{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/696zw1941k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Nadel, Glen"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2017-10-20 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGlen Nadel, MD, interviewed by Shirley Michaelove on October 20, 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGlen Nadel, MD, is a partner at Allergy and Asthma Consultants serving the metro Atlanta area. He attended Duke University and the Medical College of Georgia; he completed fellowships in Allergy/Immunology at Children’s Mercy Hospital and the University of Kansas Medical Center, and a one-year research appointment at the University of Tennessee in Memphis. During his long career, he has received numerous honors and awards including the Patients’ Choice America’s Most Compassionate Doctors Award and IAHCP’s Leading Physicians of the World. Dr. Nadel grew up in the Buckhead area of Atlanta, and he and his family were members of The Temple. He attended The Hebrew Academy, and later, The Westminster Schools. Following college and after working in Kansas City and Memphis, he returned with his wife, Tracy Loewenberg Nadel, and moved to Dunwoody, a suburb of north metro Atlanta. They became members of Temple Emanu-El, and raised two daughters, Fran Rose and Emily Elizabeth. Dr. Nadel has long been involved with the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) which provides interest-free loans to Jewish students needing assistance with the costs of higher education. JELF was originally The Hebrew Orphans Home, where Glen’s mother grew up after her father died and her mother fell ill with tuberculosis.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eNadel describes growing up in Atlanta and the changes he has seen since the 1960s. He shares memories of his upbringing in the Jewish community, his experiences as a member of the Temple, and the challenges around his bar mitzvah. He reflects on his time at The Hebrew Academy and at Westminster. He shares family stories from his childhood and describes his involvement with the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF).\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28440"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Keyword"]},"value":{"en":["Glen Nadel","Shirley Michalove","American Jewish Committee","National Council of Jewish Women","Rabbi David Forman","Ephraim Frankel","Rabbi Richard Lehrman","Rabbi David Marx","Peggy Newsfield","Dr. William \"Bill\" Pressly","Rabbi Jacob Rothschild","Rabbi Alvin Sugarman","Asheville, North Carolina","Buckhead in Atlanta","Des Moines, Iowa","Dunwoody in Atlanta","Georgia, Eurasia","Kansas City, Missouri","Memphis, Tennessee","Romania","Russia","Sandy Springs in Atlanta","Sioux Falls, South Dakota","West Wesley Road in Atlanta","1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta","Ahavath Achim (AA)","Allergy and Asthma Consultants in Atlanta","Duke University","Eliot Garber Foundation","Friendship Hall at The Temple","Girls' High School in Atlanta","Hebrew Orphans Home","Jewish Education Loan Fund (JELF)","Medical College of Georgia","North Avenue Presbyterian School (NAPS)","Sherif Isreal","Temple Emanu-El","Temple Sinai","The Hebrew Academy (Greenfield Hebrew Academy, Atlanta Jewish Academy)","The Temple (Hebrew Benevolent Congregation)","The Westminster Schools","University of Tennessee at Memphis","1958 Temple Bombing","\"Christ-Killer\"","Antisemitism","Civil Rights Movement","Confederate Underground","Cossacks","Czar Nicholas II of Russia","Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Nobel Peace Prize)","French Resistance","German Reform Movement in Judaism","Leo Frank Trial","Pogroms","Sanitariam"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGlen Nadel, MD, interviewed by Shirley Michaelove on October 20, 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGlen Nadel, MD, is a partner at Allergy and Asthma Consultants serving the metro Atlanta area. He attended Duke University and the Medical College of Georgia; he completed fellowships in Allergy/Immunology at Children’s Mercy Hospital and the University of Kansas Medical Center, and a one-year research appointment at the University of Tennessee in Memphis. During his long career, he has received numerous honors and awards including the Patients’ Choice America’s Most Compassionate Doctors Award and IAHCP’s Leading Physicians of the World. Dr. Nadel grew up in the Buckhead area of Atlanta, and he and his family were members of The Temple. He attended The Hebrew Academy, and later, The Westminster Schools. Following college and after working in Kansas City and Memphis, he returned with his wife, Tracy Loewenberg Nadel, and moved to Dunwoody, a suburb of north metro Atlanta. They became members of Temple Emanu-El, and raised two daughters, Fran Rose and Emily Elizabeth. Dr. Nadel has long been involved with the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) which provides interest-free loans to Jewish students needing assistance with the costs of higher education. JELF was originally The Hebrew Orphans Home, where Glen’s mother grew up after her father died and her mother fell ill with tuberculosis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNadel describes growing up in Atlanta and the changes he has seen since the 1960s. He shares memories of his upbringing in the Jewish community, his experiences as a member of the Temple, and the challenges around his bar mitzvah. He reflects on his time at The Hebrew Academy and at Westminster. He shares family stories from his childhood and describes his involvement with the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF).\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/548/small/Nadel_Glen.mp4_1618698703.jpg?1618684312","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Nadel_Glen.mp4"]},"duration":4283.161,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/548/small/Nadel_Glen.mp4_1618698703.jpg?1618684312","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/548/original/Nadel_Glen.mp4?1618684282","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4283.161,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Glen Nadel [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHALOVE: This is Shirley Michalove, a volunteer, and I'm here with Glen\nNadel on October 20, 2017. We are talking, and thank you for agreeing to\nparticipate in this [Esther and Herbert] Taylor oral history project at the\nBreman Museum [The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum]. Let's start with your\nhistory. Tell me your father's name and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where he was born, and where he grew up.\n\nNADEL: My father's name was Herbert Gene Nadel. He was born in Sioux Falls,\nSouth Dakota. His father had come from Russia, arrived in 1908, and was a poor\npeasant and they gave free land. So, he came out to South Dakota because they\noffered him a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homestead. After farming very difficult property for a few years\nhe said, \"Nope, I'm not a farmer.\" He went to Sioux Falls, the \"big city\" in\nSouth Dakota, and that's where my father and his two siblings were born. So, he\nwas raised there and spent much of his life there until he came to Atlanta. He\ntraveled a lot, but he came to Atlanta in the early 1950s, where he met my mother.\n\nMICHALOVE: What brought him to Atlanta?\n\nNADEL: I'm not sure, to be perfectly honest. He was a travelling salesman for\nmany years and I don't know if that had anything to do with it or not. He\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travelled the West, but also at times would go to New York and other places, for\njewelers like Longienes watches and that sort of thing, and maybe they sent him\nto Atlanta. But, there was someone here who was a doctor that introduced him to\nmy mother, who was named Janet Nadel and grew up here in Atlanta. She was Janet\nGarber at that point and her siblings were Al [Alfred] Garber and Freda Garber,\nwho later became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freda [Garber Goldstein] Karp.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did your mother work outside the home?\n\nNADEL: She worked for my Uncle Al for a while, as a secretary. She graduated\nfrom Girls' High here. [She was a] very intelligent lady, could have gone to\ncollege, but in those days girls were not--shall we say--put on the college\ntrack. She told me later that the only reason she didn't go was she didn't have\nenough credits. She hadn't gotten chemistry, or some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subject that she\nneeded to, because they hadn't pushed her to do it. So, she never went to\ncollege, but she worked as a secretary because they were all taught stenography\nand dictation skills and typing at the [Hebrew] Orphans Home where she was\nsomeone that grew up.\n\nMICHALOVE: Talk to me a little bit about the Orphans Home.\n\nNADEL: She was the youngest of the three siblings and her father--who was an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eyeglass salesman who traveled south and central Georgia--died [in 1921] when\nshe was very little, probably about three. Her mother developed tuberculosis and\nthey sent her, when my mother was probably three or four, to Asheville [North\nCarolina] to the sanitariam. Because that was all they could do back then, they\nthought the fresh air cured them and they had no medications to treat her. So,\nshe was left, more or less, an orphan, and the two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"siblings were a little older\nand were put in the Hebrew Orphans Home at that point. But she was a little\nyoung to go in then, so they sent her around to a few relatives before she\nactually came under the authority of the Orphans Home several years later. She\nwas someone who still spent her whole life here in Atlanta.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did she have contact--when she was with the relatives, were they in\nAtlanta--or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was she sent somewhere else?\n\nNADEL: She was sent to relatives here in Atlanta.\n\nMICHALOVE: So, she could stay in touch with her brother and sister.\n\nNADEL: That is correct, and she did stay in touch with them. In fact, having\nread through my mother's folder, I know that she stayed under this family for a\nnumber of years, and then my uncle tried to get them all together in one\nhousehold. Eventually she went to work for him and spent at least a few years\nworking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for him at his accounting firm.\n\nMICHALOVE: Let's talk about your family then. First of all, you've told me a\nlittle bit about your grandparents. What about your grandmothers, you spoke\nabout your grandfather . . .\n\nNADEL: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandmother on my father's side, came from Romania and my\ngrandparents on my mother's side came from Germany. But my mother didn't know\nmuch about them, and as I said, she grew up here. My grandfather we know more\nabout than anyone else. [It's] an interesting story. Their family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in a\nsmall village in Georgia [Eurasia], and he--as he grew up--was kind of a\nrabble-rouser. And the story is that he started to advocate for free education,\nwhich the Czar didn't like, so they put him in jail. And after a little while in\njail he got out, and then he started to say that we shouldn't be drafted, which\ndid not go over well with the Czar and the Cossacks who came after him. So, he\nhad to smuggle himself out in a fishing boat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His brother later left, as well,\nand the rest of the family was later wiped out in a pogrom. His brother ended up\nin France, where he ran a newspaper until World War II, where he died. But his\ndaughter, actually, was second-in-command--we have been told--of the entire\nFrench Resistance.\n\nMICHALOVE: Wow.\n\nNADEL: Yes, very interesting. We don't know much about the rest of the\ngrandparents, in terms of where they were from, except the general countries.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, we have always wondered a little bit about that kind of information.\n\nMICHALOVE: Do you have siblings?\n\nNADEL: I do. My parents were married in 1954 and they were a little older, they\nwere in their early . . . almost 40 at that point. My mother didn't think she\nwould be able to have children, for a while, so they adopted my sister, whose\nname is Tina [Nadel]. That was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1958, and shortly after they adopted her, my\nmother became pregnant with me and I was born in 1959.\n\nMICHALOVE: Do you have children?\n\nNADEL: I do, I have two daughters; Frannie, who is 21 and at the University of\nGeorgia, and Emily who is 18 at James Madison University in Virginia.\n\nMICHALOVE: How did you meet your wife, tell me her name.\n\nNADEL: My wife's name is Tracy [Loewenberg Nadel]. I am a physician, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the\ncourse of my training I was in Memphis, Tennessee, where I met my wife at the\nsynagogue at a Jewish singles event. I spent a year in Memphis between training\nas a pediatrician and going on for further training as an allergist, which is\nwhat I practice now. So, I worked at the University of Tennessee at Memphis in\ntheir laboratory for a year, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dated my wife while I was there. So, after a\nyear there I went on to Kansas City [Missouri] and finished training and then we\nwere married after I finished training in Kansas City two years later.\n\nMICHALOVE: Where did you go to medical school, and to undergraduate?\n\nNADEL: Medical College of Georgia [in Augusta, Georgia] for medical school, and\nDuke University [in Durham, North Carolina] for undergraduate.\n\nMICHALOVE: How would you describe the Atlanta that you grew up in?\n\nNADEL: The Atlanta that I grew up in was very different than what it is now. It\nwas much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smaller, it felt much more provincial. It was not what I would call an\ninternational city at the time. It was largely, looking back, largely\nsegregated. When I grew up in the 1960s and early 1970s, it was still largely\nsegregated along Black and White lines. I grew up in Buckhead, and there were no\nsuburbs. I remember in the early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1970s when Sandy Springs came along, and that\nwas the first place outside the city that was even built; it's, of course,\nmushroomed from there. But, everything was twenty minutes apart (laughs), which\ntoday seems kind of ridiculous. But you could go, pretty much anywhere. My\nmother hated to drive highways, she was always very apprehensive about doing it.\nShe never had to get on a highway to go anywhere she wanted to go in Atlanta.\n\nMICHALOVE: In your family, did they ever talk about Leo Frank?\n\nNADEL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, they didn't.\n\nMICHALOVE: It was the best kept secret.\n\nNADEL: I learned about it when I went to religious school at the Temple.\n\nMICHALOVE: Really?\n\nNADEL: Yes.\n\nMICHALOVE: Let's talk about religious school at the Temple, what was it like?\n\nNADEL: Well, let me preface this by saying that my parents, neither one of which\nwere highly trained . . . my dad was never bar mitzvahed, even though his father\nwas obviously fairly learned at what he knew. My mother, though she was a\nlifelong member of the Temple, and was confirmed, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't do bat mitzvahs\nback then. So, she didn't have a lot of training and did not know Hebrew or\nanything else. So, my parents decided that it was important for me to know these\nthings, so they sent me to The Hebrew Academy when I grew up. I went from\npre-school until sixth grade. I didn't quite graduate, I left one year early,\nbut from pre-school to sixth grade we had half a day English, and half a day\nHebrew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least Judaic Studies, it wasn't pure Hebrew.\n\nMICHALOVE: We need to stop here and say that The Hebrew Academy's original name\nwas The Hebrew Academy, and then it became Greenfield Hebrew Academy, and now is\nAtlanta Jewish Academy.\n\nNADEL: That is correct. It was over on North Druid Hills Road, and I remember a\ncouple of different people that were the headmasters at the time; Rabbi [David]\nForman was, but Ephraim Frankel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the one that came later, and he was\nwonderful. So, I had a wonderful background and could read Hebrew very well,\nwhich became important later. That's my religious background. But, my parents,\nbeing members of the Temple, my mother felt it was very important that I go to\nreligious school at the Temple, even though I was going to The Hebrew Academy.\nSo, I went to Sunday School every Sunday and that became part of the story\nlater, as well. That's where I first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned about the Leo Frank episode, was\nthere. My parents never talked about it, they never talked about the Temple\nbombing much, either, which was much later. That happened a few years before I\nwas born. So, I grew up at the Temple.\n\nMICHALOVE: If you went to The Hebrew Academy, where did you go to high school\nand did you encounter any antisemitism, or anything like that?\n\nNADEL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I left The Hebrew Academy after sixth grade to get into Westminster, and\nwas in Westminster until I left and graduated from there in 1977. The\nWestminster that I remember was very different from today, at least that I know\nof. [A] wonderful academic institution. It was, of course, a Christian school\nand I still suspect I am the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first person to ever leave The Hebrew Academy and\nactually graduate from Westminster.\n\nNADEL: There was someone ahead of me, from my sister's class ahead of me, but he\ndidn't graduate. So, I still wonder if I'm not the first one to have gone from\nthe extreme of a Jewish Day School all the way through Westminster.\n\nMICHALOVE: Were there other Jewish students?\n\nNADEL: About ten percent in the class, but I think there was a quota. It took me\nthree times to get into the school. And when I found out later, some of the\npeople that got in ahead of me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I kind of wondered how could they get in ahead\nof me. Academically they weren't as good, they didn't have the kind of money\nthat Westminster might have wanted, so I had to wonder, why did they get in\nahead of me? And somebody told me that there was a Jewish quota and they only\nlet in a few a year. That's when I first had that concept introduced to me. I\nsuspect it was true, though it was never official. I suspect, as a private\ninstitution they had the right to do what they wanted, but I think they tried to\nlimit the number of Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"students that were there.\n\nMICHALOVE: Were there any Jewish teachers when you were there?\n\nNADEL: Oh no. Oh no. In fact, there was a big controversy--as you probably\nknow--shortly after my wife and I came back to Atlanta in the 1990s. There was a\nbig controversy because there was a Jewish mathematics teacher that was there\nand a lot of the parents, that were not as open-minded at the time, objected\nstrenuously to that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not quite sure why, but they felt that they couldn't be\na role model for their children.\n\nMICHALOVE: I think that Westminster was church-affiliated at the time.\n\nNADEL: Oh, it still is. It was affiliated with NAPS, [North Avenue Presbyterian\nSchool] which was [founded by] the North Avenue Presbyterian Church. In spite of\nthat, I don't know that there was ever any official rule that said they weren't\nallowed to have a Jewish teacher, but when they brought one in, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the parents at\nthat time, did not like it. They do have Jewish teachers now, is my understanding.\n\nMICHALOVE: My understanding is, I think he still teaches there but, Phil\nRothschild is there.\n\nNADEL: Yes, that's correct, I've heard that as well. After the controversy, to\nkind of calm the waters, I think they brought in a rabbi as an advisor to kind\nof be a spiritual advisor to some of the students that were there, and kind of\nshow them and teach them a little bit about Judaism at the time. But, there were\nno Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teachers when I was there. I never ran across serious antisemitism\nwhen I was there.\n\nMICHALOVE: And yet, there was a quota system.\n\nNADEL: Oh, absolutely. I had one person, I remember it was either seventh or\neighth grade, he called me a \"Christ Killer\". He asked me what was our view of\nJesus and I told him he was a philosopher and a teacher, but that's all we\nviewed him as. And I never heard anyone else say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything against Judaism again,\nin all the years we were there. We did have to take Old Testament classes,\nthough, having been to The Hebrew Academy, I can assure you they were very\ndifferent from what was taught at The Hebrew Academy. It was from a Christian\nperspective. We had a missionary who was rather entertaining, but not trying to\nbe, who was teaching us. He used to tell us, \"We love the Hebrews\" (grins). That\nwas one of his favorite expressions. But, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they viewed us very differently.\nAnyway, it was a Christian institution, and we knew it. We were required to take\nNew Testament, as seniors, and that was fine. I felt it useful, for literature\nand for those reasons at least, it was a broadening experience, but it was a\nChristian institution.\n\nMICHALOVE: As a graduate, or a student, at The Hebrew Academy, talk to me about\nwhat it was like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attend Sunday School at the Temple.\n\nNADEL: I was probably the only one in my class that went. I didn't--to be\nhonest--learn a lot at Sunday School, because I'd had such a good background,\nmuch better background than most of my peers in the classroom. But, my mother\nstill thought it was very important, not only to meet them, but to also get the\nReform Jewish perspective. Now, The Hebrew Academy back then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was trying to be\nan institution that was very broad-minded. They had Orthodox, Conservative, and\nReform . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: It was the only day school at that time.\n\nNADEL: . . . it was the only day school in Atlanta that was a Jewish day school,\ncorrect. So, they wanted to be all things to all denominations within Judaism.\nIt was very middle-of-the-road, I think very Conservative, it became Orthodox\nlater. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The girls and boys were not separated and we prayed together. It was\nstill, I think, a fairly Conservative school. It was kosher, but still fairly\nConservative. I felt that all the religious knowledge that they were trying to\nteach me at the Temple, I had already learned; about the holidays, about Torah,\nI knew all that. So, I would, at times, be a little bored ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Sunday School, but,\nI felt that my parents wanted me there and I was going to be respectful, and\njust, go through it.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did they have any Hebrew at the Temple at that point?\n\nNADEL: Very, very limited, very limited. The services, actually, were largely in\nEnglish. We would do the Shema, we would do the Barkhu, those would be in\nHebrew. The Aleinu would be in Hebrew. I was in the junior choir, for a while,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we sang songs like Etz Chaim He after the Torah, when the ark was closed. We\ndid the Kiddush, in Hebrew. But most of the service was in English which was\nnecessary, because I think a large part of the congregation at the time was not\nvery literate in Hebrew. When my mother grew up, just when she started, the\nTemple was actually an Orthodox institution. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When my mother was very little and\nstarted going through the Orphans Home, Rabbi [David] Marx came in. And Rabbi\nMarx was very much from the Reform Movement in Germany and believed in that.\nBasically, they stopped doing much Hebrew, they stopped doing bar mitzvahs, for\nhis entire 50-year tenure; they did not have any bar mitzvahs, they did not have\nvery much Hebrew. In fact, even after he left, some things stayed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same\nbecause Rabbi Rothschild continued many of those ideals for quite some time.\nPeople generally did not wear kippahs in the service, there were no tallit in\nthe synagogue, rabbis did not chant the torah; they read the torah, they did not\nchant the torah. And, even when I grew up with Rabbi Rothschild, he still read\nthe torah, did not chant, and that was very, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very clear that no one would do that.\n\nMICHALOVE: How did you happen to become bar mitzvahed, because I know it was not\nthe norm at the Temple.\n\nNADEL: There was a lot of resistance from Rabbi Rothschild on this. My father\nand I decided together that I wanted to do it. My classmates at The Hebrew\nAcademy were going to be, and we thought that I should be as well. My dad always\nwished ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he had been and wanted me to be bar mitzvahed. So, we started\ntalking to Rabbi Rothschild who put up a lot of resistance and said, \"We don't\ndo that here, we're a foreign congregation . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: You should go through the tenth grade . . .\n\nNADEL: Yes, yes. And it took, probably, at least a couple of years of talking\nand persuading before he finally agreed to do it. There were certain ground\nrules, in doing it.\n\nMICHALOVE: Which were . . .\n\nNADEL: Number one, I would still be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confirmed, going back to what you said. They\nthought, at the time, that the confirmation was more important that the bar\nmitzvah. And he felt that that was the end of Jewish education, not the bar\nmitzvah. He was afraid that I would take the bar mitzvah as the end of Jewish\neducation. So, first thing he said was, \"You've got to be confirmed.\" I said,\nand my parents said, \"That's fine.\" Second thing is, he was very aware of the\nfact that a lot of bar and bat mitzvahs at the time, there big parties that were\nalready starting--even in that day--though they're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much bigger now. He didn't\nwant to have a big showy party afterwards. So, my parents agreed that I wouldn't\nhave a party afterwards. They had a small one for themselves, at my Uncle Al's\nhouse, with adults, but there were virtually no children there. So, it was not a\ntraditional bar mitzvah party. There were two of us that were selected, and I\nwas chosen to be first because of my background.\n\nMICHALOVE: Who was the other one?\n\nNADEL: I don't remember his name, he was bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvahed the next week. But, I\ndon't think he had quite as good a background. I read for Rabbi Sugarman , for\nmy parashah, and I read one time. He says, \"You're done, you can do this.\" And\nagain, I didn't have to chant, and that was a good thing because, while I could\nread Hebrew very well . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: . . . the cantillation is difficult . . .\n\nNADEL: . . . they were just starting to teach some of that and I never learned\nto chant. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it was a good thing that the rabbis didn't require it, and didn't\ndo it themselves, and never expected it.\n\nMICHALOVE: What was your derasha?\n\nNADEL: It was \"Joseph and His Coat of Many Colors.\" So, on December 2, 1972,\nthat was the day of the bar mitzvah. And I remember my dad had helped me pick\nout a suit, because I didn't own a suit before then (chuckles), because I had no\nreason to wear one. And when we got there, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation was completely\npacked. The entire lower [level] and the balcony were totally packed. Now, they\ndid not do televised services in Friendship Hall or anything else at that point,\nand it wasn't broadcast to the chapel. But, the entire congregation was\ncompletely filled, and there was a sense amongst the congregation that it was\nhistoric, so [that's why] so many people decided to come.\n\nMICHALOVE: How long was your relatives list?\n\nNADEL: I had a few relatives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and, in fact--it was interesting--it was done\nin such a low-key way. People that do bar and bat mitzvahs now would laugh a\nlittle, because everyone has professional photographers; we did not. [We had] my\ncousin, who sat on the front row with her camera, looking up, taking pictures.\nIt was a nice camera, but there was no flash, there was nothing that would in\nany way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distract from the ceremony; and I don't know if that was agreed upon or\nnot. But, there was no videotaping, of course, they didn't even have that back\nthen. So, all we have are some poor views, looking up. Because of the way the\nbimah in the Temple is, it's so elevated you have things in the way. And even\naround the ark, again, you have the lower bimah in the way, then you have the\nupper table in the way as well. So, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pictures, unfortunately, were not as\nclear as we would like. We didn't even ask to have pictures taken from the\nbalcony or have anybody do anything anywhere else. We wanted to make this as\nlow-key as possible.\n\nMICHALOVE: Describe the service.\n\nNADEL: The service was a basically, traditional Saturday morning service at the\nTemple. I did not truly lead the service, because the rabbis felt that was their\njob. I don't recall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing much, except doing the torah portion itself.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you chant the whole thing, or did they have aliyot?\n\nNADEL: They did not have aliyot, no . . .\n\nNADEL: That would be a concept that would be completely foreign to them at the\ntime. I did do the prayers before reading the Torah. But, other than that, it\nwas very, very low-key. There was no haftarah. It was a relatively ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shortened\nparashah. If you were more orthodox, you would read a much larger section than\nwe did. But, that was the way they wanted it. We never, even when the rabbis did\nit, would not read multiple parashahs. They would just read one, and that was\nit. So, it was done very much the same way. My father was allowed on the bimah\nwhen I read, and he had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make a very short speech at the end, I remember,\nwhich he got very emotional during.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you have to make a speech?\n\nNADEL: I did not, which most bar and bat mitzvahs would so, \"Oh, that's the\nbest!\" (laughs)\n\nMICHALOVE: (laughs)\n\nNADEL: Because that's a very hard thing to do. I did not have to give lessons,\nthe rabbi still gave the regular sermon, afterwards. And it was a very memorable\nsermon, from what I remember. Rabbi Rothschild talked about the fact that we, as\nJews, had proven that we could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"withstand adversity over many millennia. But, he\nwondered if we could really withstand too much prosperity. That was the lesson\nof his sermon that day. But, he didn't really talk about what I had said, or\ndraw lessons from it, as we would normally do now. I didn't have to make a\nspeech and actually tell people what I drew from it. So, it was very minimal. It\nwas minimalized, I think, because the rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still wanted everyone to think that\nthis was a less important ceremony at the time. This was just something that we\nwere doing, but it wasn't the most important thing. They still felt confirmation\nwas more important.\n\nMICHALOVE: You said that you read for Rabbi Sugarman. Did you have any other\nstudies with either one of the rabbis?\n\nNADEL: I did not, I did not need to. They felt that I was so well-trained and I\ncould read well enough and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was all I was going to be required to do. So,\nno, I did not.\n\nMICHALOVE: How long had Rabbi Sugarman been there when you . . .\n\nNADEL: I think he had been there about 25 years . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: You mean, Rabbi Rothschild had been there 25 years.\n\nNADEL: Rabbi Sugarman was still assistant rabbi, I'm sorry. Rabbi Sugarman was\nassistant rabbi, Rabbi Lehrman had already left, so I think Rabbi Sugarman had\nbeen there probably about two or three years, maybe.\n\nMICHALOVE: My recollection is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Temple had in their bylaws that the\nassistant could only stay for three years and then had to move on . . .\n\nNADEL: That's probably correct.\n\nMICHALOVE: . . . that's why Dick Lehrman was able to help found [Temple] Sinai.\n\nNADEL: That sounds correct. My memory would be correct that it would probably be\ntwo to three years. I think it was near the end of his tenure there.\n\nMICHALOVE: Then it must have been shortly before Rabbi Rothschild died, because\nAlvin [Sugarman] was still there.\n\nNADEL: I'm not sure exactly what year he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, though . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: I'm not sure either.\n\nNADEL: I remember going to that service. But it probably was in the mid-1970s, I\nwould guess. It couldn't be much later than that . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: Alvin [Sugarman] was an assistant at the time of Jack [Jacob\nRothschild]'s death.\n\nNADEL: That's correct, which is why, I guess, it was even a little earlier than\nI thought. Maybe it was 1974, or something like that. But, the point is, that\nRabbi Sugarman always remembered me, and whenever I ran into him later he was\nsuch a wonderful and sweet man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He would always say, \"Oh, this was the first kid\nthat I ever got bar mitvahed,\" (grinning) and he would always introduce me at\ntables that way, which I thought was really funny, that he would remember that\nfrom that long ago.\n\nMICHALOVE: Were you ever involved in the Civil Rights [Movement], or do you\nremember any of Rabbi Rothschild's sermons about civil rights?\n\nNADEL: I remember more, believe it or not, of Rabbi Sugarman's. We did not go to\nsynagogue every Friday. We went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sporadically, so I don't remember a lot of Rabbi\nRothschild's. I remember my dad telling me stories about Rabbi Rothschild's\nsermons in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He, like many people in the community\nat the time, were very reticent about Rabbi Rothschild \"going out on a limb\", so\nto speak. He felt that it was going to cause problems for the synagogue by him\ndoing that. So, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was problematic from their standpoint. They still were not as\nfar advanced, shall we say, in the Civil Rights Movement, as Rabbi Rothschild\nwas. I remember, some of Rabbi Sugarman's sermons, as time went on, and one of\nthe more memorable ones he gave, was about gay people, which was very\ninteresting; it was the first time I'd ever heard a rabbi speak about that. So,\nthat's more of what I remember from Rabbi Sugarman doing. But, I don't remember\nRabbi Rothschild's stirring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sermons about the Civil Rights Movement, that was a\nlittle before my time.\n\nMICHALOVE: And the Temple was bombed before . . .\n\nNADEL: The Temple was bombed in the 1950s, and though my parents were members at\nthe time . . . and that may have been part of the reason my father was very\nanxious about Rabbi Rothschild being so much involved in the Civil Rights\nMovement. But, I don't recall anything even close [to that]. No one was\ndemonstrating or causing any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems in front of the Temple, during the years\nthat I was growing up in the 1960s and early 1970s.\n\nMICHALOVE: Had Friendship Hall already been built by the time you remember the Temple?\n\nNADEL: Oh yes.\n\nMICHALOVE: That was what the fundraiser was for, before the Temple was bombed.\nThey were in the middle of fundraising when the Temple was bombed.\n\nNADEL: I did not know that, but yes, it was built. I remember practicing for the\njunior choir in Friendship Hall, when I would do that. And, of course, I don't\nremember a time when Friendship Hall was not there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it was built at that\ntime, though they hadn't expanded the synagogue like they have now. It was about\n1,200 families, I believe, at the time, which made it very sizeable. It was\nstill probably . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: It was the biggest in Atlanta.\n\nNADEL: No it wasn't. The AA was bigger.\n\nMICHALOVE: Really?\n\nNADEL: The AA had almost 2,000 families when I grew up. And the reason I know\nthis is that, at The Hebrew Academy in sixth grade they made us make a\npresentation about our synagogues. And there were only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two of us in the class\nthat were Reform. She, actually, was going to Temple Sinai at the time--the\nother one--so I was the only one going to the Temple. So, I had to make the\nentire Temple presentation. So, I had to call up and find out and they told me\nthat there were about 1,200 families. And, the people who went to the AA at the\ntime said there were about 2,000. It's much smaller now, but it was the largest,\nprobably the largest synagogue in the Southeast [United States] at that point, I\nwould guess, the AA was.\n\nMICHALOVE: Were you at all involved in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Olympics in Atlanta?\n\nNADEL: I went to the Olympics in Atlanta. (laughs) I can't say I was involved in\nthe Olympics in Atlanta. I had just moved back to Atlanta. We were married in\n1991, we had just moved into our house in 1994, and I remember going to the\nOlympics at that time, but I'd just started joining my practice in 1994.\n\nMICHALOVE: And the name of your practice is?\n\nNADEL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allergy and Asthma Consultants. I had started my own practice when I\nmoved to Atlanta in 1991, but it was bought in 1994, so I could merge with that\nother, larger practice. So, since I had just started with them, less than two\nyears before, I didn't have time to be volunteering for the Olympics. But, I did\ntake time to go to some of the Olympic events, which were quite memorable. So, I\nenjoyed that very much.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did some of your partners go too?\n\nNADEL: Yes. They all went to an event or two or three. It was hard to get\ntickets to lots of things. But, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember there were lotteries and you had to\nbuy all the tickets. I remember going to three things, which was nice. We went\nto one basketball game, we went to one preliminary track event, we went to one\nother event--I think it was volleyball or something like that--in the Omni\n[which] was Phillips Arena. But, it was fun, and my in-laws came and we all went\ntogether, and I figured it would be the only time I would ever have a chance to\ngo to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Olympics (smiles), so we did. But, there was not a lot of time to\nspend volunteering.\n\nMICHALOVE: You said you had just come to Atlanta, what brought you here? Why did\nyou choose Atlanta?\n\nNADEL: I chose Atlanta for several reasons. First, my family was still here, my\nmother and father were still alive, my aunts and uncles were here with their\nchildren. So, we were not a large family, but my mother's side was here. My\nfather's side was in Des Moines, Iowa, which was a much smaller community, and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were more opportunities for me here. I had several advantages. I knew the\ncity well enough to know where people were located and the traffic patterns well\nenough to know where I should open a practice. And that proved to be correct,\nsimply because within three years I had already filled a niche that the other\npractice found desirable and wanted to merge with me for that reason. I was\nstarting to, shall we say, become interesting to some of their patients, because\nI was halfway ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between two of their outlying offices. So, they decided they would\nbring me on board as well. I came in 1994, I became a partner in 1994.\n\nMICHALOVE: Let's talk a little bit about today. First of all, what synagogue do\nyou belong to, and do you have any outside volunteer activities?\n\nNADEL: Actually, I do. I go to Temple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanu-El, which is in Dunwoody, because I\nlive in Dunwoody. And I do some charity work, I work with JELF, which is the\nJewish Educational Loan Fund which is actually . . . The Hebrew Orphans Home\nthat my mother was a part of when she grew up, later turned into JELF. Their\nmission changed, it was no longer necessary to have an orphanage. And in the\n1960s, my Uncle Al became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president of this organization which decided that they\nwere going to be providing interest-free loans to Jewish children in a\nfive-state area. So, I'm on the board of that, kind of maintaining family ties,\nso to speak, because a lot of my relatives are still on that [board]; my first\ncousin Stephen [William Garber] and his wife Marianne, my cousin Mark Goldstein,\nwho is Freda [Garber Goldstein Karp]'s son is there. So, it's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong family\nconnection and family ties to JELF. So, I spend volunteer time doing that.\n\nMICHALOVE: Giving back.\n\nNADEL: Yes, absolutely, my pleasure to do so.\n\nMICHALOVE: What didn't I ask you about, that I should have?\n\nNADEL: Ohh, I don't know. I think that the Temple has changed a lot since I was there.\n\nMICHALOVE: In what ways?\n\nNADEL: First of all, the interesting thing is, even though there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only . . .\nthe first two of us were chosen to be bar mitzvahed. Ever since that time I\ndon't think they've had a single week since then that they haven't had somebody\nbar or bat mitzvahed. Evidently, people saw the ceremony and decided they wanted\nto do it as well. So, to their credit, they didn't say, \"OK, now we've done\nthis, now we don't have to do it anymore, we don't need to train anybody else,\nNADEL was already ready,\" and opened it up for anybody who wanted to do it. And\never since that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they've done so many, they do multiple ones every week.\nThey've gotten so big they have to do one in the morning, one in the afternoon.\nBut, I don't think during the time that I grew up and in the years later, I\nthink they still had one very single weekend, pretty much. There might be a few\nI missed but in general I think they continue that. The Temple has changed\ndramatically. Even though it's still Reform, it's become more religious, more\ntraditional, more Hebrew in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service. The congregation, while much larger\nthan it was, and I have no idea how big it is now. We were members for a short\ntime when I came back, but it was too far for us to come, so we chose to go to\nthe synagogue in Dunwoody. But, ever since that time, you see tallit at\nservices, it's just completely different than when I grew up. It really felt\nmuch more church-like when I grew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, and I know that was partly deliberate.\nThat goes back to what you were talking about Leo Frank, and that may have\nentered into Rabbi Marx's calculus at that point as well. I think, Jews at that\ntime were trying to assimilate. They were trying to not stand out and they\nwanted to be part of the community and viewed as part of the community, not as a\nseparate part of the community. And by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"design, I suspect, the Temple had pews\nwhen they built their new building--like a church would have--they had a\nchoir--like a church would have.\n\nMICHALOVE: Where was the choir?\n\nNADEL: The choir was behind the ark in the far back, behind the curtain, that\nnobody saw them. In fact, I never met any of them. (laughs) I knew the voices,\nbut I didn't know who was in it.\n\nMICHALOVE: My understanding was they were not Jewish. (chuckles)\n\nNADEL: That may well be, they had wonderful voices. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"junior choir were all\nthe kids and we sang right out in front by the entrance and exit to the\nsynagogue, or to the room, by the bimah. But, other than that, it really had a\nstrong church-like feeling. The prayer books were the Hebrew Union prayer books\nwhich were largely in English with just some scattered Hebrew. It was very much\na church-like feel. And it doesn't feel that way anymore, it feels much more\ntraditional than it did then. So, that's been a very big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change, and that's\nevolved over a long time. I suspect what I did had some small part of that, but\nit's just times changed and what people wanted changed. People no longer were\nworried about just assimilating and more people came from other areas. People\nwere moving to Atlanta, it wasn't just a small Atlanta Jewish community, people\nwere coming from all over the country and they may have wanted what they had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back home, rather than what we had here.\n\nMICHALOVE: Do you think that Temple Sinai's formation had anything to do, number\none, with your bar mitzvah and number two, with the change that you've seen at\nthe Temple?\n\nNADEL: I don't know that it had anything to do with my bar mitzvah. That's an\ninteresting question, because Rabbi Lehrman had left already. He may have wanted\nto take a different tack. I don't know if they started their bar mitzvahs before ours.\n\nMICHALOVE: It was from the beginning.\n\nNADEL: So, it was. So maybe that is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something, maybe that's one of the reason he\nwanted . . . MICHALOVE: There were people who joined Temple Sinai who had\nbelonged to the Temple . . .\n\nNADEL: Yes, I knew that all of them came from the Temple . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: . . . who had belonged to AA or Sherif Israel so that their children\ncould be bar or bat mitzvahed because it wasn't allowed at the Temple. That's\nwhat lead me to ask the question.\n\nNADEL: I did not know that. It's an interesting question to me, because he had\nleft a couple of years earlier and I did not know that was one of the reasons\nthat he left. It was never . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: He left because his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contract was up, but the people that hired him to\nstart Temple Sinai had the blessing of Rabbi Rothschild. But, it was with the\nunderstanding that Sinai would be a much more liberal congregation than the\nTemple which was at that time, as you said, more conservative, was strictly Reform.\n\nNADEL: Yes. So, he wanted Temple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sinai to be as liberal as the Temple?\n\nMICHALOVE: No. He wanted, he agreed from the very beginning that there would be\nbar/bat mitzvahs . . .\n\nNADEL: Interesting . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: . . . and we had them. The first was a bat mitzvah.\n\nNADEL: I knew people who joined Temple Sinai at the beginning and I remember\ngoing to some of their services and it was in a church . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: Yes.\n\nNADEL: . . . believe it or not, and one of my friends was bar mitzvahed there\nlater, I remember going to that. But I didn't know they had it at the very beginning.\n\nMICHALOVE: That was one of the founding . . . that was one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasons . . .\n\nNADEL: It makes you wonder if Rabbi Rothschild was trying to siphon off anybody\nthat might want to do that, (smiles) and therefore quell any kind of\nunhappiness. I don't know, but that's an interesting thing.\n\nMICHALOVE: That's why I asked you about Rabbi Sugarman, because once he became\nthe Senior Rabbi, after Rabbi Rothschild died, it became the norm . . .\n\nNADEL: Right.\n\nMICHALOVE: . . . that they could have bar mitzvahs. But when Sinai formed, that\nwas not the case. It was not allowed.\n\nNADEL: Yes. I knew it was formed around the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was coming along, so it\nwas just about . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: It was formed in 1968.\n\nNADEL: . . . yes, so it just four years before I was bar mitzvahed. And, as I\nsaid, I knew people who did it. It was a small congregation for a while, and a\nlot of people came from the Temple, to go there. So, I was not aware of that,\nbut it is interesting that he gave the blessing for that. I don't know why, but\nthat's just fascinating.\n\nMICHALOVE: It was interesting to me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he condoned . . .\n\nNADEL: Somewhere else but not his own, for at least several years. So, that's\ninteresting. I didn't know that.\n\nMICHALOVE: Let's talk a little bit about, you were talking about it felt like church.\n\nNADEL: Yes, it did.\n\nMICHALOVE: Compare it to, didn't they have chapel at Westminster at that time?\n\nNADEL: No, they did not. The person that ran Westminster was William Pressly,\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he--while certainly very Christian--was not what I would call\nfundamentalist. He was fairly broadminded. I was very lucky to go to Westminster\nat a time that they really were not proselytizing. They required everyone to do\nOld and New Testament, we had a very brief--about one minute--morning devotional\nover the loudspeakers in the morning. I remember that in Junior High, but less\nso in High School, which was kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting.\n\nMICHALOVE: This is Shirley Michalove, this is the second part of our interview\nwith Glen Nader on October 20, 2017. This is part of the Taylor Oral History\nProgram at The Breman Museum in Atlanta. We were talking about bar mitzvah,\n(laughs) and the Temple.\n\nNADEL: Yes.\n\nMICHALOVE: And what it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like.\n\nNADEL: And we were saying, basically, that the Temple felt very different at the\ntime, very church-like, by design or not. It was partly because of the education\nof the people there, I suspect, and the fact that many of them didn't know\nHebrew. But also, probably a conscious effort to try and make them as similar to\nother religious organizations in the community, other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"churches, as possible so\nthat they wouldn't stand out as much. At least that was the original intent from\ndecades earlier. And as time went on, people started to become less and less\nsatisfied with that, I think, as time went on.\n\nMICHALOVE: And I think that Dr. Marx was more of an emissary to the non-Jewish\ncommunity, and he had a lot to say about the current building.\n\nNADEL: Probably, and I would suspect Rabbi Rothschild was, also continued that\nrole, because he was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outspoken in the community as an advocate for civil\nrights at the time. And I think that was kind of following what Rabbi Marx did\nas well.\n\nMICHALOVE: Can I ask--because it always fascinated me as a kid that--the rabbi\npushes a button on the lower bimah (laughs), and then goes up the steps, and\nthey time it perfectly, so that the ark opens magically. Did you get to push the button?\n\nNADEL: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did get to push the button (smiles). Yes, I did. That was one of my\nfavorite parts of it, actually. It was just one of those things that, as a kid,\nyou always loved to do. In Orthodox mind, it would break Jewish law, to use an\nelectric switch to open the ark. (laughs) But, that again was the way the Temple\nhad always been designed. And they still, except in the chapel, still do it that\nway to this day, which is kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did they tutor you on how to walk the steps so that you could find it properly?\n\nNADEL: (laughs) No.\n\nMICHALOVE: I was always fascinated by that.\n\nNADEL: I just think that the distance was such and they just took it very slowly\nand deliberately, and by the time they got through all those steps to the top,\nit was basically open, yes. And I followed them, so I didn't have to learn\nanything because their pace was such that it didn't really matter.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\n\nNADEL: Yes, I did, I pushed the button at the top to close it. Yes, I did.\n\nMICHALOVE: I didn't learn that there was a button at the top.\n\nNADEL: (laughs)\n\nMICHALOVE: I took a tour, a friend of mine is a docent there, and she took us\nthere and I said, \"You've got to tell me how that works.\" (laughs) And she\nshowed us the button.\n\nNADEL: Well, I had the privilege of doing it, and they let me have the privilege\nof doing it. Later, as a matter of fact, I read from the Torah a second time,\nnot at bar mitzvah but at confirmation. So, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time for confirmation came,\nthere were three of us that wanted to do it and had not had any kind of\nbackground or training to do it. By then, Rabbi Sugarman was already a rabbi,\nand they had two other assistant rabbis. And once again, we were divided up. I\nread first, they said, \"You're done.\" I think I made one mistake in reading that\none section, he says, \"You're done. That's the best I've ever heard first time,\nyou're finished.\" And then, the others basically had to train for a period of\ntime. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was a second time I got to do it, so I was given the privilege\ntwice of doing it.\n\nMICHALOVE: How big was your confirmation class?\n\nNADEL: My confirmation class was probably about, oh goodness, I would say about\n60 people, somewhere along that line. We filled the first at least two or three\npews at the synagogue. Some on the side, and some not all the way to the far\nside, but the middle and one of the side pews. So, I would guess about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"60\npeople. It was either two or three rows.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did everybody have a speaking part?\n\nNADEL: Yes, they did. And we lead the service for that, which I found\ninteresting, because at the bar mitzvah they didn't let me lead the whole\nservice. But, everyone did one little section, one little prayer, and we lead\nthe service until the end, though the rabbis did the sermons themselves, during that.\n\nMICHALOVE: Caps and gowns?\n\nNADEL: Oh yes, well, not caps, but gowns, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"White gowns, I think, is what I\nremember, strangely enough.\n\nMICHALOVE: And flowers?\n\nNADEL: No (laughs), I don't think so.\n\nMICHALOVE: The girls . . .\n\nNADEL: The girls may have had them, I don't remember. I was struck by the white\ngowns, I think. It's what I remember.\n\nMICHALOVE: Like a graduation gown.\n\nNADEL: Yes, like a graduation gown. Or, as I would say, it looked a little bit\nlike a choir gown. It reminded me of some choir gowns.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you wear gowns when you were in the Junior Choir?\n\nNADEL: Yes, we did, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's why I would say that. Ours were blue, but it was\nexactly the same flowing robe with the little folds, that we wore later. So, yes.\n\nMICHALOVE: How many children were in the choir?\n\nNADEL: I would say about 20, so, smaller. I was one of the poorer voices in the\nchoir (smiles). I never got to do a real solo. My sister was fond of telling the\nstory--that I don't remember but I think is made up, it's probably urban\nmyth--but, she said that I was told to once mouth the words and not sing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\nmy voice was that bad. (laughs) And I don't recall them ever saying that, though\nI do recall them saying once, in practice when I did sing once as a soloist he\nsaid, \"Wow, you were 99% on key this time, that's a big improvement.\" (laughs)\nSo, singing was not my forte. But, they brought me in and they knew that I had\nthe Hebrew knowledge, I knew all the words in all the songs. I just couldn't\nsing the way some of the other people could.\n\nMICHALOVE: When, or how, did the Junior Choir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participate? On sShabbat, on\nSaturday mornings?\n\nNADEL: No. Only in children's services.\n\nMICHALOVE: Oh.\n\nNADEL: So, many of the services I went to growing up were children's services,\nrather than adult services, which is why--one of the reasons--why I missed out\non Rabbi Rothschild's stirring sermons. Because he didn't give the same sermons\nin the children's service as he gave for the regular service.\n\nMICHALOVE: Were there regular children's services on shabbat, or was this only\nfor holidays?\n\nNADEL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as I can remember, it was not just on holidays, it was more often\nthan that. But it wasn't every week. So, they must have been, maybe, monthly. I\njust can't remember exactly; my guess is it was about monthly.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did they have a cantor at that time?\n\nNADEL: Oh no.\n\nMICHALOVE: I didn't think so.\n\nNADEL: No cantors.\n\nMICHALOVE: Who taught the choir?\n\nNADEL: Peggy Newfield did. She was actually the leader of the junior choir. I\ndon't know about the adult choir. But, for the junior choir, Peggy had a great\nbackground in music and a wonderful voice. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, as I say, one of the many\ndifferences is, now they have a cantor. We sang a little bit during service. It\nwas always very traditional Shema and Barkhu and Aleinu, and that was it. There\nwere no other prayers sung in Hebrew and the congregation didn't know how to, I\ndon't believe. So, it was just later they started doing more.\n\nMICHALOVE: Were you involved at all, or was your family at all involved when\nRabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rothschild was one of the conveners of the dinner for Martin Luther King,\nwhen he won the Nobel Prize?\n\nNADEL: I don't think they were involved, no. They never said anything about it\nto me if they were. They never went to the dinner, that I know of. They did not\nconsider themselves important enough, at the time, to be someone that would be\non that committee, I suspect. They were not people of great means, and I don't\nthink that they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in any way.\n\nMICHALOVE: What else do we need to talk about?\n\nNADEL: Well, actually, one other thing . . . we were talking a little bit about\nWestminster before, and I wanted to say a few other things about how that's\nchanged, as time has gone on. As I said, I felt very fortunate to go to that\nschool, partly because it was right down the street from my house, which made it\nreally easy to get there and back. But, the education was wonderful. It was the\nbest you could get, and probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still is. But, I was fortunate for another\nreason, and that is that William Pressley--Dr. Pressley--who was the headmaster\nat the time, while religious, didn't push the school to the point of\nfundamentalism at the time. And, we really did fairly minimal religious things.\nThere was no pervasive atmosphere of fundamentalism at the school, at all. We\ndid our relatively few courses. We had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably one service a year--and of\ncourse Christmas was always in winter break--but at Easter they'd have one\nservice nearby we'd go to. But, really, there was very little that we had to go\nto that was religious. After I left . . . actually he died. Did he die, or did\nhe retire, I can't remember. He may have retired and then shortly after, died.\nBut they started bringing in people around the time I was in eleventh or twelfth\ngrade. And they went through a couple of them before they settled on someone.\nBut, they started having problems after I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. And I don't really know all the\ndetails, but, it's my understanding through other people--and this may just be\nhearsay. Of course, it was always a wealthy school, still is extraordinarily\nwealthy. The parents that went there were always wealthy, the kids were wealthy\nand were people of great means. And it's my understanding they started having\ndifficulty with some problems like drugs and things. True or not, I don't know,\nbut they decided that they were going to become more fundamentalist at the time.\nAnd some people told me that was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reaction to what went on there. They felt\nthat if they would start having religious retreats, which they did later and\ndidn't have when I was there, and I never would have gone to those. They allow\nyou a way out, you probably have to do papers or something, but they didn't have\nany of that when I was there. It's a much more religious atmosphere now than it\nwas then. I was able to take Jewish religious holidays off, even when I went there.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you have to go to the services or were you excused if you wanted to?\n\nNADEL: I was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excused. But I didn't want to be, at the time. I didn't see\nthat there was any great need to do that. They weren't going to convert me at\nthe time. I felt that I had a very strong, not only a strong background, but a\nstrong sense of Jewish self, and didn't feel the need to . . . I didn't feel\nthreatened in any way by what they were doing. I did have to go to them and say,\n\"I'm going to be off for this holiday,\" bring a note when I came back in, which\nis fine. I remember, my classmates were always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jealous that I got to miss the\nJewish holidays. And I said, \"It's not a big help, in fact I have to make-up all\nthe work anyway. But, they were jealous of the fact that I got to take days off,\nseveral days off in the middle of the year. But, other than that, I really . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: Did your parents make sure you went to temple?\n\nNADEL: Oh yes, absolutely. We may not have gone to services all the time, but we\nalways did go on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, that's for sure.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you take any of the other holidays off, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I know if you\nwent to The Hebrew Academy it would have been closed for the minor holidays too.\n\nNADEL: Yes, we did not do that. I did not take Sukkot, or Shavuot, or anything\nelse off. It was hard enough with the way Westminster was very high pressure, in\nterms of academics. It was hard enough to miss a couple of days, and to miss\nseveral more would have been very difficult. And so, we did not choose to do\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. And while we grew up and my parents were very proud of the fact I was bar\nmitzvahed, we were never strongly, strongly, religious. We didn't go to\nsynagogue all the time; we did not keep kosher at home. It was not something\nthat we felt that I had to do. We always celebrated Pesach, of course, but that\nwas around Easter at Westminster. There may have been a spring break, I never\nhad to bring . . . I may have, I brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matzo a couple of times for lunch, I\nremember doing that. But in general, they fed you, so I didn't have to worry\nabout bringing lunches most of the time. That was the few times I did, was when\nPesach fell at such a time that I had to bring some matzo, but that was it. No,\nI didn't take any other holidays.\n\nMICHALOVE: Let's go back to your mother.\n\nNADEL: Yes.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did she and her siblings ever discuss both the Orphans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Home or what\nit was like or why they were separated.\n\nNADEL: Well, she told me as little as she could, and really did not remember\nvery much. She had such an unpleasant experience it was a traumatic experience\nfor her, even though her mother later left the sanitariam--maybe 20 years later,\nit was that long--she was pretty much out before her mother came home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, her\nentire childhood was spent there and she was so traumatized by that that she\njust didn't remember a lot of the details and chose not to. Maybe not\nconsciously, but sub-consciously, she just didn't remember a lot of the\nunpleasantness that she had experienced. So, she didn't tell me much. I've heard\nvery little bits of stories from time to time, and some of the stories I heard\ndidn't match some of the stories that my cousins heard. So, there was some\ndisagreement here, some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things were lost in the mists of time. But, as\nthey were fond of saying, they provided them everything they needed, they were\nvery Germanic, very--I would suspect--quite strict. They provided everything but\nlove, is what my uncle used to say, and which is something they really couldn't\nprovide. But they were not warm and nurturing, I don't think, that's what my\nuncle remembers. Though they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"admired him very much because he was very\nsuccessful after he left. He was very smart, went to college on a scholarship\nand was able to become very successful in business after he left. So, he was\nkind of, to them, a role model perhaps, for the other kids.\n\nMICHALOVE: He was a \"poster child\".\n\nNADEL: He was, and I think they admired him very much for his drive and ambition\nand his success. And he was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supportive of his siblings and tried to\neverything he could at the time for them. But, as a teenager, it was very\ndifficult for him to do very much to help at that time. My mom spent a large\npart of her time with distant relatives in their home, but she didn't like the\nexperience. She didn't feel very welcome. The Orphans Home would pay them money\nto keep her, which I'm sure she knew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They would still visit and check on her\nperiodically, and they tested her until she was 18. They tested her every year\nto see if she had TB [tuberculosis]. Her mother had it and her sister later had\nit as well. So, they were worried that she did, but she never did. She was\nalways very thin and, to them, looked undernourished. I read the report, and\nevery report said that she was supposed to drink a quart of milk with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"full fat,\nevery single day. (laughs) That was their remedy for this, they didn't know what\nto do. So, she got through it but it was not something she chose to talk about\nvery much. She preferred to tell me stories about things after she left, when\nshe was working with my uncle, when things were much happier for her.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did your father have siblings?\n\nNADEL: My father did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father had two siblings, my Aunt Ramona [Ramona Nadel\nRobinson] and my Uncle Floyd [Floyd M. Nadel]. \"Goody\" [Goodman S. Robinson]\nmarried Aunt Ramona. All of them lived in Des Moines, (Iowa). They stayed in\nSouix Falls a little longer than my dad. My dad's father ran a clothing store.\nMy grandfather had a stroke--how old was he--probably in his late thirties or\nearly forties, very young, very young, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later died. My dad was starting to\nrun the clothing store until he was called off for World War II. After that, he\ncame back and it was just not possible, because he was gone so long, to keep the\nstore going, I suspect. So, the store was closed and he ended up being the\ntraveling salesman that he did later. It was just circumstance.\n\nMICHALOVE: From what you're saying I have the feeling you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closer to your\nmother's family because of proximity.\n\nNADEL: Oh, absolutely. Every Sunday we would go to my Aunt Freda's, and we would\ngo for dinner. My mother was a wonderful cook and so was Aunt Freda, and there\nwas this unspoken competition between the two of them. It was always a very\nkindly competition, but there was still some element of competition there. They\nwould both make wonderful food and afterwards they would say, \"Who's do you like\nbetter?\". ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We learned to be very diplomatic during these dinners (laughs) not to\nspeak our minds too clearly. But, they were both fabulous cooks. Different\npersonalities. My mother was always very nervous and was not of the mind that\nshe could do big dinner parties. It would have made her so anxious she never\ncould do it. She was wonderful feeding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, she would have a person or two over\nfor dinner, from time to time. But we almost never had big family dinners at my\nhouse. My Aunt Freda, totally different personality. She could feed 20 people at\nthe drop of a hat. We often had 20 people for dinner on Sunday. It was one of\nthose big family dinners you always used to hear about, but it was always at her\nhouse. My mom would bring food, but Freda would throw it together and cook food.\nShe just was very relaxed and it never bothered her to do it. So, I spent a lot\nof time at her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house, every week we would spend time at her house.\n\nMICHALOVE: Did you live near one another?\n\nNADEL: Within less than a mile. In fact, at one point my Uncle Al lived next\ndoor to my mother and Aunt Freda. But he later moved and the house next to them\nwas sold. Freda stayed in the same house, my mom moved away, and then later we\nbought a house on West Wesley [Road] which was just a mile from Margaret\nMitchell [Drive] where she had her house. So, we were always very close, and in\nfact . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my Uncle Al, as great a business man as he was, and as much as I\nadmired him, and he actually sent me to college, I should tell you. I borrowed\nthe money from him to go to college, and that's a different story. But . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: Well, let's talk about it.\n\nNADEL: I will in a minute. (grins) But, with my Aunt Freda it was different. We\nfelt much closer to them, and her children. She had lost her first husband, he\nhad died probably late thirties, early forties from a heart attack. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my three\nfirst cousins were there and they were my closest cousins. My uncle, who was not\ntoo far--it was only four or five miles away--being a business man he was\ntraveling more, had a completely different lifestyle. We didn't travel much. I\ndidn't grow up much with Stephen [Stephen William Garber] and Richard [Richard\nGarber]. I never knew Eliot, his first son who died of cancer before I was born.\nSo, I never really spent as much time with them. We were much less close to my\nuncle, personally. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Though I admired him very much, and was always glad to go see\nhim, we just spent more time with my aunt, and that was just the way it was.\n\nMICHALOVE: What else do we need to say? Other family stories?\n\nNADEL: Yes, other family stories. Well, I should tell you my Uncle Al story a\nlittle bit with me. I always, as I said, admired him greatly. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was very\nsuccessful at what he did, but, as I said, I didn't spend as much time with him\nas I would like. But, when the time came for me to go to college, my parents\nwere certainly not destitute, but they were not very liquid. It was very\ndifficult to pay for school, and I wanted to go to Duke (University). So, we\nwent to my uncle, and my uncle said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We should at least put in an application\nfor JELF.\" So, I said fine, we didn't really expect that they would agree, but\nwe said, it's part of the process, we'll do it. We felt that because of my\nfather's supposed net worth, though we couldn't sell his property very quickly\nor easily, there are more deserving people. And that's exactly what happened.\nWhen the meeting came, and this was near the very beginning of JELF, it was in\nthe late 1970s, within seven or eight years of when they first started giving\nmoney. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the case came up, Uncle Al said, \"I know this person, I'm going to\nrecuse myself, I'm not going to say anything.\" And the group decided that I\nwouldn't get the money, which was fine. Then, he turns around after the meeting\nand calls us and says \"Well, I'm going to loan you the money myself.\" So, that's\nwhat he did. He loaned me the money for college, I later paid him back\neverything, but my parents never had to pay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for college because of him. And I've\ntalked to people at JELF later, and they said, \"That's just like him\". There\nwere times when someone was felt not to be deserving enough, but my uncle felt\nthat they deserved the money, he would turn around and give them the money\nhimself. So, that's what he would do and he did that for me. Now, that got him\nin trouble, to some extent, from the IRS [Internal Revenue Service], because he\ndid it through the Eliot Garber Foundation. It turned out the IRS didn't like\nthat so much. I remember one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time when I was in training in Kansas City, he\ncalled me up and said \"You've got to go to the bank and you've got to fax this\nlittle form, I'm going to send you,\"--and back then there weren't a lot of\nfaxes--and we had to fax this form. It was a promissory note basically saying\nthat I would pay the money back. He was trying to get the IRS, which was giving\nhim a lot of heat, off his back. So, I did that and they finally left him alone.\nThese days it might not be considered as kosher because I'm a family member,\nthey certainly wouldn't like you loaning money to a family member and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying\nthat it was from the foundation. But, he got through it and I paid him back\neverything. When it came time for medical school, medical school for me was half\nthe price (laughs) of Duke. So, my parents said, \"We'll pay for that.\" But I\nborrowed all the money and seven years later paid him all back for it. It was\njust his generosity, he was just legend. I thought I should say that.\n\nMICHALOVE: I think that he was a legend in that he was one of the ones ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that not\nonly made good, but did good.\n\nNADEL: Yes. He made good, but he felt that he needed to give back.\n\nMICHALOVE: Right.\n\nNADEL: And that was one of his ways of giving back. He did a lot of other things\ntoo. He did City of Hope. One of my earliest memories was him, I guess he was\npresident of a charity, in Atlanta that year. He was giving a speech, I don't\neven know where it was, and I don't remember the exact circumstances, but I'd\ngiven him a note beforehand. I couldn't have been more than four or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five. And I,\nbasically, enclosed two dollars which (smiles) . . .\n\nMICHALOVE: That's a lot for a child.\n\nNADEL: For me it was. And I said, you should give this to the charity. And he\nactually talked about it while sitting at the podium in front of this big\nmeeting hall full of people. I don't know how many people were in this ballroom,\nseveral hundred. But I remember him talking about it. It was one of my earliest\nmemories. I couldn't have been more than five, maybe I was four, but somewhere\nin that range and I remember him talking about it. So, he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always that way,\ngiving back was what he wanted to do.\n\nMICHALOVE: Thank you for sharing that. Thank you for being so open . . .\n\nNADEL: . . . and spouting all my stories (laughs), yes.\n\nMICHALOVE: No, thank you for sharing with us. It's important.\n\nNADEL: It was my pleasure. It really was. I greatly admired my parents, they\nwere both wonderful people, generous, loving. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've always felt it kind of\namazing that my mom, who came out of the circumstances that she did, would be so\nkind and generous and forward thinking as she was, because of her childhood. I\nthought that would scar her, but it really didn't, quite remarkably. My dad grew\nup in a home, and though he lost his dad early, had a true, nuclear family, and\nwas very close to his siblings as my mom was. So, it was a little different for\nhim. But, it was just amazing that they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/transcript/24918/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bright, and generous, so many good\ntraits. So, I feel very blessed to have them.\n\nMICHALOVE: It's nice to have those kinds of memories.\n\nNADEL: It is, and to keep them alive, absolutely.\n\nMICHALOVE: And now they'll be saved for posterity.\n\nNADEL: That's right. Some of their stories will be for posterity.\n\nMICHALOVE: Thank you so much.\n\nNADEL: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=4260.0,4290.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. Homestead Acts in the early 1900s were laws which allowed applicants to acquire ownership of government land. Nearly 10 percent of the total area of the U.S. was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders, predominately west of the Mississippi River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSwiss luxury watch company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOpened in 1872, Girls’ High School was part of the original public school system in Atlanta and its only public high school exclusively for girls. In 1947 when the city’s schools became co-educational, Girls High was renamed Roosevelt High School and accepted both boys and girls. In 1985 Roosevelt was combined with Hoke Smith Technical School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDictation is the transcription of spoken text spoken by one person and written down my another. Stenography (also called shorthand) is an abbreviated symbolic writing method used to quickly write down information as it is spoken.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, tuberculosis (also called consumption) had killed one in seven of all people that had ever lived. Patients sought “the cure” in sanitariams, facilities where it was believed that rest and a healthful climate could change the course of the disease. TB is considered one of the deadliest diseases in human history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans Home began in the late nineteenth century in Atlanta and grew to become an important social service agency in the twentieth century. Ultimately it became the financial aid organization, the Jewish Education Loan Fund (JELF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzar Nicholas II, (1868 – 1918), was the last Russian emperor. He was killed, with his wife Alexandra and their children, by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution in 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cossacks were a group of Russian military warriors who still exist today, but without the same military power they had in the past. Cossacks were among those responsible for carrying out the pogroms in Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Resistance was the collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy régime during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world’s countries eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. By the end of the war, more than half of the Jewish population of Europe had been killed by the Nazis (political party of the mass movement known as National Socialism, an extreme racist and authoritarian group) in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn allergist/immunologist is a physician specially trained to diagnose, treat and manage allergies, asthma, and immunologic disorders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNot fashionable or sophisticated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSegregation is the institutional separation of an ethnic, racial, religious, or other minority group from the dominant majority.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank, a Jew, was falsely accused of murdering 13-year-old Mary Phagan. He was convicted and jailed, then kidnapped from jail and lynched in 1915. He was a member of the Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple (Hebrew Benevolent Congregation) is a Reform congregation located in midtown Atlanta and is the city’s oldest and most diverse synagogue. It was the scene of an historic bombing in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBar mitzvah is a Jewish coming-of-age ritual for boys, aged 13; bat mitzvah is the corresponding ritual for girls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2014, The Hebrew Academy (then called Greenfield Hebrew Academy) merged with Yeshiva High School (Jewish High School) into one college preparatory day school now called the Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Frankel was the Head of School at Greenfield Hebrew Academy for 23 years, from 1967 to 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHostility toward, or discrimination against, Jews as a religious or racial group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the morning of Sunday, October 12, 1958, an explosion ripped through the Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Although no one was hurt, the blast caused almost $200,000 of damage. The white supremacist group “Confederate Underground” claimed responsibility for the attack. Many believed that the attack was partly aimed at Senior Rabbi Jacob Rothschild’s outspoken support for the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHostility toward, or discrimination against, Jews as a religious or racial group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish day school is an educational institution designed to provide children of Jewish parents with both a Jewish and a secular education in one school on a full-time basis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRacial quotas are numerical requirements for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn antisemitic slur suggesting that the Jewish people as a whole were responsible for the death of Jesus, a belief which continues to be held and advanced by some Christians today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Old Testament of the Bible is viewed in Judaism as an historical record of God’s promise to the Jews as his chosen people; Christians view it as a prophecy of the advent of Jesus Christ as the Messiah. The New Testament relates and interprets the new covenant, represented in the life and death of Jesus, between God and the followers of Christ; the New Testament is canonical only to Christianity. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn individual involved in ministry commissioned by a religious organization to propagate its faith or carry on humanitarian work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism refers to the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism which view the Torah as literally revealed by God on Mount Sinai. The Conservative movement maintains that Jewish law remains binding on modern Jews, but affords far greater leeway than Orthodoxy in adapting those laws to modern realities. Reform Judaism has reformed or abandoned aspects of Orthodoxy to adapt to modern changes in social, political, and cultural life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMajor Jewish holidays include Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Chanukah, and Pesach (Passover) among others.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher foods are those that conform to the Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut (a set of Jewish religious dietary laws). In a kosher kitchen, there are separate dishes and utensils for dairy and for meat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew is a Northwest Semitic language native to Israel and historically is regarded as the language of the Israelites, Judeans, and their ancestors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shema is the centerpiece of the daily morning and evening prayer services. An affirmation of God’s singularity and kingship, it is considered by some to be the most essential prayer in all of Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Barkhu is the formal call to prayer (“Praise the Lord who is blessed.”) in a service, which is answered by a response from the congregation (“Praised be the Lord, who is blessed, forever and ever.”).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer, recited at or near the end of every service, which praises God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEtz Chaim He is the prayer recited when the Torah scroll is returned to the ark. The translation of Etz Chaim He is: “It is a tree of life for whoever holds onto her.” The Torah is described as the tree of life and whoever cleaves to the Torah and its wisdom will merit life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat (the Sabbath) and Jewish holidays. Additionally, the word refers to a small repast held on Shabbat or festival mornings after the prayer services and before the meal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn every synagogue, the Torah scrolls are kept in a cabinet called the holy ark. During services the scrolls are removed from the ark and prayers/songs/scriptures are recited as the scrolls are carried amongst the congregation. When they are completed, the Torah scrolls are returned to the ark.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German Reform Movement in Judaism refers to the ideas, practices, and debates developed during a period of disputes and innovation in the first two thirds of the 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Marx served at the Temple for 51 years from 1895 until his retirement in 1946. His tenure included two world wars, the lynching of Temple member Leo Frank, and a struggle amongst American Jews over supporting Zionism. He espoused strong classical Reform Jewish practices and began a long-standing tradition of Temple rabbis reaching out to the larger non-Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Rothschild served the Temple for 27 years from 1946 until his death in 1973. During that time, he established close relationships with many of Atlanta’s Christian clergy, and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men often cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a yarmulke or kippah. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEarly in the 19th century, the German Reform Movement eliminated bar and bat mitzvahs and instituted confirmation as a new initiation into Jewish responsibility for boys and girls. Designed as the culmination of a course of study for teens, it was originally held on the Sabbath during Passover, Sukkot, or Hanukkah but was soon moved to Shavuot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Alvin Sugarman was named senior rabbi at the Temple in 1974. He received his BBA and PhD from Emory University, and was ordained by Hebrew Union College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39924/file/111548/annotation_set/491/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA passage from the Torah read each week. 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