{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/696zw19p57/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hoffman, Hilde "]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["July 19, 2002 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Hilde Cohn Hoffman (Interviewee)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHilde Cohn Hoffman is interviewed by Ruth Einstein on July 19, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHilde Hoffman was born Hildegard Cohn in Leipzig, Germany on March 17, 1920. Hilde had one brother, Joseph Cohn. Hilde enjoyed a very comfortable childhood. She enjoyed spending time at the Leipzig Zoo and with her best friend, Lotte, a Christian. When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Hilde’s life became very restricted. She was no longer allowed to visit public places, associate with her best friend, or participate in her school’s graduation ceremony. Her brother immigrated to Palestine in 1935. Hilde, meanwhile, took a job caring for Jewish children whose parents had been deported.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1938, Hilde was allowed to immigrate to London, England, where she took a job as a governess. Despite his status as a World War I veteran, Hilde’s father, Bruno Cohn, was soon arrested. After his release, Bruno also immigrated to London. However, his health had declined and he passed away in October 1939. When World War II began, Hilde trained to become a nurse. She worked in a hospital in London, enduring the Blitz. Hilde’s mother, Martha (Heymann) Cohn, was unable to immigrate and remained in Leipzig. Martha was deported to Riga, Latvia in January 1942, where she died.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eDuring the war, Hilde was reunited with childhood friend, Siegfried “Fred” Gerd Hoffman (1916-1995). Fred’s family had immigrated to the United States in January 1939. Fred served in the U.S. Army during the war and was sent to England. In October 1943, Hilde and Fred married. After the war, Fred returned to his home in Asheville, North Carolina. Hilde joined him in February 1946.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn Asheville, Hilde raised two daughters, joined Temple Beth HaTephila and became active in the Jewish community. For 16 years, she taught and served as director of the Jewish Community Center’s Preschool. The infant and toddler program is named Hilde’s House in her honor.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1995, Hilde and Fred moved to Atlanta, Georgia. After Fred’s death, Hilde lived at the Atlanta Jewish Tower and was also active in the Jewish community. Hilde enjoyed spending time with her grandchildren and sharing her story with other children. In 2002, Hilde moved to New York to be near her daughter. Hilde passed away on May 18, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHilde talks about how life in Leipzig, Germany changed when the Nazis came to power. She recalls the losses that came with restrictions on Jews. Hilde describes caring for children whose parents were deported. She explains how she came to London, England and became a nurse. Hilde talks about her marriage. She outlines her life in the United States. Hilde recollects an encounter with a wounded German pilot. She describes her life in Asheville’s Jewish community. Hilde expresses her hope for future generations. Hilde explains what happened to her parents. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29082"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Hilde Hoffman (personal name)","Hildegard Cohn (personal name)","Fred Hoffman (personal name)","Siegfried Gerd Hoffman (personal name)","Joseph Cohn (personal name)","Martha Heymann Cohn (personal name)","Bruno Cohn (personal name)","Leipzig, Germany (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Asheville, North Carolina (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Riga, Latvia (geographic term)","Enemy Alien (other)","Internment (other)","World War II (named event)","World War I (named event)","Germany (geographic term)","Nazi (corporate name)","Gestapo (corporate name)","London Blitz (named event)","Beth HaTephila (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Tower (corporate name)","Leipzig Zoological Garden (corporate name)","South Africa (geographic term)","Trafalgar Square (geographic term)","Beth Israel (corporate name)","Hilde's House (corporate name)","Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","High Holy Days (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Immigration (other)","United States Army (corporate name)","Kristallnacht (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHilde Cohn Hoffman is interviewed by Ruth Einstein on July 19, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHilde Hoffman was born Hildegard Cohn in Leipzig, Germany on March 17, 1920. Hilde had one brother, Joseph Cohn. Hilde enjoyed a very comfortable childhood. She enjoyed spending time at the Leipzig Zoo and with her best friend, Lotte, a Christian. When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Hilde\u0026rsquo;s life became very restricted. She was no longer allowed to visit public places, associate with her best friend, or participate in her school\u0026rsquo;s graduation ceremony. Her brother immigrated to Palestine in 1935. Hilde, meanwhile, took a job caring for Jewish children whose parents had been deported.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1938, Hilde was allowed to immigrate to London, England, where she took a job as a governess. Despite his status as a World War I veteran, Hilde\u0026rsquo;s father, Bruno Cohn, was soon arrested. After his release, Bruno also immigrated to London. However, his health had declined and he passed away in October 1939. When World War II began, Hilde trained to become a nurse. She worked in a hospital in London, enduring the Blitz. Hilde\u0026rsquo;s mother, Martha (Heymann) Cohn, was unable to immigrate and remained in Leipzig. Martha was deported to Riga, Latvia in January 1942, where she died.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eDuring the war, Hilde was reunited with childhood friend, Siegfried \u0026ldquo;Fred\u0026rdquo; Gerd Hoffman (1916-1995). Fred\u0026rsquo;s family had immigrated to the United States in January 1939. Fred served in the U.S. Army during the war and was sent to England. In October 1943, Hilde and Fred married. After the war, Fred returned to his home in Asheville, North Carolina. Hilde joined him in February 1946.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn Asheville, Hilde raised two daughters, joined Temple Beth HaTephila and became active in the Jewish community. For 16 years, she taught and served as director of the Jewish Community Center\u0026rsquo;s Preschool. The infant and toddler program is named Hilde\u0026rsquo;s House in her honor.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1995, Hilde and Fred moved to Atlanta, Georgia. After Fred\u0026rsquo;s death, Hilde lived at the Atlanta Jewish Tower and was also active in the Jewish community. Hilde enjoyed spending time with her grandchildren and sharing her story with other children. In 2002, Hilde moved to New York to be near her daughter. Hilde passed away on May 18, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHilde talks about how life in Leipzig, Germany changed when the Nazis came to power. She recalls the losses that came with restrictions on Jews. Hilde describes caring for children whose parents were deported. She explains how she came to London, England and became a nurse. Hilde talks about her marriage. She outlines her life in the United States. Hilde recollects an encounter with a wounded German pilot. She describes her life in Asheville\u0026rsquo;s Jewish community. Hilde expresses her hope for future generations. Hilde explains what happened to her parents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/184/179/small/Hoffman_Hilde.mp4_1680613925.jpg?1680613926","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hoffman__Hilde.mp4"]},"duration":1812.879,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/184/179/small/Hoffman_Hilde.mp4_1680613925.jpg?1680613926","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/184/179/original/Hoffman__Hilde.mp4?1680613923","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1812.879,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hilde Hoffman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruth: Today is the 19th of July 2002. We are with Hilde Hoffman today. Hilde,\nwhere were you born and what was your name at birth?\n\nHilde: My name at birth was Hildegard Cohn. I was born on the 17th of March in\n1920 in Leipzig, Germany. It is now east of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. Leipzig had a very large\nJewish population and life was very good at that time. When I entered school, I\nwas mostly with Christian children because this private school was sort of\nexclusive. There were a few Jewish children, but not too many. My very best\nfriend was a Lutheran Christian, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lotte, and we spent all our time together. We\neven went on vacations together. Every day, she came home with me and we did\nhomework together. We were like sisters. Then, all of a sudden when [Adolf]\nHitler came, we were not allowed to associate anymore. That was a great loss for\nboth of us, but there was nothing we could do about it. When I graduated, I was\ntold -- That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1934 -- Not in 1934, sorry. When I graduated in 1936, I lost\nall touch with my friend because we were not allowed to associate at all. She\nused to go past my house on her bicycle and I used to stand by my window. I\ncould not wave to her, but she would look up and smile. I would see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her once in\na while, but it was kind of painful.\n\nRuth: Did you talk to your parents about this? What did your parents tell you\nabout why you could not see your friend anymore, or about the situation in general?\n\nHilde: My parents were just as bewildered as I because my father had fought in\nWorld War One and he won an iron cross. These things were all things they were\nproud ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of. It was just as hard for them to understand than for us. It took a\nwhile until we understood that this would not change. In the beginning, my\nfather said, \"They don't mean us,\" but after a short while he realized they did\nmean us, too. To me, losing my friend, Lotte, was one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the worst things. All\nthe embarrassments in school when we had -- The four Jewish girls had to sit in\nthe last row. Teachers would ask questions and if nobody raised their hand\nexcept somebody in the last row, they still would not call on us. During recess,\nwe had to stay in the classroom and never could go out. It was just very\ndepressing all together. On graduation day, we were not allowed to come to the\ngraduation, so we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to go early in the morning to pick up our certificates.\nWhen you come into a big building that is completely empty and it was dark, just\nyour footsteps on the stone made such a loud noise and everything echoed. We\njust stood at the bottom of the stairs. After a while, the principal came up and\nsaid, \"Good riddance! At last, I am rid of the Jewish pupils! Come up here and\nget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your certificates.\" We started up the long stairway. When we were about\nhalfway up, he said, \"Oh, no. Go down again. The janitor can give you the\ncertificates.\" He did not want any part of us, so we waited till the\njanitor--poor old man--had to go up all these steps, and come down, and bring\nthe certificates. Then, we went outside and opened them and we all had a 'D.'\nThere were two students that were top students in the class. I was an upper\nmiddle student, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then there was one who was a lower middle student, but\nnobody had deserved the 'D.' We stood there crying and did not know what to do.\nWhat would our parents say when they saw that? But when we came home, our\nparents understood that they were not our real grades. It was the beginning of a\nvery depressing time. We sat around the house because there was nowhere to go.\nWe were not allowed to go to concerts. We were not allowed to sit on a bench in\nthe park. There was a sign on every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bench, \"No Jews allowed.\" We could not go to\nthe movies or theater--that was before TV--so there was not very much to do\nexcept the little radio. It was really a very hard time. For me, one of the\nhardest things to go without was going to the zoo, because from the time I was\ntwo years old, we had season tickets to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zoo. All my family loved animals.\nBecause I was so little and I loved the animals, all the keepers were very nice\nto me. Whenever a new baby was born, they used to say, \"Come in the back and see\nthe new baby.\" I saw an elephant three hours old. You cannot imagine how\nbeautiful he was! He looked like he was made out of soft gray arrays of rubber,\nand was so wobbly on his little legs, and the mother had to take her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trunk, and\nput it underneath his tummy to hold him up. It was so cute. My zoo specialized\nin raising baby lions because Germany had had colonies in South Africa at the\nbeginning of the 1900s -- yes, I guess 1900 -- They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great availability to\nlions that were imported. They imported the lions and then they sold it all over\nEurope and [to] other zoos. We had a lot of lions and the lions had cubs. One\nday, a mother lion had four cubs. She would only feed three; one, she would push\naway all the time. When I saw that, I said to the keeper, \"What's going to\nhappen to this lion cub? He's going to die if she doesn't feed it.\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said,\n\"Don't worry, we're not going to let it die.\" The next time I came, there was a\ndog that I knew, that belonged to the men who run the zoo, a Dachshund, which is\na very German dog. It is very low to the ground and long, with floppy ears and a\nlong nose. She had just had puppies. They put that mother dog in the cage with\nthat lion cub, and she immediately adopted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. It was wonderful to see how they\nacted like mother and child. Only, after a couple of months, the dog was the\nusual length and the lion was bigger, and bigger, and bigger. When very\nplayfully he hit her with the paw, she would end up in the other end of the\ncage. It was a little too rough, so they had to take him out. Every time I came,\nI saw and talked to that lion cub. Then came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this rule that Jewish people could\nnot go anywhere, including the zoo. The last day I was allowed to go to the zoo,\nI felt so sad. I looked at all the animals that were my special friends. When\nthe very nice old keeper from the lions' house saw me--he knew me since I was\nvery little--he said, \"I know you can't come back. Sit over there on the bench.\nI'll bring out your lion cub. You can say goodbye to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him.\" My father had a\ncamera along, so he took a picture of me holding my lion cub and saying goodbye.\nIt was a very hard thing for me to have to do without that, but the hardest\nprobably was that I could not associate with my best friend. There was not\nanything to do since we were not allowed to go anywhere. After school, after I\ngraduated, I sat around the house, not really doing very much and feeling very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depressed until one morning the phone rang. My mother called me to the phone and\nthere was a lady who was very agitated and upset. She said overnight the\nGestapo, the Nazis came, and rounded up all the people that lived in a little\nquarter where all the immigrants after World War One from Eastern Europe, from\nPoland, Lithuania, and other places had settled. They rounded up all the people\nthey could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get to take them to the concentration camp. As the word spread from\none house to the next, the mothers hid their children in closets, in drawers,\nwherever they could, in the basement. In the morning, there was a lot of crying\nheard. People went to investigate and they found all these children that now had\nno parents. When this call came, they said, \"We know that you're very good to\nchildren and we take these children to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house somebody let us use in the\ncountry. But we need some people to take care of those children and go and ask\nyour mother if you can go and help us out.\" I called my mother and she said,\n\"Yes, of course.\" I went. I cannot describe to anybody what the first few nights\nwere like. It was incredible. The children were screaming for their parents.\nThey were homesick. They did not know us. They felt like they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely\nabandoned. You had to crawl from bed to bed, and sing to them, and tell stories,\nand try to quieten them down that they went to sleep. One was a tiny baby of 18\nor 20 months. He became my very favorite. I slept with him all the time. Little\nby little, we calmed them down. We never really could explain anything to them,\nwhich made it very difficult, but we tried to be as cheerful as we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could. In the\nmeantime, my mother had taken in a little girl from a smaller town in Germany\nwhere there was no Jewish school. She wanted to go to school, so the parents\nasked my parents, could she go to school in Leipzig and stay with my parents.\nSince my brother had left for Israel by that time and I was away with the\nchildren in that home, my parents were very glad to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take in this young girl.\nThat was very nice. My family was very musical. We played several instruments.\nWhen the parents found that out, they thought it would be nice for their child\nto also play an instrument. They bought her an accordion. When they bought the\naccordion, the little girl said, \"What am I going to do with that big thing?\nIt's much too heavy. I do not know how to play that.\" My parents said, \"We'll\nshow you how to play it,\" but she was not in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least bit interested. After a\nmonth or so, when she never even opened up the box with the accordion in it,\nwhen I came -- Once a month, I was allowed to come and visit my parents. When I\ncame to my parents, my mother said, \"Now, Lisle, you never even opened up the\nbox of this and this instrument would be so wonderful. Hilde could play it, and\nthe children could dance to it, and march to it, and sing to it. That would be\nsuch a great help.\" She said, \"Of course she can take it. I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want it,\" so I\ntook it. Then, when the mother came the next time, and realized that I was using\nit, and it was giving so much enjoyment, she said, \"Well, if she doesn't want\nit, Hilde can keep it.\" Today, I still have it. It is still at my daughter's\nhouse. She has used it for programs with children. It has been a great joy over\nmany years. Then, one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day I got a phone call that said the papers that I had\nfilled out had gone through and there is an opening for a nanny, a nursemaid,\nsomebody to look after a child. My mother said, \"Do you want to go?\" I said,\n\"Yes,\" so I went to England. I could say, \"Sir Walter Raleigh spread his cloak\nacross the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"puddle so the queen wouldn't get her feet wet,\" but I could not say,\n\"Could you tell me where I can catch a bus to Trafalgar Square?\" It was a very\nhard situation, but the little girl was lovely and I liked the whole family.\nThey were very nice to me. We stayed together until the war broke out. When the\nwar broke out, from one day to the next, from being a German-Jewish refugee, I\nbecame an enemy alien with a German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passport. In America, all people in that\nsituation were automatically interned, which was not a bad place, I am sure,\nwhere they took them, but they could not be at home with their families. I was\nvery lucky to be in England because they did not do that to me. They said, \"You\nhave a choice. We need a lot of workers in war factories and that would be a\nplace where you could find a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job. Then you wouldn't be interned. Or, you can\nbecome a nurse because we expect a lot of casualties.\" I decided I wanted to be\na nurse. Then after the war, I would have a profession, and my parents would\ncome over, and I could help support them. It sounded like a very good solution.\nI want you to know, we were bombed in London. The hospital, the churches, the\nsynagogues, the homes, everything was bombed by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans for months and\nmonths on end, every night. Not once did anybody in the hospital say, \"See what\nyou Germans do to us?\" They knew I was not part of it. They were very fair and\ntreated me very well. That was a very wonderful experience for me to see that\nnon-Jewish people could be fair, nice to us. That was very good. Then, during\nthe last year of the war, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans sent over large battalions of soldiers\nto help out in the war in Europe. One day, I had a phone call, and it was from a\nyoung man whose family we had known since I was a small child. We were very\nclose friends. He had come with -- They had immigrated to America long before I\nwent out. He had been sent with the army to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England. He did not know anybody\nthere, so he called me. We met a few times, and then we fell in love, and we got\nmarried, which was absolutely wonderful for me. That made it possible for me --\nI have to tell you: before I could get married, there was an interview with a\nclergyman from the British Army and then one from the American Army. When I had\na very brief interview with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British clergyman, he was a nice man with a white\nbeard, an elderly man. He was very gentle and nice. When I came to the American\nclergyman, I opened the door. I could not see his face. I only saw like a pulpit\nthat he was sitting behind. His feet were sticking out over the top of the --\nWhat do you call that, where you put the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"books on the -- I do not have a --\nAnyway, whatever it was, it was a high thing. He was sitting behind it and all I\ncould see was the bottom of his boots. I felt very unsure because I did not know\nif it was an old man, a young man, or anything. He had a very loud voice. He\nsaid, \"Sit down, miss!\" I sat down and then he started a tirade that was\nunbelievable, [about] how terrible we British girls ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. [He said that] here\nare these poor boys pining for their girlfriends and their families, and we come\nalong because we want to go to America, where life is better than in England, so\nwe do all sorts of things that they should fall in love with us, and that is not\nfair, and he cannot understand how we can be so [un]scrupulous, so non-caring\nwhat happens to the people just because we want to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America, and he wants\nme to really think about it. When he finally took a deep breath, I said, \"I\nagree with you 100 percent.\" Then, all of a sudden the boots came down. For the\nfirst time, I saw this very young officer. He said, \"What do you mean, miss?\" I\nsaid, \"I agree with you 100 percent. That isn't very nice to do that, but it\ndoesn't apply to me.\" [He said,] \"What do you mean?\" [I said,] \"Well, I've known\nthis young man since I was about eight ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years old. Our parents were friends. We\nlived in the same town. We have the same background. We've been friends all\nalong and now we are old enough to get married. We love each other and we want\nto get married.\" He could not say anything. He said, \"Come up here and sign\nthese papers.\" I signed the papers and everything was fine. I want you to know\nthat my non-Jewish British friends, nurses, friends in the hospital, went for\ntwo weeks without any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rations so that I could have a wedding cake, which I think\nwas a remarkable sacrifice to bring. My experience in England was such a\npositive one that I really felt very sad when I finally left to come to America\nafter the war. I was very lucky to come to a beautiful place in the North\nCarolina mountains, Asheville, North ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carolina, where I lived until just a few\nyears ago. Most of my life, I have now been a North Carolinian. I found very\nnice people there. The scenery was gorgeous. There was a lot of friendliness.\nThere was a Jewish congregation. There were two congregations, but one that I\nfelt drawn to that was very nice. It did not take very long when I became very\nactive in it. I taught Sunday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School for 18 years there. I was busy at the\nJewish Community Center. When I finished the Sunday school and I missed\nchildren, I started a preschool, which was very successful. One of the very\nunexpected points of it was that Asheville had a very fancy neighborhood that\ndid not allow Jews, had never had allowed Jews, where people lived that were\nvery wealthy and very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snobbish. The second year of our school, there were ten\napplications from that part. I was so happy to have them, because very soon\nafter, this ruling was taken away and anybody who wanted to live there could\nlive there. That was very nice. I had wonderful years there, wonderful children,\ngreat parents, a great community. I really loved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Then, I went to Atlanta,\nGeorgia, because my husband was very sick and we had relatives here. We lived\nhere a few months and my husband died. Then, I became involved in the Atlanta\ncommunity. I liked it very much. I found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. As I grew older, there was a\nplace for elderly people. There were lectures and there were good things to go\nto enjoy, so that I had a very good life here, too. I am very grateful. Every\nday, in my prayers there is included a thank you for having been able to come to\nthe United States, and having such a good life, and being able to be near my\nfamily, and making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends and just being so lucky. Thank you.\n\nRuth: May I ask you a few questions?\n\nHilde: Yes.\n\nRuth: Okay. Tell me about going to England. You said that you had that you had\nfilled out papers. What kind of papers were they and what -- Did you have siblings?\n\nHilde: I had one brother. He left in 1935 for Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the only person I\nhave. In the laws of England, there was a law that only allowed immigrants or\npeople to come and work there in places where there they [did] not have enough\nworkers from their own British population. Nurses were already not very\nplentiful before the war broke out. But when the war broke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, there was a real\nneed for it. I want to tell you that once -- London was bombed every night for\nmonths and months. Once, they shot down a German plane. They brought in this\npilot that had come down with the plane and was practically dead. He was lying\nthere and I was on duty. The doctor said, \"This man is in terrible shape. He\nneeds some comfort. You speak German. Why don't you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go over there and speak\nGerman to him?\" I went over there and started to talk to him. Although he was\nhalf dead, he opened his eyes wide. He said, \"You are German. Why aren't you\nhelping your country? What are you doing here?\" I said, \"My country didn't want\nme anymore, so I came over here. They've been very good to me and I'm helping\nhere.\" He was very mad. He closed his eyes and he refused to talk anymore. I\nrealized how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep the hatred really was. They saved him. Somewhere, there is a\nGerman soldier in Germany who has never told anybody that a Jewish nurse gave\nhim blood. It was just one of many interesting events that happened. I was very\nlucky to come to the United States, to a lovely place like Asheville, North\nCarolina, in the mountains, where I had a very good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. I had my two daughters\nthere and they grew up there. It was a good life. There was a small town with\ntwo congregations. One was almost Orthodox Conservative and one was Reform. We\nbelonged to the Reform. When I first came, I could not believe that that was a\nsynagogue. It was so non-Jewish in all the way the service was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conducted and\nwhat was said. But it was not very long afterwards when we got a new rabbi that\nhad graduated more recently, when the extreme attitudes of Reform Judaism had\nsimmered down a bit. It was a very pleasant way to worship. I am still in touch\nwith the synagogue and I still try to go there for the High Holy Days every\nyear. It is a wonderful thing to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"services or to go into a grocery store,\nand somebody taps you on the shoulder, and you turn around, and there is this\nboy, six feet two [inches tall] and says, \"Mrs. Hoffman, remember me? I was in\nyour preschool.\" It is a very wonderful experience. I was very fortunate to live\nthere for many years. Then, when my husband was not very well, and my daughter\nwas married in Atlanta, and the other one in New York, we decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to move to\nAtlanta. Unfortunately, a few months after we moved here, he passed away. But I\nhave never regretted coming to Atlanta because it has been a friendly place. I\nhave been able to go to museums, and talk to children, and sometimes also to\nschools, unfortunately not enough. I wish more teachers would pick me up and\ntake me to schools.\n\nRuth: Tell me about talking to students. When you talk to students, what kinds\nof things are important to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you to convey to them?\n\nHilde: The most important thing is that we should not take nothing for granted,\nlike I took for granted the easy life I had, and naturally belonging, and\nbeing--I do not know how to say it--accepted, I guess. We should not take\nanything for granted because things can change. The most important thing is that\nwe have to open our eyes, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ears, and see that there is not one human being\nthat has not something in them that is worth investigating and sharing with\nthem. It may be a very small talent they have. It may be the way they conduct\nthemselves. It may be their family that we can learn something from. The truth\nis it opens our whole mind to take in people that do not live exactly like we\ndo, and to see that they are worth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowing, and that they have something to\ncontribute to our life, just like we can contribute to theirs. I am hoping that\nI transmitted that to my grandchildren. I am hoping I have, although they mostly\nmove amongst Jewish people, so I do not know how much chance they have, but I\nthink it is very important that we get to know each other better and learn to\nlive with each other.\n\nRuth: What year did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you move to England and then, what did your parents think\nabout that move? Did you discuss it with them?\n\nHilde: They felt terrible that I was a spoiled little brat, and here I went out\nto strangers, and a new language, and everything. They were very fearful, just\nlike I was. But they realized it was a necessity for me to leave. I promised\nthem that I would do everything I could to get them out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. I finally managed\nwith my mother's help, who was a very strong person, to get my father out of the\nconcentration camp, because he had all the papers signed and everything. He came\nover to England. We had to put him right away into a nursing home. He died a few\nmonths after, but my mother never got out. That was a great disappointment.\n\nRuth: Was your father taken to a camp after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht or --\n\nHilde: Yes.\n\nRuth: Then, did you ever find out what happened to your mother?\n\nHilde: Yes, I knew that she was in the camp, but there was no way I could get\nher out. By the time the war was over, there was not anybody left. They had\ncremated everybody. That was something I could not help. I never got over it\nbecause she was the one that helped me to get out, and saw to it that my brother\nwent to Israel, and she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helped my father to get out. It is just terrible that we\ncould not help her to get out. We tried everything, but it did not work. I hope\nshe forgives us. But I was fortunate both in England and in America, to be with\nreal nice people. I have met a lot of good people, Jewish and non-Jewish.\n\nRuth: When did you come to America? What year? When did you come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/transcript/42126/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashville?\n\nHilde: To Asheville, I came --\n\nRuth: Was it right after the war?\n\nHilde: I think it was December 1936, if I'm not mistaken. Was the war over then?\n\n 2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1800.0,1830.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeipzig is a city in eastern Germany. After Berlin, it is the second most populous city in the former East Germany. When the Nazi party came to power in 1933, there were over 13,000 Jews living in the city, making it one of the largest Jewish communities in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. During the first six years of Hitler’s dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war in 1939, Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all aspects of their public and private lives. On March 9, 1933, several weeks after Hitler assumed power, organized attacks on Jews broke out across Germany. On April 1, 1933, a general boycott against German Jews was declared, in which SA members stood outside Jewish-owned stores and businesses in order to prevent customers from entering. Approximately one week later, a law concerning the rehabilitation of the professional civil service was passed. The purpose of the legislation was to purge the civil service of officials of Jewish origin and those deemed disloyal to the regime. It was the first racial law that attempted to isolate Jews and oust them from German life. The first laws banished Jews from the civil service, judicial system, public medicine, and the German army (then being reorganized). Ceremonial public book burnings took place throughout Germany. Many books were torched solely because their authors were Jews. The exclusion of Jews from German cultural life was highly visible, ousting their considerable contribution to the German press, literature, theater, and music. In September 1935 the “Nuremberg Laws” were passed, stripping the Jews of their citizenship and forbidding intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. Jews were banned from universities; Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters; publishers rejected Jewish authors’ works; and Jewish journalists were hard-pressed to find newspapers that would publish their writings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cbr\u003eIron Cross\u003cbr\u003e was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945).\u003cbr\u003eInitially, exceptions were made for German veterans of World War I (1914-1918) and their children. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Leipzig Zoological Garden [German: Zoologischer Garten Leipzig] is a 67 acre (27 hectare) site with over 850 different species of animals. The zoo specializes in big cats. Since it opened in 1878, the zoo has bred more than 2,000 lions, 250 rare Siberian tigers, and hundreds of bears and hyenas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany established colonies in Africa from the 1680s through the nineteenth century, eventually controlling four territories, called “protectorates”: Togo and Cameroon in the west, German Southwest Africa (today's Namibia), and German East Africa (today's Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi) in the east. Germany lost all its colonies after the First World War. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo \u003cbr\u003eis an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 27, 1938 the Germans began arresting 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship who had been living in Germany and began deporting them to Poland. In Leipzig, over 1,500 Polish and Eastern European Jews were deported; followed by another 1,000 in early 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1933, the “Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities” was issued. It dramatically limited the number of Jewish students attending public schools to no more than 5 percent of the total student population. In 1933, 75 percent of all Jewish students attended public schools in Germany. German public schools played an important role in spreading Nazi ideas to German youth. Educators taught students love for Hitler, obedience to state authority, militarism, racism, and antisemitism. In the face of increasing persecution at public schools, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. Then on April 9, 1937, the Mayor of Berlin ordered public schools not to admit Jewish children until further notice. On November 15, 1938, the Reich Ministry of Education expelled all Jewish children from German public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1933 there were approximately 523,000 Jews in Germany. Approximately 304,000 German Jews emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. When the Nazis came to power, there was an initial wave of emigration, mostly to neighboring European countries, which would later be occupied by the Nazis. In 1938—especially after Kristallnacht—Jewish emigration increased dramatically. Only about 202,000 Jews remained in Germany by the end of 1939. By October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to 163,000. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the fall of France in June, 1940 foreigners living in Great Britain were rounded up and interned. They were classified into ‘A’s who were immediately arrested. ‘B’s were left free initially but then taken into custody after May 1940. ‘C’s were “friendly aliens” and allowed to remain at liberty. Women were classified as ‘C’s because presumably they would not be spies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrafalgar Square is a public square in\u003cbr\u003e central London, England.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany attacked western Europe on May 10, 1940. On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by Germany. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May and France signed an armistice agreement on June 22, 1940. Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, American authorities arrested thousands of suspected enemy aliens, mostly individuals of German, Italian, or Japanese ancestry, living throughout the United States. Many were released after hearings and some were repatriated to Italy, Germany, or Japan, but over 31,000 suspected enemy aliens and their families, including a few Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, were interned at camps and military facilities throughout the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Blitz’, or the ‘London Blitz’, was the sustained bombing of London by Germany between September 7, 1940 and May 10, 1941.  Many other cities were bombed as well, including Coventry, which was destroyed. The Luftwaffe [German air force] bombed London for 76 consecutive days and nights.  More than 1,000,000 homes were destroyed or damaged, one in six Londoners were made homeless, and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, half of them in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAsheville is a city in western North Carolina’s Blue Ridge Mountains.\u003cbr\u003e The first Jewish residents arrived around 1880. By 1947, Asheville’s Jewish population was 600. Today, the city is home to western North Carolina’s largest Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1891, Congregation Beth HaTephila was founded as the first synagogue in Asheville, North Carolina. Although initially it identified as a Conservative synagogue, it soon became a Reform synagogue. By 1902, it was meeting in a former church the congregation had purchased and by 1949, it had built its own synagogue. In 1899, a small group that was dissatisfied with the Reform practices at Congregation Beth HaTephila, founded a second synagogue. Bikur Cholim officially joined the Conservative movement in 1949 and in 1950, changed its name to Beth Israel. Hilde attended Beth HaTephila.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Community Center (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of cities. JCCs promote Jewish culture and heritage through holiday celebrations, Israel-related programming, and Jewish education. However, memberships are open to everyone in the community. Asheville’s Jewish Community Center was founded in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHilde helped establish the Asheville Jewish Community Center’s Preschool, which is today known as Shalom Children’s Center. Its infant and toddler program is known as Hilde’s House, in her honor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Fred’s death, Hilde lived in the Jewish Tower, a 200-apartment independent living facility in Atlanta, Georgia, located on the same campus as the William Breman Jewish Home and the Zaban Tower, although it is run separately from the Jewish Home and the Zaban Tower. The Jewish Tower was established in 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more. Also known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, American immigration quotas and the increasing reluctance of European and British Commonwealth countries to accept additional Jewish refugees combined with increasingly restrictive German policies to make emigration increasingly difficult. The cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. Most of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. In order to further pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about US $4) and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis differentiated between “concentration camps,” which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the state, and “extermination camps,” whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin were the main extermination camps in the period of 1941-1945. The use of gas chambers was the most common method of mass murdering prisoners in the extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179/annotation_set/1018/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOnly around 2,500 Jews remained in Leipzig when deportations of the German Jews in Leipzig began in early 1941. Among them was Hilde’s mother, Marta Cohn, who was deported to Riga, Latvia on January 21, 1942. Marta was likely among those murdered in Riga. By the time the war ended in April 1945, only 15 Jews remained in Leipzig and only around 200 returned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88732/file/184179#t=1740.0,1770.0"}]}]}]}