{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6688g8gs7h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cohen, Gerald (1994)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1994-06-21 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on June 21, 1994 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003e            Gerald begins the interview by discussing the antisemitism he faced as a child, especially at school. There was less antisemitism in the business world, however. He describes how Atlanta has become less antisemitic over time. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            He then describes how he interacted with the non-Jewish community in business. Gerald then comments on what he believes Jewish people need to do to combat antisemitism. As a part of this discussion, he praises the important outreach work of Jewish community organizations. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald states that he got married in 1942 after graduating from Emory in 1940. He describes his time working for the M\u0026amp;H Valve and Fittings Company in Anniston, Alabama. Gerald recounts a story where he intended to join the Army during World War II, but his boss at the company subverted the letter with his orders because he wanted to retain Gerald as an employee. The company at the time was working on important Navy contracts, and it could not afford to lose Gerald, so he did not serve in World War II. He also described how he would travel to and from Atlanta on the weekends while working in Anniston to go on dates with his wife, Helen. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald then speaks a bit on his family history and how his father started their family scrap metal business. He also describes how his family moved from Pocomoke City, Maryland to Atlanta. He then explains how he and his brother joined the family business in the 1940s. He describes the many Jewish scrap metal businesses of Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            He discusses the growth of the Zionist movement in Atlanta and how he participated in Young Judaea and AZA growing up. Gerald also talks about how his scrap metal company sent supplies to support Israel before it became a state. He describes how the Atlanta Jewish community grew stronger because Israel won its independence. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald is then asked about multiple issues within the contemporary Jewish community. He talks about the future of American Jewry in the next 20 years, and the importance of retaining young people within the community. He describes how different organizations assess the social, cultural, and spiritual needs of the community. Gerald expresses his wish that more Rabbis would preach to their congregations, rather than speaking to them intellectually. He comments on the issue of intermarriage between Jewish and non-Jewish spouses. Gerald describes the importance of making newcomers to the community feel welcome and how to retain members in the synagogue. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was born in 1918 in Pocomoke City, Maryland shortly before his Russian and Polish immigrant family moved to Atlanta. He grew up on Pryor and Washington Streets, in the heart of the Jewish community. As a youth, Gerald was involved in many Jewish organizations. He attended activities hosted by the United Hebrew School, Young Judaea, B’nai B’rith Youth Aleph Zadik Aleph, and Jewish Educational Alliance. He attended Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. Growing up, his friends were mostly Jewish. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Gerald went to Emory University after graduating high school and trained to become a metallurgist. He found it difficult to find jobs in his profession after he graduated, and eventually began Central Metals Co., a metal recycling business, with his father and brothers. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            He married his high school sweetheart, Helen Hillman Cohen. Together, the two had three children: Judy Cohen Kogon, Carol Cohen Deutsch, and Mark Cohen. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald was very involved in the Atlanta Jewish community. He has served as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue (1974-76), the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (1984-86), and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee (1959-61). He was the chairman of the Atlanta Jewish Federation's Annual Campaign (1978), Men's ORT, and Year 2000 Committee of Atlanta Jewish Federation, national chairman of National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), and was a founding member of The Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School. He served on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, ORT, Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, Bureau of Jewish Education, The Epstein School, The Weber School, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and as a National Officer of Council of Jewish Federations. Gerald received the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's Lifetime Achievement Award, B'nai B'rith's Century Club Man of the Year, ADL's Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award, AJC's Selig Distinguished Service Award, The Weber School's First Annual Honor, and The American ORT Federation's Leadership Service Award, and as a member of the Rabin Legacy Society and the King Solomon Society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald passed away in February 2009 at the age of 90. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29217"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Ahavath Achim Synagogue (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Alabama (geographic term)","Aleph Zadik Aleph (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (corporate name)","Anniston (Ala.) (geographic term)","Anti-defamation League (corporate name)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Arab-Israeli conflict — 1948-1967 (named event)","Assimilation (Sociology) (topical term)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic term)","Bar mitzvah (topical term)","Birmingham (Ala.) (geographic term)","B'nai B'rith (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (corporate name)","Boy Scouts (corporate name)","Breman, Mortimer Willian “Bill” (1908-2000) (personal name)","Businesspeople (topical term)","California (geographic term)","Camps (topical term)","Childhood (topical term)","Cleveland (Ohio) (geographic term)","Clubs (topical term)","Cohen, Alan (personal name)","Cohen, Bernard, (1915-1997) (personal name)","Cohen, Bernard, (1915-1997) (personal name)","Cohen, Helen Hillman (personal name)","Cohen, Mark (personal name)","Community centers (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Czech Republic (geographic term)","Dating (topical term)","Draft. (topical term)","Dry-goods (topical term)","Education (topical term)","Education, Elementary. (topical term)","Emory University (corporate name)","Farrakhan, Louis (1933-) (personal name)","Galveston (Tex.) (geographic term)","Georgia (geographic term)","Georgia Tech Research Institute (corporate name)","Girl Scouts (corporate name)","Goodman, Arnold (personal name)","Great Depression (named event)","High School (topical term)","Hotels (topical term)","Imerman, Johnny (personal name)","Immigrants--United States. (topical term)","Institutions (topical term)","Interfaith marriage. (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Jerusalem (geographic term)","Jewish businesspeople. (topical term)","Jewish children (topical term)","Jewish children (topical term)","Jewish community centers (topical term)","Jewish congregations (topical term)","Jewish day schools (topical term)","Jewish families (topical term)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (topical term)","Jewish leadership (topical term)","Jewish learning and scholarship (topical term)","Jewish men (topical term)","Jewish preaching (topical term)","Jewish religious education of young people (topical term)","Jewish sects (topical term)","Jewish sermons (topical term)","Jewish-Arab relations (topical term)","Jews, American (topical term)","Jews, German (topical term)","Jews, Polish (topical term)","Jews, Russian (topical term)","Jews—United States (topical term)","Judaism—Study and teaching (topical term)","Karp, Herbert Rubin (1922-2016) (personal name)","Kimmerling, Max (personal name)","Kogon, Judy (personal name)","Kogon, Marty (personal name)","Koplin, Dave (personal name)","Koplin, Pinky (personal name)","Levitan, Phillips (personal name)","Levitan, Steve (personal name)","London, Max (1904-1990) (personal name)","Marriage (topical term)","Maryland (geographic term)","Melnick, Willy (personal name)","Metallurgy. (topical term)","Chemical warfare (topical term)","Moscow, Harry (personal name)","Moscow, Joel (personal name)","National Council of Jewish Women (topical term)","Ohio (geographic term)","Pocomoke City (Md.) (geographic term)","Public schools (topical term)","Rabbis (topical term)","Race (topical term)","Religious education (topical term)","Rodbell, Clyde (personal name)","Rodbell, Joe (personal name)","Rodbell, Leonard (personal name)","Russia (geographic term)","Schatten, William Eugene (1928-1998) (personal name)","Schools (topical term)","Scrap metal industry (topical term)","Seder. (topical term)","South Carolina (geographic term)","Stanley, Charles (1932-2023) (personal name)","Steel. (topical term)","Talmud Torah (Judaism) (topical term)","Torah (topical term)","Universities and colleges (topical term)","Valedictories (Graduation speeches) (topical term)","World War II (named event)","Young Judaea, Inc. (corporate name)","Young Men's Christian Association (corporate name)","Youth (topical term)","Zionism. (topical term)","Zionist Organization of America (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on June 21, 1994 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald begins the interview by discussing the antisemitism he faced as a child, especially at school. There was less antisemitism in the business world, however. He describes how Atlanta has become less antisemitic over time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He then describes how he interacted with the non-Jewish community in business. Gerald then comments on what he believes Jewish people need to do to combat antisemitism. As a part of this discussion, he praises the important outreach work of Jewish community organizations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald states that he got married in 1942 after graduating from Emory in 1940. He describes his time working for the M\u0026amp;H Valve and Fittings Company in Anniston, Alabama. Gerald recounts a story where he intended to join the Army during World War II, but his boss at the company subverted the letter with his orders because he wanted to retain Gerald as an employee. The company at the time was working on important Navy contracts, and it could not afford to lose Gerald, so he did not serve in World War II. He also described how he would travel to and from Atlanta on the weekends while working in Anniston to go on dates with his wife, Helen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald then speaks a bit on his family history and how his father started their family scrap metal business. He also describes how his family moved from Pocomoke City, Maryland to Atlanta. He then explains how he and his brother joined the family business in the 1940s. He describes the many Jewish scrap metal businesses of Atlanta.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He discusses the growth of the Zionist movement in Atlanta and how he participated in Young Judaea and AZA growing up. Gerald also talks about how his scrap metal company sent supplies to support Israel before it became a state. He describes how the Atlanta Jewish community grew stronger because Israel won its independence.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald is then asked about multiple issues within the contemporary Jewish community. He talks about the future of American Jewry in the next 20 years, and the importance of retaining young people within the community. He describes how different organizations assess the social, cultural, and spiritual needs of the community. Gerald expresses his wish that more Rabbis would preach to their congregations, rather than speaking to them intellectually. He comments on the issue of intermarriage between Jewish and non-Jewish spouses. Gerald describes the importance of making newcomers to the community feel welcome and how to retain members in the synagogue.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was born in 1918 in Pocomoke City, Maryland shortly before his Russian and Polish immigrant family moved to Atlanta. He grew up on Pryor and Washington Streets, in the heart of the Jewish community. As a youth, Gerald was involved in many Jewish organizations. He attended activities hosted by the United Hebrew School, Young Judaea, B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Youth Aleph Zadik Aleph, and Jewish Educational Alliance. He attended Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. Growing up, his friends were mostly Jewish.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gerald went to Emory University after graduating high school and trained to become a metallurgist. He found it difficult to find jobs in his profession after he graduated, and eventually began Central Metals Co., a metal recycling business, with his father and brothers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He married his high school sweetheart, Helen Hillman Cohen. Together, the two had three children: Judy Cohen Kogon, Carol Cohen Deutsch, and Mark Cohen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald was very involved in the Atlanta Jewish community. He has served as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue (1974-76), the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (1984-86), and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee (1959-61). He was the chairman of the Atlanta Jewish Federation's Annual Campaign (1978), Men's ORT, and Year 2000 Committee of Atlanta Jewish Federation, national chairman of National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), and was a founding member of The Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School. He served on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, ORT, Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, Bureau of Jewish Education, The Epstein School, The Weber School, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and as a National Officer of Council of Jewish Federations. Gerald received the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's Lifetime Achievement Award, B'nai B'rith's Century Club Man of the Year, ADL's Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award, AJC's Selig Distinguished Service Award, The Weber School's First Annual Honor, and The American ORT Federation's Leadership Service Award, and as a member of the Rabin Legacy Society and the King Solomon Society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald passed away in February 2009 at the age of 90.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Cohen_Gerald_1994.mp3"]},"duration":4205.71429,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/209/711/original/Cohen_Gerald_1994.mp3?1696539690","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":4205.71429,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cohen, Gerald (1994) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[start of tape 2, side 1]\n\nKREMER: Today is June 21st, 1994. This is Ray Ann Kremer interviewing Gerald\nCohen for the Atlanta Jewish Oral History Project, sponsored by the American\nJewish Committee, the National Council of Jewish Women, and the Atlanta Jewish\nFederation. Gerald [Cohen], we're going to probably jump a little around in this\ninterview to try and fill in the places from our last interview three years ago,\nbecause I'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like to get a broader perspective of certain areas of interest. For\ninstance, the broad issue of the relationship of Jews and Christians in Atlanta\n[Georgia, United States]. Of course, your perspective would begin from your\nyouth when you could first remember the differences, when you felt different and\nwhy. And that perception as time goes on, even to today, where you see this, see\nthe relationship of the Christian community and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community here.\n\nCOHEN: If I begin to go back and think of my contacts with antisemitism, I'd\nhave to go back to my elementary school years, in which I was a single member in\na class, the only Jew in a class, despite the fact I lived in a Jewish\nneighborhood. For some peculiar reason, I ended up in a predominantly Christian\nschool. Clear memory of having to stand up and sing Christmas carols with it,\nmouthing them without saying a word, because I assumed that that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay. Being\nisolated on the playground, being called Jew baby-- [telephone rings] Walk into\njunior high school in a group because we had to go through a tough neighborhood\ntrying to walk with a fellow that was bigger than I was and stronger than I was\nfor protection.\n\nKREMER: You're telling me that Christians wanted to beat Jewish kids up?\n\nCOHEN: I'm telling you, the Jewish kids felt that pressure when they were in\nschool. If you didn't go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"James L. Key School, if you went under any other\nschool on the south side, you felt that pressure. It was over.\n\nKREMER: Now, James L. Key, K-E-Y--\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nKREMER: Oh, okay. I wasn't sure of the name of the school.\n\nCOHEN: James L. Key school was--had a large Jewish population some five blocks\naway. The school that I went to had no Jewish population. Don't ask me why my\nparents put me in that school, but they did. Anyway. Going on and when we felt\nthis in class, we had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occasional teacher that was overtly antisemitic, both\nwith the remark or we felt like preferential action. The outstanding example of\nthis was when I was just about to graduate from high school, and I was, because\nmy grade average qualified to be the valedictorian. The principal called me into\nhis office and he said, \"[Gerald] Cohen, you don't want to really be the\nvaledictorian.\" I said, \"Mr. Smith, why not?\" He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, I'd like for James\nKnight to have this.\" I said, \"No, you're wrong, sir. I've earned it and I would\nlike to have it.\" I know the only reason was because I was Jewish and the number\ntwo guy was not Jewish, and he would rather have had him be the valedictorian.\n\nKREMER: He had the hutzpah to ask you not to take it?\n\nCOHEN: Absolutely. He specifically asked me not to take it. I looked him\nstraight in the face and told him no, I was entitled to it and I wanted to do\nit. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we felt that. Now, in business, we felt that some, but we were--in our\nbusiness, we were very concentrated on service. We were very concentrated on\ndoing a good job and we managed to overcome it more in business. Also in the\nscrap metal business, there were a large number of Jewish people and we had a\nsort of a camaraderie that got us beyond that. There was some discrimination in\nterms of purchasing from steel mills, but we got beyond that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civic and civic\nlife-- At that point in my life, I was not that actively involved in--other than\nJewish organizations. I never felt that that type of oppression. Later, because\nAtlanta became much more organized and much more structured because the society\nas a whole became more liberal, the manifestations of antisemitism were much\nmore subtle and less pronounced. I think we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have crossed the great divide,\nthankfully. Now our children are not having to feel that type of oppression.\n\nKREMER: Have you not been in any community activities other than Jewish activities?\n\nCOHEN: I have concentrated, purposely concentrated, on Jewish organizations and\nJewish activities other than business, business association.\n\nKREMER: Through your business though, you were involved with the non-Jewish community?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, yes. To a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extent. Most of our customers were non-Jewish, all\nstrata of society. I pride myself on being able to switch dialect, depending on\nwho I'm talking to. There was a time when we had many farmers who were our\ncustomers and I could speak the dialect of the farmer. There were other times\nwhen we had many laborers who were working for us, who had a different dialect,\nand I could understand to speak that that dialect. Then I would go to a\nconvention, a business meeting, I could speak to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody's language in that\nsituation. But I would not say that antisemitism has really molded my attitude\nand my life. I accept it as being a fact. I accept it to be something I had to\ncontend with, but I didn't let it bother me, too.\n\nKREMER: What do you think the Jews need to do to combat antisemitism?\n\nCOHEN: I think our Torah teaches us that we'd be a light unto the nations. I\nthink by our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actions and our participation as citizens, and our actions in our\nbusiness life and our social life, that we can present such a face, such a true\nface to the to the whole community, that antisemitism would have to subside. Of\ncourse, we got the [Louis] Farrakhans to deal with. But we can overcome that,\nbecause we have the sides of [Louis] Farrakhans in all segments of society. We\nhave people that understand, really understand the Jewish community better now\nthan they ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had in the past.\n\nKREMER: And why do you think that's so?\n\nCOHEN: I think we've done a good job in terms of community relations. I've been\nactively involved in the Community Relations Committee at Federations. I'm a\nboard member and actively interested in the work of AJC [American Jewish\nCommittee], and I am a board member and actively interested in the work of ADL\n[Anti-Defamation League]. We've let it be known that we are here. We are\ncontributing members of society. We're equal members of society. We don't expect\nto be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed around. And I think there's a certain amount of respect that comes\nfrom that. Clear-thinking people accept us as we are, good citizens,\ncontributing members of society, and I think it's paid off. There's another\nfactor that comes, if we talk at any time in this, our conversation about\nIsrael, I think there's a tangible fact involved in the pride that has come to\nus from the establishment of the state of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel that allows us to be much more\nassertive and much more-- We act more equal than we used to.\n\nKREMER: You think that's due to the establishment of the state of Israel?\n\nCOHEN: I think there was a great divide. The Six-Day War, when the Israelis\nbecame ten feet tall, for a short period of time, but it changed the whole\nattitude of Jewish people towards themselves. I think it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reflected in the way\nwe conduct our communal affairs, the way we conduct our civic affairs. I just\nthink that that was a turning point in our whole community life.\n\nKREMER: I'd like to touch upon--because it has to do with what you experienced.\nWe're talking now right after you got married-- Now you got married what year?\n\nCOHEN: I got married in 1942.\n\nKREMER: You didn't go into the army before that? You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduated from--\n\nCOHEN: I graduated from Emory in 1940, and I had a difficult time getting a job.\nI traveled over the Southeast looking for a job and finally landed a job in\nAnniston, Alabama [United States]. I worked for a company, M\u0026H Valve and\nFittings Company, I was--\n\nKREMER: Sorry, M\u0026H what?\n\nCOHEN: M\u0026H Valve and Fittings Company. It was a-- I was a metallurgist and it\nwas a foundry. We were doing, yes, general foundry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work at that time.\n\nKREMER: Now, where did you get your training in metallurgy?\n\nCOHEN: I was a chemist and after I graduated Emory, I took a short course at\nGeorgia Tech in metallurgy. Because of that, and because of my background in the\nscrap metal business, it was natural for me to go into it--\n\nKREMER: What's your family already in the scrap metal business?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, oh yes. My father established the business before I was born. We\nhave a third ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation in the business now, and it was part of my intuitive\ninformation. To go into a foundry for the background scrap metal business was a\nnatural for me with my chemistry background and my metallurgical background. In\nfact, I once taught night school; I taught metallurgy at night school for a\nshort period of time.\n\nKREMER: Where?\n\nCOHEN: In Anniston, Alabama.\n\nKREMER: At what school there?\n\nCOHEN: It was it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the war civilian preparatory courses to equip people\nto do a better job in the defense industry. By the time I started to teach night\nschool. We were supplying a great deal of armaments to the Allied Powers to--\n\nKREMER: Your company in Anniston?\n\nCOHEN: The United States as a whole.\n\nKREMER: Oh, okay.\n\nCOHEN: This is a part of our educational process to better ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equip people to work\nin heavy industry. At any rate--\n\nKREMER: Excuse me, were they making armaments in Anniston at that point?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. I was--being a chemistry major and war was imminent, I volunteered\nin the Chemical Warfare Division. I went and I got my physical exam. I passed my\nphysical exam. Because of my education and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background, I was granted a\ncommission as a first lieutenant in chemical warfare. I remember clearly--I was\nalready married--I remember clearly now going into my boss's office and, to tell\nhim goodbye. He asked me why. I told him, well, I was going to the Army and I\nwould be leaving soon as I got my orders. I can't tell you what happened because\nthat was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"violation of certain postal regulations, but anyway, he subverted a\nletter. He could go to jail, but he's dead now. He sat me down and he told me,\nexplaining to me, we were doing secret work for the Navy. He explained to me\nthat he had absolutely nobody to replace me. I was assistant superintendent of\nthe foundry, the chief metallurgist, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were doing this extremely critical\nwork for the for the Navy. He convinced me that that I should delay and I\nshouldn't go in, accept my commission at that time, that I would always have\ntime to do it later. I did it. I'm glad I did it because it turned out to be\nvery good. I worked at a whole--\n\nKREMER: So, you probably got orders, but you never saw them?\n\nCOHEN: I got them. In fact, about a year ago, or two years ago, I was looking in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my high school--don't ask me why--my high school yearbooks, and there and folded\nin this yearbook, was the letter granting me my commission as first lieutenant\nand my reply, accepting the commission and my physical-- I having passed my\nphysical exam that he had retrieved from the mail. [memoirist laughs] It's an\ninteresting story.\n\nKREMER: What happened? I mean wasn't the army looking for you after that?\n\nCOHEN: They granted me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my commission, and I guess I'd-- Oh, I remember. I\nremember. No, there was something else in that same letter, and I notified my\ndraft board of the circumstances. They had me registered and they knew exactly\nwhere I was and what I was doing. But I didn't I didn't hear anything further\nfrom the Army because I guess the official paper didn't get through the process.\n\nKREMER: Isn't that amazing?\n\nCOHEN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's--\n\nKREMER: I mean, you weren't a draft dodger or anything because you had gotten\nit, but nothing happened on their side either or--They weren't looking for you.\n\nCOHEN: No. Presumably there were two processes going on. There was the draft\nprocess going on and the volunteer process going on. I had volunteered.\nApparently when they didn't get the final paper in, which I had mailed to them,\nthat was dropped as a volunteer. Of course, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deferred classification satisfied\nthe Draft Board. And they were completely satisfied that I was doing what I\nshould be doing.\n\nKREMER: You don't think that they found out you were involved in this other work somehow--\n\nCOHEN: What other work? The Draft Board?\n\nKREMER: No, no, no. When you were commissioned.\n\nCOHEN: Oh, you mean you mean chem--\n\nKREMER: That you were involved in chemical things with the Navy instead of the\nArmy and they let you off.\n\nCOHEN: I don't have knowledge of that.\n\nKREMER: Uh-huh. Oh, that's an interesting story.\n\nCOHEN: But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anyway, it worked out very well and I worked there in Anniston to the\nconclusion of the war, and it was time to come back home. I came back home in\n1945. That's when I went into business with my father.\n\nKREMER: You actually married while you were working in Anniston?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, I married. I married in 1942, and Helen [Hillman Cohen] I lived in\nAnniston until 1945.\n\nKREMER: Right, but you already--\n\nCOHEN: Judy [Kogon] was born at that time.\n\nKREMER: Right. You were already in Anniston when you got married?\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nKREMER: In other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"words, you courted her, I guess, when she was in Atlanta.\n\nCOHEN: I-- [memoirist laughs] I used to have a very long weekend. I would get on\nthe bus after the Friday shift and I courted Helen [Hillman Cohen] on Friday\nnight, Saturday night, and Sunday. I'd get on the bus Sunday evening--[memoirist\nlaughs]--and I'd go back to Anniston, and I'd work the Monday shift and the\nfirst night sleep I got was Monday night from Thursday night to Monday night I'd\nget a few hours' sleep. But when, after we got married in 1942, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, that\nwas over.\n\nKREMER: That's wonderful. Okay, let's go back there and get the history of your\nfamily business that you... You came back to go in with them, but how did it\nstart and why did your father go into that business? Did they have any similar\nkind of experience in the old country?\n\nCOHEN: No, my father and the old country-- They couldn't earn-- They could not\nown land in Russia. My father's father used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to a farmer, buy his crop\nwhile it was still in the field, harvest crop, take it to town and sell it. Even\nwhen my father was eight years old, he used to stay out overnight in the field\nto protect the pumpkins. When my dad was 19 years old, it was time for him to be\ndrafted into the Russian army for 25 years. He jumped on a boat and came to the\nUnited States, landed in Galveston, Texas [United States]. Couldn't speak\nEnglish. He worked his way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the country and back together. He had met my\nUncle Joe Rodbell right there, Leonard Rodbell's, father, Clyde Rodbell's\nfather. They came back from California and they went to the eastern shore of\nMaryland and Chesapeake Bay. It was there that my father met my mother, who had\ncome over with it-- In the meantime, had come over with her parents. They were\nliving in the big city of Pocomoke City, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maryland [United States], which you\ncouldn't find on the map.\n\nKREMER: How do you spell that?\n\nCOHEN: P-O-C-O-M-O-K-E. My brother Bernard [Cohen] was born there and my uncle\nJoe Rodbell was coming--was going to Birmingham [Alabama, United States], got\noff the train, stretched his legs, and he looked around. It looked like a nice\ncity and he asked where people were in the scrap metal business. Went down\nDecatur Street and he looked around and he said this would be a good town to go\nto instead of Birmingham. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we ended up in Atlanta. A very haphazard\nway of landing.\n\nKREMER: What year was that?\n\nCOHEN: That was about 1917, before I was born. How my dad--\n\nKREMER: How did he decide to go into scrap metal,\n\nCOHEN: Okay.\n\nKREMER: --or look for scrap metal?\n\nCOHEN: My dad was in the bread and egg business, which was a natural outgrowth\nof what he learned in Europe. Now, if you will think back, in 1917, the roads\nwere very poorly developed and transportation was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very primitive. The scrap\nmetal business and the hide business, cow hides, was centered around rail heads\nand many Jewish people-- This is a type of a peddler. The peddler syndrome. Dry\ngoods started that way too. Would travel and they would go into a small country\ntown and they would accumulate a load, a load of hides, a load of scrap metal,\nand they would take it to the railhead and they would ship it to processing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"centers somewhere in a big town. That's the way the scrap metal business got\nstarted. That's how so many Jewish people got into the scrap metal business. At\nany rate, now, when my dad came to Atlanta, they had already been in the scrap\nmetal business in Pocomoke City, my uncle and my dad. They came to Atlanta and\nthey went in business together. The Capital Hide and Metal Company and they did\nvery well, made good money. In the Depression, the money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappeared and it\nwasn't enough for two families to live. Uncle Joe took the scrap business and my\ndad took the hide business and there were no assets to divide. They went their\nmerry way. The Gradwell boys through sell and used plumbing fixtures, merged and\nbecame Apex Plumbing Supplies, a very large, very substantial company. My dad\nbecame Central Metal, a Central Hide Company. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then in about 1940 or something,\nmy brother went in business with my dad. In 1945, I went into the business and\nnow we've got a third generation running the business.\n\nKREMER: But he went back into metals?\n\nCOHEN: Oh yes.\n\nKREMER: Wait, before you go on with that story, how is Uncle Joe Rodbell\nrelated? Whose?\n\nCOHEN: Uncle Joe Rodbell is Clyde and Leonard Rodbell's father.\n\nKREMER: Right. But how is he your uncle?\n\nCOHEN: He's my uncle because he's my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister's brother. I mean, my mother's.\n\nKREMER: He's your mother's--\n\nCOHEN: My mother was Uncle Joe's sister.\n\nKREMER: Your mother, okay. All right\n\nCOHEN: She was a Rodbell. My mother was a Rodbell.\n\nKREMER: All right. I've got it.\n\nCOHEN: The hide business was a good business for a while, but then the country\nbutcher went by the wayside and the small packer went by the wayside. That's\nall-- All of cattle is raised out west, the country butcher's is gone. We ran\nthe two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businesses, the hide business and the metal business. We went back in\nthe metal business side by side, and then we dropped the hide business and only\nmetal. But we also went to the waste business and we sold that in 1972.\n\nKREMER: Now, when did you go into the waste business?\n\nCOHEN: We went into the waste business around 1959 or 1960.\n\nKREMER: That was kind of early, wasn't it? For that--[inaudible: 20.55]\n\nCOHEN: We were pioneers. We were pioneers in the waste business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We developed a\ncompany called Disposal Waste Company and built it up, and we sold it to Brown\nand Ferrous Industries, BFI, and I managed the company for the Southeast region\nfor three years as part of my sale. Then I left on wonderful terms and went back\ninto--and became active once again in the scrap metal business. In the meantime,\nMarty Kogon, my son in law, was in the data processing business, and we combined\nhis business and our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business and it was all together as a family business. Then\nwe sold the data processing business, and now Marty's together with my son Mark\n[Cohen], and my nephew Alan [Cohen], our Central Metals Company.\n\nKREMER: Alan, Bernard's [Cohen] son?\n\nCOHEN: Alan [Cohen] is Bernard's [Cohen] son, and my son is Mark [Cohen], and\nMarty [Kogon] is my son-in-law.\n\nKREMER: Wow!\n\nCOHEN: They are hard workers and they get along well and have been very successful.\n\nKREMER: So, the family business goes on?\n\nCOHEN: The family business goes on. Benard [Cohen] and I only go down five days\na week now, but we don't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody that reports to us. We do what we want to do.\n\nKREMER: Sounds good to me. [memoirist laughs] Were there other Jewish scrap businesses--\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nKREMER: --in Atlanta as you--?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. If you go back about 1950 to 1970, middle 1970s, there were a number\nof Jewish scrap metal businesses. The Levitans were one. They went out of\nbusiness. One of our main friendly competitors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Max London and Sidney\nFeldman. In recent years they have sold their company, so they are not in that\nbusiness now.\n\nKREMER: What was the name of their business?\n\nCOHEN: London Iron and Metal Company. They sold their business. Johnny Imerman.\nYou know Johnny Imerman, came and he bought that business and a number of other\nbusiness and he sold it, so forth. Bill Breman. Breman Steel Company was in the\nscrap metal business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Harry Moscow and later, his son Joel [Moscow],\nwho's now out of the scrap metal business. Pinky and Dave Koplin.\n\nKREMER: How do you spell that?\n\nCOHEN: Pinky is a nickname.\n\nKREMER: No, Koplin.\n\nCOHEN: K-O-P-L-I-N. They were in rags and paper and scrap metal. I mentioned\nLevitan. That's Steve [Levitan] and Phillips [Levitan] father, was in the scrap\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"metal business. Melnick, Willy Melnick's dad was in the scrap metal.\n\nKREMER: M-E-L-?\n\nCOHEN: M-E-L-N-I-C-K. It's very interesting. The first dinner that was held\nevery year to start the Federation campaign was a scrap metal dinner. However,\nif our dinner was successful, we knew we were going to have a successful\ncampaign. If our dinner was less successful, we knew we were going to have a\nproblem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campaign. As long as there was a body--I've left out maybe some\nnames--as long as there was a sizable body of scrap metal dealers, we were the\nleader for the Federation campaign every year.\n\nKREMER: Wasn't your business affected greatly by the commodity markets?\n\nCOHEN: Sure. The scrap metal market used to be a predictor of the direction of\nthe economy. We were about six months ahead of the economy. If the scrap metal\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business fell off, we knew that six months later the economy was going to slow\ndown, and if the scrap metal business picked up, we knew that six months or a\nfew months later, the economy was going to pick up.\n\nKREMER: Is that still true today?\n\nCOHEN: It's not true today because the nature of the business is changing. It\nused to be a business in which there was a great deal of speculation. We would\naccumulate an inventory and wait for a rise in the market to make a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"profit. Now\nit's completely impossible to do that. The volume of material that we handle\ntoday would simply overwhelm us. So, we have to buy and sell an absolute\nconstant market and we cannot speculate. It used to be highly speculative, but\nthe tonnage that we handled today compared to the tonnage that we handled then\nwas just a different magnitude. I don't want to go into a lot of detail about\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nature of the business.\n\nKREMER: Oh, it sounds very interesting. The interesting part is all the Jews.\nWhy do you think so many Jewish people went into that business?\n\nCOHEN: I gave the first reason. I think the first reason was the cost of the\ntransportation system. The metal and the hides and the furs were accumulated at\nrail heads and then they were shipped to market. When that no longer became\neffective because the rail system was better developed, highway ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system was\nbetter developed, the scrap dealers had a toehold. But I think there's another\nfactor that's an intrinsic factor. In an ordinary business, you buy wholesale\nand you send you sell retail. When you buy wholesale, you can predict what\nyou're going to have as inventory. In scrap metal business, you never know what\nyou're going to buy because you sell wholesale, you sell to the steel mills,\nlarge quantity, and you buy retail, you buy from the person that accumulates,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either byproduct of this business, either as waste, either as obsolete\nmachinery. You have to be extremely flexible, and you have to be very alert, and\nyou have to be willing to take a chance. I think it is the nature of our people\ndevelop-- I think it's selective breeding. I think we had to survive through so\nmuch adversity, that we have developed an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attitude that allows us to try to\npredict--be very flexible--try to predict what's going to happen. Tells us that\nyou do have to take a chance. You have to be a good communicator. You have to\nget along with a lot of different people. You have to be a man of the world, so\nto speak, more so than a professional man who's dealing with a certain cut of\nthe population. We have to deal with the whole gamut of the population. I think\nthat Jews are intrinsically, I guess, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adapted, adaptable and adapted to that\ntype of changing environment. We've had to to survive. That's--\n\n[tape clicks]\n\nKREMER: I'd like to ask you--and this also will be a long historical\nquestion--of your views of the growth of Zionism in Atlanta. When you were first aware.\n\nCOHEN: I grew up in Atlanta, and I was influenced as a very young person by\nbeing a member ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Young Judaea. Hadassah was very active, very strong, very\nsupportive of Young Judaea. As part of my very young years and being in a Young\nJudaea club, I was constantly reminded of the fact that we had we had a hope for\na homeland. We had a place that we had historical roots to, and we had dreams\nthat someday those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roots would come--bear fruit.\n\nKREMER: Do you remember when Young Judaea was started in Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: No, I don't remember when it was started, but I remember that I first\nbecame involved at about age probably 13, 14. Parallel-- See, I was a Boy Scout\nin Atlanta, a Jewish Boy Scout in Atlanta. We had a Jewish, several Jewish Boy\nScout troops. I became involved in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boy Scouts at 12 and shortly thereafter, that\nsimultaneously with Young Judea. If I was 13, 14 at the time, and then until I\nbecame active in AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph], which was 16, we became active in AZA\nlater, at a later age than they now do.\n\nKREMER: So Young Judaea was basically Zionist youth organization?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, yes. Young Judaea is basically a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist youth organization. It was\nvery strong at the time. We had a number of clubs, a number of boys' clubs and\ngirls' clubs, and very well-structured and supported by Hadassah. It's faded\nnow, not nearly as significant as it was then. That's probably my earliest\nZionist roots. Now, I was not active in any Zionist cause from that time until\nprobably in the late ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1950s, before I became active again. You've got to\nunderstand, I went away. I came back. I was busy making a living, raising a\nfamily, and so forth. When I came back--\n\nKREMER: Do you remember what was going on here during the establishment of the\nState of Israel?\n\nCOHEN: Ah, yes, I remember. I remember we--as I said, we were in scrap metal\nbusiness and in around 19--early 1946 or 1947, we got a phone call from Max\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kimmerling and--\n\nKREMER: How do you spell his name?\n\nCOHEN: K-I-M-M-E-R-L-I-N-G. Max Kimmerling in Birmingham, and he said there was\ngoing to be a man come by and visit us. He wanted us to show him whatever we had\nin the way of military equipment. He said that it was needed in Israel. This man\ncame by in civilian clothes. I later found out that he was an officer in the\nIsraeli army, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he went through our warehouse and he said, I want this and I\nwant that, and I want this and that. We had bought-- It was after World War II,\nand we had been active buying surplus, on government bid, from the Army, surplus\nmaterial. When he got through walking through, we said fine. We didn't know what\nwas going to happen, but we shipped that. We shipped that to, I think, as well\nas I can remember, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham. It was accumulated by Max Kimmerling and I\nknew, we knew, where it was going. We didn't know how it was going to get there.\nThat was one of the things that we were involved in. Of course, we were--\n\nKREMER: It was probably very helpful, there were so many Jewish scrap dealers.\n\nCOHEN: Absolutely.\n\nKREMER: Do you feel they had a significant part in helping arm the--\n\nCOHEN: There's no question about it. There's no question about it. Haganah had\nequipment. Nobody knew where it came from, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, this was one of the ways\nthat they got equipment was this this underground railroad that was set up by\nthe scrap dealers and it was shipped there clandestinely, but--\n\nKREMER: Do you know where they shipped it through to the Gulf? In Czechoslovakia?\n\nCOHEN: I don't know what happened to it. All I know is we knew what it was for.\nWe was told--we were told. Telephone call, that's all it took. We sent it. There\nwas no paperwork because there were no funds. We just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shipped it. We don't know where--\n\nKREMER: In other words, you really gave it to them.\n\nCOHEN: We gave it to them, of course. Of course, we gave it to them. He picked\nout huge quantities of knapsacks and tents. We didn't have any armaments. We\ndidn't have any guns, or bullets, but we had tubes and equipment in large\nquantities. He just went through the warehouse and he pointed to what he needed\nand we shipped it.\n\nKREMER: Oh, that's interesting. You carried non-metal things too, like tents--\n\nCOHEN: We were bidding government ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surplus and one of the-- We don't do that\nanymore. We don't go to government sale now. But the scrap dealer, as I said, is\nflexible and we felt like there was an opportunity and if it was a government\nbid, and there were uniforms or if there were tents or ponchos, huge quantities,\nlarge quantities of material. But anyway, then of course, there was the whole\nmatter of bonds. Israel bonds. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Media jumped upon that. We--\n\nKREMER: Now this is before the establishment of the state, though.\n\nCOHEN: This was before the establishment of the state. What I mean, you can't\ndraw a line right now from 1948 and on. There was a whole process started\nprobably in 1946 or 1947 and went right on through 1948, and then of course,\nthrough the sale of the bonds, etc.\n\nKREMER: Oh, so the bonds came after the war?\n\nCOHEN: Came-- Yes. As soon as the state was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"established--\n\nKREMER: Right.\n\nCOHEN: That was one of the regional efforts, of support efforts. Since that\ntime, it's been one constant thing. I've probably been to Israel 13, 14 times\nnow, and it's an evolutionary process, but a great deal of pride. I mentioned--\nI think I mentioned before that I think a turning point in the mentality of the\nAmerican Jewish community was the Six Day War. Israeli soldiers were so\nsuccessful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we took pride in what they did and it showed. But I remember we\nwere in a meeting and I'm trying to remember where it was. It may be it was at\nthe Atlanta American Hotel, and we were all gathered around and it was part of\nthe campaign to raise funds. We were listening to the radio and they said that\nthey had destroyed the Egyptian air force and it was a huge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"success and it was\nin Jerusalem [Israel], and we thought it was propaganda. We actually did not\nbelieve it. I remember that evening. The next day we found that it was not\npropaganda. It was very successful. I remember also we went to synagogue and\nword came through about the Yom Kippur War. I remember we interrupted the\nservice. That was very traumatic, very, very traumatic. But the whole struggles\nof the state of Israel have had a profound impact upon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me personally and upon\nthe Jewish community. I think because of that, it has caused us to be a much\nstronger, much better, much more closely knit community than we would have\nwithout it.\n\nKREMER: What do you think about the future of American Jewry, though? You see it\nas being tied to Israel's fortunes or having to find its own place?\n\nCOHEN: That's a very good question, a very complicated question. I remember when\nI was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AZA, we debated a topic. I went to the national debate finals on this\ntopic. Says, \"Can Judaism survive in a completely open society?\" I think that's\nour problem. Can we survive in this open society without a focus somewhere? If\nthe focus is Israel and has been Israel because they had such dire peril, then\nit's held us together. It's been the glue that's bound us together. If Israel\nbecomes self-sufficient, it no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer needs us, and we would hope that happens.\nThen we have a different problem, a new problem. Can we evolve? Can we evolve a\nsociety, a Jewish society, here in this open society that can sustain and\nreproduce itself? That's the big question, the whole question of continuity. Is\nit education? Is it cultural? Whatever it is. Are we going to be smart enough to\nfigure out what we need to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do to survive in a completely open society? 52%\nintermarriage rate. What are we going to do about that? But I see some\nencouraging signs. I see some things happening in terms of what our children are\naccomplishing now that's very good. I'm a regular attendee at the synagogue and\nI watch--particularly on Thursday when the kids come, prior to their bar mitzvah\nday--and I watch the accomplishment of these children that come prior to their\nbar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvah and then again on Saturday at their bar mitzvah. In terms of what\nthe skills that they've learned, and I believe the skills lead to attachment and\nattachment brassens into devotion. I think that we will overcome that. I'm not\ntoo alarmed that we won't be able to maintain our culture, our tradition, our\nreligion. It's going to change. We have to be flexible. But--\n\nKREMER: What do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see the American Jewish community looking like in 20 years,\nlet's say?\n\nCOHEN: I think it's going to be a struggle to maintain the size that we are now\nwith the attrition that we're having because of assimilation and because of\nintermarriage. I think it will probably be somewhat smaller than it is now. But\nI think that we will begin to evolve a culture that's American-centered,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American-based, based on solid tradition of freedom and open society that will\ngive--that will be bolstered by our self-pride and self-image. I think some of\nthe things we're doing are great. We're sending kids to camp. We're sending them\nto pilgrimages to Israel. We are making it possible for them to have youth\ngroups. We're trying to make it possible for them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socialize together.\nProximity, I think proximity is most important. We used to have the advantage of\nbeing in a small neighborhood. We don't have that advantage, so we have to\nsubstitute for that with community structure. I think that our children are\nhungry for that type of association. If our generation is smart enough to give\nthem this infrastructure, I'm optimistic.\n\nKREMER: I think there's one area that we've kind of fallen down on, and that's\nwhen they hit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college. They can get into any fraternity or sorority they want\nto, and somehow it breaks down there and that's when many of them are meeting\ntheir mates.\n\nCOHEN: We're not doing a good job in that area. We're not doing a job in the\nlate teenage area. The late teens, we've neglected them some. We're making some\neffort. We've established this new agency, YAD [Young Adult Development]. We\nhave a director. Bill Schatten is leading this committee on Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continuity.\nWe've become one of the lead communities as far as the Council on Initiatives in\nJewish Education. I think we have a great challenge. I think we do. How to teach\ncollege youth actively involved in the Jewish communal affairs. I think we\nundersell them. I think their spiritual needs are there and I think we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't\naddress that. I am--\n\nKREMER: I don't know. Here's another question. Spiritual needs are very\ndifferent than communal needs.\n\nCOHEN: Well--\n\nKREMER: In other words, Federation does not satisfy spiritual needs, and yet it\nsatisfies a great deal for many Jews in this community.\n\nCOHEN: This may be a bad prediction, I think-- [telephone rings and tape clicks]\n[memoirist laughs] Let's let the phone ring.\n\nKREMER: What do you think?\n\nCOHEN: I think that what we are going to see happen in the next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of time,\nthat we are going to have a blurring of the lines between what the JCC [Jewish\nCommunity Center], which is strictly social, cultural, usually, and the\nsynagogue, which is spiritual, religious, cultural, and they will begin to move\nin the same direction. The first thing that we have to do, I think we're\nbeginning to do successfully. Example: ACCESS has attracted a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large body of\nyoung people. They want to be together. I think it was Federation, AJC, someone\nat Rupert's a few weeks ago, had an affair and 850 young people showed up.\nThat's true. That's true.\n\nKREMER: That's amazing.\n\nCOHEN: It was word of mouth. There was no big publicity. Jews rubbed shoulders\nwith Jews and they would get to know each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. I think that's the first step.\nThey have to be together. Now, once they're together, they begin to explore\ntheir interests. A particular group might be interested in something else, but\ntheir interests begin to impinge upon their spiritual needs. Because people have\nemotions, people have problems, people have questions about life, and they're\nnot going to get those questions at an athletic club or a YMCA [Young Men's\nChristian Association]. They're going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get them at in their own institution.\n\n[tape clicks]\n\n[end of tape 2, side 1]\n\n[start of tape 2, side 2]\n\nKREMER: Side two of tape two, the interview of Gerald Cohen by Ray Ann Kremer.\n\nCOHEN: I was saying before the machine--[memoirist laughs]--stopped me that the\nJCC, for instance, is beginning to say they have to be involved in a process of\ncradle to grave education. The synagogues are saying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have to teach people\nhow to associate together as well as teach them how to pray together. The net\nresult, hopefully, will be that people will begin to think about their emotional\nand their inner needs and their historical roots and how that satisfies their\nemotional and inner needs. As a result of that, will begin to address the core\nissue of spiritual needs. I'm optimistic that we're smart enough to do that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's--\n\nKREMER: It's funny. I find so many people and I'm talking about Jewish leaders\nwho have very little depth of knowledge or even where to look or how to address\ntheir spiritual needs. They don't know the language. They don't have the thought\nprocesses. I'm amazed.\n\nCOHEN: I know this is not justified, but this is just a personal opinion. I have\na favorite program that I watch on Sunday, Sunday morning, while I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reading the\npaper. Before the program comes on, Peacher [Charles] Stanley, Charles Stanley I\nthink his name is. I listen to the way he talks to his congregation. I say to\nHelen [Hillman Cohen], I say, \"Helen [Hillman Cohen], that's what our rabbi\nneeds to do. He needs to talk to us like that. He don't need to talk to us on an\nintellectual level. We have enough of that. He needs to talk to us about what we\nfeel, what we think, what we believe, what our hopes are for, what our troubles\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are about. He needs to tell us... He needs to preach. Our rabbi don't need to be\na teacher; he needs to be a preacher.\" I'm proud that Rabbi [Arnold] Goodman\ndoes this to a large extent. But I think we need more preachers. I think that\nthere's a hunger. There's a-- We have so many problems in life. There's a hunger\nfor somebody to have something solid that he can hold on to. If you've got a\ntradition that's 3000 years old that preserved your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people for 3000 years,\nthere's got to be something there for everybody. I go to shul every morning and\nthat I daven sometimes. Sometimes I don't daven. Sometimes I'll just sit. I'm\nbeginning to be more and more familiar with the liturgy and more and more able\nto understand the meaning of the words. But even if you don't-- Even if you\ndon't understand the meaning of the Hebrew word, it's still a holy tongue and it\nstill gives you a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"connection to Moses at Sinai or whatever. More particularly,\nit gives you a connection to the generations that were in a little bitty stable\nsomewhere and they were in a [indistinct: 44.55] on the outside. [memoirist\nslaps something on the table] They were holding on to something. We are living\nin this great society, and we need psychiatrists. We need all kinds of doctors.\nWe need marriage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"counselors. We're in the open society. We should be-- We should\nhave the answers to these things, knowing how to live together, and how to agree\nwith each other, and how to get along with each other. I think we can do it if\nour rabbis would preach.\n\nKREMER: You talk about flexibility of Jews--\n\nCOHEN: Uh-huh.\n\nKREMER: --in order to survive. I think our synagogues and institutions have to\nhave a little bit of flexibility. Although if they're too flexible, they aren't\nwhat they need to be either. So, there's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that balance. It's the way\nintermarriage is handled. What are your views on that?\n\nCOHEN: I'm pretty rigid on that. I think that it's a family problem more than a\ncommunity problem. Our family, to our young people, don't make any bones about\nit. That we expect you marry within your faith. Then we are very specific about\nwhy they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to do that. Then we try to give the background where they are\nproud and comfortable to be in the family setting. I just came back from a\nfamily reunion. But every Friday night, we play this over and over and over and\nover again. Hopefully somewhere in their subconscious will be ingrained the fact\nthat there's a group of people out there in the world who are also Jews, and\nthey will fit into this type of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living better than a non-Jew would. There's\nenough problems of marriage anyway. Why do I have to have an additional problem?\nWe don't make any bets; we don't make any promises; and we don't make any rash\nstatements because we have six grandchildren and we just don't know. But our\nthree children married nice Jewish people and are raising nice Jewish families.\n\nKREMER: But what happens to the families where that doesn't happen? How do you\nfeel the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue or what do you feel about outreach?\n\nCOHEN: I think you have to do outreach on communal basis, but we also have to do\nit on an individual basis. We invite people to our home and we share our type of\nliving with people as they come as our guests on Friday night or on holidays.\nWe're somewhat limited because we're blessed with such a large family and\nthere's a limit to how many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people you can have at a Seder table, at a Friday\nnight table. But we do think we have to share. That's on an individual basis. I\nthink on an individual basis, when we're in a Jewish gathering, that we need to\nbe more open and more friendly. We need to welcome. It's difficult being a\nnative of Atlanta and seeing so many people that you know, and talking to so\nmany people that you know, to pay attention to that stranger who happened to\nwalk in for the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, but I think it's critical. I sometimes feel guilty\nthat I don't do a better job. I think we need to be, as a community, more open.\nI think we need to wrestle with the problem of conversions. I think we need to\nmake the path of conversion as accessible and easy as necessary and sometimes\nwe'll make a mistake. I was quite perturbed over this here \"Who is a Jew\" issue\nbecause I thought that was an obstacle to conversion rather than a help to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conversion. I think that intermarriage could be an avenue of enrichment of our\ncommunity rather than diminution. I guess we need to do a better job in\nsynagogue. I guess we need to do a better job in our civic social organizations\nof making people feel part of it and feel welcome. I'm a great believer in\nproximity, in being together.\n\nKREMER: In your areas of leadership, of which you have many, where do you think\nyou made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the biggest difference?\n\nCOHEN: I-- Probably in the Federation. It would be a close decision between\nFederation and synagogue. I think synagogue had a momentum and a tradition and a\nhistory that it was hard--it would be hard to be unsuccessful as president or\nleader or in a leadership position in a good synagogue. It would be hard. You\nwould have to try.\n\nKREMER: Tell me when you first get involved with Federation, what it was like\nand who some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were involved--\n\nCOHEN: Okay.\n\nKREMER: What the major problems were of the time?\n\nCOHEN: There's been a seat change in the way Federation functions now. When I\nfirst became involved-- When I first became involved in Federation, there was a\nloose structure. There was a strong central core of leadership. The mantle was\npassed from person to person. The job was done. Many decisions were made in the\nparking lot and in the halls. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of that. I admit that.\n\nKREMER: How old were you when you started?\n\nCOHEN: I was older than some of our elder leadership who got a start much\nyounger, because I had a particular theory that I evolved in where I needed to\nbe, and it was that I needed to be where my kids were. When my kids were in\ngrammar school, I was involved in PTA [Parent Teacher Association], and Helen\n[Hillman Cohen] too. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later when they became involved in Brownies and they\nbecame involved in BBG [B'nai B'rith Girls] and in AZA, that's where I was. I\ntaught Sunday school for 20 years when they were in Sunday school. Wherever they\nwere, that's where Helen [Hillman Cohen] and I concentrated our energy. It was\nonly when the kids went off to college that I said, \"Now I'm going to say I'm\ngoing to devote it to something else.\"\n\nKREMER: Were you president of the synagogue before they went to college?\n\nCOHEN: I was president of synagogue in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1974, which is--yes. I was an officer of\nsynagogue when they were still at home, but I don't think--I think they were off\nto college in 1974 because it takes a lot of time to really do a good job, and\nto be president of a synagogue. At A.A. it was a 12-year stint, by the time you\nwent through to chair. It wasn't that long in Federation because I moved from\none to the other. We were beginning to talk about impact, though. I think that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the change that happened and the way the community functioned happened mainly\nduring--maybe mainly during my administration. We went from a rather loose\nstructure, meeting in the parking lot and in the halls, as I have said, to a\nmuch more planned, much more organized way of conducting business. For instance,\nwe tried to do a market survey, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assess a need, and then we tried to satisfy that\nneed, and then consider different ways of satisfying that need before we do\nsomething. Our planning and allocation processes evolved from what we did last\nyear. What can we--if our campaign increases ten percent, then we'll give\neverybody a ten percent increase. We did this serious long-range ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strategic plan,\nYear 2000.\n\nKREMER: Now what year is this you're talking about? About what year was all this happening?\n\nCOHEN: About--the Year 2000 study was about-- Oh, when what was happening?\n\nKREMER: When that was done and when you were involved. I mean, what years? What\nrange are we talking about?\n\nCOHEN: I was-- That was about 1988.\n\nKREMER: Oh, 1988! Oh, okay. That wasn't very long ago.\n\nCOHEN: No. I was chairman of that committee after I was president, and I was--\n\nKREMER: You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president what years?\n\nCOHEN: 1984 to 1986 of Federation.\n\nKREMER: All right.\n\nCOHEN: But what that did for us, it said we cannot drift. We cannot just go from\nyear to year. We cannot base our allocation and our planning based upon exactly\nwhat we did last year; we have to look forward. We have to decide where we're\ngoing to go. We have set a mission, an objective, and then decide how we're\ngoing to get there. Right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, we are beginning to reap the benefit of that\nbecause everybody accepts that if you establish a community need, then you set\npriorities based upon need. We've done that, and we are doing that, and we are\nmuch better organized and much more successful. We did the same thing at\nsynagogue. I was chairman of a thing called The Second Century Committee and we\ntried to predict, because we were 100 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years old, what we were going to do in the\nnext hundred years. We did a good job. Right now, Herbert Karp is chairman of\nthe committee that's looking back at what our plan was and see how we did. We're\ntrying to be a lot more scientific, a lot more planful in our community work\nthan we used to be. It was like a free-fall wrestling match for a number of\nyears, a large number of years.\n\nKREMER: Do you see more resources being put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the community rather than going\nto Israel now?\n\nCOHEN: Yes. The trend is that way. We were-- We moved from about 55, 60 percent\ngoing overseas and we've reversed that now to 55, 60 percent is going to stay\nhere. And hopefully Israel doesn't need it as bad.\n\nKREMER: Are you familiar with the studies on the high cost of being Jewish--\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nKREMER: --and all the young people who really simply can't afford to do some of\nthe things.\n\nCOHEN: It's very true. It takes between $15,000, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$18,000 worth of disposable\nincome to be Jewish. Many of our young people don't have the income to do that.\n[phone rings] [tape clicks] We did a serious cost analysis. That's where that\nnumber comes from. We're really concerned because it doesn't impact just the\nlowest social, lowest economic segment. It impacts the whole gamut. When you\ntalk about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost of going to college, a young family has to provide for that.\nYou try to add $15,000, $18,000 to that. The answer to that is we have to have\nsufficient endowment funds to use that for.\n\nKREMER: I know they're working on that.\n\nCOHEN: Oh yes.\n\nKREMER: Yes.\n\nCOHEN: Fairly successfully. We've greatly increased the amount of endowment\nfund. We have plans for the significant increase. Yes.\n\nKREMER: Of course you have schools that cost a lot of money, the camps, but\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those are other kinds of--\n\nCOHEN: Yes, well, that's where the $15,000, $18,000--\n\nKREMER: Uh-huh.\n\nCOHEN: We add up the cost of education. We add up the cost of synagogue\nmembership. And--\n\nKREMER: Federation pledges--\n\nCOHEN: Yes, it's a big--\n\nKREMER: --and joining all the other groups.\n\nCOHEN: It's a big money.\n\nKREMER: It is. But I do hope that endowment will help because I think the young\npeople just are making choices that--\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nKREMER: If it's really important to them, they'll do some of it. But I think\nsometimes when it comes down to choices--\n\nCOHEN: It's an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economic decision that young families have to weigh against what\nother obligations or desires they have, and sometimes they don't make a decision\nthat I hope that they would make. That's why we've got to ease their burden,\nmake it a little easier to make the choice.\n\nKREMER: With the high costs, with the diminishing numbers, how do you think\nthat's going to affect our institutions? Are we overbuilt?\n\nCOHEN: No. I don't think we overbuilt because we keep uncovering new needs and\nnew desires that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to be satisfied. No, no. I don't know of any empty\nbuildings. I don't know of any empty institutions.\n\nKREMER: You don't know of membership needs that are dwindling where groups can't\nsustain itself? I think there are a number of Jewish organizations in the\ncountry that are losing--\n\nCOHEN: That are strapped.\n\nKREMER: Yes.\n\nCOHEN: We are--\n\nKREMER: Of course, we repeat ourselves, too.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, well, I'm looking at Atlanta from a personal perspective. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we\nare in a fortunate position. I know there's attrition in some other communities.\nParticularly in California [United States], they have some problem communities,\neven some of the most wealthy communities. Cleveland [Ohio, United States],\nwhich is a highly endowed community, is having a diminution in their population.\nTheir concerns are less monetary than otherwise. We are in, fortunately, in a\ngrowing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community and we are maybe 70,000 now looking towards 100,000 in the\npredictable future. I don't think we're overbuilt anywhere. Right now, in the\nFederation-- You may not be aware, but the Federation has just established a new\nmarketing committee and they got a brilliant young chairman, my daughter, Judy\n[Kogon]. They are going to attempt to say, \"If we're not going to be able to\nlook forward to these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"multi-hundred-thousand-dollar gifts in the future, how are\nwe going to sustain our financial needs in the future?\" They're going to\nhopefully come up with some answers that will guide us and a plan for way\ntowards funding what we need to fund.\n\nKREMER: That's interesting. Where do you think we go from there? Say we're\nfunded. Say our members are diminished, but--\n\nCOHEN: No, I'm not--\n\nKREMER: Our numbers, right--\n\nCOHEN: Our numbers won't-- Atlanta won't be diminished.\n\nKREMER: You're right. You're right.\n\nCOHEN: Maybe our overall--\n\nKREMER: All those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids that are leaving Cleveland are coming here.\n\nCOHEN: Lots of them are coming here. From the small communities in Georgia\n[United States] and in Alabama [United States], in South Carolina [United\nStates]. They're coming here because it's a more attractive place to live and--\n\nKREMER: It's that proximity you spoke about.\n\nCOHEN: Uh-huh.\n\nKREMER: They want to be where there's a significant Jewish population.\n\nCOHEN: That's one of the magnets. Another magnet is the economic magnet. One of\nthe things we're concerned about in our synagogue update ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Second\nCentury Study is that we have a bulge in population between 35 and 40, and then\nwe have a drop off. We have a constant number of 35- to 40-year-olds, but we\nhave 200 that join every year and 200 that drop out. We don't know why, unless\nit's just the education phenomenon. Then we have a dip in population. Now, the\nold codgers like me, we are--our numbers are increasing as we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remain healthy and\nstay active members of the synagogue. We're going to have to take a hard look at\nhow do we--what do we do about that? Why does a 35-, 40-year-old family drop\ntheir membership in a synagogue? Do they do it to go to an athletic club? Do\nthey do it to go somewhere else? Do they just disappear? What happens? We're\ngoing to take a hard look at that.\n\nKREMER: Oh, that would be interesting to know. Interesting to know. Are you\ngetting a lot of young members? Do you have a young people's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group at A.A.?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, we're getting a lot of-- Oh, our problem is not getting young\nmembers. They are coming to us. The problem is retaining them. Either we're\ndoing something wrong or there's an insurmountable object out there that we've\nnot learned how to overcome. But we're not retaining them beyond that bulge,\nthat 35-, 40-year-old bulge. That's usually when their first child goes into\npre-bar-mitzvah training. Are we just a bar mitzvah factory? I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not knocking\nit, but if that's a fact of life, then it-- We talked about not dealing with the\nteenagers constructively. We're not doing a good job. If the parents of\nteenagers and the teenagers don't want to come to what we have, we must not have\nwhat they want. Maybe we don't need to have what they want if all they want is\nan athletic club. It's a knotty problem, but we can deal with it in some way.\n\nKREMER: The athletic club could be the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community center now, which is offering--\n\nCOHEN: That's--\n\nKREMER: --a lot of educational--\n\nCOHEN: Yes. It's back to what we were talking about previously, that we may\nreach a point where the JCC becomes a spiritual center as well as a social center.\n\nKREMER: An educational center. How could it be a spiritual center? I mean, what\ncan take the place of the synagogue as far as the spiritual center?\n\nCOHEN: You're right. You're right. It satisfies the proximity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needs, but it\ndoesn't satisfy the yearning in the heart. Maybe people don't have that\nyearning. Maybe we're too comfortable. Maybe we need a little hard time. Maybe\nwe need a little antisemitism.\n\nKREMER: Do you really believe that?\n\nCOHEN: I don't know. I hate to say it. I'm-- You'll have to erase that off this\ntape. But I came-- I have known hard times, and I don't think it hurt me.\n\nKREMER: Hard times in what sense?\n\nCOHEN: I went-- I was not--almost not able to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college. I got a big\nscholarship, $250. That was the thing that put me in college. Times were very,\nvery difficult in 1936. Fortunately, in 1937, there was an upturn and I could\nstay in college. But I worked in a grocery store for a dollar a day. I-- My\nfamily had been well off before the Crash, and we had some adversity and it\ndidn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt us. It didn't hurt me or my brother or my two sisters. My children\nhaven't had that benefit. My grandchildren haven't had that benefit. I don't\nknow that it wouldn't be beneficial for them to struggle and to have to overcome\nobstacles besides trying to make an A instead of a B school or whatever. I don't\nknow. It didn't hurt me to have to stand up as a Jew and admit I was a Jew, and\ntake a knock or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two or less, physical and otherwise. I think it is certain\ncharacter building. It didn't hurt me--we talked about World War II--it didn't\nhurt me to be part of the greatest patriotic movement and effort that I--this\ncountry has ever seen, where everybody was on the same wavelength and there was\nnot bickering and so forth. We did with rationing; we did what we had to do,\nwhatever you had to do. It didn't hurt me. It didn't hurt me to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started at a\nvery low wage working. It didn't hurt me to do a lot of the things that I had to\ndo. Help build the business from practically nothing. My kids haven't had that problem.\n\nKREMER: But your grandkids will.\n\nCOHEN: I don't think so.\n\nKREMER: If they had a wonderful family business. It's pretty tough out there\nright now for a lot of kids.\n\nCOHEN: I don't think so. We're not convinced that we need to have a family\nbusiness for them to go into. We're not making that decision for them. We didn't\nmake the decision for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our children to come into the business. You can't do that.\nYou can't make the decision how a person is going to live their life. We have\nnot tried to make it for our grandchildren, certainly. We didn't do it for our\nchildren. Why would we try it for our grandchildren? Who knows what they'll\nwant? But it still would be good for them to have to struggle some. [memoirist\nlaughs] I can't convince the rest of the family, but--\n\nKREMER: As I said, I think times will take care of that because I-- It's true my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation went through what-- Because I'm the age of some of the children. But\nwe did go through the easy 1950s--\n\nCOHEN: Uh-huh.\n\nKREMER: Maybe it was-- People make their own problems, too. What was a problem\nto you might not be a problem to someone else today, but something else that\nwouldn't have been a problem to you is their problem. I think all people, if\nthey don't have adversity, make their own adversity. That's why there's so many\npsychologists in business.\n\nCOHEN: Yes, yes, but--\n\nKREMER: It's how you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handle all of that, that makes it difficult.\n\nCOHEN: Basically, I'm an optimist. My approach to things is we can work them\nout. I don't have all the answers, but I think-- I take a great deal of pride in\nthe way we've structured the community. When you think about this: we don't have\nto recruit leadership in this community.\n\nKREMER: No, you don't.\n\nCOHEN: Huh?\n\nKREMER: No, you don't.\n\nCOHEN: We've got so many bright people. What we have to do is select, try to\nselect the brightest and most eager. Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"true everywhere. Some communities have\nto go out and drag people in, recruit them. We don't have to do that. We've done\nsomething right that we have so much leadership. Our concern is having them drop\nby the wayside through neglect. If you run somebody through a training program\nand prepare them for a position of leadership, you got no position leadership\nfor them or you miss them or you forget them, they go somewhere else. Not bad if\nthey go into somewhere else Jewish, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they go somewhere else non-Jewish,\nthen you've lost that much talent, that much ability, that much energy. Now you--\n\nKREMER: But Jews have always contributed to the general community, too, also.\n\nCOHEN: That's true.\n\nKREMER: Where would the arts be without the Jewish support and leadership in\nthis town?\n\nCOHEN: That's all true, provided that we don't have a period of attrition\nbecause of lack of leadership. As long as we are as wealthy as we are, I'm glad\nto share it with the whole world. But I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am chauvinistic to the extent that I\nwant to take care of my people first, and then I'll worry about the rest of the\nworld. I'm not as open as most people in American Jewish community are. I think\nwe-- I'm glad we have an American Jewish community. I'm very proud of it, that\nwe are an outreach arm. I'm glad that there's you and there's others that are\nwilling to devote their time and energy because we need it so bad. But on me,\nyou shouldn't depend because my heart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is somewhere else. There's only a certain\namount of time and energy that you've got. You've got to concentrate it on where\nyour heart is.\n\nKREMER: Right, absolutely. But because you concentrated your time in your area,\nsomeone else can do a little outreach.\n\nCOHEN: That's right. That's right. That's what I said. I said, \"I'm proud of the\njob that we do because we get so many talented people that are willing to do\nthat.\" I sat in the committee to meet with Lois and Sherry last night. They are\njust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so on fire, so thrilled with that trip that they made to Israel.\n\nKREMER: Oh, which committee did you--were you at last night?\n\nCOHEN: This was a committee at the synagogue, and we are planning an affair in\nOctober for the Jewish Theological Seminary. They were showing us their\npictures. They were just-- I mean, I shared their [indistinct: 1.09.27], but if\nI went to Israel now--I'm just sharing with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you--if I went to Israel, I wouldn't\nbe going with a mixed group. I'd be going with my people. I'd be doing a mission\nof some kind.\n\nKREMER: Even Sherry said that she can hardly wait to go back with Jewish people\nbecause it was a lot of work for them.\n\nCOHEN: Yes.\n\nKREMER: I mean, they were selling--\n\nCOHEN: They were--\n\nKREMER: --our Israel and trying to help these people understand and--\n\nCOHEN: It's terrific. We need that. Just on me you shouldn't depend. [memoirist\nand interviewer laugh] Anything else now?\n\nKREMER: No, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/transcript/59802/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've about done it. Thank you so much.\n\nCOHEN: Oh, you're welcome.\n\n[end of tape 2, side 2]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=4200.0,4230.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The Foundation supports the Oral History Project at the Breman Museum in Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children, and families. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to serving the Jewish community in Atlanta. The Federation is also inclusive and welcomes LGBTQ+ people, interfaith individuals, and people of all races and abilities. They help support Jewish schools, synagogues, and charities. They also sponsor their own philanthropic efforts, which support Jews in need in America, Israel, and around the world. This organization is a part of a larger Jewish Federation system. The first Jewish federation in America was created by Jewish people in Boston in 1895. Today, there are almost 200 federations in the United States. The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta was established as the Federation of Jewish Charities in 1905.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Gerald Cohen was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on March 27, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital city of Georgia. Before European settlers arrived in the area, the Creek people lived in the region. The 1821 Indian Removal Act forced the Creek to leave their north Georgia home. Atlanta was founded as a railroad hub and became the center of multiple tracks. The settlement at the railroad hub was called Terminus, Thrasherville, Marthasville, and finally, Atlanta. Atlanta was an important depot for military supplies during the American Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman ordered that the city be destroyed during his March to the Sea and the city was slowly rebuilt after the war. In the early twentieth century, Atlanta’s population tripled, and Atlanta was vital to the United States war effort in World War II because of its local industries and railroad network. After the war, Atlanta became a hub for the g Movement. As of 2020, over 498,000 people live in the city proper, while the larger metro area has over 6,100,000 residents. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e As Mr. Cohen stated in the 1991 interview, this was at Georgia Avenue School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe James L. Key Elementary School was named for a former mayor in 1963. Located at the intersection of Memorial Drive and Stovall Street, the school was closed in the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Farrakhan is an American black supremacist and religious leader who heads the Nation of Islam (NOI). Earlier in his career, he served as the minister of mosques in Boston and Harlem and was appointed National Representative of the Nation of Islam by then NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. He adopted the name Louis X, before being named Louis Farrakhan. Both the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center classify Farrakhan as an antisemite. Farrakhan has accused Jews of controlling the media, government, and global economy, along with being behind the Atlantic slave trade, Jim Crow laws, and black oppression in general. He regularly calls Jews \"Satanic\" and has repeatedly praised Adolf Hitler as a \"very great man\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael is a country in Western Asia located on the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. It borders Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. While Tel Aviv is the largest economic center of the country, Jerusalem is its capital. The first evidence of human habitation in the region dates back to 1.5 million years ago. Canaanites inhabited the area was inhabited since the Bronze Age and the Israelites’ ancestors belonged to an ancient Semitic-speaking people in the region. Israelite culture spread to various villages in the area. Jerusalem was occupied by many countries and empires throughout its history but became an independent nation in 1948. The independence of Israel from Britain led to the Arab-Israeli War, which lasted from 1948-1949. Today, there is still an ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine. As of 2022, it is estimated that over 9,000,000 people live in the country.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnniston is the county seat of Calhoun County in Alabama. It is located in northeastern Alabama and has a population of over 21,000 residents (2020).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eM\u0026amp;H Valve and Fittings Company began in 1854 as The McNab-Carr company and was located in New York City. It made products for the water and steam industries. They expanded to serve a variety of industries in the 19th century, including oil and gas. Today, the company still operates and is headquartered in Anniston, Alabama. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the Kingdom of Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The most of the world's countries fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chemical Corps is the branch of the United States Army tasked with defending against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of the United States federal government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps. The Chemical Warfare Service deployed and prepared gas weapons for use throughout the world during World War II. However, these weapons were never used in combat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalveston is a coastal city off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston and Pelican Island. The community had a population of 53,695 in 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCalifornia is a state in the Western United States that Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico. It has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean. Over 39 million people live across 163,696 square miles, making California the most populous and the third-largest U.S. state by area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula, including parts of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the Eastern Shore of Virginia, and the state of Delaware. It is 200 miles long.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Pocomoke City is a city in Worcester County, Maryland. It is a center for commerce, home to industries like aerospace engineering and plastics fabrication. It has a population of over 4 thousand residents (2020).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C., to its south and west; Pennsylvania to the north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It has a population of over 6 million (2020). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Bernard Wesley Cohen (1915-1997) was born in Pocomoke City, Maryland and moved to Atlanta, Georgia as a child. During World War II he served stateside in the Unites States Navy. He was in the scrap metal, hides, and rags business with his father, Morris, and his brother, Gerald. He was married to Rae Alice Bernstein Cohen (1918-1997), a native of Chicago, Illinois. She was president of the southern branch of the Women’s League for Conservative Judaism and its national vice-president. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is the third-largest city in Alabama. In 1871, the Elyton Land Company founded the town and sold lots near the planned site of the intersection between various railroads. This railroad crossing became known for its mineral deposits, which contained the three raw materials for steel making. After 1873, the town developed exponentially and received the nickname “The Magic City.” In the 1950s and 1960s, Birmingham became a center of the Civil Rights Movement. As of 2021, Birmingham has over 197,000 residents.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur St. SE runs from Peachtree St. and becomes DeKalb Avenue NE. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Great Depression was a global economic shock. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September 1929 and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24. It lasted from 1929 until 1939.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax London (1904-1990) and his wife, Mary, founded the London Iron and Metal Co., a scrap iron and metal company, in Atlanta, Georgia in 1936. Along with their nephew, Sidney Feldman, they built their business into one of the foremost metal recycling businesses in the Southeast.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney Feldman (1921-2005) was a leader of many organizations, both nationally and in Atlanta. Among his many honors were the B’nai B’rith Man of the Year, the Anti-Defamation League Abe Goldstein Human Relation's Award, Prime Minister's Medallion on the 25th anniversary of Israel, the National Council of Christians and Jews “Good Neighbor Award,” and the American Jewish Committee Award for Advancing Understanding Among All People. He was National Vice-President of United Jewish Appeal, President Emeritus of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and past president of several organizations including the William Breman Jewish Home, and the Marcus Jewish Community Center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMortimer William (Bill) Breman (1908-2000), owner of the Breman Steel Company, was a longtime resident and community leader of Atlanta, Georgia. Bill received numerous humanitarian and human relations awards for the extensive community service work that he did, including the Distinguished Service Award of the Gate City Lodge of B'nai B'rith (1965); the American Jewish Committee Human Relations Award (1981) and the Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award of the Anti-Defamation League (1984). He served as president of the Temple and the Jewish Home, now called the William Breman Jewish Home. Bill also founded the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 762,000 youth participants. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110 million Americans have participated in BSA programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs.  In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After the war, the Haganah carried out anti­British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp, and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immoion into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah. All other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between David Ben­Gurion, the prime minister, and the Haganah leadership. Famous members of the group included Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, and Moshe Dayan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, r to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. 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He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe YAD or Young Adult Development program is run by Limmund Atlanta Southeast, an organization dedicated to connecting Jewish Atlantans. The young adults in the program are emerging leaders in their community. 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Schatten was one of the key supporters in launching a Jewish studies program at Emory and the Woodruff Library's Schatten Gallery bears his name. For his service he received many honors, including the Anti-Defamation League's Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award in 1985. His papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. 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Its purpose is to connect young adults in the community to important leaders internationally and building bridges between the Atlanta Jewish and other communities. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Arnold M. Goodman served as senior rabbi of Ahavath Achim in Atlanta, Georgia from 1982 to 2002. He came to Atlanta from Minnesota where he had served as rabbi of Adath Jeshurun in Minnetonka since 1966. He currently serves as its senior rabbinic scholar. Upon his retirement, the synagogue honored them by designating its adult education program as Beit Aharon: The Rabbi Arnold and Rae Goodman Learning Institute for Adult Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Girls is a youth organization for Jewish girls. In 1925, B’nai B’rith adopted the Aleph Zadik Aleph as it auxiliary program for young men. Efforts began immediately to launch a program for Jewish young women. Rose Mauser organized the first permanent chapter of B’nai B’rith Girls in December of 1927 in San Francisco, California. Today, Aleph Zadik Aleph and B’nai B’rith Girls are organized underneath the B’nai B’rith Youth Organization. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Herbert Rubin Karp (1922-2016), a native of Atlanta, was a prominent neurologist and chair of Emory University's Department of Neurology. In 1983, Dr. Karp became the inaugural medical director at the Wesley Woods Center, the nation's first geriatric hospital. He was president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue where, for over three decades, he sounded the shofar during the High Holy Days services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/annotation_set/1171/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCleveland is a city in Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. It is located in Northeast Ohio along the southern shore of Lake Erie. 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Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/index/79902/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today is June 21st, 1994.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/index/79902/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-defamation 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(Graduation speeches)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=0.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/index/79902/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gerald's Metallurgy Work and Family Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711#t=491.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108345/file/209711/index/79902/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to touch upon…because it has to do with what you experienced. We're talking now right after you got married… Now you got married what year? 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