back part of the hall, was this huge\ntelevision with what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13980.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on in the war. The programs where the war was\ngoing on showed scenes, and we're meeting and talking about the campaign. People\nbegan to announce what they were going to do, over and above what they had just\ndone at the Standard Club. Milton Weinstein, at that point, was the chairman of\nthe meeting. Unbeknown to him, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14010.0,14040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which he still doesn't know, by the way, and\nmaybe he'll hear this someday.\n\nDIAMOND: Not unless he's researching.\n\nGETTINGER: No. Unbeknown to him, Nathan Lipson had come to me that afternoon. He\nsaid, \"We must do something extraordinary for Israel at this point. I'm prepared\nto give at this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14040.0,14070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time $100,000 towards the special campaign.\" I don't know what\nhe's going to do because he thinks he's only going to give $75,000, and Milton\nhas to give $100,000. What would be the best way for him to make his pledge\nknown so that Milton could not give anything less than this, as he is chairman\nof the evening. He began to discuss strategy with me. Sure enough, the meeting\ngets started. The first thing out of the bat is Milton announces as the chairman\nthat he's giving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14070.0,14100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$75,000. Then he calls on Nathan Lipson. Nathan Lipson\nimmediately . . . well, he thought at first that he'd make the same pledge and\nthen ask for a second round and increase it. Immediately, he says, $100,000.\nMilton at this point says, \"I can't let that pass. My gift is also $100,000.\"\nWith that, you could imagine, we raised $1.5 million at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14100.0,14130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular occasion\njust from about 100 gifts. It was a terrific meeting. I think more than anything\nelse, the American public, and the Jewish public, discovered nothing like the\nSix-Day War galvanized the Jewish community as that particular event. People\nspontaneously. The only other occasion when there was this kind of a spontaneous\nreaction towards Israel, almost like an instinctive kind of reaction, was the\nYom Kippur War situation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which perhaps we will go into on another occasion.\nThat, again, was an indication how the Federation was now looked upon as the\nlead organization and the representative organization, to get the Jewish\ncommunity together on these common things. Fundraising was still a very\nimportant cog in this whole situation and it still is to this day. With most\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14160.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, they recognize the Federation's role more or less in the area of fund\nraising. Whereas, Federation has become far, far more than just in this regard.\nLet's stop for a minute. Let's see where we will continue from this point.\n\n[interview pauses, then resumes]\n       ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14190.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDIAMOND: This is Margery Diamond. We took a break of about a week's time. It is\nnow December 27. I'm continuing to speak with Mike Gettinger at the Atlanta\nJewish Federation. You have the rest of the information at the beginning of the\ntape. We'll pick up where we left off talking about the Six-Day War and fundraising.\n\nGETTINGER: Generally.\n\nDIAMOND: Generally, in Federation. And you're on.        ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nGETTINGER: In the decade of 1970s, fundraising continued to increase\nsubstantially. We raised in the Jewish community somewhere between $4 million\nand $5 million two hundred thousand over the years. The high point, however, in\nthis period and for many years, was the results of the campaign as a result of\nthe Yom Kippur War of October of 1973. Our campaign for 1973 had been concluded\nsome months earlier. We were about to develop the 1974 campaign when the Yom\nKippur ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14250.0,14280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War started. Immediately, it was agreed by the Federation leadership that\nwe start the campaign at once. Early, as the war was still going on, we called\nattention to the campaign, which was really the campaign of 1974. I might say\nthat this was not an effort on the part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14280.0,14310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the leadership to raise money because\nthe community spontaneously came to the conclusion that this was an effort that\nmust be properly supported to an extent that had never realized before. It was\neven during the holidays of Sukkot that for the first time in the history of the\nJewish community, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federation offices remained open during the Sukkot holiday\nin order to permit people to come here and to begin to express their particular\nconcern for Israel, which was a dire circumstance for a while, as well as to\nexpress in concrete terms what they expected to do. We were told by the rabbis,\nand this of course is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14340.0,14370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish tradition, that when it comes to pikuakh nefesh, to\nsaving a soul, even the desecration of the Sabbath is permissible and, of\ncourse, the desecration of the holiday of Sukkot. So, the Federation office\nremained open during the entire period. Daily, people would come in here and\nexpress their giving in very magnificent sums that had never been achieved   ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbefore. We arranged for a series of evening meetings in which people were\ninvited, where we felt that a minimum contribution of $10,000 would be given by\nthose who came. Usually, we had anywhere from seven to a dozen or fifteen people\nwho would come to these meetings, having been rated in advance as to what was\nexpected of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14400.0,14430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. This would be announced to them in very simple terms. I don't\nthink there were too many exceptions, maybe half a dozen in the 100 or so people\nwho participated. Within a couple of days, we raised in excess of $7 million in\nthese tremendous ways. People also came around who said that unfortunately\nthey're not in position to give any money, but they have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14430.0,14460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jewelry. We did accept\njewelry under those circumstances, which eventually we were able to redeem from\nvarious sources. When the campaign was over in the next few months, we had\nraised a total of $9 million nine hundred sixty, just short of the $10 million.\nWith the exception perhaps of two or three percent, all that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money was paid out\nby these contributors within about one year to one year and half. I don't think\nat any other time did we have such a fine collection rate and such a speed as we\nhad in that particular occasion. Here was another example how the community\nresponded, not just to problems but also an effort to show the world ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how the\nJewish community of America felt about it. These things were repeated in\npractically every community in the United States, but not to this great extent.\nIt wasn't really until the campaign of 1989 that this particular figure was\nsurpassed when the community raised $10 million two hundred thousand. But by\nthis time, the community had perhaps almost doubled in size over this period.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14520.0,14550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fundraising has remained a very important element in galvanizing the community\nin support of Jewish causes everywhere, and especially in Israel. Let me deal\nnow for a while with some other issues. In the period that we're discussing up\nto approximately 1980, a number of new agencies and expanding services\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed. Among these agencies, and these were always in demand or in answer to\nthe needs of the community as they arose. Just to give you some highlights of\nsome of these new services that developed. One of the rather interesting\nprograms that the Federation is still carrying on at this date of the beginning\nof 1990 practically, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the Shalom Atlanta program. This came about rather\nfortuitously when several young ladies, singles, in their early 30s or late 20s\ncame to Federation and asked would we start a program for young singles, a\nsocial program, but also intended and designed to give them orientation of\nJewish interest, Jewish identification, and the like.     ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nDIAMOND: Do you remember any of those ladies' names? Does anybody stand out as\nbeing particularly . . .\n\nGETTINGER: There were two sisters that who came on that kind of a basis and\ntalked about it. We at first, I specifically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought that we would not get into\nthis kind of a program since it's more likely the program for the Jewish\nCommunity Center. But when I talked to the executive director of the Jewish\nCommunity Center about starting this singles program for young men and women,\nthe answer he gave me, and this is a quote, \"I'm afraid that as far as most of\nthese young people are concerned, the Jewish Community Center is considered\nprograms for singles mostly for losers,\" so to speak. \"But Federation, which has\nstatus, is more likely to attract that kind of an element, of the young\nprofessionals, or those who are starting out.\" So, on that basis, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we started the\nprogram for young singles. We had monthly meetings, which turned out to be very\nsuccessful. We usually had a prominent speaker, somebody who was visiting the\ncommunity or whom we were able to get from out of town, and usually on a very\nimportant Jewish theme. It might be on Israel. It might be on community\nrelations. It might be on Jewish education. The attendance was usually anywhere\nfrom 250 to 300. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"held at the Standard Club and at various synagogues.\nAlways well attended. It's true that many of these young people who came around\nwere not so much interested in the subject matter as in the socialization. When\nI mentioned that to one of the people, I said, \"This is a good place for young\nJewish boys and young Jewish girls to meet each other,\" this young medical\nintern said to me, \"That's the most important reason.\" A number of marriages, as\nI understand, resulted from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these happenstance meetings. The program is still\ngoing on, from what I gather, but in a more limited way since other\norganizations have picked up these kinds of things. Another program that\ndeveloped in 1970 with the Shalom Atlanta, I believe it was Cleveland [Ohio], or\nsome other community that started the first such program. When it hit me that\nthe Jewish community of Atlanta was attracting many newcomers, families as well  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14760.0,14790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nas singles, I felt that we ought to develop a Shalom Atlanta program, which\nstarted our very successfully. We held those things usually about every other\nweek. We had as many as 50 to 70 people who showed up. While some of our people\nfelt that we ought to adopt the newcomers and sort of introduce them to the\nJewish community on a continuing basis, it seemed to me that this was not quite\nthe thing that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could probably do since we would be overrun with too many\nfriendships being made under these occasions. But the important aspect of Shalom\nAtlanta was that newcomers were introduced to newcomers. In that way, they\nformed their own associations and their own friendships. To this day, that\nprogram is still being carried on with very successful efforts on the part of\npeople who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel that they have become much better integrated as they get to know\nabout the community. Usually at these dinner meetings simply held here at\nFederation. People were able to announce where they're from, what they've done,\nwhat they're looking for in a community. This was sort of an open kind of a\ndiscussion with good humor as part of the whole thing. Out of that came some\nvery wonderful friendships from what we gathered. These people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eventually became\nabsorbed in the community. Let me give you another example of some highlights of\nnew services and new agencies that were developed. In 1972, the Hillel\nfederation program was started because of the feeling that we had that the very\nlimited services that we had for the college youth, particularly at Emory\n[University], were too limiting because the rabbi or the individual who was\nengaged would give them only several hours ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a week of attention. Usually, it was\nsomebody who was doing other work in the community, a rabbi who had a pulpit. It\nseemed to us that was the time we ought to start a program in which we would\nengage a Hillel director, who would be primarily responsible for servicing the\ncollege students at Emory, but also at Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of\nTechnology] and Georgia State [University]. We also learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14910.0,14940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time that\nEmory University, which was a Methodist school, as far as its charter is\nindicated, attracted more Jewish students than Methodists. Over a period of\nyears, the administration actually became concerned that between 40 and 50\npercent of the undergraduate body were Jewish boys, mostly from the north by the\nway, and that the school was sort of losing its identity as a Methodist school.\nThey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14940.0,14970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not want to introduce the numerus clause in which they would limit the\nquota of students who would be of Jewish origin, but they came to another\napproach, and that was instead of advertising for enrollments up north, they\nsaid they ought to seek enrollments from Southern students, where not as many\nJews were concentrated. We did not see in this any kind of a quota ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system\ninauguration. I don't think it made much difference. To this day, probably\nbetween one-third to forty percent of the student body are still Jewish in the\napplications and the admissions. Most of these Jewish students, we are told, are\ninterested not so much in the undergraduate schools, but in the postgraduate\nschools of medicine, dentistry, and law, which Emory has. This, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, is\nthe most attractive part to students coming in since the feeling is that if\nyou're a graduate of Emory you're more likely to get into the graduate schools\nas well. Another example of a new service that developed was in 1975.\n\nDIAMOND: Before you skip ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15030.0,15060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that, could you tell us who you selected to lead\nthis Hillel program and talk a little bit about him, because he was a very\nspecial man, I believe.\n\nGETTINGER: The first executive director of the Hillel program was Rabbi Judah\nMintz, who came here from Canada. We interviewed a number of candidates. He had\na pulpit in Canada but also served in a partial Hillel directorship in, I\nbelieve it was in one of the smaller colleges in Canada. He immediately\nattracted a good deal of attention with the student body as well as with the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15060.0,15090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administration of Emory, who were highly pleased with this kind of thing. Let me\ndigress for a moment. It was shortly after this particular occasion that Emory\nitself faced the problem in regard to getting a chaplain for its own operations.\nSomehow, I was selected to serve on a special committee which was designed to\nstudy whether or not they should replace the chaplain who had retired with\nanother chaplain, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15090.0,15120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could they use the money as some of the departments said,\nmore advantageously, in psychology or in chemistry. A committee of about ten\npeople was appointed, mostly the heads of various departments. Somehow, and I\ndon't know to this day, how and why I got on this committee. I was the only\noutsider who was asked to join the committee. Over a period of some months, we\nlistened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15120.0,15150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the approaches on the part of the executive vice president who\npointed out the demands for money and services from the various departments who\nfelt that they could use the $30,000 or $40,000 that was entailed in this\noperation more advantageously. This went on for quite a period of time, as I\nsaid. Finally, it came to the last meeting when the question came up, \"What do\nwe do? Do we replace ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15150.0,15180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the chaplain?\" I gathered the impression that the vote\nprobably would have been to assign this money to one of the departments or to\nspread it out among several departments. It was at this point that I felt the\ninclination to express my own feelings about it. I said that while we don't want\nto inculcate and indoctrinate the students with religion, as such, but you're\nreally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15180.0,15210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling students something else, that religion is not important in our\nsociety and our way of dealing with life, generally, since you're no longer\nreplacing the chaplain. Let us not forget that this is basically still a\nMethodist school, although it doesn't indoctrinate in that particular\ndenominational approach. But do you want the students to be given the impression\nthat religion is not important enough. While your chaplain is not involved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15210.0,15240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\nall the students, the fact that he is on the campus is enough to give the\nstudents a feeling that religion is important. The argument also had been given\nthat the various denominations have their own chaplains. The Jewish community\nhad Hillel, as an example. There was a Baptist chaplain from outside the\nuniversity, as well as the Catholic. But there was nobody under these new plans\nto be assigned as the representative of Emory itself. This was an important\npoint to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15240.0,15270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make to the student body, that it is still important. As a result of\nthat, they decided to continue to engage another replacement. I also pointed out\nthat I didn't think the person ought to be a rabbi, and I don't think it ought\nto be a Catholic, but it ought to be a Protestant since the university . . .\nOver the years, some people recall my expressing myself at that kind of a level.\nMaybe Federation had some input in continuing this chaplaincy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15270.0,15300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service under the\nuniversity's auspices itself. As far as our own Hillel director was concerned,\nMintz continued with that for a period of about eight years, when he resigned in\norder to become the rabbi of a new synagogue, B'nai Torah. While the Jewish\npopulation at the university has not responded to the extent we had hoped, but\nthis is a problem on all campuses of universities. Nevertheless, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presence of\na Hillel program has been an effective means of educating the college students\nin Jewish matters rather superficially. At least it gives them a touch of what's\ngoing on in the Jewish community and they play a role also in the campaign. The\nsocialization itself has an importance in and of itself. In a recent meeting,\nthe Hillel Federation agency or a department of Federation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15330.0,15360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is still is,\nthere was a strong expression that we need to bring much more of the educational\nprocess of Judaism to the students. I have felt this problem for a long time in\nregard to other things. We haven't touched at all about the development of the\nall-day schools in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15360.0,15390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. I have felt for a long time that the Jewish\ncommunity is making a mistake in concentrating so much on elementary all-day\nschools, with the feeling that the kids are being indoctrinated in Judaism. For\nmany years, the Catholics had circulated this idea. The expression was, \"give me\nthe child until the age of five or six and you can have the child afterwards\".\nBut this is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15390.0,15420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrong approach. Even the Catholics have finally realized it. When\nthe crunch for funds came up in the Catholic church because the nuns were no\nlonger available to do the teaching since the nuns have stopped gravitating\ntowards the Catholic religion. Rather, there are not as many nuns as there were\nin many years. They had to face the problem of reducing the cost. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15420.0,15450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They decided\nto eliminate elementary schools but not the high schools and the colleges, which\nthey've retained, because they felt now that this whole idea of giving a\nbackground in religion is not really helpful when it's confined to the\nelementary school level. I have agreed with that position too. I call this the\npediatric level of education. When you teach kids the beautiful fables about the\nBible and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15450.0,15480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so on, beautiful stories, but it's on an infantile level. As the kids\ngrow older, they do not develop with the idea that religion is something much\nmore meaningful than those fairy tales, and many of them are fairy tales,\nlegends of one kind or another. The most important aspect of giving some\nsustenance and reality to religion is the high school years and the college\nyears. We make a mistake ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15480.0,15510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in permitting kids who go through the 13-year level and\nstopping their educational level at that point. When they get to be in high\nschool and more intellectual age, they think they know all there is to religion\nbecause they probably know more than their parents, since they now can recite\nHebrew prayers and know Hebrew words, but it's on a very infantile level. We\nwould no more think that a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15510.0,15540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid who goes through elementary school in the secular\nfield, or even goes into some high school levels, that he can cope with the\ncomplexities of life that is required in order to get a higher form of\neducation. This is why the age level of teenagers and college youth is so\nfundamental that we provide with Jewish education. This is where the programs of\nJudaica on college campuses have become much more meaningful. Which brings me up\nto the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15540.0,15570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other point about . . .\n\nDIAMOND: Can we, let's go to the next tape because I think we're at a stopping\nplace. I don't want to run off the reel of these things.\n\nGETTINGER: You want to change it now?\n               ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15570.0,15600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDIAMOND: Let's stop right now and make a change.\n\n[End Tape 3, Side 2]\n\n[Begin Tape 4, Side 1]\n\nDIAMOND: This is a continuation of the interview on Tape 3. I'm speaking with\nMike Gettinger at the Atlanta Jewish Federation Building on December 27, 1989.\nThis tape is for the Jewish Oral History Collection of Atlanta, co-sponsored by\nAmerican Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation, Jewish Heritage Center,\nand the National Council of Jewish Women. I'm Margery Diamond, interviewer. We\nwere speaking about the college years. We'll continue from this point.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15600.0,15630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GETTINGER: The question of providing further Jewish education even during the\ncollege years came up rather interestingly through the efforts of Dr. Jack\nBoozer, who unfortunately died a few months ago. Shortly after my getting to\nAtlanta and after I took over the executive directorship, Jack came to me. He\nsaid, \"We must develop a Chair of Judaica at Emory University.\" Jack, who was a\nminister, among other things, and in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15630.0,15660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charge of the Department of Theology in the\nundergraduate Emory University, told me that in order for Christians to\nunderstand their own background it is important that they have a knowledge and\nbackground of Judaism. Without that, Christianity doesn't really understand\nitself. Therefore, he started some years earlier to talk within the Jewish\ncommunity about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15660.0,15690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing a chair of Judaica at Emory University, but it wasn't\ngetting anywhere. He hoped that Federation would now pick it up since he hadn't\napproached Federation before. It took some years for this to develop. It came\nabout rather fortuitously through the tragic accident of the death of a young\ncouple in Jacksonville, Florida, over the New Year's Alligator game [Gator Bowl] on January\n1, [1963]. In a fire, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15690.0,15720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two young couple from Atlanta, the Cohens and the other\nones were the Kahn couple, died in this tragic accident in a hotel fire. Over\nthe years, the father of Jay Cohen, \"I.T.\" Cohen [Isadore T. Cohen], who was a\nprominent lawyer here in town, had considered in some ways to memorialize his\nchildren, Jay and Leslie Cohen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15720.0,15750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, he was persuaded to contribute a\nsubstantial sum of money to start this chair of Judaica at Emory University. He\ncontributed in 1975 $25 million towards a fund of $500,000, which was needed to\nestablish the chair. The community raised another $175,000. Federation came in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15750.0,15780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith another $75,000 in order to create this chair of $500,000, called the Jay\nand Leslie Cohen Chair in Judaic Studies. The first person who was engaged and\nis still head of this department of this chair is Dr. David Blumenthal. He began\nhis services in 1976. This program has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15780.0,15810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become extremely popular at Emory. The\nadministration sees it as a very important part of the total program. A number\nof non-Jewish students have been taking this course, including students in the\nCandler School of Theology. But mostly it has attracted Jewish students. By this\ntime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15810.0,15840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the department has grown. Besides Dr. Blumenthal, there are at least three\nor four other professors who are now attached to it, teaching in the various\ndepartments. There is no doubt that chair of Judaica, which have been created in\nover 300 universities in the United States, just in the last two or three\ndecades, have had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15840.0,15870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous impact on college Jewish youth, who for the first\ntime are being brought up into an understanding of Judaism and Judaica in some\nmeaningful way. This is another area which Atlanta, itself, has developed in a\nvery marked way. Let me say a word also about another agency that was created\nhere. That was in 1975. The Jewish Vocational Service. This was an outgrowth of\nthe need to develop a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15870.0,15900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong agency which would have its primary objective the\nplacement of Russians on jobs as they came here. In the middle of the 1970s when\nRussia opened up its doors in a major way, we received a fairly large number as\npart of a national campaign where different Jewish communities resettled these\nRussians. The B'nai B'rith, which had started a volunteer program to place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15900.0,15930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople on jobs, felt that it can no longer do the job with volunteers and asked\nFederation, first of all, to give them the leadership to provide the jobs in the\nvarious companies that they were involved, as well as to provide funds to engage\na professional placement worker who would have that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15930.0,15960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsibility and not just\ndo it through volunteers alone. It seemed to me that we were at a position then\nthat in addition to providing the leadership, we were also providing the funds.\nNevertheless, some of us felt that with all the help that Federation was going\nto be giving, the program would not be as effective as being run by Federation\nitself. Over some objection on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15960.0,15990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the part of some of Federation leaderships, and\nsome of the leadership of B'nai B'rith, we did institute the Jewish Vocational\nService program in 1975.\n\nDIAMOND: Was there any lay person in particular that was behind it?\n         ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15990.0,16020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGETTINGER: As a matter of fact, one of the vice presidents of Federation, I'd\nrather not mention the name at this point, felt that Federation was taking on\ntoo many activities in the community and was becoming too important a\ndomineering force in the community. And it would be better to spread out the\nvarious services among the other agencies so that Federation itself would not be\nhogging the whole surface of it. This was not the reaction on the part of some\nof the other leaders. I was inclined also to think that the more important focus\nwas who would do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16020.0,16050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a more effective job in running the program, which is always\nthe primary interest on the part of anybody interested in development rather\nthan just giving kudos to certain organizations. Dr. Mark Fisher was engaged as\nthe first executive director. Immediately, that program really proved to be most\neffective in being able to place these Russians who were coming in large\nnumbers. With the space of a few years, we attracted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16050.0,16080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within this community, over\n500 Russian individuals. That is men, women, and children. We were able to place\nthe vast majority of them, husbands and wives, in good-paying and\nself-supporting jobs. To this day, this program has been most effective. By this\ntime, the agency, meaning at the present time at the beginning of 1990s, the\nagency now has half a dozen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16080.0,16110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professionals in one way or another, which has\nexpanded its program, not just in the placement of Russians, but also Americans\nwhen they need it, counseling them on job retraining and changes, and\nparticularly counseling students on college careers, where to go to colleges,\nwhich are import. This program has become a very important aspect of the total\nJewish community's efforts. This was another example of where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16110.0,16140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish\ncommunity developed programs as the needs arose. We also expanded certain\nservices because of the needs as they developed. For example, in the mid-1970s,\nit was decided that we ought to do a more comprehensive program for the aged;\nthat it wasn't enough to have people in the institutions. As a matter of fact,\nif you develop programs within the community you would not require them to go to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16140.0,16170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institutions. At that time, there was a ruling in the and early 1970s that only\nthose who were ambulatory could enter the home for the aged. Of course, today\nit's the very opposite. If you're ambulatory, you can't get into the home for\nthe aged. That is more or less a nursing home that it's become. You require\nother services for these aged who cannot manage on their own or who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16170.0,16200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need some\nassistance in managing. As a result of that, a committee under the chairmanship\nof Dr. Bernard Palay was organized in 1974, which after a number of years,\ndeveloped a variety of community services, which included expanding services of\nthe Jewish Family Agency itself, which up to this point hardly had any aged\npeople in its caseloads. The Jewish Community Center was to develop a\nnutritional program of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16200.0,16230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily luncheons as well as recreational programs. The\nJewish Home was to assist in developing with federal government funds a resident\napartment house, which is now in existence and known as The Tower [Zaban Tower].\nA group home was further developed for such individuals who did not require\ninstitutional care but could not live independently. Meals on Wheels, programs\nfor house-bound aged, were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16230.0,16260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also developed. An aged care council to monitor the\nvarious programs was developed. To this day, all these programs are operating\nunder the auspices more of less of Federation's overall aged care council. This\nwas another example how programs developed as the needs in the community\nexpressed themselves.          ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16260.0,16290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nDIAMOND: Was there anybody in particular that was important in getting the aged programs?\n\nGETTINGER: I would say that Dr. Bernard Palay, who incidentally became part of a\nnational advisory committee on aged, originally started, I think, with President\n[\"Jimmy\"] Carter, and has continued in that kind of an operation. If you go into\nhis office today, you'll see many aged people who've come to known that he and\nhis colleagues, and he has four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16290.0,16320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other colleagues with him, work very effectively\nwith the aged program, as well as with younger people, of course. He, I think,\ndeserves more credit than anybody else, in initiating the program plus the\nprofessionals. There were some problems, by the way, with the professionals.\nSome of them felt that the program ought to be under the auspices of the Jewish\nHome. Some felt it ought to be under the auspices of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16320.0,16350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish Community\nCenter. I don't know what else was included here. Finally, it operated under\nFederation where it belongs, because Federation is all-inclusive and it includes\nthese agencies, of course, who have their input, and they see their roles now,\nnot only in terms of their particular functional responsibilities, but also how\nthey relate to the other agencies. Other expansions took place here too from\ntime to time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16350.0,16380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was under the auspices of the Community Planning Committee.\nThe program for the Jewish Community Center was expanded not only within its\nPeachtree location, but the opening of Zaban Park. Also, Jewish education became\nmore expanded in a variety of ways. I don't recall if I mentioned that when I\nfirst came here, I believe I may have mentioned this, the Hebrew Academy was the\nonly all-day school we had here. Federation was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16380.0,16410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving them something like\n$5,000 as an allocation. There was a study made as early as 1963 whether or not\nwe should continue to support this particular agency, and shouldn't this be the\nfunction of a few people who were interested in more intensive Jewish education\nfor their kids. A committee was appointed including . . . the committee\nconsisted of about a half dozen people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16410.0,16440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but several of them were members of the\nReform Temple [the Temple]. Some of them said to me privately that they didn't\nbelong on this committee since they did not believe in this all-day school\neducation, which they called the parochial system. The word parochial was sort\nof an anathema since it was always related to the Catholic kind of education. I\ntold the chairman of the committee, who was a member ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16440.0,16470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Temple, it's because\nyou have these negative attitudes that we want you to be on this committee. You\nbelong there to raise all the questions and objections you have. After a study\nof some six months, the committee decided to retain the allocation; not only\nthat, but to increase it slightly. It went up the following year to $7,500. I\nthink now between the Hebrew Academy, the Solomon Shechter School, the Yeshiva\nHigh School, and now the Torah Day School, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16470.0,16500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably in excess of $500,000 is\nappropriated for all these. The community has learned the importance of Jewish\neducation to which I alluded earlier, and it must be done not just on this\npediatric level but also continuing beyond in a high school level, which is now\ncontinuing. There's another program that we developed during the 1970s. That was\nthe adoption program. Many families in the Jewish community felt that they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16500.0,16530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"required an adoption agency since they were not able to have children of their\nown. Adoption has always been a very difficult situation. But during a period of\nabout ten years, in the decade of 1970s, we probably placed 120 infants in the\nhomes of Jewish families. It averaged between ten and twelve a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16530.0,16560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year, as a matter\nof fact. But an incident came up towards about the middle of the 1970s, when I\nhappened to be talking to an individual and reminded him that we were having the\nPacesetter dinner taking place at the Standard Club the following Sunday, and I\nexpected him to be there. To which he said to me in very simple language, \"I\ndon't think Federation considers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16560.0,16590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me a Jew, and I'm not sure I want to come.\" I\nthought he was joking. I said, \"What kind of Jew are you?\" To which he said, \"I\nbelong to the Temple.\" I said, \"Well, why aren't you a Jew in that case?\" \"Well,\nFederation doesn't consider us Jewish.\" I said, \"How did you get that?\" By this\ntime, I saw he was serious. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16590.0,16620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"I have it on good authority.\" But he\nwouldn't tell me how. After we hung up, I immediately called Rabbi Rothschild,\nwhich he was a member of. I asked him. I said I had this strange conversation I\nhad with Ed Glaser.\" I don't mind mentioning his name. He's deceased, alav\nha-shalom. He says, \"Oh yes, we had an executive committee meeting of our Temple\nbecause we were told that Federation is insisting that any adoption that takes\nplace must also entail strong traditional practices. In the case of a girl  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16620.0,16650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchild, a mikveh, and the case of a boy child, a ritual circumcision as well as a\nmikveh because over 99 percent of those adoptions came from non-Jewish mothers,\nnearly all unmarried mothers. By the way, let me digress here for a moment.\nThere is a general impression that a child born out of wedlock is a bastard. In\nJewish law, there is no such term as bastard applied to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16650.0,16680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a child born from an\nunmarried mother. The only child considered a bastard, if he or she is born from\na marriage that could not take place legally. A marriage that could not take\nplace legally would mean an incestual kind of a marriage. Or somebody, a wife\nwho is married having a child with another man. Not the other way around. A\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16680.0,16710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband may have a child with another woman. That's Jewish law, which we won't\nget into right now for a variety of reasons. Nevertheless, we had, as I said,\nbetween 10 and 12 children for adoption every year. We placed them in these\nJewish homes. Now we are told by Rabbi Rothschild that there is some strong\nobjection ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16710.0,16740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were instituting an approach to Judaizing these children,\nwhich were entirely traditional. At this point, I had to explain to the rabbi\nwhy we instituted certain practices. I reminded him that we were one of two\nagencies in the State of Georgia which had been given the privilege and the\nresponsibility of doing adoption work. We were the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16740.0,16770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sectarian agency doing\nit. In the charge to us, the State stipulated that we must first of all consider\nthe interest of the child before anything else. That is why we conducted\ninvestigations on the economic situation of the prospective family, on the\npsychological make-up, and even on the physical. They had to go through physical\nexams as well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16770.0,16800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only then did we consider the family that might adopt a child,\nbecause our first consideration is to protect the interest of the child. In the\ncase of these children, we want to make sure that nobody will ever question the\nJewishness of this child, because we know of instances, particularly up north, a\nwedding was about to take place when somebody recalled that one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16800.0,16830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the partners\nto the wedding, one of the couples, was adopted. Whether the husband or the\nwife. The next question came up from the other family. Was this person properly\nJudaized? Judaized with ritual circumcision or whatever was required. They said,\nno it was done by so and so. Immediately, the family said, well we'll have to go\nthrough another process in that case and continue this effort of whether we\nJudaize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16830.0,16860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this person according to all rituals. The chassen, the groom, let's say\nin this case, would say, \"Don't you love me for what I am? I lived a Jewish life\nall my life, and now you're questioning my being Jewish. Where is your love for\nme?\" Many a marriage has broken up over that simple conflict of what had taken\nplace in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16860.0,16890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the past and how it affected the present. We want to make sure that\nnobody in the future will question this thing. Moreover, we don't place these\nchildren until 30 days after they're born, at least 30 days, to make sure that\nwe also protect the interest of the adoptive parents, so that the child, as much\nas we can tell at the age of 30 days, that the child is healthy. At the time we\nperform the circumcision, for example, on the eighth day, we don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16890.0,16920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know whether\nthe child is going to an Orthodox home where they expect it, or to a Reform\nhome, which may sometimes also expect it, and certainly to a Conservative home.\nTherefore, we performed these things. Do you see any objection to that? Of\ncourse he couldn't see any objection to that. I recalled at that point that what\nI was, in effect saying to him, is that we question the Jewishness of many of\nyour families. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16920.0,16950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I quickly disillusioned him on that. I said, \"Look, we place\nthese children into your homes, into the homes of the Reform families. We don't\nquestion the Jewishness of your home, so we place them there. Therefore, there\nis a difference when we question how are we going to make this child and how we\nplace them into your homes.\" We've never had any problems ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16950.0,16980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that ever since.\nI might add, by the way, that I've become a godfather to dozens and dozens of\nthese children because many of these circumcisions were performed in my home, or\neven in the agency when it was in this building. I don't know who they are.\nThat's not important anymore. But that's the situation with the adoption\nprogram, which is still carried on. It's been revived in the last year or two.\nIt still requires, as the agency does, now it's a separate agency, that all\nritual circumcision take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16980.0,17010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place when necessary and that we also have the mikveh\napproach for those who require it and who need it. That's the story of the\nadoption program.\n\nDIAMOND: Today, let me just clarify something. All children that are adopted by\nJewish families are Judaized . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17010.0,17040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGETTINGER: Before they are placed.\n\nDIAMOND: It's not necessarily the family that requires it. If the child is not\nJewish, then it's done.\n\nGETTINGER: That's right. Very, very few . . . in all the years that I recall. I\nwill mention this in passing without giving any hint as to who or what they are.\nThere was a situation where a young girl in her mid-teens became pregnant. The\nparents discovered that. She accused one of the boys here in town, who was\nreputed the father, a Jewish boy too, by the way. The father of the girl was\nthreatening to expose this to the community. Why, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17040.0,17070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know. Maybe it was\nbecause he felt that maybe these children ought to get married. They were 15, 16\nyears of age, which was really out of question. I had the responsibility of\nmeeting with the father of the boy and explaining the circumstances. Of course,\nthe father wouldn't believe it. It didn't happen. My boy is not inclined in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17070.0,17100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those directions. She was probably playing around with a lot of other boys. How\ndo you know which boy is responsible? My point was that I wasn't interested in\nputting the blame on anybody, but it was important for him to meet with the\nfather of the girl and to straighten out the situation and not to get involved\nwith exposing it to the community, which took place, by the way. That particular\ngirl, and we made it a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17100.0,17130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point, incidentally, to do this in several other\ninstances where there was a Jewish child, gave birth in another community. That\nchild was placed elsewhere. It occurred to us, and I don't think anybody has\never thought this thing through, that at the time, the Jewish community perhaps\nconsisted of about 25,000 men, women and children. Let's say roughly several\nthousand families. You never can tell how through some accidental and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17130.0,17160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidental\nway, an incestuous marriage could take place between a half-brother and\nhalf-sister. If you place that child in another community, far away from here,\nthat likelihood is very, very remote. But in Atlanta, it could happen in this\nrelatively small community that we had at that time. I wouldn't be surprised\nthat such things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17160.0,17190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have happened in other communities. Maybe somebody ought to\nwrite a novel on some aspect of this kind of a thing when people suddenly\ndiscover this type of an incestuous relationship through a child born out of\nwedlock. It's a very touchy thing. One has to really be very careful how one\ndeals with these things over a long period. I don't know at this point what we\nstill have to deal with. Let's turn this off for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17190.0,17220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moment and see where we might\ndevelop some other things.\n\nDIAMOND: I think we can leave it on and talk about it. I don't have any problems\nwith that.\n  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17220.0,17250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGETTINGER: Let me give you one other area, perhaps, that we haven't touched at\nall. One of the things that I've been doing on my own, has nothing to do with\nFederation. I've always maintained that. This is not part of my work at\nFederation even when I was in charge. Every year I have been gathering\ninformation from all the synagogues, ever since 1970. I've done it now over a\nperiod of 20 years, including this year, on the total memberships of various\nsynagogues. Starting in 1970, when our Jewish population was probably no more\nthan about 20,000 at most. I found out then, we only had seven synagogues in\nexistence at the time, that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17250.0,17280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the seven synagogues, the number of members\nof all the synagogues combined was only 4,735 families. We're talking about\nfamilies. I estimated that at the time that would include roughly about 30\npercent of all households, less than a third, in my estimation, figuring that\nthe average family in those years was perhaps two and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17280.0,17310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a half for the numbers\nthat we have, the 20,000. When we look at the figures now for 1989, 20 years\nlater, the total number of affiliated Jews is 8,170, according to records that I\nhave. Now we have 20 synagogues. However, the number of percentage of families\nwho belong to the synagogue has gone down, percentage wise, quite a bit. At this\npoint, I doubt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17310.0,17340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much that we have more than perhaps 26, 27 percent of all\nhouseholds affiliated with the synagogues. To me, that's a very serious problem.\nIncidentally, I share this information only with the synagogue rabbis. I pointed\nout to them these factors. Something has to be done about getting more families. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17340.0,17370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI have no doubt that in the long pull of history, with all due respect to the\nfine work that Federations and Jewish organizations are doing, without the\nexistence also of the religious factor in Jewish life, the Jewish communities\nwould have disappeared centuries ago. That's the important element, the life\ncycles that people are involved with. So, religion is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17370.0,17400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very important\ningredient in the continuity of the Jewish people, which is not to say that\neverybody has to belong to a synagogue, which is also not to say that one can't\nbelieve that religion has no importance. We do have atheists and agnostics in\nthe Jewish people. I would not want to see them eliminated from the Jewish\ncommunity. By the way, if I can digress ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17400.0,17430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again for a moment. There is a very\ninteresting story that's told of a Hasidic rabbi who lived a 150 years ago, and\nwho once told his followers that one can observe and relate to God in every\nvariety of ways. To which one of his followers asked him, \"How do you relate to\nGod if you're an atheist?\" He says, \"That's one of the better ways of relating\nto God.\" He gave him this example. \"If somebody comes to you and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17430.0,17460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he needs a\nspecial favor, don't tell him 'trust in God and he'll help you'. You must make\nbelieve there's no God. You must act like an atheist, that without your help,\nthat man will not be helped.\" That's when you're acting like an atheist.\nAtheists in Jewish life are important. We had them in Russia in the old world\nthe maskilim, as they called them, in the enlightened period, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17460.0,17490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great Yiddish\nwriters who made signal contribution to Jewish development, and to the\nliterature of the field, to philosophy. [Baruch] Spinoza is one of the examples.\nSpinoza, who never became a Christian, by the way, although it was a very\nalluring thing to become a Christian in the seventeenth century in Holland.\nNevertheless, he retained his Jewishness. But he was excommunicated,\nunfortunately. Now his name is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17490.0,17520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of being revived again as belonging to the\nJewish people. One can mention literally hundreds and hundreds of famous Jews,\nwhether it's [Sigmund] Freud or whether it's [Albert] Einstein, who didn't quite\nknow anything about God but who felt that there is a need for some kind of a\nbelief in something that he couldn't even understand, and who certainly\nidentified himself Jewishly all along. We have all these people. [David] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17520.0,17550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBen-Gurion was not a religious person. Yet, he was the leader who created the\nState of Israel. Therefore, as I say, religion is important for the continuation\nof the Jewish people in its long history. But, and from the point of view of who\nbelongs to the synagogues and doesn't, this is a very serious reflection. In\nspite of the fact that in recent years, many more Reform temples have come into\nexistence, some traditional institution. Incidentally, the increase in     ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17550.0,17580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmembership of synagogues has been most pronounced in the Reform synagogue.\nHowever, these Reform synagogues are not the classical Reform that Rabbi [David]\nMarx represented 40, 30 years ago. Because now they have taken on more\ntraditional practices. We know, for example, all-day schools, which have\nmultiplied in this country. I don't know whether I mentioned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17580.0,17610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when I\nattended the all-day school back in the 1920s, there were only five in the\nentire country. There are now over 500 in the entire country. Among them, there\nare a score of them, at least 15 to 20 who are of the Reform persuasion, because\nthey have begun to see the importance of extending and intensifying Jewish\neducation among their own kind. The Solomon Schechter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17610.0,17640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schools have mushroomed in\nthe last 10, 15, 20 years. You have all these developments, not just from\ntraditional Orthodox people, but also from others who see the need for this kind\nof a thing. The same with belonging to a synagogue, which is a very much part of\nthe whole thing. Why haven't we gotten better results in this community, which\nparallels ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17640.0,17670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this situation in major metropolitan cities of New York? Because in\nNew York, perhaps, they don't require it. You're living in a Jewish environment\nall along. But we're getting away from that environment. We're spreading out.\nWe're no longer confined to the first base of baseball court downtown. We're now\nspread all over. Jewishness, if it continues on this pattern, and this has been\npointed out by Jewish theologians, Jewish sociologists, and others. Most recent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17670.0,17700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\none by Tobin, the professor at Brandeis University, that there is an attenuation\nof Jewish identification nationally, in all respects. Not just through\nintermarriage, but also because Jewish people sort of get away from this whole\nstream of the Jewish background. That's why the synagogues and Federations must\nwork much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17700.0,17730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more closely together in common interests. It's also a mistake to\nthink that there is a differentiation between the secularism that Federation\nrepresents, which they've been accused by some of the synagogues, and the\nso-called religious things that they represent. I had occasion. To digress from\nthe moment, shortly after I came here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17730.0,17760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we conducted some kind of an institute\nfor women on the question, what is represented in the Jewish community, the\nvarious agencies, and so on. The ladies insisted that we also have one session\non the religious aspects of the Jewish community, which we decided to have. We\ndivided the three rabbis to come here. Rabbi [Emanuel] Feldman representing the\nOrthodox, Rabbi Rothschild ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17760.0,17790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representing the Reform, and Rabbi [Hyman] Friedman,\nwho was at the Shearith Israel congregation, representing the Conservative. It\nstarted off in sort of mild jocular fashion with Rabbi Feldman making the\nstatement, \"What happens when Israel is no longer threatened by the Arabs and\npeace comes to the Middle East?\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17790.0,17820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote on this at one time in various\nmagazines. All of a sudden, Federations would have nothing to do, because Israel\nno longer needs all the money. He goes along this line, sort of jocular fashion,\nbut the ladies are listening. After about five minutes of this, I was the\nmoderator for this meeting. I still remember Hazel Karp was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17820.0,17850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chair lady of\nthe session general. Rabbi Rothschild gets up next. I don't think he was better\nprepared than just to echo some of these things. I don't think he really was\nprepared to do that but it sounded like a good approach. Then came Rabbi\nFriedman, who did exactly the same thing. By this time, yours truly, the\nmoderator, said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17850.0,17880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I think it's about time that a few words of D'var Torah to\npresent to the group. I was not at all prepared for this kind of an approach. I\nsaid to them, \"It's very interesting that when we start our prayers, when we say\nthe silent meditation, the shemoneh esre, we start it off by referring to our\nthree Fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. We pray in their behalf and ask them\nfor their intercession, so to speak. That's the silent devotion. That particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17880.0,17910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nparagraph ends up, \"Blessed are thou, our Father Abraham, the shield of\nAbraham.\" Something to that effect. [speaks Hebrew] What happened to the other\ntwo fathers? Why are they excluded at the conclusion of that particular\nparagraph? On this, there's a very interesting passage that our Hasidic rabbis\npoint out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17910.0,17940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was this particular Hasidic rabbi who pointed out that the\nworld is sustained . . . if this really comes from the saying of the three\nfathers. The world is sustained by three ways. On the study of the Torah, on\navodah, which means prayers, worship; and al gemilat chassadim, and on acts of\ncompassion. That's what gemilata chassadim. This Hasidic rabbi brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17940.0,17970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out this\nfact, that the three fathers to whom we give acknowledgement, represent these\nthree aspects. Gemilat chassadim is represented by Father Abraham, who expressed\nit in many different ways, which we won't go into right now. Prayers are\nrepresented by our Father Isaac, because it says Isaac went into the fields. Why\ndid he go into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17970.0,18000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fields? To commune with God. That's the impression it's\ngiven. What does Jacob represent? Our third Father? He represented the study of\nthe Torah. According to legends, everything that Moses brought down from Mount\nSinai, he already knew in advance and he followed all those precepts even much\nearlier. So, on these three things, the world it stands. As this Hasidic rabbi\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18000.0,18030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pointed out, it is like a table with three legs. Each of these three legs holds\nup the table. However, the quality of compassion, is so enormous that it can\nspread out and hold up the table all by itself. That's why it starts with the\nthree fathers, but it ends up with the shield of Abraham, who represents\ncompassion. I said, \"Ladies and gentlemen, that's Federation. Federation     ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18030.0,18060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrepresents compassion. That's why we have all these agencies.\" You could imagine\nthe reaction. Of course, we got on a different plane. Then we talked about what\ndoes Federation do because there is no dichotomy between the so-called secular.\nWhat is secular in the sense that the Family Service, the Vocational Service,\nthe Bureaus of Jewish Education and all these different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18060.0,18090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies, that's part\nand parcel of Judaica. There is no distinction between what we call the purely\nritual, the purely religious, and what we call helping people in a variety of\nways, which Federation does. The system of what we call Federation and what we\ncall the religious aspect, really has to be combined in one way or another. I'm\nafraid we're not doing enough of a job, complete job, in that direction. We have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18090.0,18120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work towards that end.\n\nDIAMOND: You have just spoken so beautifully. I've never heard Federation's\nposition explained as enthusiastically and as clearly, and I want to thank you.\n\nGETTINGER: You're very welcome.\n          ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18120.0,18150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDIAMOND: We're going to stop at this point right now. Let me just check the tape\nand see where we are. We are at a stopping point.\n\n[End Tape 4, Side 1]\n\n[Begin Tape 4, Side 2]\n\nDIAMOND: We've decided we're not quite through yet We're going to do a little\nbit more. We may end up in the middle. This is Side 2, continuing an interview\nwith Mike Gettinger, Atlanta Jewish Federation, December 27, 1989. I'm Margery\nDiamond, interviewer.\n\nGETTINGER: I mentioned earlier a relationship with Jack Boozer, professor at\nEmory University, who I have known ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18150.0,18180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I came here, practically, and who\nover the years expressed to me the very ideas and ideals which represents\nJudaism and which represents the finest of Christianity. One of the occasions in\nwhich I participated with him in a weekend retreat sponsored jointly by the\nTemple and the [Atlanta] First [United] Methodist Church on Peachtree. We were\naway for an entire weekend. I was supposed to be the Jewish scholar in\nresidence, and Jack was the scholar in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18180.0,18210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"residence for the Protestant group. In\nthe course of our whole evening, we of course, explained where Judaism differed\nand what was similar to Christianity and vice versa. One of the things that we\ntalked about was the experience of the Holocaust and its significance. I related\nthe incident of the situation that happened during the [Karl Adolf] Eichmann\ntrial in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18210.0,18240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel back in 1962. I was living in Israel at the time and attended\nthe Eichmann trial. Eichmann was entitled to a chaplain, but nobody in Israel\nwanted to be that chaplain until a volunteer chaplain from Germany, [Reverend\nDr. Heinrich] Pastor Grüber volunteered to come to Israel. Pastor Grüber was\nreally one of Jewish, what we consider righteous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18240.0,18270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gentiles, who during the war\nyears protested strongly against the Hitler genocide that that kind of thing,\nfor which he was imprisoned. After imprisonment, he lived through the war. Of\ncourse, he was greatly honored by Jews and gentiles alike, and he volunteered to\nbe the chaplain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18270.0,18300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He comes to Israel and serves as chaplain. When [Karl Adolf]\nEichmann was executed and his remains were thrown into the Mediterranean, Pastor\nGruber was asked did Eichmann repent at the last moment? He said, \"No, he never\nrepented. He remained cynical and anti-religious to the very end.\" The next\nquestion was, \"If he repented, if he said he believed in Jesus, would he have\nbeen saved?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18300.0,18330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To which Pastor Gruber replied, \"Yes, he would have been saved.\"\nThe Jewish people were shocked with this kind of an answer. I left the story in\nthis weekend retreat just at that point. It was picked up by Jack Boozer. He\nsaid to the group very simply, \"Can you imagine, over a million children, Jewish\nchildren, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18330.0,18360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were destroyed in the Holocaust, and they were not saved, but Eichmann\nwould have been saved if he said he believed.\" He stopped at that point and that\nended the session. That was Jack Boozer. I don't know any kind of a tribute\nwhich could be more reflective of how he felt towards his fellow man than this\nparticular incident and the way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18360.0,18390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he presented it to the group, to a non-Jewish\ngroup. I think that will be enough.\n\nDIAMOND: You just shared with me when we cut off the tape, which I promised\nnever to do again, the incident about being invited to the wedding.\n ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18390.0,18420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGETTINGER: Yes\n\nDIAMOND: Of Jack's daughter. If you talk a little bit about what the problems\nwere in terms of . . .\n\nGETTINGER: Jack had told me that his daughter became engaged to Robert Klein.\nSince neither of them was converting, he wondered if I knew of a rabbi who might\nco-officiate with him at this joint ceremony. I told them that nobody in this\ncommunity, including Rabbi Rothschild, who was living at the time, would\nparticipate in such a joint service. To which he said that under those\ncircumstances, he would have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18420.0,18450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do both, and he conducted that ceremony, which\nwas really beautiful. At no time did the question of Jesus come into play in\nthis ceremony. At the very last thing, he had Robert Klein break a glass, more\nor less symbolizing the Jewish aspect. He also had asked Hazel Karp how could he\nbring some Jewishness into this wedding ceremony. I don't know whether it was\nher idea. They had this huge challah, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18450.0,18480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the ceremony he cut up and\ndivided it among all the people. Jack was very pleased about his daughter's\nmarriage. But over the years he became very disappointed, since the two of them\nnever really got together and particularly after their child was born. But one\nof the things that even I didn't quite understand, and I asked him that question\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18480.0,18510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that weekend retreat. I had just heard that the daughter had given birth the\nyear before, and that the child, the boy, was baptized. At Jack's suggestion,\nthe boy was also circumcized. I couldn't understand that. I asked Jack when the\nweekend meeting was coming to the end. I asked him privately. Was there any\ntruth about this thing that happened there? He says yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18510.0,18540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he thought it would be\na nice gesture, more or less because Robert Kline was Jewish and to have this\nritual circumcision as well. I never had the opportunity of discussing this with\nhim further. Over subsequent years, we never were able to get together as\nfrequently as we both would have liked to. It had occurred to me to point out to\nhim that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18540.0,18570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one can't live in two worlds. One can live a Jewish life, but it has to\nbe Jewishly. And one can live a Christian life, but it has to be a Christian\nlife. Interestingly enough, in today's New York Times there is an interesting\nstory presented. This morning's Times. The Supreme Court of Israel just ruled\nthat in the case of a couple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18570.0,18600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that came from South Africa, who had been born\nJewish, and who became Jews for Jesus, and therefore claimed automatic\ncitizenship as all Jews are entitled, claiming that they did not lose their\nJewishness but just gained an additional religious aspect, Christianity. The\nSupreme Court ruled that they cannot have it both ways, that they can only give\nthis law of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18600.0,18630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"return of automatic citizenship to Jews, but not anybody who has\ndecided to accept another religion. In accepting another religion, they really\nhad to forego their own Jewish religion and therefore they were not entitled to\nthis automatic citizenship, although Israel does have some laws pertaining to\ncitizenship based on residence. There's a previous case ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18630.0,18660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like that with a Father\nLang, who was a Catholic priest and who had been saved during the war years by a\nCatholic family and converted to Catholicism. He came to Israel, this goes back\nto the early 1970s or the late 1960s, claiming also automatic citizenship on the\nbasis that he had been a Jew at one time, and once a Jew, always a Jew. That's\nthe theory behind his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18660.0,18690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular petition. Here again, the rabbinate stayed out\nof this whole question, but the Supreme Court decided that they could not give\nthis special privilege of automatic citizenship to somebody who turned his back\non Judaism for which so many of our martyrs had given their lives, including the\nHolocaust. And now to recognize another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18690.0,18720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion on that basis would be\nunseemly. Therefore, he was denied his automatic citizenship too. I understand\nthat he's still living in Israel as a citizen but under other conditions. This\nis how Judaism has always seen itself. It is in many respects particularistic.\nIn its own particularism, it is also universal because it also recognizes other\npeoples ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18720.0,18750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other religions as having the same right to the world to come,\nwhatever that might be, as the most righteous Jew. That's Talmudic beliefs, and\nas well as through the ages. All the commentators have pointed that out.\n\nDIAMOND: Thank you again. We're going to definitely stop.\n   ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18750.0,18780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/transcript/29118/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGETTINGER: Okay.\n\nINTERVIEW ENDS\n\n[End Tape 4, Side 2]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18780.0,18810.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYizkor\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: remembrance] most commonly refers to memorial prayer services held four times a year during \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Passover, and \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e. During the services, those who have lost a parent or a close loved one recite the \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e prayer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Alois Hitler (1889-1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and \u003cem\u003eFührer\u003c/em\u003e (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was the central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: \u003cem\u003eHitlerjugend\u003c/em\u003e] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eSA\u003c/em\u003e), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called \u003cem\u003eDeutsches Jungvolk\u003c/em\u003e and a girls’ section called \u003cem\u003eBund Deutscher Madel\u003c/em\u003e [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e. They had uniforms like the \u003cem\u003eSA\u003c/em\u003e with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKibbitz\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word meaning joking, fooling around.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) was the patriarch of the Rothschild family. He established his banking business in Frankfurt, Germany in the 1760s. His five sons established themselves in London, Paris, Vienna, Naples, and Frankfurt. By the mid-nineteenth century, the family possessed a sizeable private fortune and was known for their philanthropic work in the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.  Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMALBEN is an agency of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) for the care of aged, infirm, and handicapped immigrants in Israel.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e. The celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. \u003cem\u003eChol HaMamoed\u003c/em\u003e is the intermediary days between the first and last days of the festivals of \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshadchan\u003c/em\u003e (or \u003cem\u003eshadkhan\u003c/em\u003e) is a professional matchmaker in Orthodox Jewish communities. The official process of matchmaking in these communities is called \"\u003cem\u003eshidduch\u003c/em\u003e.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Desertion Bureau was an agency that organized in 1905 which provided assistance to Jewish immigrant women who had been deserted by their husbands. The name was later changed to Family Location Service.  Was active until 1966 when it merged with the Jewish Family Service and with the Board of Jewish Family and Children's Services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaskalah\u003c/em\u003e was a movement promoting integration of the Jews into their surrounding societies during the 1700s and 1800s, encouraging the adoption of local vernaculars, secular studies, and economic productivity. The movement also was manifested in the creation of modern Hebrew literature. In its various stages, the \u003cem\u003eHaskalah\u003c/em\u003e had a key role in the modernization of European Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Yiddish term for societies formed by Jewish immigrants from the same villages, towns, and cities in Central and Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLandsman\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish term that refers to a fellow Jew who comes from the same district or town, especially in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2021, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSomeone who is \u003cem\u003eshomer\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: to guard, watch, or preserve] \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observes commandments for the Jewish Sabbath from sundown Friday evening until sundown Saturday evening. This includes refraining from work activities and driving, as well as many other prohibitions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called \u003cem\u003eChasidim\u003c/em\u003e (From the Hebrew word \"\u003cem\u003eChasid\u003c/em\u003e\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Ba'al Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.  Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ebaal teshuva\u003c/em\u003e movement is a description of the movement of previously secular Jews to religious observance. The term \"\u003cem\u003ebaal teshuva\u003c/em\u003e\" is from the Talmud, literally meaning \"master of repentance.\" The term is used to refer to a worldwide phenomenon among the Jewish people. It is distinct from the Jewish Renewal movement, which is not Orthodox.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFood that is left over by the rabbi at the Sabbath or festive meal. It is believed that such food shares in the blessings conferred upon the rabbi in his role as intermediary between man and God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Emanuel Gettinger (1925-2015) was the founding rabbi of the Young Israel of the West Side in New York City, serving as the congregation's leader from its founding in 1953 until his death in 2015. An obituary for the rabbi can be found at this link: https://hamodia.com/2015/03/08/rabbi-emanuel-gettinger-zl/\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC), is an organization which supports Reform Jewish congregations in North American. In 1875 they created the Hebrew Union College (HUC) in Cincinnati, Ohio to train rabbis and, later, cantors, and other Jewish professionals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “son of commandments.” A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebris\u003c/em\u003e, formally known as the “\u003cem\u003ebrit milah\u003c/em\u003e” (Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision) involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The \u003cem\u003ebrit milah\u003c/em\u003e is usually followed by a celebratory meal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emohel\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish person trained in the practice of \u003cem\u003ebrit milah\u003c/em\u003e, the covenant of circumcision. He performs the religious ceremony as well as the actual circumcision when Jewish boys are eight days old.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eParashat ha-Shavua\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew], popularly referred to as a \u003cem\u003eparashah\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eparshah\u003c/em\u003e and also known as a \u003cem\u003eSidra\u003c/em\u003e, is a section of the Torah used in Jewish liturgy during a particular week. It is a custom among religious Jewish communities for a weekly Torah portion to be read during prayer services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, “chosenness” is the belief that the Jewish people were chosen to enter into a covenant with God. It is based on Chapter 14 of the Book of Deuteronomy [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eDevarim\u003c/em\u003e], which says “...God has chosen you to be his treasured people from all the nations that are on the face of the earth.” Most Jews hold the idea of “chosenness” to mean that they have been placed on earth to fulfill a certain purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and other rabbinical works. “\u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChumash\u003c/em\u003e is another word for \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e or the Five Books of Moses of the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe son of an orthodox rabbi, Judah Mintz (b. 1943) was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He began his rabbinical career as a university rabbi in Atlanta. He later founded Congregation B'Nai Torah, a traditional orthodox synagogue in Atlanta, where he served as rabbi for 17 years. Mintz then served as a rabbi at the Mount Freedom Jewish Center in Randolph Township, New Jersey from 1999 until 2000, when he was fired for viewing child pornography. He was later sentenced to one year in prison for his crime. As of 2021, he resides in Los Angeles, California, where he is the director of Recovery Through Torah, a Jewish counseling service for people struggling with addiction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTefillin\u003c/em\u003e, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead. The \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that God brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Family Services of Western New York is a non-profit organization founded in 1862 whose mission is to provide counseling, vocational guidance and a psychiatric clinic, which provides services to the local community, and a resettlement program, which is involved in the relocation of immigrants to the greater Buffalo area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Board of Family and Children’s Services (Formerly the Jewish Board of Guardians) is one of the United States' largest nonprofit mental health and social service agencies and New York City's largest social services nonprofit. Its services are non-sectarian. There are over 3,300 employees and 2,200 volunteers serving over 43,000 New Yorkers annually at its community-based programs, residential facilities, and day-treatment centers in each of the five boroughs as well as Westchester County. Programs available cover: mental health, children and adolescent services, domestic violence and preventative services, early childhood services, and developmental disability services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1938 and 1949, and then, after the Communist Party in mainland China defeated his Nationalist Party, led the government in Taiwan from 1949 to 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMurder, Inc. was an organized crime group, active from 1929 to 1941, that acted as the enforcement arm of the Italian-American Mafia, the Jewish Mob, and other closely connected organized crime groups in New York City and elsewhere. The group was composed of Jewish-American and Italian-American gangsters, and members were mainly recruited from poor and working-class neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Simon Leibowitz (1893-1978) was a Romanian-born American criminal defense attorney, famously noted for winning the vast majority of his cases, who later became a justice of the New York State Supreme Court. He was the first child of Romanian Jewish immigrants and arrived in New York City on March 14, 1897. The family lived in a tenement on Essex Street on the Lower East Side. His father had a small shop in East New York. He graduated from Jamaica High School and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University. He then graduated from Cornell Law School in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eD'var Torah\u003c/em\u003e (Plural: \u003cem\u003eDivrei Torah\u003c/em\u003e), also known as a \u003cem\u003eDrasha\u003c/em\u003e in Ashkenazic communities, is a talk on topics relating to a section (\u003cem\u003eparashah\u003c/em\u003e) of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, typically the weekly \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e reading.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon ben Isaac (Shlomo Yitzhaki, 1040-1105), known as Rashi (based on an acronym of his Hebrew initials, \u003cspan\u003eRA\u003c/span\u003ebbi \u003cspan\u003eSH\u003c/span\u003elomo \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003etzhaki), was a medieval French rabbi whose widely read commentary on the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eTanakh\u003c/em\u003e remains a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna \u003cem\u003eGaon\u003c/em\u003e refers to Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman (1720-1797) who was considered the central figure of Lithuanian Jewry. He was born into a rabbinical and scholarly family in Vilna, Lithuania. He was a \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003escholar,\u003cem\u003e kabbalist\u003c/em\u003e, and communal leader. He encouraged his students to study secular sciences, and even translated geometry books to Yiddish and Hebrew, chief among them \u003cem\u003eSefer HaEuclid\u003c/em\u003e. When Hasidic Judaism became influential in Vilna, the Vilna \u003cem\u003eGaon\u003c/em\u003e, joining the rabbis and heads of the Polish communities, took steps to check the Hasidic influence. In 1777, one of the first excommunications by the \u003cem\u003eMitnagdim\u003c/em\u003e was launched in Vilna against the Hasidim, while a letter was also addressed to all of the large communities, exhorting them to deal with the Hasidim following the example of Vilna, and to watch them until they had recanted. The letter was acted upon by several communities; and in Brody, during the trade fair, the \u003cem\u003echerem\u003c/em\u003e (ban of excommunication) was pronounced against the Hasidim. In 1781, when the Hasidim renewed their proselytizing work under the leadership of their Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the \u003cem\u003eGaon\u003c/em\u003e excommunicated them again, declaring them to be heretics with whom no pious Jew might intermarry. However, the excommunications did not stop the tide of Hasidism. The \u003cem\u003eGaon\u003c/em\u003e of Vilna was known also by the acronym \"Gra,\" for \"\u003cem\u003eGaon\u003c/em\u003e Rabbi Eliyahu.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob ben Wolf Kranz of Dubno (1741–1804), the Dubner Maggid, was a Lithuanian born preacher. The Dubner Maggid is famous for his fables or parables designed to teach or illustrate instructive lessons based on Jewish tradition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941–45. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps such as Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: \"ascent\") dis the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel historically, which today includes the modern State of Israel. Also defined as \"the act of going up\"—that is, towards Jerusalem—\"making \u003cem\u003ealiyah\u003c/em\u003e\" by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to in Hebrew as \u003cem\u003eyerida\u003c/em\u003e (\"descent\"). The State of Israel's Law of Return gives Jews, their children, and their grandchildren automatic rights regarding residency and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“\u003cem\u003eMensch\u003c/em\u003e” (plural: \u003cem\u003emenschen\u003c/em\u003e) is a Yiddish word meaning \"a person of integrity and honor.” The term is used as a high compliment, expressing the rarity and value of that individual's qualities. The word has migrated into American English, where a \u003cem\u003emensch\u003c/em\u003e is a particularly good person, similar to a “stand-up guy,” a person with the qualities one would hope for in a friend or trusted colleague.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Tower is a 200-apartment independent living facility in Atlanta, Georgia, located on the same campus as the William Breman Jewish Home and the Zaban Tower, although it is run separately from the Jewish Home and the Zaban Tower.  The Jewish Tower was established in 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Federation was formally incorporated in 1967 and is the result of the merger of the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service founded in 1905 as the Federation of Jewish Charities; the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation founded in 1936 as the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund; and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council founded in 1945. The organization was renamed the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Welfare Fund was one of the preceding organizations of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. Its function was to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disburse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold U. Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his law degree in 1904 and soon became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. He helped found The Atlanta Committee for German-Jewish Relief and served as chairman of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.atlantajcc.org/\"\u003eMarcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta\u003c/a\u003e.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jfcsatl.org/\"\u003eJewish Family and Career Services\u003c/a\u003e (JF\u0026amp;CS Atlanta) is a group of professionals and volunteers offering programs, and resources for individuals and families of all faiths, cultures and ages. Services include counseling, tools for employment, and support for people with developmental disabilities. JF\u0026amp;CS is a member organization of the Association of Jewish Family \u0026amp; Children's Agencies (AJFCA).  JF\u0026amp;CS is a result of the merging of two separate organizations, both of which started as committees of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The first, Jewish Family Services was founded around 1890. The agency became an autonomous organization in 1982. In 1979, Jewish Vocational Services was started. It became independent in 1985. The two agencies merged in 1997 to become JF\u0026amp;CS.  The Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services of Atlanta hosts a Child Survivor Support Group that meets bi-monthly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International (Hebrew: “Children of the Covenant”) is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHadassah\u003c/em\u003e, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Goldstein (1989-1982) was a business and Jewish community leader. He was active in Ahavath Achim and Israel Bonds, the Anti-Defamation League, the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation and many other community causes. He founded Prior Tire Company in 1920 and remained active in the business throughout his life. He also served as a member of the Georgia Governors staff under three different administrations. In 1966, the Anti-Defamation League Southeast Region began awarding the Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award to honor community involvement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Council was created in 1945 when a committee of 20, appointed by the president of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, met to consider how the adult Jewish organizations in the community could be coordinated to participate more effectively in the community service. In 1967, the Jewish Community Council merged into the Atlanta Jewish Federation along with the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service and the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund. The Council became a department of the Atlanta Jewish Federation (now the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta) called Community Relations and Internal Jewish Affairs (later changed to the Community Relations Committee). By 2009, the Council became an independent entity, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax M. Cuba (1903-1972) was born in New York and lived in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Certified Public Accountant, community leader, and philanthropist. Max served as a city alderman several times, and was a leader on the Atlanta-Fulton County Joint Planning Board for over 30 years. He was also twice the president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. He was the “Man of the Year” for B’nai B’rith, Jewish War Veterans, and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He was the President of Ahavath Achim Congregation and B’nai B’rith. As he had no family of his own, his personal life was closely linked with the family of his brother, Joe Cuba, as he lived with him for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Home is a nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. As of 2021, it is the only Jewish nursing home in the state of Georgia. Formerly the Jewish Home, it first opened in 1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Joseph Massell, Sr. (1886-1962) was a civic and community leader in both the Jewish and general communities of Atlanta. In the early 1900s, he and his two brothers, Sam and Levi, founded the Massell Realty Company, which had a hand in the development and sale of several landmark properties in Atlanta. Civic leader Ivan Allen, Sr., was known to say, “Sherman burned Atlanta and Ben Massell built it back.” Ben Massell was the uncle of former Atlanta mayor Samuel A. Massell, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlural of the Yiddish word \u003cem\u003ebalabos\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"head of the household.\" It is usually used to refer to the laypeople (non-clergy) in the community, or the \u003cem\u003ebourgeoisie\u003c/em\u003e, sometimes derogitorily.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Irving Herschel Goldstein (1905-1979) was a prominent dentist and businessman in the Atlanta area. He and his brother Marvin C. Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Marvin C. Goldstein (1917-1997) was a prominent dentist and businessman in Atlanta. He was a graduate of Boys’ High School in Atlanta, had with a combined undergraduate and master’s degree in dentistry from Emory University in Atlanta, and trained in orthodontic dentistry at Columbia University and the University of Michigan. He served as a dental surgeon for the United States Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. He and his brother, Irving Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961. Marvin was international president of the Alpha Omega Dental Fraternity, editor of the American Journal of Orthodontics, president of the Georgia Society of Orthodontists, trustee for the American Fund for Dental Health, honorary fellow in the American College of Dentists and International College of Dentists, and chief of staff of the Ben Massell Dental Clinic. He was a president of Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Atlanta Jewish Federation, ORT Atlanta men’s chapter, Tichon Atlanta, B’nai Brith’s Atlanta chapter; vice-president of the American Jewish Committee; and a vice-chairman of the board of trustees for the Martin Luther King Center for Non-violent Social Change.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Leon Eplan (1896-1984) was a major presence in the Atlanta Jewish community throughout his life. He was born in Atlanta into a large family of six brothers and three sisters. His brothers were also prominent in the Jewish community life. His father was initially a peddler and then a grocer. In an interesting aside, the Coca-Cola Company rented the floor above his father's store for storage. One night a barrel of syrup burst and ruined some of his father's stock. Asa Candler, the president of Coca-Cola, apologized and offered Sam's father Coca-Cola stock in lieu of dollar damages. Sam's father turned it down, saying, “nobody was ever going to drink that drink!” He attended the first class of the Emory Law School and joined a Jewish fraternity. He later went on to become a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He married Bess Abelson (Eplan). He was also active in all the Jewish clubs in the area and the Ahavath Achim congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr. (1890-1971), served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of his native Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Earnest Allen, Jr. (1911-2003), was an American businessman who served two terms as the 52nd Mayor of Atlanta during the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Peyton Road Affair, or the Peyton Wall, refers to an event during the civil rights movement in Atlanta, Georgia, United States in 1962. On December 17 of that year, the government of Atlanta, led by Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen Jr., erected a barricade in the Cascade Heights neighborhood, mostly along Peyton Road, for the purposes of dissuading African Americans from moving into the neighborhood. The act was criticized by many African American leaders and civil rights groups in the city, and on March 1 of the following year the barricade was ruled unconstitutional and removed. The incident is seen as one of the most public examples of white Americans fears of racial integration in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElliott Harris Levitas (born 1930) is a Jewish American politician who was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Rhodes scholar who received a bachelor’s degree from Emory University, law degree from Emory Law School, and masters of law degree from Oxford University. From 1955 to 1958, he served in United States Air Force. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives (1965-1975) and was a United States Congressman from Georgia's 4th district in the United States House of Representatives (1975-1985). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney Julius Marcus (1928-1983) was first elected as a Democrat to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1968 from a district in the Buckhead community of Atlanta, Georgia. He subsequently was reelected to seven more terms in the legislature. In 1981, he ran for mayor of Atlanta, losing to civil rights leader and former United Nations ambassador Andrew Young. After his death from cancer at age 55, Sidney Marcus Boulevard, a major street in Buckhead, was named in his memory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish phrase meaning \"Quiet! Quiet!\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiselotte “Lilo” Kallman Meyer (1904-1966) was a Holocaust survivor from Germany who immigrated to Atlanta in 1940. She was active in the New World Club, the \"Emigre Discussion Group,\" of the National Council of Jewish Women, and the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau of the Atlanta Jewish Federation where she became a specialist on claims for indemnification for victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGoy\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003egoyim\u003c/em\u003e) is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.” In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person. The word \"\u003cem\u003egoyishe\u003c/em\u003e\" would be used as an adjective to describe something non-Jewish. The word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense, but can also be neutral.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America (also referred to as the “Jewish War Veterans,” or the “JWV”) is an American Jewish veterans' organization, and the oldest veterans’ group in the United States. It has an estimated 37,000 members. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul John Hallinan (1911-1968), born in Painesville, Ohio, was ordained to priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church in 1937.  He served as Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina, in 1958–1962 and Archbishop of Atlanta in 1962 until his death. He was recognized as an advocate of racial equality and liturgical reform.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (Latin: \u003cem\u003eConcilium Oecumenicum Vaticanum Secundum\u003c/em\u003e, informally known as “Vatican II”) addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. The Second Vatican Council addressed the charge of Jewish deicide and repudiated the Christian belief in the collective Jewish guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus. Vatican II stated that, even though some Jewish authorities and those who followed them called for Jesus's death, the blame for what happened cannot be laid at the door of all Jews living at that time, nor can the Jews in our time be held guilty. The Council issued the declaration \u003cem\u003eNostra aetate\u003c/em\u003e (Latin phrase meaning “In Our Time”) that stated, “what happened [in the death of Jesus] cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. The Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePope John XXIII (1881-1963) was born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. He was one of thirteen children born to a family of sharecroppers in a village in the Lombardy region of Italy. He was first ordained as a priest in 1904. In 1925, he became a Vatican diplomat, serving as nuncio in Istanbul, Turkey. During World War II, Roncalli distributed quasi-official looking documents and papers to Jewish refugees seeking to enter Palestine, sending thousands of such documents to the papal nuncio in Budapest, Hungary. Roncalli also personally intervened with the Catholic Queen of Bulgaria, urging her to convince her husband to protect the Jews of that country. At the end of 1944, he was named papal nuncio to Charles de Gaulle’s newly liberated France. Roncalli became Pope John XXIII in 1958. Until his death in 1963, his warm, friendly style aside the papacy to a new popularity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Righteous Gentiles” or “Righteous Among the Nations” is a title used by the State of Israel to honor non-Jews who risked their lives and the lives of their families to help save Jews during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRev. Monsignor Noel Burtenshaw (1936-2018), born in Dublin, Ireland, joined the Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta immediately after graduating from college in 1962. After 25 years, he became an Episcopalian, and served in the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta for 31 years. He was the founding pastor of St. Aiden’s Episcopal Church in Marietta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Wittenstein (1928-2013) was an Atlanta attorney who contributed over three decades of service to the Jewish community and social justice causes. While working with the American Jewish Committee, he worked to desegregate public accommodations, schools, private and public hospitals in Atlanta. He performed evaluations for the United States Health, Education \u0026amp; Welfare Department throughout the South to ensure hospitals qualified for Medicare by complying with the civil rights act of 1964.  In 1973, Charles became the Southern Civil Rights Director and Southern Counsel for the Anti-Defamation League.  Among his numerous contributions of historical importance were his efforts in securing the posthumous pardon for Leo Frank, an Atlanta Jewish businessman who was convicted of murder in 1913 and lynched by a mob in Marietta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (1918-1970) was an Egyptian politician who served as the second President of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Alexander Ribicoff (1910-1998) was a Democratic party politician from the state of Connecticut. He represented Connecticut in the United States House of Representatives and Senate and was the 80th Governor of Connecticut and Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in President John F. Kennedy’s cabinet. He was Connecticut's first, and to date only, Jewish governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Brevard Russell, Jr. (1897-1971) was an American politician from Georgia. He briefly served as Governor of Georgia (1913-1933) and then served in the United States Senate for almost 40 years until his death in 1971. In 1952 he was a candidate for President of the United States. He was a Democrat. He was born in Winder, Georgia and died in Washington, DC.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Dwoskin (1907-1990) was the son of Morris Dwoskin, who emigrated to Atlanta from Russia. Morris specialized in wall murals and started Dwoskin \u0026amp; Sons which specialized in wall painting, murals, and interior design for clubs, churches, synagogues and expensive homes. Harry followed in his footsteps becoming president of the company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney Feldman (1921-2005) was a leader of many organizations, both nationally and in Atlanta. Among his many honors were the B’nai B’rith Man of the Year, the Anti-Defamation League Abe Goldstein Human Relation's Award, Prime Minister's Medallion on the 25th anniversary of Israel, the National Council of Christians and Jews “Good Neighbor Award,” and the American Jewish Committee Award for Advancing Understanding Among All People. He was National Vice-President of United Jewish Appeal, President Emeritus of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and past president of several organizations including the William Breman Jewish Home, and the Marcus Jewish Community Center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNathan Irvin Lipson (1927-2007) was born in Chicago, Illinois. After serving in the U.S. Navy in the South Pacific, he enrolled at the University of Illinois preparing for a career in business. With partner Tedd Munchak, he founded Trend Mills in 1959. As president, Nate Lipson built the firm into one of the largest carpet manufacturing companies in the world with production facilities in Rome, Georgia, Los Angeles, California, Frome, Scotland, and Brussels, Belgium. Nate introduced tufted carpet to Europe and the Middle East.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization that collected and distributed funds to Jewish organizations in their community and around the country. UJA existed from 1939 until it was folded into the United Jewish Communities, which was formed from the 1999 merger of United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations, and United Israel Appeal, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information, please visit \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968\"\u003ethis link\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information, please visit \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s_Berkeley_protests\"\u003ethis link\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThant (1909-1974), known honorifically as U Thant, was a Burmese diplomat and the third secretary-general of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971, the first non-Scandinavian to hold the position. He held the office for a record 10 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yom Kippur War was fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. The Arabs launched a surprise attack on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six­Day War. The Israelis managed to halt the Egyptian offensive and then forced them back to the pre­war lines. After the cease fire the Israelis withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is one of the harvest festivals of Judaism. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates God’s bounty in nature and God’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, religious Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePikuakh nefesh\u003c/em\u003e is the permitting setting aside of certain laws, if by doing so, it is possible to save a life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1923 and adopted by B'nai B'rith in 1924, Hillel is the Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. It is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world, working with thousands of college students globally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Traditional synagogue in Sandy Springs, Georgia. It was founded in 1981 by young unaffiliated Jews who met in the Hillel facilities of Emory University on the High Holy Days. In 2004 they became affiliated with the Conservative movement. As of 2021, its Senior Rabbi is Joshua Z. Heller.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Jack S. Boozer (1917-1989) was the Charles Howard Candler Professor of Religion at Emory University for more than 35 years and an award-winning teacher of Christian theology. He was instrumental in establishing the establishing the Jay and Leslie Cohen Chair of Judaic Studies, University Worship, and the ethics program in the School of Medicine at Emory University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15630.0,15660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeslie Tornow Cohen (1940-1963) and Jay Phillip Cohen (1935-1963) perished in the Roosevelt Hotel fire in Jacksonville, Florida. Another Atlanta couple, Jerry and Gail Kahn, also died in the fire.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15720.0,15750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProf. Rabbi David R. Blumenthal is the emeritus Jay and Leslie Cohen Professor of Judaic Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University and his ordination from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Professor Blumenthal is most well known for his books, Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest and The Banality of Good and Evil: Moral Lessons from the Shoah and Jewish Tradition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15780.0,15810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International (Hebrew: “Children of the Covenant”) is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=15900.0,15930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924- ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), An Hour Before Daylight (2001) and Our Endangered Values (2005). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16290.0,16320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZaban Park is the name of the piece of property that currently houses the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. It is located in Dunwoody, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16380.0,16410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in Atlanta in 1953, the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA), originally known as The Hebrew Academy, was the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2014, GHA merged with Yeshiva Atlanta high school to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16380.0,16410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2021, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16470.0,16500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16470.0,16500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva Atlanta (YA) was a private, Orthodox Jewish high school for boys in Atlanta, founded in 1970. In 2014, YA merged with Greenfield Hebrew Academy to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16470.0,16500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah Day School of Atlanta (TDSA) was founded in 1985 with an enrollment of approximately 25 students in grades 1 and 2. Over the years the Orthodox school has grown and moved several times. In 2003, it moved to LaVista Road with a state-of-the-art, full-service school on 11 acres. Its mission is to inspire students to observe the Torah, strive for personal excellence, and to pursue life-long learning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16470.0,16500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “May Peace be Upon Him,” an honorific for the dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16620.0,16650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=16650.0,16680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaskil\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003eMaskilim\u003c/em\u003e) is a Hebrew word for a person versed in Hebrew or Yiddish literature and who is a follower or adherent of the \u003cem\u003eHaskalah\u003c/em\u003e movement. \u003cem\u003eHaskalah\u003c/em\u003e was the European Jewish enlightenment between the 1770s and 1880s that sought to reeducate Jews so they could fit into modern society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17460.0,17490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaruch Spinoza was a Jewish-Dutch philosopher (1632-1677).  Spinoza helped to lay the groundwork for the eighteenth-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism.  Citing his “evil opinions and acts” Spinoza was ostracized and censured by the Jewish community in Amsterdam, Holland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17490.0,17520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian doctor who was the founding father of psychoanalysis.  Psychoanalysis was a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between the patient and psychoanalyst.  Freud postulated a complex theory of sexuality, dream analysis, and mental processes such as repression, death drive, aggression and neurotic guilt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17520.0,17550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of extremely powerful bombs of a new type and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17520.0,17550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17550.0,17580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17580.0,17610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClassical Reform Judaism was the type of Judaism that developed in the late 19th century United States. American Jews, most of whom were of central European background, saw the tremendous influence that liberal religion had on their Protestant neighbors and wanted to develop a form of Judaism equivalent to Episcopalianism, Presbyterianism, and especially Unitarianism. As presented in the 1885 \u003cem\u003eDeclaration of Principles\u003c/em\u003e, known as the \"Pittsburgh Platform,\" Classical Reform Judaism minimized Judaic ritual and emphasized ethics in a universalist context, stressing universalism while reaffirming the Reform movement's commitment to Jewish particularism through the expression of the religious idea of the mission of Israel. The document defined Reform Judaism as a rational and modern form of religion in contrast with traditional Judaism on one hand and universalist ethics on the other. Much of Reform Judaism has moved away from Classical Reform and toward a more traditional style of worship since World War II and the Holocaust, and only a handful of congregations follow the Classical Reform any longer. The most vocal advocates of the return to Classical Reform Judaism are members of the group known as \"Roots of Reform Judaism,\" (formerly the Society for Classical Reform Judaism), founded in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17580.0,17610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTurner Field was a baseball park located in Atlanta, Georgia, on the southside of Atlanta. The stadium was built where early communities of Sephardic and Eastern European Jews lived in modest urban dwellings. From 1997 until 2016, it served as the home ballpark to the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). Originally built as Centennial Olympic Stadium in 1996 to serve as the centerpiece of the 1996 Summer Olympics, the stadium was converted into a baseball park to serve as the new home for the Braves. Turner Field is located less than one block from the site of the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, their home ballpark from 1966 to 1996. When the Braves moved to a new stadium, SunTrust Park, which opened in north Atlanta in 2016, the stadium was reconfigured for the second time, redesigned for college football as Georgia State University Stadium. As of 2021, the stadium is named Center Park Credit Union Stadium.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17670.0,17700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools, and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought published by the RCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17760.0,17790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2021, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17790.0,17820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Hyman R. (Chaim Raphael) Friedman (1913-2000) was associate rabbi for Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia from 1943 to 1952, and the head of the Atlanta Hebrew School at Congregation Shearith Israel. He was a native of Bronx, New York who graduated from Yeshiva College with smicha from the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. He was remembered for initiating Junior Congregation services on Saturday mornings Israel for Shearith Israel’s bar mitzvah students. After leaving Atlanta, he served as rabbi at Congregation Tifereth Israel in Winthrop, Massachusetts until his retirement, when he relocated to Silver Spring, Maryland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17790.0,17820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe central prayer of the Jewish liturgy. It is recited three times on regular weekday (morning, afternoon and evening). The weekday \u003cem\u003eAmidah\u003c/em\u003e contains nineteen blessings, each ending with “Blessed are you, O Lord . . .” The prayer should be performed standing and preferably facing Jerusalem. Observant Jews take three steps back and then steps forward at the beginning and end of the prayer and they bow at four points in the prayer. There are special \u003cem\u003eAmidahs\u003c/em\u003e for the Sabbath, Jewish holidays, and especially \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17880.0,17910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvodah\u003c/em\u003e is Hebrew meaning work, worship, and service. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17940.0,17970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAl gemilat chassadim\u003c/em\u003e is Hebrew meaning the giving of loving kindness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17940.0,17970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education (ABJE) was created in 1946 to foster Jewish education in the city. In 1947, it was instrumental in forming a Hebrew High School is Atlanta. Over the course of four decades, the Bureau offered services to schools, the community and individuals including curriculum guides for Atlanta-area public schools, Holocaust education programs, conferences, workshops, programs for teenagers in Israel, festivals, adult education, classes, lectures, and extension classes for Sunday school teachers. The organization also operated a lending library of Jewish books and resources. The Bureau consisted of all accredited Rabbis in the community, all chairmen of committees of education of affiliated schools and all professional heads of affiliated schools. Samuel H. Rosenberg was its Executive Director from 1949 to 1962 and Hans Erman, a German Holocaust survivor born in 1914, served as its Executive Director from 1963 to 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18060.0,18090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) was a German-Austrian \u003cem\u003eSS-Obersturmbannführer\u003c/em\u003e and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. During World War II, Eichmann headed Gestapo Department IV B4 for Jewish Affairs, serving as a self-proclaimed “Jewish specialist” and was the man responsible for keeping the trains rolling from all over Europe to death camps during the Final Solution. He escaped from the Allied forces that had captured him after World War II, disappeared, and was presumed dead by some until he was apprehended in Argentina in May of 1960. In 1962, was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18210.0,18240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Grüber (1891-1975) was born in Stolberg, Rhineland. He studied theology at different universities both in Germany and abroad before becoming an active social worker and the director of a home for mentally challenged boys. Staunchly opposed to Hitler, he came into contact with Pastor Martin Niemöller and the Confessional Church who entrusted him with setting up an organization, the Büro Grüber, at his vicarage in Kaulsdorf, near Berlin, to help save Christians of Jewish descent. He was the only German witness to come to Jerusalem in 1961 to testify in the Eichmann trail.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18240.0,18270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChallah\u003c/em\u003e is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18450.0,18480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/annotation_set/523/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eGemara\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e is the interpretation of Biblical law. The \u003cem\u003eGemara\u003c/em\u003e is a commentary on the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=18750.0,18780.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gettinger, Max (Mike) [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birth and early life, education in New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=164.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, we're all born in the beginning. I was born in something called the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which was at that time, in Europe. It was at different times in Poland, but at that time it was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. In World War I, I understand my family was on the side of Germany, not on the Allies. We've since changed.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=164.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yeshiva","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=164.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parents, grandparents, and early life in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=611.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DIAMOND: I'm enthralled with your story. You knew your grandparents?\nGETTINGER: Very well. Very intimately.\nDIAMOND: Can we go back to that? Flip back to that point in time, the little boy from birth to eight. What are some of the things you can remember about your grandparents that you can tell us?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=611.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farming","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feathers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manufacturing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=611.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sociology of migration and desertion after World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2049.0,2841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had three children. Yes, but there is a wide discrepancy. This is not unusual. This actually happened to hundreds of thousands of Jewish families because of the breakup in their union between the beginning of World War I and the end of World War I. I don't know if you are familiar with these figures. Between 1920 and 1924, literally, over a million Jews came from Europe, reunions usually of that nature. Then in 1924, there were problems because we instituted in this country restrictive immigration laws, and for many years after that, well until the refugee situation. You have literally hundreds of thousands of families who were separated, and when they were reunited, you have more sets of children coming into the picture. That was true in our case.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2049.0,2841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desertion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"landsmanshaften","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"migration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sociology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2049.0,2841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mike's wife and sons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2841.0,4823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met my wife [Claire Klein Gettinger], believe it or not, in the Catskills, while I was there just passing through on the way from New York to Buffalo where I was living at the time. We sort of hit it off. We started to correspond. Over a period of about a year, I saw her perhaps on four or five different occasions. Then we decided to be married. It was as simple as that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2841.0,4823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham (Ala.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Claire Klein Gettinger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Samuel Gettinger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holly Slocum Gettinger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joshua Selig Gettinger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knoxville (Tenn.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Madisonville (Tenn.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physicians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Juda Mintz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shirayim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=2841.0,4823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"US Navy service and antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4823.0,5461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've never done anything else except social work, in the Jewish field. Always in the Jewish field except for the two years or so I was in the [United States] Navy when that broke it up. Even there, I did social work because I eventually ended up doing psychiatric social work in mental hospitals with guys who came back completely psychotic from the Pacific until I was discharged. Then I went back into my social work profession. Social work has always been my experience, in the Jewish field.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4823.0,5461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Navy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"US Navy Seabees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=4823.0,5461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early years in Social Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5461.0,8521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brooklyn (N.Y.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buffalo (N.Y.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capital punishment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizenship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Detroit (Mich.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Board of Guardians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community Council","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish federations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City (N.Y.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prison social work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tucson (Ariz.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=5461.0,8521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in Israel / work with Malben","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8521.0,9789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DIAMOND: You said Malben was an acronym. Can you tell me exactly what that is on the tape?\nGETTINGER: In Hebrew, it stood for Mosedotle-Tippul be-Olim Nehshalim, which means institutions for the care of handicapped immigrants.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8521.0,9789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malben","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=8521.0,9789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9789.0,11345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it became clear that I would be leaving Israel, I get a letter from the executive director here, who was Ed Kahn. He writes me this letter. \"People won't believe that I'm ready to retire, but I am ready to retire. Would you consider becoming my associate director so that you could take my place eventually? Could you come down for an interview from Israel?\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9789.0,11345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Jewish Federation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edward M. Kahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=9789.0,11345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish history of Atlanta / Jews in Atlanta politics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11345.0,12229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This community has always accepted a sense of responsibility, not just locally, but also nationally and internationally. We are not separated from, let's say, the rest of the world. One would not have thought so originally, when you had a nice Southern community centered over here.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=11345.0,12229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe Goldstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben Massell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black-Jewish relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leo Frank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Max Cuba","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Jacob M. 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Someday somebody ought to really follow up on this thing. I mention it here in passing. I got to know Archbishop Paul [John] Hallinan almost from the beginning of my coming here. He had preceded me by a couple of months.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12229.0,13401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Archbishop of Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Archbishop Paul John Hallinan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic-Jewish relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Wittenstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced sterilization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interfaith relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Conference of Christians and Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roman Catholic Church","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vatican II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=12229.0,13401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Six-Day War and other politics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13401.0,14593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was about, I guess this must have been early in 1967, when we were preparing . . . there was a lot of agitation already in the world about what [Gamal Abdel] Nasser was planning to throw the Israelis into the sea. At that point, on the border of the Negev and the Sinai, the U.N. representative military force was there to prevent any kind of clash between them. Nasser was threatening all along to get rid of that thing.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=13401.0,14593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Ribicoff","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egypt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fundraising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marvin C. 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Among these agencies, and these were always in demand or in answer to the needs of the community as they arose.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=14593.0,17258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adoption","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Jewish Federation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B'nai B'rith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David R. 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I've always maintained that. This is not part of my work at Federation even when I was in charge. Every year I have been gathering information from all the synagogues, ever since 1970. I've done it now over a period of 20 years, including this year, on the total memberships of various synagogues.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043#t=17258.0,18168.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43229/file/116043/index/47930/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albert Einstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atheism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baruch Spinoza","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Classical Reform Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Ben-Gurion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Emanuel Feldman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Hyman Friedman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Jacob M. 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