{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5x25b00b1q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goodfriend, Cantor Isaac (1993 and 1994)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1993-12-13 (captured)","1994-06-12 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Goodfriend, Isaac (Interviewee)","Brickman, Shirley (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Hebert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend was interviewed by Shirley Brickman on December 13, 1993 and June 12, 1994 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003e          Cantor Isaac Goodfriend was born in Piotrkow, Poland on January 20, 1924. He was the oldest of five children born to an Orthodox family. The family moved to Lodz, Poland when Goodfriend was a year old. Religious traditions and observations dominated every part of the family’s lives. Goodfriend attended cheder and yeshiva, and after his bar mitzvah, he was sent to Sosnowiec, Poland to study in an advanced yeshiva. He returned to Lodz shortly before the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          In 1940, the family fled to Piotrkow, where they joined his extended family in the ghetto. Goodfriend was sent to work at the Kara glass factory. His father died in 1941. Two aunts and a cousin escaped the ghetto, living in hiding at a nearby Polish farm. The rest of his family, including his mother and siblings, were killed when the Piotrkow ghetto was liquidated in 1942. Goodfriend remained in Piotrkow, living, and working at the glass factory. At the end of 1943, Goodfriend realized that the Kara camp was about to be liquidated and made plans to escape with a friend. The two made it to the farm where his surviving family members were hiding. Goodfriend and his friend worked on the farm under the guise of being the farmer’s distant family members until the Russians liberated the area in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          After the war, Goodfriend traveled to Berlin, where he met his wife, Betty, a fellow survivor. The couple immigrated to Paris and Canada and finally settled in the United States. After the war, Goodfriend became a world-class cantor. He attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, the Music School Settlement, and Baldwin Wallace College. In 1952, Goodfriend served as cantor at the Shaare Zion Congregation in Montreal and later at Cleveland's Community Temple in Cleveland, Ohio. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he served as cantor for Ahavath Achim Synagogue for thirty years. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          In 1962, Goodfriend became a US citizen. President Jimmy Carter appointed Goodfriend to the President’s Commission on the Holocaust in 1979. He was a charter member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. In 1985, the governor of Georgia appointed him to serve on the statewide Holocaust Memorial Commission. His memoir, By Fate or Faith: The Saga of a Survivor, was published in 2002. Betty and Goodfriend had three sons. Betty died on July 28, 2008. Goodfriend died on August 10, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003e          Cantor Isaac Goodfriend begins the interview by discussing where he was born and his family. He describes what his father and grandparents did to make a living. Goodfriend recalls what he remembers about his parents and his relationship with them. He recounts his Jewish education that began at the age of three. He talks about his early years in Piotrkow, Poland, and Lodz, Poland including memories of his grandparents, how he received his name, and some of his childhood activities. Goodfriend details his childhood influences, his religious traditions, and the holidays his family observed. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          He recalls the anxiety, concern, and confusion in the community when Jewish refugees from Germany began to arrive and war seemed imminent. He mentions some of the civil defense actions that started to occur in the late 1930s. He describes how antisemitism became more prevalent after Hitler came to power. Goodfriend discusses his memories of the war breaking out on September 1, 1939, and how life quickly changed for the Jewish community in Lodz. He recounts some of the destruction, abuse, and antisemitism his family endured and how his father’s business was taken from him. He shares the actions his family took to survive after their business was destroyed. Goodfriend spoke about the destruction of the synagogues in Lodz and the antisemitism experienced by the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          Goodfriend recounts how some Jewish families fled from Lodz for Russia and his reaction to learning that a ghetto would be formed in Lodz. He discusses how his family fled Lodz for Piotrkow, and his journey to get there. He describes life in the Piotrkow ghetto and trying to survive by trading money, and making and selling socks, and flour. He discusses going to work at a glass factory in the ghetto and being told he would be staying at the factory. He shares how his family was killed when the ghetto was liquidated in December 1942. He recounts the story of learning that his family was killed and how that impacted him. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          He shares what life was like in the factory after the ghetto was liquated and his awareness of the events happening in the war. Goodfriend recalls how he narrowly escaped severe punishment thanks to his relationship with Polish workers at the factory. He describes feeling hopeless and deciding to escape from the factory with a friend. He shares how they narrowly escaped from the factory and found refuge with a Polish farmer who was hiding his mother’s two sisters and a cousin. He discusses how he worked for the farmer until the war ended and how they were treated. Goodfriend ends the interview by sharing what the Polish farmer said to him and the others hiding once the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29234"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Goodfriend, Isaac (1924-2009) (personal name)","Goodfriend, Hinda (1926-1942) (personal name)","Goodfriend, Henikh (1928-1942) (personal name)","Goodfriend, Sara Malka (1932-1942) (personal name)","Goodfriend, Yekheil Yaacov (1938-1942) (personal name)","Goodfriend, Shoel (personal name)","Goodfriend, Pessa (personal name)","Goodfriend, Betty Grossman (1927-2008) (personal name)","Chamberlain, Arthur Neville (1869-1940) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Rumkowski, Chaim (personal name)","Poznański, Izrael Kalmanowicz (1834-1900) (personal name)","Kon, Oskar (1870-1961) (personal name)","Frank, Hans (personal name)","Schindler, Oskar (1908-1974) (personal name)","Piotrkow, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Manchester, England (geographic term)","Alexander, Poland (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Katowice, Poland (geographic term)","Sosnowiec, Poland (geographic term)","Lowicz, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Malkinia, Poland (geographic term)","Kielce, Poland (geographic term)","Widzew, Poland (geographic term)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","Manischewitz (corporate name)","United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (corporate name)","World War II (named event)","World War I (named event)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Siege of Warsaw (named event)","Battle of Stalingrad (named event)","Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (named event)","Lodz Ghetto (other)","Piotrkow Ghetto (other)","Plaszow Concentration Camp (other)","Danzig Corridor (other)","Rashi (1040-1105) (personal name)","Hasidic Judaism (other)","Kosher (other)","Cantor (other)","Antisemitism (other)","Brown Shirts (other)","SS (other)","Fifth Column (other)","Third Reich (other)","Star of David (other)","Judenrat (other)","Gestapo (other)","Chazzan (other)","Yiddish (other)","Cheder (other)","Yeshiva (other)","Shtiebel (other)","Chumash (other)","Bar Mitzvah (other)","Tallit (other)","Aliyah (other)","Torah (other)","Talmud (other)","Yontifs (other)","Shul (other)","Hamotzi (other)","Shehakol (other)","HaEtz (other)","HaAdama (other)","Rosh Ha-Shanah (other)","Yom Kippur (other)","Yom Tov (other)","Shavuot (other)","Pesach (other)","Shabbos (other)","Seder (other)","Hanukkah (other)","Purim (other)","Fir Kashes/Four Questions (other)","Shabbos goy (other)","Payess (other)","Kiddush (other)","Havdalah (other)","Matzah (other)","Chametz (other)","Kapote (other)","Kol Nidre (other)","Tefillin (other)","By Fate or By Faith (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend was interviewed by Shirley Brickman on December 13, 1993 and June 12, 1994 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Cantor Isaac Goodfriend was born in Piotrkow, Poland on January 20, 1924. He was the oldest of five children born to an Orthodox family. The family moved to Lodz, Poland when Goodfriend was a year old. Religious traditions and observations dominated every part of the family\u0026rsquo;s lives. Goodfriend attended cheder and yeshiva, and after his bar mitzvah, he was sent to Sosnowiec, Poland to study in an advanced yeshiva. He returned to Lodz shortly before the Germans invaded Poland in 1939.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In 1940, the family fled to Piotrkow, where they joined his extended family in the ghetto. Goodfriend was sent to work at the Kara glass factory. His father died in 1941. Two aunts and a cousin escaped the ghetto, living in hiding at a nearby Polish farm. The rest of his family, including his mother and siblings, were killed when the Piotrkow ghetto was liquidated in 1942. Goodfriend remained in Piotrkow, living, and working at the glass factory. At the end of 1943, Goodfriend realized that the Kara camp was about to be liquidated and made plans to escape with a friend. The two made it to the farm where his surviving family members were hiding. Goodfriend and his friend worked on the farm under the guise of being the farmer\u0026rsquo;s distant family members until the Russians liberated the area in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; After the war, Goodfriend traveled to Berlin, where he met his wife, Betty, a fellow survivor. The couple immigrated to Paris and Canada and finally settled in the United States. After the war, Goodfriend became a world-class cantor. He attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, the Music School Settlement, and Baldwin Wallace College. In 1952, Goodfriend served as cantor at the Shaare Zion Congregation in Montreal and later at Cleveland's Community Temple in Cleveland, Ohio. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he served as cantor for Ahavath Achim Synagogue for thirty years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In 1962, Goodfriend became a US citizen. President Jimmy Carter appointed Goodfriend to the President\u0026rsquo;s Commission on the Holocaust in 1979. He was a charter member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. In 1985, the governor of Georgia appointed him to serve on the statewide Holocaust Memorial Commission. His memoir, By Fate or Faith: The Saga of a Survivor, was published in 2002. Betty and Goodfriend had three sons. Betty died on July 28, 2008. Goodfriend died on August 10, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Cantor Isaac Goodfriend begins the interview by discussing where he was born and his family. He describes what his father and grandparents did to make a living. Goodfriend recalls what he remembers about his parents and his relationship with them. He recounts his Jewish education that began at the age of three. He talks about his early years in Piotrkow, Poland, and Lodz, Poland including memories of his grandparents, how he received his name, and some of his childhood activities. Goodfriend details his childhood influences, his religious traditions, and the holidays his family observed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He recalls the anxiety, concern, and confusion in the community when Jewish refugees from Germany began to arrive and war seemed imminent. He mentions some of the civil defense actions that started to occur in the late 1930s. He describes how antisemitism became more prevalent after Hitler came to power. Goodfriend discusses his memories of the war breaking out on September 1, 1939, and how life quickly changed for the Jewish community in Lodz. He recounts some of the destruction, abuse, and antisemitism his family endured and how his father\u0026rsquo;s business was taken from him. He shares the actions his family took to survive after their business was destroyed. Goodfriend spoke about the destruction of the synagogues in Lodz and the antisemitism experienced by the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Goodfriend recounts how some Jewish families fled from Lodz for Russia and his reaction to learning that a ghetto would be formed in Lodz. He discusses how his family fled Lodz for Piotrkow, and his journey to get there. He describes life in the Piotrkow ghetto and trying to survive by trading money, and making and selling socks, and flour. He discusses going to work at a glass factory in the ghetto and being told he would be staying at the factory. He shares how his family was killed when the ghetto was liquidated in December 1942. He recounts the story of learning that his family was killed and how that impacted him.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He shares what life was like in the factory after the ghetto was liquated and his awareness of the events happening in the war. Goodfriend recalls how he narrowly escaped severe punishment thanks to his relationship with Polish workers at the factory. He describes feeling hopeless and deciding to escape from the factory with a friend. He shares how they narrowly escaped from the factory and found refuge with a Polish farmer who was hiding his mother\u0026rsquo;s two sisters and a cousin. He discusses how he worked for the farmer until the war ended and how they were treated. Goodfriend ends the interview by sharing what the Polish farmer said to him and the others hiding once the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goodfriend_Isaac.mp3"]},"duration":11307.41551,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/210/140/original/Goodfriend_Isaac.mp3?1698110854","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":11307.41551,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goodfriend, Isaac [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: This is December 13, 1993. I'm Shirley Brickman interviewing Cantor\nIsaac Goodfriend for the Oral History Project of Atlanta, co-sponsored by the\nAmerican Jewish Committee, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National\nCouncil of Jewish Women. Cantor Goodfriend, please give me the town where you\nwere born and tell me exactly where it is and a little bit about it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: The name of the city is Piotrkow. P-I-O-T-R-K-O-W. There is . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nsection of Poland, which was [called] Trybunalski. We abbreviated it T-R-Y-B\nbecause it used to be a province where the governor [was] stationed. [Piotrkow]\nwas part of this particular province. It is near Lodz [Polish: Łódź]\n[Poland], the second largest city ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland. It is about 44 kilometers, to be\nexact, south of Lodz.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan [Hebrew: Cantor], when were you born there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I was born in 1924.\n\nBRICKMAN: The exact date?\n\nGOODFRIEND: January 20. This is what I found in my birth certificate. I suppose\nthey registered me at the same time I was born.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you have sisters or brothers?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I had two sisters and two brothers. I was the oldest.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Their names?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Their names . . . my sister . . . right after me was . . . Hinda\nBraindl [1926-1942]; then my brother, Henikh David [1928-1942]; then Sara Malka\n[1932-1942]; and then Yekheil Yaacov [1938-1942].\n\nBRICKMAN: What was the age difference ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the children?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Between the children? I would say between me and my sister, a\nyear-and-a-half; the other ones . . . about three years apart.\n\nBRICKMAN: You were the oldest?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I was the oldest.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, [what was] the name of your mama and your papa and where\n[were] they born?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My mother was born in the same town [Piotrkow]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say an\nestimate [that] she was born in 1905. My father was born in Lodz . . . in 1902.\n\nBRICKMAN: Their names?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My father was Shoel or Szaul and my mother's name was Pessa. P-E-S-S-A.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Chazzan, can you tell me a little bit about your home? If you were\ngoing to paint a picture for me with words, can you describe the home where you\nwere born? Did you stay in that home for a while?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The home where I was born . . . I returned to that home, which was\nmy grandparents' [Berish and Chaya Lipshitz] home in Piotrkow, many times before\nthe war. I remember vividly . . . The house is still there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the apartment is\nstill there. The same apartment, the same house. By the way, I visited there a\nfew years ago for the third or fourth time, the city. This was what I would call\na more elaborate apartment than we had in Lodz . . .I grew up in Lodz. It\nconsisted of one huge dining room ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[and] a huge bedroom. Then [there] was a store\nin that apartment because my grandfather operated a dry goods store. The store\nwas in the apartment. Of course, a kitchen and a little corridor walking into\nthe apartment. I remember it vividly. At the right-hand side was the door to the\nstore. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Out of this particular room, where the store was, was a balcony where I\nused to play when I was a little child. Then on the left-hand side, right\nopposite was the kitchen. Then we walked a few steps, and we came into the\ndining room [where] there was everything included the salon, the living room,\nthe dining room . . . in one room. Then to the right, there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bedroom.\n\nBRICKMAN: One bedroom?\n\nGOODFRIEND: One bedroom. A very large family. This is my mother's parents who\nhad nine girls. My mother was the oldest of nine girls, no boys. I remember\nvividly. Everybody slept [in the one bedroom] . . . until they got married and\nmoved out of the house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is . . . I can see it now.\n\nBRICKMAN: You lived with your grandparents?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Just until I was one year old.\n\nBRICKMAN: And then?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Then my father, being that . . . he was born in Lodz . . . he went\nback into his business. He was with my grandfather in business, a dry goods\nstore. We lived in Lodz until the war broke out.\n\nBRICKMAN: Was this a business that family members had done for a long time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nwas it just a popular business to be in?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No . . . it was a business . . . because don't forget, Lodz was then\nknown as a textile town, all the textile factories were in Lodz. It was called\nby some people the 'Manchester of Poland' because . . . Manchester, England is a\ntextile town . . . so that Lodz was known for it. Mostly, it was operated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by\nPolish-Germans or German Poles, and by Jewish people. This was a business that\nmy grandparents [Fishl and Rivka Gutfriend] were in. They were known in the\ncommunity . . . because if a married couple they wanted to buy their trousseau.\nThey used to go, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm going to the Kupka.\" 'The Kupka' was the nickname for my\ngrandmother because she wore a kupka. I don't know if you [know] what . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: Explain that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: A kupka is sort of a turban instead of a . . . she wore a sheitel,\ntoo . . . in order to make it look beautiful with an old broach. In a picture .\n. . maybe in the old Yiddish movies, you can see that type of head gear. They\nsaid, \"Are you buying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your stuff, your linen for your daughter's wedding?\" [They\nwould answer,] \"Of course, by the Kupka.\" She was known for that. That was\nwholesale and retail.\n\nBRICKMAN: Were there competitive businesses like that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, my G-d, and how. It's the old story. The competition in this\nparticular business. It was tremendous because every second store was a dry\ngoods store.\n\nBRICKMAN: Why were they so special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so popular?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Popular because all the merchants from all over Poland, when they\ncame to buy merchandise for their stores in the far away cities, they came to\nLodz. This was the only place to buy . . . like people here go to New York\n[City, New York] to the garment center, to buy garments or whatever they need\nfor ladies' ready-to-wear or menswear. This was the known in those days, Lodz\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the city.\n\nBRICKMAN: The name of the store?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It was Gutfrajnd.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you always have the same name 'Goodfriend'?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, Gutfreind, Gutfreund.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, tell me a little bit about your . . . you lived there for\nabout a year and then you moved to Lodz?\n\nGOODFRIEND: To Lodz, right. I went where my family lived.\n\nBRICKMAN: The house that you moved to [was]?\n\nGOODFRIEND: This was an apartment. I remember that apartment quite well because\ndon't forget, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went all through the schooling in Lodz, cheder and yeshiva,\nuntil the war broke out. We lived in a huge apartment . . . complex consisting\nof about four entrances . . . in a courtyard were four entrances. We lived\nopposite the gate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the second floor. Our apartment consisted of a kitchen and\none room. A kitchen . . . we walked right into the kitchen . . . then it was the\nbedroom, dining room, the library, the salon and the drawing room, you name it.\n\nBRICKMAN: For five people in the family?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Seven people . . . Sure. It was sweet. We thought that [there] was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing better in the world. We lived . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: Can you tell me a little bit about your mama's personality? What kind\nof person was she?\n\nGOODFRIEND: She was very pretty. She was very beautiful. She was not tall, but\nshe had kindness on her face, always. Blue eyes and always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sweet. I never heard\na harsh word out of her mouth or screaming or yelling.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did she work with your father?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, she worked in the store.\n\nBRICKMAN: What about papa? Tell me about him.\n\nGOODFRIEND: He was a very good-looking man. He was always running. He never\nwalked. I always had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard time keeping up with him. Very popular . . . he was\nvery popular among his friends. Very jolly. He had quite a nice voice. He loved\nto sing and to conduct services in the shtiebel among the Hasidim. He wanted for\nme, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course, at least to be a rabbi or simply a learned man. I had the biggest\nrespect for him. It's something that is . . . you tell it today to our kids\n[and] they don't understand what you're talking about . . . the respect for a\nfather. This was innate. It was something that we didn't have to be taught in\ncheder or [need] somebody to tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you how to behave toward your father. It was\nnormal. It was natural.\n\nBRICKMAN: You had a close relationship with your father?\n\nGOODFRIEND: A close relationship? I never addressed my father in the second\nperson, as \"You,\" like, \"Hey, you,\" or \"Du\" [German: informal \"you\"]. We spoke\nYiddish. I always said, \"Let my father . . . Let Zolda tapeshe gaben, Zolda\ntapeshe kommen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let my father do this,\" as you would address a dignified person,\na noble man. [I called him,] \"Sir.\" Maybe it was a little more than we are used\nto. In the [American] South, we say, \"Yes, sir\" and \"No, sir\" or \"Yes, Ma'am.\"\nStill, this [relationship] was not close . . . that is to say not chummy, a pal.\nHe was a father. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was not a pal. He was a pal as far as love, but he was a\nfather sitting in chair. [He was] taboo. Standing up when he walks into the\nroom. Not to speak before he does, wait your turn.\n\nBRICKMAN: Who taught you this, Chazzan?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Nobody. It was within you . . . something that you don't learn. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You\nlive it.\n\nBRICKMAN: You said that you went to cheder and to the yeshiva?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nBRICKMAN: Tell me about your education until maybe you were eight or nine, ten\nyears old.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I can tell you when I was five.\n\nBRICKMAN: Please.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I remember when I was five, we had a big celebration. The\ncelebration was [because] I started [to study] Chumash. I started to learn\nChumash. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar mitzvahs were . . . we didn't often celebrate in bar mitzvah\nparties like [now] . . . we had an aliyah and your bar mitzvah. But when you\nstarted Chumash, it was a big thing for a youngster of five. This was when you\nmake a Chumash Seudah . . . I remember the color of the bags that were packed\nfor all the children from my school to come. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were [filled with] goodies,\ncandy and whatever, chocolate. Special red bags with gold letters. My name was\nprinted in gold letters on red bags. I remember I even had to prepare a speech\nthat had to do with the portion [of the Torah]. We didn't start [with] Genesis.\nWe never started [with] Genesis. It was known, in our days in certain segments\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our people, traditional homes or traditional surroundings, they don't start\nwith the Genesis. They started with the Book of Leviticus. The reason for it . .\n. this was explained to me then, and now it's the same reason because it deals\nwith sacrifice. The Book of Leviticus deals with sacrifices . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when a\nyoung child . . . he's as pure as the sacrifice. You started him off at this\nlevel, with purity to get him used to the learning and study of the Torah.\nLeviticus was iker [Yiddish: central].\n\nBRICKMAN: The celebration was in your home?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In our home, yes. I don't remember how many children were there, but\nthis I remember, my aunts and uncles and cousins, they helped to pack ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those\nlittle bags. It was a celebration. Birthdays we never celebrated.\n\nBRICKMAN: What did you celebrate?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No one.\n\nBRICKMAN: Holidays? Yontifs?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yontifs . . . sure.\n\nBRICKMAN: Learning.\n\nGOODFRIEND: The celebration was to go to synagogue, to shul with my father, of\nblessed memory, and celebrate yontif the way it's supposed to be done.\n\nBRICKMAN: Was there any part ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your Jewish education that began before you were\nfive? Were there any regular instructions?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Sure. I had a teacher. At first when I was three, my father took me\nto cheder. At three, they took me to cheder. At three, I got the first haircut\nand [he] took me to cheder. Going to cheder, it was a custom to wrap the child\nin a tallit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived . . . I remember the first cheder.\n\nBRICKMAN: Tell me about it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: The first cheder was . . . I remember the name of the rebbe\n[Yiddish: rabbi], not because I remember when I was three . . . I mean vaguely.\nHe lived in one of the apartments on the third floor, very mean-looking man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nremember his name was Nosen Viotklok. Viotklok in Polish is windmill. My father\ncarried me. Then my father used to tell the story that people thought going back\nfrom the shul . . . from besmedrech in the morning . . . when you carry\nsomething wrapped in a tallit, they thought it was Sefer Torah. They used to\nstop and kiss it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to touch me, kissing.\n\nBRICKMAN: He was carrying you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He was carrying me. It was just across the street or across a few\nblocks. He was carrying me. I was only three.\n\nBRICKMAN: When you were three, you began . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: I went to cheder . . . the Alef-Beys . . . the blessings. I was\ntaught the minute I opened my mouth . . . I was taught the first blessings in\nthe morning when you get up and to recite the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessings over food. This was a\nnormal thing. You wouldn't eat without a you hamotzi wouldn't eat without the\nshehakol, or for the fruit, [Yiddish: HaEtz or HaAdama] We were used to it. This\nyou didn't have to learn in cheder. Cheder was more controlled than . . . in the\ncheder. I couldn't [wait] until my mother or my father's sister used to bring\nsome goodies in the middle of the day to me. For me, this was the highlight.\n\nBRICKMAN: You stayed all day at that age?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, all day. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember the kantshik [Yiddish: whip] on the\nwall. The rebbe have a kantshik . . . A kantshik is five [leather] straps. You\nhad five straps hanging there. Just to look at it, this was enough to scare us.\n\nBRICKMAN: What was the purpose of that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The purpose of the kantshik is to hit you over your hand if you\ndidn't behave or you didn't learn. He used it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: That was an accepted thing?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. He used it. He got permission from the parents to use it. I\nwouldn't say I got the kantshik, the taste of the kantshik, every day but\nsometimes it didn't avoid me either.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, before I go back to the educational part of your life, I\nwanted to ask you something about your grandparents because you said you lived\nwith them . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nBRICKMAN: . . . for a short period. Did they live a long distance from you? How\nfar were they from you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I had two sets of grandparents. My father's parents lived in Lodz,\nwhich was very close to our house where we lived. They lived in the same\nbuilding where their business was. The business was downstairs in the front, in\nthe street. They lived on the second floor facing the main street. I always\nliked to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to visit them because as a kid, [I liked] to sit in the window and\nsee the streetcar go by and watching the people . . . curiosity. Always when I\ncame to my grandparents' house in Lodz, I knew that there would be goodies. My\ngrandmother didn't know what to do and my grandfather wanted to know one thing,\n\"What did you learn today?\" He tried to examine me, \"Come on, sit down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're\ngoing to learn something.\" Or, \"I'll wake you up at five o'clock in the morning\nand we're going to learn the Talmud.\" He did it and I did not dispute [it]. To\nme, it was a great honor.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you have an opportunity to spend time with your mother's parents\nas well?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. This was already a trip . . . like packing. We used to say,\n\"[Yiddish phrase: sounds like 'kincha hona': 21:55] America.\" They gave you\nsandwiches on the road. It's only 40 kilometers away [by train], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they gave\nme hard-boiled eggs [because] G-d forbid that I should starve . . . 44\nkilometers. It took about four or five hours to get there.\n\nBRICKMAN: How did you travel?\n\nGOODFRIEND: By train or by bus, but mostly by train. Somebody was waiting for\nme. My aunts were waiting for me. Don't forget, I was the first . . . male in my\nmother's family . . . the first male born child in my grandfather's family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nreally spoiled me a little bit until my other brothers were born.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, do you know who you're named after?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Sure.\n\nBRICKMAN: Do you know anything about those people?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, I do.\n\nBRICKMAN: Please tell me.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I am named after my great-grandfather who was a great rabbi and a\ngreat scholar. He was known in this part of Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was known not only for\nhis scholarship, but also for his involvement in the community . . . to such an\nextent that he used to make sure that the Jewish people don't desecrate the\nShabbos. He used to go home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and . . . see the coach drivers . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: . . . Balegolesthik [Yiddish: wagon driver]\n\nGOODFRIEND: Balegolesthik, yes . . . [Polish: possibly 'woźnica' 23:25] . . .\nthey used to take people from the train station to their homes. It was like they\nhave . . . in Central Park in New York . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: Horse-and-buggy.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Horse-and-buggy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to call it [indistinct: 24:04: possibly\n'izvoztshik' in Polish]. He used to . . . about twelve [noon] to one o'clock . .\n. he used to tell those drivers, \"It's about time to go home and get ready for\nShabbos.\" They used to come with the, \"Rebbisak\" [Either Yiddish or Polish:\npossibly 'master': 24:18] . . . always impressed him with the title, \"Rebbisak,\n[indistinct: 24:28: possibly 'we cannot' in Yiddish]. We didn't make a living.\nWe don't have enough money to go home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and prepare for Shabbos. We didn't have a\nfare today. We need some money.\" He reached down to his pocket and gave every\none of those drivers enough money to go home and make Shabbos. They should not\ndesecrate the Shabbos. He was known for that.\n\nBRICKMAN: What is your full name?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It's Isaac . . . Yitzchak. In Hebrew it is Shmuel . . . I never use\nthe middle name.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, in your home everyone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoke Yiddish?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yiddish.\n\nBRICKMAN: No matter who . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yiddish.\n\nBRICKMAN: You learned because you listened to it?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yiddish was . . . this is what you heard, this is what you spoke. I\nwent to school, and I learned Polish, of course. It was obligatory to go to the\nsecular [school] to learn, to take secular education.\n\nBRICKMAN: When did you learn that if you were going to cheder and you were . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: The cheder later on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had the secular subjects as well. We learned\nmath. We learned history, geography, nature. We had to learn. It was . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: When you were a young boy and you lived in Lodz, were there a lot of\nyoung children in that complex where you lived?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were a lot of children, but my parents selected my friends.\n\nBRICKMAN: Explain that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: [They selected] with whom I'm allowed to play with and with whom I\nshouldn't have any connection, any contact. They wanted me to play with the same\nchildren who have my background because in Poland, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and especially in Lodz, in\nthis particular area, it was no problem as far as keeping Shabbos, maybe with\none or two exceptions in a complex of a few hundred people. There were 76\ntenants in that [complex].\n\nBRICKMAN: All Jewish?\n\nGOODFRIEND: All Jewish. There was one . . . the superintendent [who was called\nYoozefier (Joseph)] . . . what was called the Shabbos goy to light the oven . .\n. in the wintertime we needed one. We'd pay him 10 cents for opening the gate\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after 11 o'clock at night. Otherwise, it was only Jewish. Coming back to . . .\nthe children that I played with went to . . . maybe to the same house of\nworship, the same shtiebel, or maybe wore the same garb. They had payess. I had\npayess. These are the people I could associate with. I cannot play ball on\nShabbos. I could not skate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody had skates in wintertime . . . I couldn't\ndo it because this was not the proper way. I was to sit and learn on Shabbos.\nWhen I got older, things changed a little bit. But when I grew up, this was the\nway you were supposed to live.\n\nBRICKMAN: Do you remember any particular kinds of games? You said skating . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, games. First, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were afraid I'll get hurt. Number two, I was\nnot a big sports man . . . to go and play ball. I didn't see any interest in\nball. Some of my friends, my acquaintances . . . we knew each other, we grew up\ntogether, they went to ball games on Sunday or Saturday. They had quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few\nteams in Lodz.\n\nBRICKMAN: What kind of ball?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Football . . . soccer, [indistinct: 28:44: possibly 'football and\nsoccer' in Hebrew] . . . They all had Hebrew names. But these were all the\norganizations that were more Zionist inclined. The observances already fell by\nthe wayside. Or they'd go to a movie. I never went to a movie until we were\nobligated to go to see when the head of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish government died . . . every\nchild had to go and see the funeral. This was in 1935. I was led into a dark\nroom, and I was scared to death. What's going to happen? It's too dark. I kept\nyelling, \"It's too dark. I want to get out of here.\" We had to watch the movie\nof . . . [Marshal] Pilsudski was the name. Pilsudski was the prime minister of Poland.\n\nBRICKMAN: What was the environment like when you were a young boy as far ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as what\nwas going on in the community outside of your complex? What was happening in\nPoland at that time?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the community, I could only tell you what I heard. We had the\npapers. We read the paper. Every day, my father had a paper. He read an Agudas\npaper, which was a religious daily newspaper. Don't forget, in Poland we about\n35 to 40 daily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspapers in every language Hebrew, Yiddish, and Polish . . . We\nknew what went on. I remember my father used to read the paper Friday night for\nmy mother . . . read it out loud . . . stories, what we called 'novele roman'\n[Yiddish: short romance story]. There was a roman about the Mafia in Chicago\n[Illinois] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that went on [unintelligible: 30:35] . . . I was sitting with my\nmouth open just to swallow every word, to listen. Then I was interrupted,\n\"Chumash, Chumash, Chumash.\" My father said, \"Zy mavir Sedra,\" [which meant] \"Go\nover the Sedra [Yiddish: weekly Torah portion] for the week.\" Well, I listened.\n\nBRICKMAN: Who was the greatest influence on you as a young boy?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The greatest influence . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being the oldest, it was my obligation\n. . . it was put on me that I have to be the role model. Influence is simply the\nsurroundings. Influence was the school, the cheder, or the yeshiva later on.\nInfluence was the Hassidic rebbe that I was taken to when I was five years old.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was told, \"You should know that we are mishpacha [Yiddish: family] with the\nrebbe.\" [I asked,] \"How so?\" My father and my mother told me that my\ngreat-grandfather, who I am named after, his son married the daughter of the\nfamous rebbe. Her name is 'So-and-so Shevala.' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I called her 'Mimisheva.' She was\nknowledgeable in Jewish learning, the same as her husband the rabbi. To me, I\nhad such awe for them, just to be in their presence. He had a face like an\nangel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It never escapes me. He had a snow white beard. I could count every hair\nin his beard. This is how immaculate he looked. [His beard] was all the way down\nto his girdle [belt]. When he used to say Kiddush or Havdalah, I looked at his\neyes. I thought I'd see G-d. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To me this was . . . he was not earthly. He was\nsomething heavenly.\n\nBRICKMAN: Saintly?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Saintly, heavenly. This in itself is a big part of the establishment\nin my way. We said, \"This is the way to live. The other way was not our way of\nliving. This is the right way of living.\" To me, nothing existed outside my four\n[Hebrew: sounds like 'cubits': 33:33] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surrounding me. This is the way I lived. I\ndon't remember Rosh Ha-Shanah at home. How come? I don't remember Rosh Ha-Shanah\nbecause my father took me with him every Rosh Ha-Shanah. We wanted to go to the\nrebbe, to the Hassidic rebbe. It was only 15 kilometers outside of Lodz.\nAlexander was the name of the city. The Alexander rebbe. I don't remember.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Were you the only one who had that opportunity?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. I was the oldest. Later on my brother . . . no, I don't think my\nbrother ever went . . . yes, later on, maybe once or twice. I felt myself\nprivileged to go there because first, my mother had a sister living in the same\ntown where the rebbe lived, number one. Number two, my uncle was . . . now I\nwould name him the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Kissinger of Alexander.' He was . . . nothing was decided\nwithout him. He was the Secretary of State of Alexander. This was proven to me\nwhen I visited the now Alexander rebbe living in Israel. They talked about my\nuncle. Then they . . . I didn't compare notes with them . . . they said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Avremeleh Kubitz. I would call him the 'Kissinger of Alexander.'\" He was . . .\nThere was nothing he could not do . . . I was sort of taken into the makings of\ncertain things into the community as a whole. It's a large community, 180,000\nJews in Lodz. [My uncle] knew what went on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If somebody needed a favor, who'd\nthey go to? My uncle Avremeleh. Somebody wanted to try to get out of being\ndrafted in the army, who do they go to? Avremeleh. They need help. He had connections.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did your sisters have an opportunity to learn?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My sister . . . the one that grew up, she went to a regular public school.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: A Jewish child was allowed in the . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. It was a Jewish public school. Let's put it this way. It was\nlike a Jewish . . . it's not a day school . . . it was a Jewish public . . .\nmost of the kids were Jewish. She was a good student. But we still had a teacher\ncoming to the house twice a week. Even though I went to yeshiva and cheder to\nlearn modern Hebrew . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we spoke Yiddish at home, but we had a teacher who\ntaught us Yiddish literature.\n\nBRICKMAN: To all the children?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Just the two oldest ones because the others were too small. My\nbrother was four years old.\n\nBRICKMAN: It's a lot of time spent in education.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, and the homework and if you were checked to do it properly. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nsister helped me a lot with the secular homework.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, you said Rosh Ha-Shanah you would love to go out of town with\nyour father. What about the other Yom Tov?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The same thing. The other Yom Tov was Yom Kippur. Or Rosh Ha-Shanah\nand Yom Kippur . . . Shavuot we used to go to the rebbe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason we went that\noften is because it was not too far and we had a place to stay. We didn't need a\nhotel. There were no hotels in the whole city. Thousands of disciples came to\nthe rabbi, but there were achsania [Hebrew: inns], inns, that private people\nhad. They rented out a bed. They rented out two beds, rented out the floor . . .\nto sleep on the floor, or a mattress. There were the goats, and the chickens,\nand the geese, and the ducks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same room. So what? Achsania . . . [we]\ndidn't have to go to an achsania. I had an uncle, and he was in the lumber\nbusiness. He was not a poor man. We all stayed there.\n\nBRICKMAN: And Pesach?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Pesach. On Pesach we have to stay home. Pesach was family . . .\ncannot leave my mother alone and go away for Pesach. There were always little\nones. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were always little kids.\n\nBRICKMAN: Do you remember Pesach at home?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, sure. I remember Pesach at home. Do I remember? I remember many\nPesachum, as we say, many Pesachs at home. One particular Pesach, this I'll\nnever forget . . . this was a Pesach in . . . I came home from the yeshiva for\nPesach. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father sent me away about 200 kilometers outside of Lodz. It was\ncloser to Krakow [Poland, closer to Katowice [Poland], Sosnowiec [Poland]. This\nmust have been in 1937. I was about 12 years old, 12 or 13. I come home and I\nsee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something is wrong. This was three days before Pesach. There is nothing in\nthe house. Usually, the family goes to bake matzahs, rent the oven of the baker.\nThis was the way it used to be done. The whole family, brothers and sisters and\nin-laws, they rent the ovens say for three hours. The whole family comes and\nthey bring the flour and they make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bake matzah. They bake the matzah . . .\nnot machine matzah, what we call 'Manischewitz,' we call machine matzah or any\nother of the packaged matzah. Our matzahs they were not so straight, they were\nnot so round, they were a little burned, but they were matzahs. But to do it by\nyourself, this was the greatest mitzvah. It wasn't because of the food, it was\nthe mitzvah, packing, baking matzos. One put the . . . a reidel . . . to make\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the holes in the dough. One was making the dough, kneading the dough, and one\nwas rolling. One was minding the oven, another would put wood in there and\n[another to] put in the matzah . . . we used to call it matzah [indistinct:\n40:52: possibly 'assembly line'] . . . one matzah into the oven. The whole\nprocess should take less than 18 minutes according to the law because if it's\nmore than 18 minutes it starts to ferment and it's no longer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called 'matzah.'\nIt's already leavened bread.\n\nBRICKMAN: It's like an assembly line.\n\nGOODFRIEND: That is exactly what it was. Anyhow, I come home and I see there's\nno matzah. Immediately, you start thinking, \"My G-d, what happened?\" Then you\nfeel . . . you're the oldest . . . you feel that something is wrong. They didn't\ntell me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody told me.\n\nBRICKMAN: You had been gone for . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: For the whole winter. But for Pesach I came home. My father is about\nto search for the chametz. This was the day before Pesach. He said, [indistinct:\n41:55: Yiddish phrase] . . . \"Let's start the Maariv\" . . . the evening prayer\nin the house. He stands up and he starts the [indistinct: 42:02]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right here he\ncries. That's all I needed. I grabbed his hand and I cried, too.\n\nBRICKMAN: Not knowing why?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. If there was a time that I prayed with intensity and inner\nfervor and emphasizing not just every word but every letter, feeling that I am\nreally talking with G-d, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to G-d, with Him. I understood already what gives\nthat. Very simple. There was no money. There was no money to buy the matzah.\n\nBRICKMAN: But no one said it?\n\nGOODFRIEND: They wouldn't go to the . . . could have asked the sister, you might\nsay, take a loan and buy . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but for my father, he was so proud. We davened.\nThen [my father] searched for the chametz. Seven o'clock in the morning, he went\ndown . . . on Pesach, he goes down to the store. Not a full day but you have to\nsee, maybe, efsher [Yiddish: perhaps] maybe someone will show up. Sure enough,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he opens the store, in walks a merchant from Galicia, an old customer. A cash\ncustomer. He always used to try to squeeze . . . cash and bargain and say, \"It's\ntoo much. [indistinct Yiddish: 43:53]. If it's cheaper, I'll buy.\" He really\nbought a lot of merchandise. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The minute he left, my father closed up the store.\nHe was in the store maybe an hour . . . an hour and a half. Nine o'clock he was\nhome. Mother said, \"Ir shoyn heym? [Yiddish] You're already home? His face full\nof smiles, \"Let's go.\" They bought everything that we needed. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yomtovdik\n[festive]. Of course, I believe that G-d heard me. He answered. These things you\ndon't forget. These things are in my memory. But it was a different Pesach and\nyou strengthen your belief. By this you strengthen your belief. You can't help it.\n\nBRICKMAN: At that particular seder or at any seder ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you remember, when you\nwere the only one . . . did you ask the Fir Kashes [Yiddish: four questions]?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, the youngest.\n\nBRICKMAN: The little one . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: The little one.\n\nBRICKMAN: The only one for a while.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nBRICKMAN: In Hebrew, in Yiddish?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In Yiddish, yes. [Cantor Goodfriend chants part of the Four\nQuestions in Yiddish.] We do it even today at our seder.\n\nBRICKMAN: In Yiddish?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In Yiddish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Hebrew, and in English. We already had a seder\nin our house where we had a Russian, he asked in Russian. A couple from Mexico\nasked in Spanish. We had one who spoke Arabic, he asked in Arabic, and, of\ncourse, Yiddish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of my kids. If we are together, they do it now. If not,\nBetty [Grossman Goodfriend] does it. The same . . . Yiddish.\n\nBRICKMAN: When you had the seders and it was Pesach in your home, was it only\nfamily, only mishpacha [Yiddish: family], or were there other people at your table?\n\nGOODFRIEND: There was always a guest . . . what we call 'to take an oyrekh'\n[Yiddish: guest] . . . [indistinct: 46:29: Yiddish phase]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was not checked\non. [We did not ask,] \"May I bring somebody home?\" [We just said,] \"He was\nstanding in the doorway at the synagogue . . . \"\n\nBRICKMAN: Is an oyrekh like an orphan?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. An oyrekh is a guest.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, let's talk about Hanukkah. Tell me what you remember about\nHanukkah. Was there an exchange of gifts? Were there latkes?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: We did not make a big to-do about Hanukkah. It was something that\nwas celebrated, I think, universally in Poland or in Eastern Europe the same way\nall over. The only thing that we made sure that we had [was] the oil for the\nHanukkah menorah because we used oil. We didn't use any candles. For the kids,\nit was something that we looked forward ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to it. We looked forward to the Hanukkah\ngelt [Yiddish: money]. Exchanging gifts? No, we did not exchange gifts on\nHanukkah. We exchanged gifts on Purim. Purim, we exchanged gifts, to shalach\nmanos. But Hanukkah was just simply a festival of fun, lighting the Hanukkah\nmenorah, singing songs, and waiting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the Hanukkah gelt to be able to play\ndreidel with your siblings or cousins. Then if you got 10 cents or 10 groschen\n[German or Austrian coin], five groschen, it was a big deal and you tried to win\nin order not to have to go to your father for another nickel, for another five\ngroschen. It was an ordeal . . . Will he? Won't he give it to me? If he gives it\nto me, he has to give it to the others. It was a whole political ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ramification.\nYou didn't know how to handle it. But this was . . . I remember my mother, of\nblessed memory, she used to prepare the goose for the schmaltz [Yiddish:\nrendered chicken or goose fat] for Pesach. We waited for the [giblets] and she\nwaited for the schmaltz in order to be able to fry to latkes. We didn't use oil\nto fry because the oil that we bought was I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Palestine . . . it was\ncalled 'shemen zayit' [Hebrew], pure olive oil. It came in a tin. I remember the\npictures on that tin, an olive tree and with the Hebrew [writing on it]. I\nlooked at this particular tin and I said to myself, \"When, how could I get\nthere? How can I go there?\" Suddenly it hit you, the Promised Land, Eretz\nYisrael [Hebrew: the Holy Land], to go to Eretz Yisrael. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was something that\nwas part of the upbringing and part of the connection that we had. The story of\nHanukkah we didn't have to be told. We did learn, though, there are special\nportions in the Talmud that deals with Hanukkah. I had to be prepared in case an\nuncle or a grandfather would ask me the famous question, \"What does so-and-so\nsay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this and this particular statement.\" I had to know. If you didn't know,\nfirst you didn't get any Hanukkah gelt. Secondly, you looked like a fool. Your\nfather sends you to school and you don't learn anything? You're no good . . .\nall this kind of stuff. We had to be ready for these things. In other words, the\nholiday . . . be it Hanukkah or any other holiday . . . it was not enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just\nto observe, to celebrate the holidays. We, as kids, had to know why and the\nreasons why we do certain things. It was part of the life that I was used to and\npart of our being what we were, what we are, being Jewish.\n\nBRICKMAN: Shabbos. I would like for you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to share with me a little bit about that\nspecial day of the week.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Shabbos . . . we have in our tradition that the week is divided into\ntwo parts. The first three days of the week belong to the Shabbos that had\npassed. The second three days of the week . . . that is, Wednesday, Thursday and\nFriday . . . belong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already to the Shabbos that is about to come. The whole week\nwas geared around Shabbos. You want to make sure that you get the fresh piece of\nchicken or turkey or whatever the case might be, or a fresh piece of fish to\nprepare for Shabbos. Everything was geared to Shabbos, the day. This is the day\nthat we all wait for. Not just because we rested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the day . . . that goes\nwithout saying. We didn't have to be told, \"You've got to take a day off.\" No,\nwe did not take a day off. We took a day in. We took the day in, as this is part\nof the climax. It's part of the climactic week to have this day that they\ndevoted to different things, not the mundane things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbos was a day that we\nlooked forward to study. Shabbos was a day to rejoice with the family. Shabbos\nwas a day that you knew you were going to be dressed nicely, in a clean shirt.\nIf you have a new kapote, you put it on for Shabbos, which I wore a silk kapote\nand a hat that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was newer, a velvet hat. For the weekday, I had a regular satin .\n. . not satin . . . it was gabardine, it was cloth. But Shabbos, we had a\n[indistinct: 53:14: sounds like sahmit] and a hittel, a velvet hat for Shabbos.\n\nBRICKMAN: At what age?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Since I was . . . since I can remember at what age, since I was five\nor six. We used to call our Yiddish hittel the 'little visor,' and then the\nround velvet hat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was something that you felt Shabbosdik. There is no\ntranslation for the word 'Shabbosdik.' I feel Shabbosdik. I feel like the\nSabbath. You feel festive. This is the best word I can describe it. You feel\nfestive with your dress, with your manners, with everything you do on Shabbos.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You eat a little better Friday night and you can smell and feel and taste the\nchallah and the fish. You have to be ready to sing zmires [Yiddish: songs], to\nchant the zmires songs. We had zmires for everything . . . every meal. We would\nsing Shalom Aleichem when we came in from the stiebel to the house, welcoming\nthe angels, thanking the angels for accompanying us from the shul to the house.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then a special prayer for my mother, ayshes chayil, \"a woman of valor,\" and all\nthe prayers that go with it. Then you make proper Kiddush and see that everybody\n. . . wine for Kiddush was not something that everybody could afford. Sometimes,\nI remember we didn't have wine for Kiddush, like buying a bottle of wine. This\nwas an expense. We used to take raisins or currants ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and boil it in a pot of\nwater and then squeeze it through a towel and we had wine.\n\nBRICKMAN: A little honey?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. We didn't use honey. Honey is not wine anymore. Honey doesn't\nmake it kosher. They make [unintelligible: 55:15] of a wine. We just squeezed\nit. I used to be the squeezer. To squeeze it, we have enough for two cups of\nwine for Kiddush and Havdalah. This is enough. Each child, Mother had a little\nbit from Kiddush. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise, this meal played a major role. Then came the real\nthing. \"Let me hear. What did you learn today?\" We have to say something. You\nhave to say something that you learned today. What does Rashi say . . . what\ndoes the other commentator say about this particular verse. What about Gemarah?\nWhat did you learn in Gemarah?\" This went around the table. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father wanted to\nknow. Then when we had our meal, when we had a guest, he wanted to show off how\nmuch I know. It's a 'pu pu pu' . . . they started to spit out. G-d forbid that\nsomebody will give an evil eye. You shouldn't know too much. It's not good [in\nthe Jewish perspective] you know too much [in the eyes of others]. Not good for\nan evil eye. Stop right there.\n\nBRICKMAN: A beautiful day . . . a beautiful night.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Then, of course, the day was a regular Shabbos day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They tried to\nplay with the kids . . . not to play what they're playing, like playing ball or\nroller skating or anything that would desecrate the Shabbos. I remember we used\nto play cantor and choir. When I was a little boy I used to put a towel around\nmy neck. This was the tallit. We had a few kids who sang in the choir and they\nwere the chazzan in the big shul. We used to sing for ourselves. We knew the\nmelodies. One became the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choir conductor, one became the chazzan. We used to\nplay chazzan and choir. I didn't know then that I would become a cantor one day.\nBut this was the way it was.\n\nBRICKMAN: I was going to ask you, was there ever a time where you participated\nin a choir at a young age?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. I used to help out . . . there was . . . at the rebbe, there\nwas what we call baltefilleh that was a master of prayer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the equivalent\nof a chazzan. Maybe to a higher degree, the master of prayer. He conducted\nservices. He had his own choir. He had a [indistinct: 57:40] . . . I used to\nknow the melodies before Rosh Ha-Shanah before anybody else. I remember people\nused to get to me. They wanted to bribe me to sing the melody before it is . . .\npublished . . . we didn't publish music, but before it was heard. This is\nalready something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is against the law.\n\nBRICKMAN: Is that okay or not okay?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It was not okay. I wouldn't dare do that because I was scolded. I\ndid it once [for] a friend, an uncle or a cousin. He wanted to show off. He\nknows already what the baltefilleh is going to sing. Who squealed? Who was the\none? Then they would not let me into the rehearsals. I had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in there with the\npeople because of my father and because of myself. I used to know the melodies\nahead of time. I used to sing since I was a little boy.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you ever think during those years that . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: No.\n\nBRICKMAN: Nothing? It never entered your mind.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I had cantors in the mishpacha.\n\nBRICKMAN: Can you tell me a little bit about that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. He was a chazzan in a small town. We had an expression, \"Ich\nhob . . . Lowicz.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lowicz [Poland] was a little town not far from Lodz. My\ncousin . . . his name was David Soperstein . . . he was a chazzan in Lowicz. To\nme . . . I always looked up to him. Why? Because I saw him when he was\npracticing with his high hat and the long gown that he was wearing . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nlittle bib that you'd call the . . . old-time chazzonim [Yiddish: cantor] used\nto wear a white little thing to cover . . . ornament. I have one that I used to\nwear in Germany. When I was a chazzan in Germany, I used to wear one. This\nlooked very impressive. Especially when he let me use his tuning fork. In those\ndays, a tuning fork . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he put this to his . . . then I heard the sound. To\nme, this was a great thing. We always tried to get the tuning fork. If one kid\nhad a few groshen, he bought a tuning fork. Everybody wanted to play with that\nkid because he has the turning fork, so you better be good friends with him.\nThen you can have it . . . let me use it. I used to walk around with the tuning fork.\n\nBRICKMAN: What age in high school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in later years . . . were they always in a\nyeshiva and you learned . . . secular studies?\n\nGOODFRIEND: When the war broke out, I was in the sixth or seventh grade.\n\nBRICKMAN: Give me the year, Chazzan.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In 1939. I was supposed to enter the seventh grade. I was 15. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ncouldn't . . . there was no school. The schools were gone. Until that time I\nlearned what had to be done as far as Polish history goes and math. We did not\nlearn algebra or the complicated subjects in math. But I did not stand still. I\nlearned by myself in the ghetto.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Before you get into the time when the war broke out, did you or your\nfamily members have any kind of warning or feeling before this happened? What\nwas going on in your home, in the town, before the war actually started?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The feeling was that there will be a war. This was the feeling. In\n1938 we thought in March the war is going to start in 1938. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as\nantisemitism, [Adolf] Hitler coming to power, we knew in 1933 or 1934. We knew\nthat. There were already refugees coming to Lodz before the war from Germany.\nNot far from us was a kitchen, a bread line, where the refugees used to be fed.\nI saw those people, the way they were dressed. I said to myself, \"They don't\nlook like poor people\" because I was used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing . . . really poor people\nwithout shoes, without a coat, and without a shirt and everything torn. They\nused to stretch their hands for an nedove [Yiddish: handout], for a handout. I\nwould consider them poor. But the people that came from Germany, they were\ndressed in a coat and tie. They were dressed like Deutschen [German people]\nbecause they didn't wear the same long kapotes as we were used to. They were\ndressed worldly, European-style, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without the beard. [I] said, \"There are Jews?\nThose are Jews? Where is the beard, their payess?\" Then we were told they were\nthrown out of their homes, they were chased out of their homes, and we have to\nhelp them. They used to come more and more every day. But as far as anticipating\na war . . . yes, we knew that there was going to be something. We then became\nsuddenly involved in a wider ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. \"What does Germany really want from Poland? Is\nit the [Danzig] Corridor? Is it . . . \" Then we were told that at the First\nWorld War, Poland annexed part of Germany and it really belongs to Germany and\nthere was a dispute. They want back the Corridor. Everybody said, \"No. Because\nof this the Germans will never go into war. Because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corridor? They'll\nsomehow . . .\" Then when [Neville] Chamberlain came back with the promise . . .\n\"See, G-d does not want a war.\" That's what we said. \"If G-d doesn't want a war,\nthere won't be any wars.\" We miscalculated, of course. Then we had preparation\nas far as digging trenches [and] the civil defense. The civil defense, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must\ntell you, my father was very . . . suddenly very active. He was given the gas\nmasks to be sure that people . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: To distribute?\n\nGOODFRIEND: . . . to distribute. Also, to be sure what the people have to do to\nwarn the people, how to save themselves, how to protect themselves in case of\ngas bombs that will come down. Because everybody thought this is what's going to\nhappen. I was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important suddenly because my father . . . he is the civil\ndefense. He let me carry a gas mask, too. I walked around behind him. The rest\nis history.\n\nBRICKMAN: I know you lived in the area where there were all Jewish people, but\ndid you feel any antisemitism if you left the area?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. Antisemitism was getting stronger by the minute. There used to\nbe what we call them, the 'boycotts.' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to stand in front of Jewish\nestablishments. [They had] swastikas on their arms. They yelled out loud, \"Don't\nbuy from Jews.\" They used to stand in front of the store not to let customers\nin. Jewish customers they could not keep back. The Jewish people made a living\nfrom the non-Jewish customers who came in, especially in Lodz to buy before a\nholiday, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to buy stuff, clothing, or whatever they needed. This was held. We used\nto call them the 'Endeks.' They were open antisemites. Closer to the war, they\nstarting wearing the brown shirts already, so these [people] were already\nindoctrinated Nazis. It grew from day to day. It was a prelude to what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nhappen, the unexpected, because nothing was expected the way it happened.\n\nBRICKMAN: When the war actually broke out . . . ?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I remember where I was exactly.\n\nBRICKMAN: Where were you? Try to tell me, if you can, the steps that took place then.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Sure. I was in Lodz. The war broke out on September 1, 1939. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were\ngathering in the courtyard and tried to listen to the planes coming overhead.\nThere were a few radios. We didn't own a radio, but neighbors had a radio. They\nused to announce, \"[Yiddish word: something about them coming: 1:07:24] Here\ncomes the planes! So and so serial number\" . . . The siren ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to sound. You\nlooked for shelter. You were told that when the sirens go . . . three\nintermittent sounds . . . that this is . . . you have to take shelter. Then when\nthere is one long sound that means they're gone. We waited . . . [the planes\nwere] coming one after the other, but we did not hear any bombs. No sounds of\nbombs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz is not too far from the German border . . . maybe 500 kilometers . .\n. not even that. The first thing . . . let's see what my grandparents . . . my\nfather said, \"Go look what my parents are doing.\" I ran across the street . . .\nthey lived maybe a five minute walk from us. I run across the street and by the\ntime I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into my grandfather's house, I hear heavy artillery roaring already.\nThey took Lodz without firing one shot. Nothing was fired. They were maybe scare\nshots, just to scare the people. The Polish Army . . . we didn't see a Polish\nsoldier . . . the minute the war started. Not one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldier could be seen on the street.\n\nBRICKMAN: The Germans took Lodz with no problem?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No problem. Lodz was the fifth column because a third of the\npopulation were Germans in Lodz.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, when you heard this and the Germans came in, were you at your\ngrandfather's house?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, when I saw the first German soldiers. Then it was nothing to\nit. I had to wait downstairs in front of the house to be able ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to cross the\nstreet and go back home when there were no military trucks, or artillery, or\ntanks rolling through that street. This was the main street to Warsaw [Poland].\nFrom there, they went to Warsaw. They came from the west and they went east.\n\nBRICKMAN:When they took the town and moved on, what happened?\n\nGOODFRIEND: They took the town. First of all, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was already a run on bread,\nthe bakeries. There were quite a few Jewish bakeries. In the house where my\ngrandparents lived in Lodz, there was a big bakery. If you knew somebody, we\npaid him for the bread. But nobody knew if the money is worth anything. The man,\nhe had a lot of flour and he wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bake bread. A lot of people would have\nraided the place, and they would have grabbed the flour and they would have\ngrabbed whatever he had, so he baked bread. Really, he did a favor. What kind of\nfavor to himself? I don't know because the money wasn't worth a thing. Nobody\nknew what he will do with the money. I stood in line to buy the bread. Another\ncousin of mine stood in line ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we wanted to buy bread for everybody . . .\nfor my family, for the grandparents and my cousin, for his parents.\n\nBRICKMAN: How much could you possibly buy?\n\nGOODFRIEND: How much? They [only] let you buy one bread. This is the very first\ntime in my life I stole a bread. I went in line . . . I didn't steal, I took it\n. . . I put it under my coat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was so hungry that I started eating the hot\nbread. It was hot. I started eating. Then I came back and they were pushing and\nshoving, pushing and shoving. They said, \"There's no way. Each one gets one\nbread, no more.\" In the pushing and shoving, I grabbed one and went . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: How old were you then? Fourteen?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Fifteen. I didn't tell anybody. It was simply . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Somebody gave\n[it] to me.\"\n\nBRICKMAN: What was the next step?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The next step is we heard already a little more and more shooting.\nWe stayed in. Then it didn't take long, about maybe a week, we already saw that\nthe Germans mean business. We already felt that they were taking over to a point\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where . . . you thought it was fun. The civil defense didn't mean a thing\nbecause there was nothing to defend.\n\nBRICKMAN: You mean excitement? What do you mean 'it's fun'?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Fun for kids . . . a war, soldiers. [We thought] they don't mean to\ntake Poland . . . poor Poland. What will they have in Poland? They got what they\nwanted. They got the Corridor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Danzig. They got what belongs to them. But\nthe rest, they [will] simply . . . they'll move on. They'll go away.\n\nBRICKMAN: Could you go about your business?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. Nobody would dare go about the business because, first, you were\nafraid. A few days later . . . I don't remember when Rosh Ha-Shanah was . . .\nbut we had a particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem . . . my family, that is, because we did\nbusiness with the Germans, with the Polish-German weavers, the hand weavers,\nbecause we bought directly from them. They used to manufacture towels,\nbedspreads, tablecloths. This was our main business. Most of this business was\nin the hands of the Germans, of the Volksdeutsche [German: ethnic German\npeople]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being that we did business and for so many years, they knew us. But\nthey also wanted to flex their muscles. They came to our house . . . not by\nthemselves, but with the Gestapo, to point out, \"He doesn't deserve to have a\nbusiness.\" They made my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go and open the store and take out every piece of\nmerchandise, by himself, and load it up on a truck . . . every thread of\nmerchandise and load it up on a truck by himself.\n\nBRICKMAN: The man you had done business with?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. The Gestapo [were] standing there and hitting [my father] and\nabusing him. When he came back, he was all beaten up, black and blue. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was\nthe end of the business. This is a man that did business with him and with his\nfather, my grandfather, for years. I knew him, too. I knew his face.\n\nBRICKMAN: The business was closed.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. There was nothing . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you have money to buy anything?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We didn't have money to buy. But, it just so happened, right in the\nbeginning, the German soldiers, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would buy anything that they can lay a hand\non. They were like soldiers coming to any town . . . they conquer a city . . .\nthey could have taken it.\n\nBRICKMAN: That's true.\n\nGOODFRIEND: But there were some Germans, they paid. Where do you get\nmerchandise? We starting organizing. We knew people who manufactured stockings.\nWe knew people who manufactured socks. We knew people who manufactured different\nthings, handkerchiefs, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scarves, anything. We started going around and . . . the\nstore, it was open . . . the store we had the location. It was like in a mall.\nWe opened up and before you put the merchandise up, it was gone. Any price you\nasked for, they paid in German money, in Marks, which was worth more than the\nlocal currency. For about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two weeks, it was going real good . . . real good as\nfar as money was concerned. People . . . they were on the ball. They wanted to\ndo something and suddenly I became a big merchant. I went to this one and that\none and schlepped [Yiddish: haul] packages on my back in order to sell it, buy\nnew merchandise, sell it, buy new merchandise. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We made it somehow until they put\nthe vise a little tighter and squeezed. Suddenly my father gets up in the middle\nof the night. This was in the same period of time, one month, in November. This\nwas . . . in 1939. He said, \"My G-d. Look! The shul is burning!\" I said, \"How do\nyou know?\" He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I can see the reflection on the wall.\" Sure enough. We went\non the roof to see. They put the synagogue on fire. What a synagogue! What a\nbuilding! You cannot begin to describe the beauty of that synagogue. It was\ncalled the 'Schnaydershul,' the synagogue of the tailors and the cobblers. It\nwas the workmen's synagogue. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[It had] 4,000 or 5,000 seats. The most beautiful\nchoir in the world. The architecture was so immaculate, so artistically done by\nhand. A few months before the war, they renovated the façade of the synagogue.\nWe used to watch for hours how those masons, how they [worked] with little\ntrowels, the way they carved out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the artistic miniatures . . . of the\nresemblance of the Temple. It was unbelievable, unbelievable. They put it on fire.\n\nBRICKMAN: Were there other synagogues in your area, or was yours alone?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. They were . . . all the synagogues were burned. But this one we\nsaw because, don't forget, Kristallnacht was in 1938. This was in 1939. First\nthey wanted to take care . . . this was our way of thinking . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[the Germans]\nwanted to take care of the synagogues first the way they did in Germany because\nthey annexed Lodz to the Third Reich. Lodz became part of the Third Reich\nbecause of the German population there . . . a third of the population of Lodz\nwas German. They had a fifth column already there. I think it was their\ninfluence that they annexed Lodz to the . . . and also maybe [because]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"geographically it was located closer to the German border.\n\nBRICKMAN: That disconnected a central place of gathering, the shul . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: The shul . . . there was no way now. I remember the first Rosh\nHa-Shanah. It was about that time, maybe two, three weeks into the war. We\ndavened in our house because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had a [indistinct: 1:20:05: sounds like\n\"baltier\"] . . . my father davened. They had the Torah reader and a shofar. We\ndid sound a shofar under the bed. I remember the person who blew the shofar laid\ndown on the floor and sounded the shofar that the sound should go under the bed\nso that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody shouldn't hear it. Because if they hear it, they'd come and\ndenounce us. That's all we needed. One kid was standing on the lookout to see if\nGermans were coming in. Because then they had already started to come every day\nto the courtyard and catch people forcibly.\n\nBRICKMAN: Doing what?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Menial work, carrying a stone from one side of the street to the\nother side of the street. Simply to harass and to abuse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and make fun, like old\npeople taking piggyback [rides] on another old person. [The Germans] stood\naround and applauded and laughed. This was very trying. It's something\nhumiliating. I will never forget that.\n\nBRICKMAN: It's almost like you don't want to leave your home then for fear that\nsomething could happen. Did people stay inside . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. The people stayed inside . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we used to hide in the attic\nwhen we saw the Germans come. But the [Poles], the little [Poles], they took\nGermans and pointed out where the Jews were hiding. They shouldn't get away with\nit. What did they get? Maybe a bar of chocolate for that, maybe a pack of\ncigarettes. They didn't care . . . to give away a human being. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They helped to .\n. . even though it just to abuse, they didn't kill in the first time, at the\noutset. They did not kill. They did not shoot anybody, simply plain embarrassment.\n\nBRICKMAN: Harassment.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Harassment. The yellow star we started to wear right there and then,\nfrom November of 1939.\n\nBRICKMAN: I don't know the steps. You'll have to help me because listening to\nhow it all began . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then it picked up speed with more harassment and more aggravation.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, right.\n\nBRICKMAN: Then what happened in the town?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the town, people started to run [away] on their own. There were\npeople . . . our neighbors . . . everyone is trying to use philosophy. Which is\nthe best way?\n\nBRICKMAN: Where should we go?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Should we stay or go? A lot of people said . . . they came to my\nfather, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors, friends . . . \"Would you like to join us? We are leaving. We\nare walking.\"\n\nBRICKMAN: To where, Chazzan?\n\nGOODFRIEND: To the Russian border, to Malkinia . . . the Russian border. My\nfather said, \"I can't. What will happen to my parents? My parents can't walk. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't have money.\" We didn't have any money to walk. My little brother was only\n. . . three years old, less than three, two-and-a-half, three years old. My\nlittle sister was eight years old, or six. Where do you go with little kids? You\nhave to have warm clothes, food. It was wintertime. Winter was coming. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who knows\nif we won't get killed on the way . . . [from] the bombs, from the army . . . shooting.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did a lot of people leave then?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, they left. A lot of them got killed. A lot of them didn't get\nto the Russian border. It was a decision that we didn't make. My father didn't\nmake that decision. We stayed. We stayed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and every day it got worse. Every day.\n\nBRICKMAN: Is this already the beginning of 1940?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Nineteen forty was already . . . a lot of things happened. In\nJanuary of 1940, we already knew that there is going to be a ghetto in Lodz. We\nalready knew that the ghetto is going to be closed in because where we lived,\nthis was exactly the border of the ghetto . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to such a point when the head of\nthe Judenrat, Chaim Rumkowski, came to speak to us in the courtyard, everybody\nwanted to know, \"Is our house going to be in the ghetto or outside the ghetto?\"\nHe wouldn't give us the benefit of telling us, \"Yes\" or, \"No.\" He kept kicking\nthe people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got kicked, too. You shouldn't ask questions. He said, and I'm\nrepeating, quoting directly what he said, \"By me . . . the ghetto . . . it won't\ntake three years and it will work like the finest movement in a watch.\"\n[Yiddish sentence: 1:25:53]. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was his reasoning. We had my mother's family\nin Piotrkow, 44 kilometers away. They kept on telling us, \"Please come.\"\n\nBRICKMAN: To them?\n\nGOODFRIEND: To them. \"At least,\" they said, \"Piotrkow is not going to go into\nthe Third Reich. They will not go into the Greater Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is going to be a\nprotectorate governed by a [German] governor in the city of Krakow. Why don't\nyou come?\" I remember in the beginning of February [1940] . . . they loaded up a\nwagon and a horse, loaded up a little bit of belongings, some furniture, some\npersonal things, some linens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and put me on top of it and another cousin of mine,\na girl, whose brother lives in Chicago . . . and the two of us took off to go to\nPiotrkow. The snow was coming down like never before. I was dressed warmly all\nbundled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in sweaters and schmatas [Yiddish: rag or old garment]\n\nBRICKMAN: You made it?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We made the journey in four days because the horse got sick, the\nwagon got stuck in the snow, and we had to change to a sled. In the middle of\nthe road . . . we had all those alternative plans because the driver, the\nbalegolesthik, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that we had sons of a distant relative, who is a farmer in\none of the little towns on the way. Sure enough, we got in there. First, we had\na place to warm up a little bit. It was somewhere in the country. He gave us the\nsled . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: What happened to the belongings on the . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: We unloaded them and put them on the sled . . . a big one . . . a\nhorse-drawn sled.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: You made it to your grandparents' house, you and the cousin?\n\nGOODFRIEND: [Me] and my cousin, yes. Her grandparents were there too. Her\ngrandfather and my grandfather were brothers.\n\nBRICKMAN: Then what?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We settled down in the ghetto in Piotrkow.\n\nBRICKMAN: Just the two [of you] . . . the whole family is still . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: The whole family . . . my mother and my father and the [other]\nchildren went by bus.\n\nBRICKMAN: That's what I wanted to know.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: They went by bus. When we came, they were already there. They didn't\nknow what happened to us because we didn't have any way of communicating. There\nwas no telephone. When we came, they were already there. There we settled in the\nghetto, which was one of the first ghettos in Poland, the very first ghetto in\nPoland. When you walk into the [United States] Holocaust [Memorial] Museum, you\nsee the first ghetto in Poland. This was it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: You couldn't possibly have taken everything from your home. You just\ntook what you could, locked the door and you left?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Just belongings . . . Why locked the door? The books . . . all the\nbooks . . . my father had very valuable books. I remember I put them in the\nwater tank. The water tank never worked. There was never water in the tank, so I\nwasn't afraid that they would get wet. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known already among the rest of\nthe family that I had a place where to hide the books. I found the place. We\ndidn't have a ladder to climb up, but I climbed up straight walls when I was a\nkid, so somehow I managed. I had my brother throw up the books. He'd toss it to\nme, and I'd place them inside. We left everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The candlesticks we took\nalong. Whatever belongings we had. Safety deposit boxes, we didn't have. They\ndidn't know what it means to begin with. We didn't have anything. Whatever we\nhad. We settled in Piotrkow and we started to live a ghetto life. When I say not\nonly us . . . there were nine sisters. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Out of the nine, two remained behind. One\nlived in the Protectorate also near Kielce [Poland]. They didn't move. They\nperished in their hometown. The rest of us stayed in this room, kitchen, and the\nstore, and the bedroom.\n\nBRICKMAN: How long were you there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Until the end . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until 1942.\n\nBRICKMAN: You said until the end . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: The end . . . that means 1942, when they liquidated the ghetto. In\n1942, they liquidated all the Jews from Piotrkow.\n\nBRICKMAN: What happened that day?\n\nGOODFRIEND: This is a story by itself . . . what happens . . . what happened to\nthe rest of the Jews in Poland.\n\nBRICKMAN: When they came in to liquidate the ghetto, where were you told to go?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I was already working in the glass factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the beginning . . .\nit was very paradoxical in a way. You tried to get documents that you cannot work.\n\nBRICKMAN: That you cannot work?\n\nGOODFRIEND: That you cannot. You have contagious diseases. Nobody can stay near\nyou because they'll catch it. If you showed this paper, you were never called to\nwork. You showed this paper. You bribe a doctor to give ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you a paper like this.\nThen suddenly, it changed. You needed a paper that you're healthy and need a job\nto work. We went to the same doctor, and we paid him a little more. He gave you\nanother letter that you are healthy, you can work, and you are very useful. We\nused it and got a job in the glass factory.\n\nBRICKMAN: You and your younger cousins?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, I was the only one in my immediate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family who got this job. The\nother cousins my age, they got jobs in different factories, in other factories.\nBut as far as my mother's family, I was the only eligible worker because my\nsister . . . the girls, they didn't . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: The date is June 12, 1994. This is the second oral ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history interview\nwith Chazzan Isaac Goodfriend. We will begin this interview with the year 1939.\nChazzan, I want to ask you, prior to the year 1939, did you suspect any changes\nin the world prior to that time or was that the time when you actually felt\nthings happening?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We did suspect that something was going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to happen. If it will or\nnot, we were not sure. In 1938, for instance, when I came back home from the\nyeshiva in southern Poland . . . Sosnowiec . . . the talk was already [going\non]. You felt in the air as to what would happen. We heard what happened in\nSudetenland and Czechoslovakia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was talk and also the situation was tense\n[with regard to] the dispute between the Germans and the Polish Corridor near\nDanzig. We didn't think that there would be a war, especially with the\nintervention of Chamberlain . . . we did not expect that it was going to happen.\nBut we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did suspect that something is in the air. The question was, will there be\na war or won't there be a war? In 1938, nobody was certain. In 1939, as we got a\nlittle closer, we saw that preparations are being done all over Poland,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mobilization or digging trenches to support organizing the civil defense . . .\nbefore the date of September 1, 1939.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you feel as a Jewish family that there were some differences or\nsome changes, some animosity, more so than maybe others?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, definitely. The air of antisemitism was more open, more\nsanctioned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"silently by the Polish government. They were not afraid. In other\nwords, the police did not take action if they saw Nazis with swastikas on their\narms boycotting Jewish establishments, Jewish stores, like the stores next to my\nfather. They did not go and arrest those people. They simply let them do it, let\nthem have a good time. We felt that it was an open, hostile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atmosphere between\nthe non-Jewish community and the Jews.\n\nBRICKMAN: Was this anything that you would discuss with your family openly, or\ndid they keep that from the children?\n\nGOODFRIEND: There was nothing . . . children, you must understand in those days,\nwere not children anymore. I was already a teenager in my early teens. We knew\nwhat's going on. We were not . . . it was not a question of keeping a secret\nbecause we knew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was 11 years old when I helped my father in the business and\nI knew what was going on. Radios we didn't have, but we read the papers. [We\nhad] what we called a mikveh [Yiddish word: 1:37:14]. Everything was settled in\na mikveh. We joked, \"What Jew didn't go to the mikveh before Shabbos?\" All the\npolitics and all the guilts of the world were settled in a mikveh. We called it\n\"mikveh politics.\" It might be . . . most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old people knew what was going on in\nthe world and they had everything already settled [it] among themselves, that if\nHitler starts a war . . . it's an old joke on your arm. They used the [Yiddish,\nword: 1:37:47] as a map. The Germans are in the . . . west and they attack. The\nRussians would come from the east and they'll surround and they'll crush them\nlike this, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closing their fist, until that's it, they are gone. This was sort of\nin a joking manner. Seriously, yes there was some sort of feeling that something\nis going to happen.\n\nBRICKMAN: Can you tell me, chronologically speaking, what did happen?\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did happen was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on September 1, we got up. We heard sirens and\nthe announcement on the radio. At that time, the neighbors had a radio. We\ndidn't have a radio. Everyone was listening to the radio. They [said], \"It's\ncoming on. It's coming on. The planes are coming on. The enemy planes are coming\non. Number so and so, go to the hiding places. Go to shelters.\" We didn't have\nany shelters. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no place to hide. [The announcers] said, \"Bombs are\ncoming.\" [The Germans] occupied Poland without any . . . actually no resistance\nexcept for Warsaw . . . They might have had shelters. We saw them. The first one\nto go on the street was a kid, a teenager, to see the German tanks rolling\nthrough the streets, right in front where we used to have our store. To have a\nbetter view, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember we went up to my father's parents, my grandparents. They\nlived maybe 200 yards away from our house . . . looking out through the window .\n. . their window was right smack on the second floor looking on the main street\nso we saw them better. The occupation army did not bother us then. We didn't\nknow what was going to happen. Simply [that] they were going to occupy Poland.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Were there any changes economically while they were occupying?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Economically, the only change was that we couldn't go to the store.\nIt was forbidden to go. It was dangerous to go. There was a curfew imposed\nimmediately. The war was on. After dark, nobody should be on the street. This\nwas immediately imposed. The minute they came in, there was all the posters on\nthe street. We could not move.\n\nBRICKMAN: What did you do for food?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: For food . . . the only thing that we were standing in line for was\nbread. I remember in the same complex where my grandparents lived, there was a\nwell-known bakery. People could get to that bakery. We stood in line. The minute\nthe bread came out of the oven . . . they still had some flour left over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\nbefore. The owner figures, \"What will they do with the flour? We have to use it\nup and let the people have some bread.\" He took money, but nobody knew what kind\nof money . . . we had zlotyz, Polish money . . . whatever he wanted to charge,\nwe paid him. There was no price, as long as we could get the bread. There was\nshoving and pushing. You tried to finagle . . . you tried to get instead of one\nbread, two breads . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizing.\n\nBRICKMAN: Were you allowed to go into other stores to shop?\n\nGOODFRIEND: There were no stores. All the stores . . . they didn't have anything\n. . . The stores didn't have anything. Those stores who had something, it went\nin a few hours. To go out to wholesalers . . . we did none of these things . . .\nto go to the wholesaler. Every house, every apartment had their own bakery, the\nbutcher, and little grocery store. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't have to go anyplace.\n\nBRICKMAN: With your grandparents not far from where you lived, was it safe for\nthem to be by themselves?\n\nGOODFRIEND: That's why we . . . they never lived by themselves. There was always\nsomebody living with them. My father was the only son, and the two sisters lived\nwith them all the time. Since the day they were married, they lived with them in\nthe same apartment. It had four rooms so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was considered a large apartment.\n\nBRICKMAN: When did you actually feel that there was a tightening?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The second day after they came. They came in and because they had\nthe special troops already, we didn't know the difference between the brown\nshirts and black shirts and the brown uniform and the black uniform. We did not\nknow . . . the Germans are Germans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They started to harass the people, just to\nmake a mockery. About this, I remember vividly. The second day and the third\nday, they used to take the older people in front of our house and made them ride\npiggyback with another old man. They were standing around and clapping, the\nGerman soldiers. To us, this was a very degrading scene. Or taking the bayonet\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and shaving off half the beard. Just maybe took some flesh with it. It was very\nbad. It was a bad feeling. We thought this was the end and this is the worst\nthing that they will do.\n\nBRICKMAN: This was the second day?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The second day.\n\nBRICKMAN: What happened?\n\nGOODFRIEND: What we did . . . I remember what we did. The second day, we called\ntogether the neighbors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in somebody's house. I don't remember exactly which\nneighbor . . . Kohl was the family name. They had a big room, a huge room. They\nlived downstairs. It was conducive to having a minyan there. We called the\nneighbors together and we said Tehillem [the Book of Psalms], the chapters of a\npsalm. This was . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we'd cry a lot that G-d should help, that we should\nget rid of them, the same way they came, the same way they should go. That we\nshould rid ourselves from this yoke and these terrible, terrible enemies we had.\nWe were satisfied that G-d heard us. To our dismay, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we experienced every day\nsomething else, every single day some new laws. Then they started to gather\npeople to work. They came in the yards and people would help them find the Jews,\nour Polish neighbors. The boys . . . they [would] point out that there was a Jew\nhiding, there was a Jew hiding, in the cellar a Jew was hiding. They take people\nto work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not a question that they needed the work, this was simply a sign\nof dehumanization of the people, a degrading of the Jewish people.\n\nBRICKMAN: I know you lived in an area where there was a tremendous amount of\nJewish people. But there were also non-Jews. What was happening to them? It was\nan occupied city.\n\nGOODFRIEND: The area where we lived, where I grew up . . . at this particular\ntime we did not live in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a non-Jewish area. On the contrary, we had 76 tenants in\nour complex, our apartment building. There was only one non-Jew. He was the\nsuperintendent, like the janitor. As I've said, we needed a Shabbos goy. He was\nthe Shabbos goy. We needed somebody to light the fire for the children to have\nsomething warm, for the little children and we needed somebody to come up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nturn out the lights Friday night. We didn't have to tell him. He knew. He\ngathered the nahkt challah [Yiddish: night bread], which is a challah that\nFriday night . . . they should last him for a week probably. He was a big, heavy\nman. Jebsco was his name. He had a big, vicious dog. I was scared to death\nalways when I saw him.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did he behave nicely with you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He was one of the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he knew everybody since childhood. Was he\nnice? He was nice to us when there was nobody out there. He didn't know better.\nIf not, he wouldn't be a janitor. He was not an educated man. He wouldn't open\nthe door after 11 o'clock, so you had to pull the ring. There was a ring to\npull. This would ring in his house and he came out. If you didn't have the dime\nor the five haskadov ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give him for coming and opening the door, he's curse you\nwith all kinds of curses and swear words. You knew you had to give him\nsomething. Otherwise, he was very cooperative. He was not a lover of the Jews.\nHe didn't love us, no.\n\nBRICKMAN: When the occupation took place and you watched things change over a\nshort period of time, were you taken to work? Was your father taken to work?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: It was so fast. Yes, my father was taken to work. My father . . .\nthere were certain episodes where he suffered quite a lot. Why? Because we did\nbusiness with the Germans in Lodz and in Poland. Being in the textile business,\nmost of the textiles were manufactured by Polish-Germans, what we used to call\nVolksdeutsche. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were originally Germans but they lived in Poland. Lodz was\nthe only city that the Germans didn't have to fire a shot because a third of the\npopulation was German. I knew everybody because I used to go with my father to\nbuy the merchandise . . . the textiles. There were the hand weavers. Very few of\nthose Germans had everything mechanized. They still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had the handloom to weave\nthe merchandise, likes towels and tablecloths and bedspreads and drapes. This is\nwhat we dealt with: bed covers and so forth. I knew them and they knew my\nfather. When first there was a Rosh Ha-Shanah, they didn't go to the stores. The\nstores were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all locked up because they were afraid. What good it is to open the\nstores that nobody can come and move around? The first Rosh Ha-Shanah, there was\na knock on the door. The Gestapo comes in. We were sitting down to have whatever\nwe had to eat. I don't remember exactly what it was. It was a matter of putting\ntogether something . . . if you had a little flour, mama baked a little challah,\nwhatever . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had a meal. Whatever was available, we did not complain. We\nnever complained about it, never. They came in and . . . right behind them was\none who we did business with and my grandfather did business with, a Mr.\nSchmidt. He ordered my father . . . picked him up and started kicking him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They\nturned him] round in front. They took him down to the store and they pulled up\nthe truck, a big one, and asked him to load the truck with every piece of\nmerchandise in the store by himself. They didn't leave a thread. These are\npeople that we did business with. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here it was already four hours, it's five\nhours, six hours, it's already ten hours . . . my father is not home. I went out\nto the store. He wasn't there. I went home and told my mother that I didn't see\nhim. I don't know where they took him. A little bit later I heard some sighing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the steps. We lived on the second floor. Sure enough, my father could hardly\nwalk from the kicking, the bruising and hitting him, besides taking all the\nmerchandise. He came back. He said one thing only, \"Thank G-d I'm alive.\" That's all.\n\nBRICKMAN: Not knowing what was going to happen the very next day?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. This is . . . we took it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we say, \"We accept it.\" We accept\nthe fate. We accepted . . . this could be worse, the story is not yet written.\nMaybe G-d will help . . . maybe the next day will be better. Maybe something . .\n. they have their fill . . . They took the merchandise. This is what they want,\nthis is what they came for. Then, \"Goodbye.\" They'll leave. We were\ndisappointed. We were disappointed because the next day some new laws . . . the\nlaws of putting on the yellow star . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who had yellow . . .? This was a law.\nThey will give you a day. In Lodz, we had to have one on the front and one on\nthe back . . . two. They didn't say 'Jew.' Didn't have to say that but just the\nyellow patch in the form of a Magen David, the Star of David. Old pillowcases .\n. . they used to give you feathers that were down in those pillowcases. Mother\ntook [a yellow pillowcase] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cut it up so everybody had their stars. Then the\nnext shock was burning of the synagogue. This was November. In November, they\nburned the synagogue. My father got up. It was in the middle of the night. We\ndidn't hear any noises except the reflection on the opposite wall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was like\nthe reflection of fire . . . not smoke. At the middle of the night, looked like\nflames. [You see in the] windows like flames. My father said, \"They're burning\nthe shul. The synagogue is burning.\" The old temple. We were not the only ones.\nThe whole . . . all the neighbors sitting there. They were crying. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Such a synagogue!\n\nBRICKMAN: One synagogue in your area? In each area?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In my area, no. Each area had dozens of synagogues. I'm talking\nabout a huge synagogue. This was the schnaydershul [Yiddish: tailor's\nsynagogue], the shustershul [Yiddish: cobbler's synagogue]. We called it . . .\nthis was the artisan's synagogue. Not rich people belong to the synagogue. They\nwere tailors and cobblers and painters and carpenters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and farmers and tin makers\n. . . simple people. But it was supported by one of the richest people in\nPoland, [Izrael Kalmanowicz] Poznanski. He was one of the [indistinct: 1:54:49,\npossibly 'popular mayors']. The fact they established the headquarters of the\nGestapo in his palace. This was called Poznanski center . . . Kalmen Poznanski,\nnice Jewish name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The synagogue could seat 4,000 people. It was a tremendous . .\n. two months before, they refurbished the outside. They brought in artists from\nGermany, from all over the world, because the masonry was so precise, so\nbeautiful, the mosaics on the outside. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was done by hand. It was so beautiful,\nit was a sight to see and behold. We though . . . the first thing, \"what\nhappened to the Torahs? Are the Torahs safe?\" This is the first thing that was\non our mind. Synagogue is a building. You can build another synagogue. Are the\nTorahs safe? Nobody knew. Then we found out that some of the Torahs were taken\nout. People . . . risked their lives to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"save some of the Torahs.Then every day\nwas something new and not the way we thought it was going it to be. It's the old\nstory, the \"Der Mensch tracht und Gott lacht.\" [Yiddish proverb: Man plans and\nG-d laughs.] A person is thinking, what G-d does is his own infinite way . . .\nout through the world and how things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should happen. Unfortunately, it didn't\nhappen in our case. We tried to go on living. But events happened so fast that\nwe didn't have time to put pieces together and start planning for the next day.\nOne thing was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on our mind, it was survival. G-d will help and we will survive\nand then we'll make plans.\n\nBRICKMAN: The family was still together?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The family was still together. There was some talk about . . . among\nthe neighbors . . . maybe it's a good thing. Maybe we should get together and\nstart . . . leave this place. Leave . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk or ride towards Russia. I am\nstill talking about November or December of 1939. A lot of people took up the\nidea. They had a few dollars. They took knapsacks and started walking towards\nMalkinia, closer to the Russian border. Some of them were lucky enough to get\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the border. Some of them were killed by German bombers because Warsaw\ntried to hold out longer. The defense for Warsaw took maybe four weeks. We\ndecided not to go. First, my father would tell [them] that we cannot leave the\nwhole family . . . his father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had passed about in 1937 before the war. His\nmother and his sisters . . . he was very close [to them]. He was the only son.\nHe was very responsible for his mother and sisters, so we didn't go. His\nresponsibility was his five children. We didn't have any money to go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We needed\nsomething. We didn't have it. We stayed. We decided whatever would happen with\nthe rest of the Jewish people, would happen to us. The Germans did not relax.\nThey came there for a purpose, which we later learned was simply to do us in, as\nwe saw. Every day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new rules, new restrictions. There was a short time in the\ninterim where the German soldiers who were not directly involved in the process\nof taking care of the Jewish question, the Jewish people, they themselves wanted\nto buy something. You come to the city, especially soldiers, you like to buy\nsouvenirs to take home, whatever they could get ahold of. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a short time\n[when] the word got out that if you had some merchandise in your store . . .\nbecause it was your store, even though it's empty . . . you bring it in [and] in\nhours it's gone. You ask the price you want, and you are paid the price you\nwant. Among our people . . . the makers of men's socks, they got the machine\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the cellar. [They] had a few bales of yarn and they started making socks.\nThey had some dye. They started to dye the socks in black or brown, whatever was\nleft. I happened to know some of the people. I walked around and said, \"Will you\nsell me a dozen? Sell me two dozen or three dozen.\" Before I came and bought a\ndozen, it was already sold. I got two dozen, and it was sold. We started to\nwheel and deal just to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some money. By this time, we got already in German\nmoney, Marks. We tried to live. We thought, \"This looks good. If they'll let you\ndo commerce, we can try to make it go. Maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll stop this harassment.\nThey'll stop this going after the people.\" It lasted a very short time, maybe\ntwo or three weeks. This is the one time that I was delivering a package of\nmen's socks to a different part of the city. I was carrying and carrying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such\na way that every entrance of every house I had to run in, because I saw Germans\ncoming, to hide. My father was young man. My father at that time was 38 years\nold . . . 37. He was quite quick in walking, running. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The two of us were running\nuntil one of the guards turned a corner and they saw my father running into one\nof the gates. They went after him and they arrested him. I tried to follow about\n100 feet behind and see where they are taking him.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did they arrest him because he was selling goods?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. They arrested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him because he was a Jew. The minute they arrested\nhim, I saw the way they treated him. They made him run. One was on a bicycle,\none of the soldiers. A bicycle, when you run, [it goes] faster. He always hit\nhim, \"Run faster, faster, faster.\" I followed and saw where they had taken him .\n. . into the Gestapo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was now getting dark. I was afraid I won't be able to\nget home to tell my mother what had happened. I made it home to tell her that he\nwas taken to the Gestapo. She cried. We sat and waited, waited, waited. I said,\n\"I'll go back.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No, no. Never go back. Wait. You have to wait here. I'm not\ngoing to lose you. If I let you go there, they'll arrest you, too.\" I said, \"I\ncannot let him be there by himself. If they arrest me, we'll be together.\" [She\nsaid,] \"No, no. You stay here.\" We stayed and we waited. Later, maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10 o'clock\nor 11 o'clock, he came back. He could not walk up the steps. He couldn't. We had\nto carry him up, with him leaning on me and my little, younger brother. He told\nus the story. They simply wanted to hurt [him]. That's all.\n\nBRICKMAN: To scare him?\n\nGOODFRIEND: To scare him, to hurt him. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of his suppliers from\nbefore the war standing there. They brought him in. He knew him. He was sort of\ninstigating the others . . . Somehow he decided to have a little pity on him.\nMaybe it was something inside, maybe an angel, told him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to let him go. This was\nsomething we didn't expect. We saw that it's getting worse. To stay in Lodz is\nnot a future. By then we already heard the talk about closing in the ghetto.\nThis was already the end of December [1939]. They're going to build a ghetto.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody knew where the ghetto was going to be. The people who were the bachers\n[Yiddish: important people] in the city, the Jewish Judenrat, didn't know where\nit was going to be. But we saw that the Germans were starting to dig every 20\nfeet a hole. We said, \"This must be for some reason, it must be for a fence or\nsomething. They want to do something.\" They had their plans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already worked out\nin advance where the ghetto should begin. This is something that was planned\nahead of time because you cannot come into a city and say, \"This is it. This is\nwhat we're going to do. They had maps of the city. They had people in that city\nwho knew the city, exactly where the Jewish population is and where it is the\nbest way to build this ghetto. In order to build the ghetto, they had to\nreshuffle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the population from the affluent part of town, where the people lived\nin beautiful homes. I would say they were considered very wealthy people. They\nwere known all over the world. There was one Hassidic rebbe, who was the owner\nof the largest textile factory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Lodz. He was a Hassidic rebbe, the rebbe of\n[Yiddish name: possibly Paldonsk: 2:07:44]. There was another rich man who was\nmanufacturing linen for bedding. He occupied a whole section of the city, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never\nmind a block, a whole section called the 'Widzew Manufacture.\" Widzew [Poland]\nis on the outskirts . . . a little town on the outskirts of Lodz. His name was\nOskar Kon. In the Hebrew, [Hebrew word: sounds like hoskadov: 2:08:24], our\ncircle, our dynasty. People told us, image what the Germans did. They asked\nOskar Kon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sweep the street in front of his palace. Can you image how\ndegrading? Oskar Kon. The Oskar Kon. The richest man maybe in Poland. We said,\n\"Is this is the end?\" They started reshuffling people. People could only take\nwhat they could hold in their hands. They had to pass ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our house because we lived\nright on the border of the ghetto. Rumkowski was the leader of the ghetto. Chaim\nRumkowski was the leader of the Judenrat in Lodz. I personally asked him,\n\"Rumkowski, is our house going to be in the ghetto?\" I didn't get an answer. I\ngot kicked.\n\nBRICKMAN: Why?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Because he was mean. He was a mean person. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I asked the right\nquestion and he didn't want to tell me. Because the question was . . . had it\nbeen in the ghetto, we would not have left Lodz. We would have stayed in Lodz.\nBeing that we were not sure, my mother's parents outside Piotrkow . . . it was\n44 kilometers from Lodz. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody said, \"Come. Let's stay together with the\nparents of my mother.\"\n\nBRICKMAN: Were you allowed to leave where you lived and go to another area?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Allowed? No. We were not allowed. Possibility to leave? Yes. It was\n. . . the ghetto was not closed down. It was open. We hired a horse-and-buggy\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a driver and we put a few of our belongings on this way. A cousin of mine,\nthe girl was probably 12 or 13, and myself. She, too, has family in Piotrkow\nbecause her grandparents also come from the same background. Our\ngreat-grandparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the same great-grandparents of this girl. We rode. We\nstarted out on the road. It was a Saturday night. I took off the yellow badge\nand she did, too. We just put on the coats. [It was] freezing, but we were\ndressed for it. Snow was coming down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like never before. Maybe . . . who\nmeasured, at least two inches. It was snowing, all night and all day long. We\nmade our way to the first checkpoint and we were stopped. We were stopped at the\ncheckpoint by the German.\n\nBRICKMAN: Where were you going?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We were going to my grandparents' house. The question was, \"Who are\nyou? Where are you going?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the old story, Little Red Riding Hood. \"I'm\ngoing to visit my grandmother and my grandfather.\" They said, \"Juden [German:\nJewish]?\" [We said,] \"Yes.\" [They said,] \"Why are you running away?\" [We said,]\n\"We are not running away. We're simply going to visit.\" They didn't notice . . .\n[indistinct: 2:12:25]. We were shivering. We had to give papers. We didn't have\nany papers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They said,] \"Are you Jewish?\" [We said,] \"Yes.\" [They said,] \"Where\nis the yellow star?\" We begged, \"Please, please let us go.\" They let us go.\n\nBRICKMAN: Why just you and your cousin, Chazzan? Why were you chosen?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Because they figured . . . they send two kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first. We'll get\nthere. They will come later on because they wouldn't have to carry anything. We\ncarried the load. But they will have simply to come as they are. It was much\neasier. For a few zlotys, you could have somebody take you across, which was not\na big deal. We couldn't go by train . . . all [the] Germans used the trains. The\nmeans of transportation was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[by horseback] until the horse got sick in the\nmiddle of the road. We couldn't go any further. We had to go get off the wagon\nand push. Somehow in the middle of the road, in the middle of the night, I\nremembered we had a distant cousin's cousin, who was a farmer in this particular\npart of Poland. I said, \"Let's go there and stay overnight.\" We come in and I\nsmell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the freshly cooked potatoes . . . I could have devoured the whole thing\njust by looking at it. To make a long story short, we changed the horses.\nInstead of a four-wheel wagon, we got a sled. The sled could go on the snow.\n\nBRICKMAN: With all the things that you were carrying?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We transferred the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belongings onto the sled and we took off. It was\n. . . now I know why it took 40 years for the Israelites to be in the\n[indistinct: 2:14:42], because 44 kilometers took us three days. Very simple. We\ncontinued. We came to Piotrkow and we were welcomed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the family. We stayed\nthere. After about a week or so, the rest of the family joined. My father came\nand my mother with the rest of the children.\n\nBRICKMAN: No problem?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No problem. They came. We had some people who helped them. Maybe in\ndisguise a little bit, also by horse-and-buggy but not by . . . they came a\ndifferent situation.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did they all come together, those who remained?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: Yes, they came together.\n\nBRICKMAN: Your grandmother?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My grandmother came . . . my father's mother . . . came with her\ndaughter. At a different time, maybe a week later. They also came to Piotrkow.\nThen my mother's sister came. Most of the family, not all of them, most of the\nfamily came over to Piotrkow. Why did we . . . were we anxious to go? Because\nLodz was in the Third Reich. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz was annexed to Greater Germany. Piotrkow was a\nProtectorate. It was ruled by a governor, [Hans] Frank. It was more lenient. We\ndidn't have to wear the yellow badge. You wore on the arm a band with a\nblue-and-white Magen David, which was . . . the lesser of two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evils. It was more\ndignified for them. But at least there was some sort of . . . more freedom, if\nyou will. The ghetto was a ghetto, but it was not closed. You could move around.\nYou could go to a farmer and buy wheat. You could go to a farmer and get some\nsugar. You could get some milk and some cream. We had a lot of youngsters, young\nchildren. My youngest brother was only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two years old, two-and-a-half years old,\nat that time. My cousin was two years old, the one who lives now in Israel. It\nwas a different life. We felt sort of a more relaxed atmosphere.\n\nBRICKMAN: What time was this? After December 1939?\n\nGOODFRIEND: This was January 1940 or the beginning of February, around then. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\nas far as going and gathering, we used to call it \"catching\" the Jewish people\nwho were [taken] to work, [to do] menial work like bringing stones from the\nother side and vice verse with the stone son that side because they're bigger on\nthat side . . . simply to . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: Make you busy?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Not busy. To laugh at you, what you can do. Then they were more and\nmore serious. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They work in canals. They cleaned out the cities, worked on the\nfarms, they cleaned out the parks . . . then the factories that were in\nexistence in that city, the lumber factories and the glass factories.\n\nBRICKMAN: In Piotrkow did you work?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the beginning, no. In the beginning I tried to get out of it . .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They protected me. The family protected me. They didn't want me to get\ninvolved, so they protected me. How can you protect me? They used to hide me. I\nused to hide on the window seal behind the curtain. I used to hide in bed. You\njust crawl in . . . my uncle was sleeping, he was in bed. I made myself so small\nthat they didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see my head. They didn't look for me. Sometimes I crawled in\nwith my aunt in the bed and covered myself so that they didn't see a man\nsleeping there.\n\nBRICKMAN: They came into houses to check?\n\nGOODFRIEND: At night, yes . . . in the middle of the night . . . to catch people\nto work.\n\nBRICKMAN: Unexpectedly?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: Unexpectedly. Somehow, I escaped. I was never caught. Never. Except\nthey told us, word got out [that] if you show the guy that comes to get you . .\n. a paper from a doctor that you have . . . very contagious disease, cannot come\nand touch you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They will throw back the paper and move back. They wouldn't touch\nyou. I went to a doctor. It cost something. He gave me all the contagious\ndiseases that existed at the time. I showed it to them. They wouldn't even look\nat me. They could have taken [me] out and killed me, too. But this was not the\ntime yet where they simply . . . this particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town was under the Protectorate.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you father work?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. Not work, they caught him. They caught him to work sometimes.\nSometimes he was lucky that they didn't take him. If they had a quota, they\ndidn't take him. Working there in the ghetto and the ghetto was no . . . It's\ninteresting that in the ghetto, somehow we managed to do a little business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ncouldn't do business in the open. What we did was bartering in a way. I remember\nwe used to, believe it or not, sell American money, Russian money, British gold\npieces, Russian gold pieces, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French gold pieces.\n\nBRICKMAN: Where did you get it?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We had names for it . . . code names. Dollars we used to call\n[Yiddish word: sounds like vecha: 2:21:50], gold dollars, $20 gold pieces,\n[Yiddish word: sounds like 'hardreh':2:21:50]. The $10 Russian piece was a\n[Yiddish word: sounds like 'fonya': 2:22:00]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The English pieces we called a\n[Yiddish word: possibly 'ferdl': 2:22:10] because it has a horse on the gold\npiece. The French, a Louis. \"Louis . . .\" we knew that he was talking about a\nFrench gold piece. Now, who do we buy it from and who did we sell it to? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nbought it from one Jew and sold it to another Jew. How much can you make when\nyou do business like this? Very, very little. But the one thing you had to have,\nyou had to have a good name, be honest. Because the person who supplied with all\nthese things were people who were quite wealthy before the war. One in\nparticular, I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he was from Lodz. He lived in Piotrkow at that\ntime. They used to have a big hardware store . . . a huge hardware store. He had\na lot of money. He had a daughter and a son. The daughter looked not like one\nshikse [Yiddish: non-Jewish woman] but like 100 shikses. She was blond, very\npretty, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she traveled from one city to the other. Somehow, she got the\ncurrencies and delivered to her father. Her father was very busy doing the\nbusiness. But my father, of blessed memory, had very good credit because he\ndidn't have money to pay for the piece that we took. Let's say he sold a $10\ngold piece or a $50 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bill, which was the long, old dollar bills. The bills, I\nremember, they had a gold stamp, covered in gold, brought more money. They used\nthe gold off gold dollars. Not the metal, but they had the long . . . one side\nwas like a gold color. It had the stamp covered in gold. This was what brought\nmore money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You picked up . . . it wasn't too far . . . how big was the ghetto .\n. . walked over to Mr. Hiller and paid a schiller. He used to count and every\ncount he used to sigh, \"Oy, eyns. Oy, tsvey. Oy, dray.\" [Yiddish: Oh, one. Oh,\ntwo. Oh, three.] The more he counted . . . he came to 100 he could hardly talk,\nhe was so excited. That way, you could see on the table every currency from\nevery different country had its own little pile. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then he was very, very excited.\nWhat happened to him? What happened to all the Jews, with the money, with the\ncurrencies, with the dollars . . . He went the same way. His daughter got\nkilled. She was caught. But he didn't stop. He kept on doing business. Then I\nremember, I did business with yarn. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to buy yarn and sell it to people who\nmade the socks in machines. I didn't know anything about yarn, so I got burned.\nI bought yarn that was old, that didn't go into the machine, it fell apart. This\nkind of business we did. Sometimes we made a few groschen, sometimes we lost.\nBut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was sort of like doing business, take it from pocket and put it in the\nother pocket. This was called 'doing business.' It was a time . . . there were\npartnerships. No lawyers then, just by the shake of the hand they become a\npartner, 50-50. You did a little work and then you divide it at the end of the\nday whatever money you make.\n\nBRICKMAN: Is that what everyone was doing in order to make a living?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nBRICKMAN: Was that all they could do?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Or something else, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baking bread illegally, building an oven in the\nkitchen. Or what I did later on. I got myself a machine to make flour out of the\nwheat. I bought the water and then used to sit on the fifth floor with grain,\nthe machine, and make flour. The flour I sold to the baker. The baker was\ndownstairs . . . [he] had two guards watching that the Germans are not coming.\nHow can you bake bread? It smells the whole neighborhood up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did it. Then I\nstarted to make men's socks. I learned how to make men's socks in the ghetto. I\ngot a machine and then made socks. If the machine broke, I fixed the machine. We\ndid everything. You name it, we did it in order to survive. One thing we learned\nin those days that if Hitler wouldn't have killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people, just simply for\nkilling and getting rid of the Jews, the food was very far removed from our\nneeds. We couldn't live without food. Not to say [indistinct: 2: 2:27:50:\npossibly some in Hebrew]. You don't eat meat. You live without meat. You don't\neat bread? You live without bread. Potatoes? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can live without potatoes. Whatever\nyou can get ahold of. A carrot is enough. If you find a potato, fine. If you\nfind an onion, an onion is good, too.\n\nBRICKMAN: When you had five people in a family and . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: You managed.\n\nBRICKMAN: What could you eat? Where did you get the carrot? Where did you get\nthe potato?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Bread. Organize, organize, organize. Organize meant stealing. Very\nsimple. Organize. You went to the farmer. You saw something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing in the\nfield. You looked around and then you pulled out the potatoes from the ground.\nIt was ready or not, who cared. It was something to cook. We lived. Later on,\nwhen we were incarcerated in the small ghettos, into the factory, they had to\nfeed us. They needed the work. They knew if they wouldn't feed us we would be\nable to work, to produce. Money, they didn't have to pay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least food they had\nto give us. This was already in 1942.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did they ever enclose that ghetto?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Not until 1942. In Piotrkow, the ghetto was open until 1942.\n\nBRICKMAN: Then what changed?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It was the first ghetto in Poland. When you go to the [United States\nHolocaust Memorial Museum] in Washington [D.C.], you'll see the very first\npicture when you walk into the Museum. The first ghetto in Poland was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piotrkow.\nBut, closing the ghetto was in 1942 after they liquidated the big communities.\nIn October 1942, when we were told . . . the people who worked in the factory\nwere told to go home for an hour and take a knapsack and come back within an\nhour at this particular point where they would gather us and take us to the\nfactory, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay there. We knew that something was going to happen. We knew that\nprobably this was the day when they are going to take everybody. I remember the\ndate. I was told to go home. I came to the house. I can see everybody. It's the\nlast time I saw them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't want to go. I really didn't want to go. But they\npushed, they pushed, they pushed, \"Go, go, go.\" I had built a hiding place for\nthem. A hiding place that I thought that they would never find. I became an\nexpert in masonry to know how to make mortar and brick. I took bricks because I\nworked at [a brick] . . . factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I built this hiding place for 40 people.\n\nBRICKMAN: Where was it in relation to . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the attic. You had to . . . in order to get in you had to go on\nthe roof and climb through another entrance. It was a complete wall. Sure\nenough, after they send away all the Jewish people in that city, from Piotrkow,\n162 people managed to hide. But the Germans used sniffing dogs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They found every\nhiding place . . . 162 Jews they found in hiding. They had to devise a way of\nkilling them. They took them to the synagogue. They kept them in the synagogue\nfor about . . . this was already in . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: . . . December?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, this was in the beginning of December of 1942, 11 days in the\nbeginning of December. I have the date . . . They took them out of the synagogue\nand they were asked to dig their own grave. This is where my mother is . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Chazzan, that was your mother. Who else was included?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My two brothers and two sisters.\n\nBRICKMAN: Your grandmother?\n\nGOODFRIEND: My grandmother. My grandmother because my grandfather was shot in\nthe synagogue because he asked . . . he was a very, very saintly man . . . he\nasked the guard to give him some snow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to wash his hands before davening, before\nprayer. He offered a gold piece. [The guard] took the gold piece and killed him.\nHe died in the synagogue.\n\nBRICKMAN: Where were you that day?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I was working in the factory. Some of the [Polish] neighbors came\nrunning and happy. [They said,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They just killed 160 Jews and they buried them.\nIt saw it with my own eyes. In the forest, in Rakow.\" I knew exactly what had\nhappened. I threw away the shovel, so did many of us in our group. We started to\ncry. The foreman said to us, \"I don't understand you guys. You cry. Why are you\ncrying? Because they killed you Jews? Oh, come on. I lost 40 pigeons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't\nshed a tear. You know what 40 pigeons are? All my life I'd saved those pigeons.\nI didn't cry.\" Then we saw who our elders are . . . our protectors, the\nmentality of the protectors. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was the end of an era. I felt . . . I don't\nknow, I felt superfluous. I felt so unnecessary. I felt so useless and\nworthless. It doesn't make any difference what happens to me. There was no urge\nto go on. You became sort of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"follower or sort of a zombie alone in the dark.\n[You] say to yourself, I'm not going to do anything extraordinary. What's\nhappened to everybody else . . . whatever will happen, will happen. I will just\ngo along with it, go along with the train. If told to unload a carload of coal,\nI'll do it. Unload a car of soda like 200 pounds of soda, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carrying on my back,\nI'll do it. As long as I will have a piece of bread or potatoes. Plans? We\ndidn't make any plans. There was no use making plans. We had plans . . . I\nalways dreamt . . . I always planned . . . how will it feel to be an uncle or .\n. . I couldn't make plans.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: Did you have to remain in this factory?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nBRICKMAN: You were not allowed to leave?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, nobody was allowed to leave.\n\nBRICKMAN: How long did you stay working there before you thought, \"I really have\nto change my life?\"\n\nGOODFRIEND: Until the end of 1943 . . . we lived. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was a life going on\nwithout purpose. We tried to cheer ourselves. We did concerts every day. We\nsang. We performed for ourselves. We sang. I sang. I had friends who were sort\nof frustrated actors . . . we tried to cheer ourselves up. One would cheer the\nother. We davened. We had services. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had religious services. The director of\nthe factory came one Kol Nidre and the choir was standing there. He couldn't\nunderstand what was going on. I was in the choir and I didn't feel like\ndavening. I didn't feel like it. In those days, he came and offered us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flour to\nbake matzo for Pesach. That was . . . I thought that was the end. This was just\na few weeks after we came into the camp.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did you have any idea what was going on outside of your environment,\nin the rest of the world?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes.\n\nBRICKMAN: How did you hear? How did you know?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: Yes, we followed the war . . . I did read German before the war . .\n. through non-Jewish workers. I asked them, \"Please bring me a paper . . . any\npaper.\" They used to smuggle in a paper. We saw that the front, in October of\n1942, that the Germans are beginning to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lose the war. They didn't think so, but\nI and other people like me thought, \"This is it. Stalingrad. This is it.\" This\nis where they have the first zets [Yiddish: blow, hit], the first setback. This\nis the beginning of the end . . . finally the Russian took a stand and then they\nsucceeded. This was October of 1942. I'll never forget that. We used to read the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German paper, the Volkischer Beobachter [German: People's Observer] . . . the\nBeobachter is . . . \"The People's Overseer\" is a good translation. We saw that\nit was going toward coming to an end but our problem did not come to an end. In\n1942, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember I was almost . . . the papers . . . they sent me to the Gestapo\n. . . because I did something unintentionally. I was in charge of supplying\nbricks and mortar to four engineers who came in from Lodz especially to build a\ntall chimney for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"glass factory. They needed tall chimneys like the iron and\nthe steel foundries that they had, because the heat had to be at least 3,000\ndegrees Celsius to melt the glass. The guy who was operating the lift with the\nmotor knew exactly [when to stop the motor]. He had to go to the bathroom. He\nasked me to take it over, please, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he'd be right back. I did. But I forgot\nthat every time they go a little higher, you changed a line, a white chalk line,\nin order that you had to stop. Because if [you did] not, then the whole thing\nwould [fall] right over you. Sure enough, I kept on going and I see bricks fall\nright on top of me. I see the four masons are hanging on the freshly built\nchimney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one is trying to run down the emergency ladder. I stopped. I didn't\ntake long, the chimney, the whole thing, collapses. When I came, he took a\n[piece of lumber] and started hitting me all over. He could have killed me. I\nknew I was guilty. What could I do? I could say I'm sorry. It wouldn't help. [He\nsaid,] \"You're going to get it. You deserve it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're stupid.\" I said to\nmyself, \"What can I do?\" [indistinct: 2:41:38]. Here, I'm led into the office of\nthe director who was a mean guy, a tall Polack. The one who looked in my eyes a\nfew days before when they gathered together a few people to send . . . before\nthey came to the factory, to send them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where [Oskar] Schindler was--to\nPlaczow. I was alone, remained alone out of 32 people. Thirty-one went on the\ntruck. I was the one standing . . . just picture an empty square, an empty\nplace. I was alone standing there, and he looked straight in my eyes. I looked\nin his eyes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without blinking, without saying a word.\n\nBRICKMAN: These were people who were going to be sent somewhere for safety's sake?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. Sent away to another concentration camp. [We] knew that they\nwere going to eliminate workers. Those people who did not . . . were sent away.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was good to stay in the place, to stay in the factory.\n\nBRICKMAN: How did you get that lucky?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I don't know.\n\nBRICKMAN: Someone was watching you.\n\nGOODFRIEND: This same guy the next day was filling out the papers for me to go\nto the Gestapo two days later . . . because I [did] to the chimneys. By the way,\nit's written up in the book.\n\nBRICKMAN: He could have killed you. He let you go?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He could have . . . no, it was not a question of killing me. The\nquestion was to send me or not to send me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go with the rest or stay. He looks\n[at me] and what a feeling I had--don't ask. I looked straight in his eyes. He\nlooked in mine. We must have remained there frozen, really nailed, not frozen,\nnailed to the ground. I couldn't move. He walked away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few days later [the\nchimney episode occurred]. If it hadn't been for the engineers . . . I became\nthe \"Girl Friday\" for these four engineers. They took a liking to me and I\nbecame their maid, cooked for them, cleaned their quarters, food . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BRICKMAN: For you, too?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. Nothing was lacking. Anything, the best. Here I tried to help\nwith the head engineer. [I asked him,] \"You believe?\" He said, \"Yes, I believe.\"\nI looked at him. I recognized. I said to him . . . I knelt down, grabbed his\npants . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You know, you are very smart. My life is in your hands.\" I stayed\nsitting there, waiting for the order that the Gestapo should pick me up. He\ncomes out, tears rolling down his cheeks . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Polish engineer. He [said],\n\"Come with me.\" He told me, \"I told him. Do you want the chimney to be finished?\nThen Itzhak [Yiddish: Issac] has to be here. We cannot finish it without him.'\"\n\nBRICKMAN: That was absolute luck.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: Call it what you want. That's why my book is called By Fate or By Faith.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, at this point when they allowed you to stay and you worked\nwith them, this was when?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The end of 1942.\n\nBRICKMAN: What happened next? How long did you stay there? What changes were\ntaking place?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Many changes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes as far as general changes [in] the war. The\nwar started to move closer from the east . . . the Russians. The Russian started\nto come closer to Warsaw. They were 150 kilometers away from Poland. They always\nsay, \"Put your ear to the ground until you hear the trembling.\" One hundred and\nthirty kilometers. They said, \"If you want to hear, you hear it.\" The old story.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still don't believe how you can hear putting your ear to the ground, you can\nhear the trembling . . . hasn't made it. Maybe . . . if you wanted to hear. Then\nsuddenly the sirens stopped. This was in 1943. Then there was the ghetto\nuprising [in Warsaw]. Then they really pinned us down. They wouldn't let us out.\nCompletely . . . nowhere to go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the end of 1943, when we saw that the whole\nthing, the whole place is a waste. Nothing is going to happen. No Messiah will\ncome, and no redeemer will come and no army will come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to save us. This is it.\nThis is where we are unless a miracle is going to happen. Every day we were\ntold, we were lectured that, \"Anybody who dares run away, we will kill them. If\nwe catch them . . . the whole camp will all be killed.\" We were out of constant\ntouch with my family who had already been hiding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a Polish farm. We had a courier.\n\nBRICKMAN: You have to explain that to me because your immediate family . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, my immediate family was gone . . . I'm talking about my\nmother's two sisters and my first cousin. They managed, in 1942, before they\nliquidated the ghettos, to go to this farmer. This farmer was a customer of my\ngrandparents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandparents were in the trifle business . . . lingerie, mostly\nladies underwear and stockings.\n\nBRICKMAN: On your mother's side?\n\nGOODFRIEND: On my mother's side. This was their main merchandise ˗ ladies\nstockings. They were customers. When they came up, she saw there was a baby, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she\nsaid, \"Come to my house with the baby.\" She was the first one to go. This was\nthree days before the liquidation of the ghetto. Then my youngest aunt, mother's\nyoungest sister . . . she looked like a real goy, like a real non-Jewish person,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blue eyes, blond and nose like this . . . kol nozdre [Yiddish: all nose], as\nthey call it. She spoke the language perfectly. She came afterwards. We were in\ntouch through a non-Jewish neighbor of ours who used to bring notes. I used to\nwrite them notes. Then when I heard the director came . . . not the director,\nthe assistant director, who was a real Nazi . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This director, who gave us the\nflour for Passover, and he came to services, he was good. He was very good. As a\nmatter of fact, after the war, people went to thank him. He was another\nSchindler. But Schindler did it for money. [The director] didn't do it for\nmoney. That's the difference. This assistant director, he was wearing always a\nblack uniform with his boots, the whip over us and coming like this, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hitting\nwith his high boots. He yelled out to us, \"Sit down your behinds. If not, we\nknow how to smear them. Remember what I say. I am very serious. You better\nlisten to what you have to do and what you cannot do.\" I said to my friend who\nwas supposed to run away with me, \"When I hear talk like this, I don't like it.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tonight we've got to leave.\" Sure enough . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: From the factory?\n\nGOODFRIEND: From the factory the next morning. We came to the farm.\n\nBRICKMAN: How'd you get there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Walked.\n\nBRICKMAN: How far was it?\n\nGOODFRIEND: It was about two miles through fields. We didn't go the normal way.\nI left my tefillin in the barracks. I left everything that would have identified\nme as being Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Except in that way would catch me, they would know I'm Jewish.\n\nBRICKMAN: Chazzan, you said your friend. Was it someone who worked with you?\nAnother Jewish boy?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, another Jewish boy with two brothers and an uncle. They were\nsupposed to run away from the factory at the same time. It was 6:00 in the\nmorning, not 5:55 or 6:05 . . . 6:00 in the morning.\n\nBRICKMAN: Together with you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: They came from the factory and us from the barracks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because my\nshift was 2:00 a.m., their shift was from 12:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. It had to be\nsynchronized. If they would have stayed there at 6:01 a.m., they didn't belong\nto the factory because they were supposed to already in the barracks. It had to\nbe exactly. But G-d works in different ways. They managed to do it at 6:00 a.m.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't.\n\nBRICKMAN: Why?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Because there was a Jewish policeman who saw me and my friend\ndressed up. It was not my shift. He knew that we worked 2:00 am shift. Jewish\npoliceman. We jumped out of the window. He was . . . in a nice building with his\nwife and his child . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jumped out and starts following us. What did I wear? I\nwore new overalls I had never put on. When I came to the factory, I was given a\npair of overalls, blue, very cheap material, but new. A pair of . . . we called\nit 'sneakers' . . . made out of rubber from the tires and a piece of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schmatta\n[Yiddish: rags] around it. This was what we were supposed to wear. But I didn't\nput it on. I put it under my mattress when I first came there. Ask me why? I\ndon't know why. I simply said, \"Maybe the day will come I might need it.\" I\ndidn't know when I'll need it or what for I'll need it. This was the day. He\njumps of the window ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and starts following us. This friend of mine [indistinct:\n2:54:36: possibly the friend's name] . . . [said] \"Just act normal. We cannot go\ntalk to the guy because he doesn't have a heart.\" We knew him from before. [We\ndecided,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Let's go and take our regular routine. We go to the barracks and pick\nup our pot to take some coffee.\" In the morning there was a little room adjacent\nto the barracks that was built especially for the people, for the workers. Every\nmorning somebody put a fire and there was some chicory . . . it was not coffee,\nit was black water. This [room] was between the two barracks. [We thought,] \"Let\nthem see that we act normal.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he was a monster. He knew that something was\ncooking. He placed himself right in the center of the complex, so that he can\nobserve us wherever we go, wherever we turn. Here were the two barracks facing\nthe right side. We come in. I get my enamel pot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to see that the holes\nplates were covered with the bread, that it shouldn't run out. Because usually\nfor this we had four holes in the pot. And it shouldn't run out. We came into\nthis coffee house or this cafeteria and dig in to the big 50 or 100 gallon pot\nof black water. We started to sip ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we used our heads. There is a little\nopening, maybe 10' x 20', not more without bars on the window. We both yelled\nout, \"Drop it and let's get through this hole.\" We squeezed through. We were\noutside between the barbed wire and the barracks. We're still inside the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp\nbut between the barbed wire. This guy was standing out there. We were afraid,\nmaybe he'll come looking for us and that would be the end. There was no time to\nlose. I give him my hands to make sort of a [step] to lift him up. He gets up on\nthe little roof. I said, \"Lay low. Don't lift your head because he might see\nyou. Just lie there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just roll towards the wire.\" This was adjacent to the\nfence. Then we jumped. We talked about it before . . . we'd walk apart . . . at\nleast 500 feet apart, not together. When he lays there on the roof, he looks\nback and sees . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guards walk by. Sure enough, six guards walked by, right in\nfront of it. When they turned, he jumped.\n\nBRICKMAN: How did you get up there? Who lifted you?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I was a little faster. Maybe I was a little bigger, muskulyez\n[Yiddish: muscular]. I used to walk on straight walls. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got up . . . then I\njumped down and started walking slowly, didn't run. We walked about half a mile.\nI see a girl who comes every day to the camp and she brings food for her father.\nSometimes she brings a piece of bread or a piece of cheese. They had a farm. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nused to barter. We used to give her socks, or a shirt, or a piece of cheese, or\nmaybe an onion. When I see her, I think, \"Uh-oh, that's it. She's going to\ntell.\" She starts winking . . . \"Go with G-d's speed.\" The policeman was still\nstanding there waiting. Later on we heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they did to the whole barrack.\n\nBRICKMAN: Because of you? What did they do?\n\nGOODFRIEND: They tortured them a little bit. They didn't kill any.\n\nBRICKMAN: You made it to the farmhouse?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. At the farmhouse we didn't see a German until the last day of\nthe war . . . until the last day when they left Poland. The last day of the war\nwas in May [1945].\n\nBRICKMAN: This farmer knew you were coming and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"willingly accepted you? It's a\nbig responsibility.\n\nGOODFRIEND: He didn't have any other alternative. He was already hiding eight\nJews there. He couldn't turn his back now.\n\nBRICKMAN: Were they hiding or were they working there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: They were hiding. I was working. When I came with my friend, we were\nthe only one permitted to go out and work because both of us didn't look Jewish.\nYou saw the picture of the thing to thresh the corn? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was what we used by\nhand, threshing and working about 20 hours a day. It was hard work, but it was\nfree. We could go out. The neighbors asked him, \"Who are these boys?\" [The\nfarmer answered,] \"These are our friends from southern Poland. They came to work\nout on our farm.\"\n\nBRICKMAN: Where was he hiding the women?\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the last room, in the room there in the back, the back room. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It\nwas [a small room]. Eight people were sleeping there. There was a hiding place\nunderneath the carpet. I built this. We dug [the floor] up after we came there.\n\nBRICKMAN: He fed everybody?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He didn't feed anybody. My aunt went out and bought bread and bought\neverything that was necessary. She could go out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was not [Jewish looking].\nShe acted as part of the family. [People] thought they were married. This is a\ndifferent story.\n\nBRICKMAN: You were safe there until the end of the war? No Germans ever came to\ncheck the place out?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No. Except on the last night before the [Germans pulled out.] They\ncame to look for transportation. They came and took away the horse and wagon and\nthe farmer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to transport them, to run away to the front. This was in January [1945].\n\nBRICKMAN: But you were there?\n\nGOODFRIEND: We were there, but they didn't see us. We were hiding. We heard . .\n. we had a big dog and a good dog. He used to bark. When somebody approached a\nmile away, he would start barking. He was on a chain in front of the house to\nthe road. Remember, the dogs had a long chain and they run ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the gamut from\nthe house to the road.\n\nBRICKMAN: It was a watchdog.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, that's what he was. We looked out through the window and saw\nthey were coming. Down to the ground, we went.\n\nBRICKMAN: The farmer left?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He left. They took him . . . with the horse, with the wagon.\n\nBRICKMAN: They thought he was a good guy? They didn't take him to punish him?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, they needed the transportation. They needed anything to put some\nstuff in it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did he do? He was very smart. There was a traffic jam. The\nRussians came with their bombers and the streets were packed with everybody\nrunning away. After a few minutes, he saw that there was a traffic jam. He said,\n\"Nobody is watching. Everybody is standing still.\" He picked himself up, walked\naway from the horse and buggy and he walked home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wouldn't go after him\nbecause they were busy running away.\n\nBRICKMAN: He had a wife?\n\nGOODFRIEND: He didn't have a wife then. He didn't have anybody.\n\nBRICKMAN: No children?\n\nGOODFRIEND: No, he wasn't married. He came back. We all said to him, \"We will\nsee to it you get your horse, you get your cow and you get your wagon.\" The day\nafter liberation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he produces a gun. He said, \"Here's a gun. This neighbor was a\nGerman. He lives two farms away. He took away my first horse, my first cow.\" We\nsaid, \"That's all you have to say.\" My friend--the one I ran away with--and\nmyself, we're big shots! I'd never held a gun in my hand. We went into this farm\nthat was German and said, \"Where's your horse?\" . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[We said,] \"You want to\nlive?\" He says, \"Take everything I have.\" I said, \"I don't want to take\neverything you have. Just the horse and cow.\" He stood fast. \"Don't raise any\nvoice because we will come back. We know what you did.\" He got scared ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he\nbrought back the horse and the cow.\n\nBRICKMAN: What happened when you returned the horse to him? Did he have any\nfamily? Was he connected to anybody at all?\n\nGOODFRIEND: The farmer that we took the horse from or . . .\n\nBRICKMAN: The one you returned it to, the one who saved you.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, the one that saved me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was his aunt and an uncle that he\nwas raised by. I don't think he knew his parents. He was raised by them.\n\nBRICKMAN: They owned the farm?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, the old people owned the farm. It's interesting. This is\nsomething that I think will remain with me and the rest of us as long as we\nlive. This is what he said to us. He sat us down, all of us . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the old man .\n. . he sat like this [and said,] \"Okay, your free. Now you are free. You are\nfree to go anyplace you want. Of course, you can stay here as long as you want.\nBut you are free. Where will you go?\" is the question he asked. The answered,\n\"Home.\" [He said,] \"There is no home. Your home is gone. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's nobody.\" He\ndidn't have to remind us, but in his unsophisticated farmer's common sense way\nof thinking, [he was saying,] \"There's no place to go.\" We realized then that he\nreally understood what he did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they meant what they said. They did risk\ntheir lives, definitely. The compensation . . . we did not give compensation.\nThe only compensation we gave was our hands, our work. We did it gladly.\n\nBRICKMAN: Did the aunt and uncle support this hiding all those years?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: At times, no. At times, they didn't support. As a matter of fact,\nshe was a great Polish patriot. It's interesting. She was a great Polish\npatriot. Many times she mentioned to us, openly, \"What will the Polish\ngovernment do for me if I'll come and tell them I saved nine Jews? What will\nthey do for me? But if I would come and say I did something for my country, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/transcript/60397/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\nPoland, then I might be recognized. For saving nine Jews, I doubt if they would\ndo something for me, to recognize me.\" Our answer was simply that we put our\nfates together, yours and ours. Now it's too late. If you denounce us, you [will\nbe punished by the Germans for hiding us].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=11280.0,11310.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShirley Berkowitz Brickman (b. 1935) is a native of Atlanta, Georgia. Along with her husband, Dr. Perry Brickman, she is a long-time volunteer with Jewish organizations in the community, including as a docent at the William Breman Jewish Heritage \u0026amp; Holocaust Museum and a founder of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's newcomer program, Shalom Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee of Atlanta is a regional branch of the American Jewish Committee (AJC). AJC was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States. AJC Atlanta founded the Atlanta Black-Jewish Coalition in 1982 to build relations between the communities, focusing on education, outreach, and advocacy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children, and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiotrkow [Polish: Piotrków] is a city in central Poland located about 43 kilometers (27 miles) southeast of Lodz. It was also called Piotrkow-Trybunalski since it was a regional seat of government. On the eve of World War II, the city had approximately 50,000 residents, including at least 15,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. Antisemitic restrictions were also immediately passed. Jews were forbidden to congregate for religious services and they were forced to wear the yellow star. Curfews were imposed and radios were confiscated. In addition, Jews were barred from most professions, and all Jewish communal institutions were ordered to disband. After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before the ghetto was set up Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940 almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. There were three well-known synagogues in Lodz. The orthodox synagogue, the Alte Shul [Polish: Old Town] or the Stara [Polish: old] synagogue, was a tall, very beautiful wooden structure that opened in 1860. The Great Synagogue [Polish: Wielka Synagoga; often referred to as ‘The Temple’) was a reform synagogue that opened in 1881. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city. A third synagogue, the Vilker Shul, was opened in 1899. All three were completely burned and demolished on November 14-15, 1939 during the German invasion of Lodz. The Great Synagogue of Łódź [Polish: Wielka Synagoga w Łodzi) was built for the reform congregation in 1881 with funds from wealthy local industrialists including I.K. Posnanski. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city. It was known as the ‘Great Synagogue’ but often referred to as ‘The Temple,’ or the Schnaydershul [Yiddish: tailor’s synagogue], the Shustershul [Yiddish: cobbler’s synagogue] and as the Synagogue of the Tailors and the Cobblers. It was completely burned down on November 14-15, 1939. Established in 1892, the Lodz Jewish Cemetery (also known as the “New Jewish Cemetery” and commonly referred to as the “cemetery at Marysin”) was once the largest Jewish cemetery in Poland and one of the largest in the world. It was enclosed in the western portion of the ghetto. The cemetery remained in use during the ghetto’s existence and largely survived the war. A second, smaller cemetery was also enclosed in the eastern portion of the ghetto. The Old Jewish Cemetery had been established in 1811 but few people were buried there after the New Jewish Cemetery had been established. During the war, some of the headstones were pulled down and, by the 1960s, it had been entirely covered over by developers. On December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. Chaim Rumkowski, an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the Judenrat. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and toadie. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000. Of the over 41,000 Jews who were also consolidated in the Lodz ghetto from the fall of 1941: 2,900 came from the Kujawy region; 18,000 to 18,500 came from localities near Lodz; and 19,954 arrived from Prague, Vienna, Luxembourg, Berlin, Dusseldorf, Emden, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Cologne. West European Jews, in particular, found adjusting to the ghetto’s economic realities difficult. About half never found jobs. West European Jews were also overrepresented among the tens of thousands who died in the ghetto from starvation and disease. About 50 percent of the deaths between October 1941 and May 1942 were West European Jews. Despite grim living conditions, the Lodz ghetto sustained a variety of cultural activities. Religious observance continued until September 1942. Poets, writers and musicians presented works in soup kitchens and at a cultural hall. The cultural events enabled individuals to forget their isolation, hunger, and despair for a time. Until October 1941, an Education Department operated within the ghetto. About 14,800 students attended more than 40 schools. While the classrooms were overcrowded and ill equipped, the schools managed to provide an important environment of normalcy for the children who attended them. At school, the children also received one meal a day, which often meant the difference between life and death. After the fall of 1941, the schools ceased to exist, and their buildings were occupied by the influx of people brought into the already overcrowded ghetto. From then on, education was conducted partly in secret and partly under the guise of professional training for workers. Children as young as ten went to work in the ghetto’s workshops, which became new schools for vocational training, Yiddish, arithmetic, and a little general education. Until the September 1942 deportations, health services in the ghetto functioned relatively normally with seven hospitals and multiple pharmacies, clinics and emergency rooms. Some 2,306 children were born in the Lodz ghetto during its existence. Approximately 13,000 people were sent to 160 forced labor camps from Lodz. In the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals. In October 1940, authorities began to develop workshops in the ghetto. By July 1942, there were 74 ghetto workshops. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Over 53,000 workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops. In October 1940, the Lodz ghetto’s Central Prison was established in on Czarnieckiego Street. The prison consisted of several brick and wooden buildings surrounded by a wall and a wire fence. The prison was managed by the Jewish police force and housed Jews who were suspected of crime such as theft or bribery. Poles caught trading goods illegally or smuggling food to the ghetto were occasionally sent to the prison. The Kripo also sent Jews to the prison who were found smuggling or escaping. The location was also an assembly point for people destined for the Nazi labor and death camps. The first deportation began in December 1940 where about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. From January to May 1942 another wave of deportations took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to Chelmno death camp and murdered. On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion, three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto—Lagiewnicka, Drenowska and Wesola Streets—were surrounded and brutally emptied by the Germans. The children’s hospital on Lagiewnicka Street was four stories tall and the Germans, rather than walking up and down the stairs with the children, just threw them out the window to the street below. Even as they emptied the hospitals, the Germans surrounded the ghetto streets and brutally dragged another 16,000 Jews from their homes. After that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Approximately 13,000 people were sent from Lodz to 160 forced labor camps, established mainly near Poznan, to construct the Autobahn to Frankfurt an der Oder. During the war, the parish house of the St. Mary Assumption’s Church was the location of the German police criminal unit, called the Kripo. The inhabitants of the ghetto called that particular police station \"The Red House\" (\"Rote Haus\"), in reference to the red bricks it was made of and what it represented, a place of torture. The German Kripo post was appointed on May 19, 1940. Initially, the Kripo was to fight smuggling and to watch that no one entered or left the ghetto without permission. However, detecting and confiscating property hidden by the ghetto inhabitants gradually became its main task. The Kripo also had a network of Jewish informers that provided information on who might have hidden valuables. A Jewish police unit, which guarded the jail, was housed on the ground floor. There was one isolated cell that held one person, and six other cells. The Kripo had the authority to carry out searches at any time, day or night. They routinely beat and tortured their victims to get people to talk. In the ghetto, the “Red House\" was tantamount to a torture chamber. Upon entering, a person was typically left dead or disabled. More often than not, the family would receive information about the sudden death of an arrestee. In 1943, the Kripo was structurally connected to the Gestapo and started to prosecute political offences as well. This police station operated in the ghetto until the end of the war. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. After the major Aktion in September 1942, the Lodz ghetto was turned into a work camp. By August 1942, there were almost 100 factories within the ghetto. The major factories produced textiles. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops and received only meager food rations from their employers. By August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Chaim Rumkowski and his family went on the August 30, 1944 transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he was murdered. His gamble that some Jews could survive through work did not take into account the Germans desire to kill all the Jews, even if they could work. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003echazzan\u003c/em\u003e (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Poznanski. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eManchester, England is in northwest England. The city dates to the Roman conquest in the 1st century. During the Industrial Revolution, the city was a center for textile manufacturing and a center for cotton processing. A system of shipping canals was built between 1888 and 1894, part of which enabled ships to sail into the Port of Manchester. The city was a significant manufacturing center during WWII and was a bombing target for the Germans. The city is also home to the University of Manchester, which dates back to 1824 and has been know by various names during that time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA trousseau are the household linens, clothing and other belongings collected by a bride for her marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekupka\u003c/em\u003e is a head covering worn by Orthodox Jewish women. It is a silk scarf often wrapped like a turban around the head.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003esheitel\u003c/em\u003e is the Yiddish word for a wig worn by some Orthodox Jewish married women in order to conform to the requirement of Jewish Law to cover their hair.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys, usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher. It was traditional for boys to start \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHasidim \u003c/em\u003eare followers of Hasidic Judaism, a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA\u003cem\u003e shtiebel \u003c/em\u003eis a Yiddish term meaning “little house” or “little room” and is a place used for communal Jewish prayer. It is not a formal synagogue as it is far smaller and more casual. It was usually a room in a private home or place of business. They were common in Jewish communities in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust, and they continue to exist in Hasidic communities in the United States today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e‘Chumash’\u003c/em\u003e is another word for \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e or the Five Books of Moses of the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan \u003c/em\u003equorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAliyah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: ascent; going up] is the calling of a member of a Jewish congregation to the \u003cem\u003ebimah\u003c/em\u003e for a segment of reading from the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e. The person who receives the \u003cem\u003ealiyah\u003c/em\u003e goes up to the \u003cem\u003ebimah\u003c/em\u003e before the reading and recites a blessing thanking G-d for giving the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e to the Jewish nation. After the reading, the recipient then recites another concluding blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eChumash Seudah\u003c/em\u003e is a party usually held in a private home to celebrate when a young boy has begun to learn \u003cem\u003eChumash\u003c/em\u003e. The boy will often wear a crown of gold foil and perform a question and answer session to explain why they study the\u003cem\u003e Chumash\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud \u003c/em\u003eand other rabbinical works. \u003cem\u003e“Sefer Torah”\u003c/em\u003e refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \u003cem\u003e\"Torah\"\u003c/em\u003e in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYontif \u003c/em\u003e[Yiddish] is a generic word for Jewish holidays. It includes all but the High Holy Days of \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShul\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003escroll [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the \u003cem\u003eAron Kodesh\u003c/em\u003e (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e“Besmedrech” \u003c/em\u003eis a Yiddish term that refers to a prayer house or study house, often found next to Orthodox synagogues in Eastern Europe, where members of the congregation study the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew alphabet. “A, B, C. . .” et cetera. Aleph, bet, gimel, dalet, et cetera.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHamotzi \u003c/em\u003eis the blessing recited before eating bread (challah) at the beginning of a meal on \u003cem\u003eShabbat.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShehakol \u003c/em\u003eis the name of the Hebrew prayer that is said over food that is not grown from the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaEtz\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew prayer said over fruit that grows from a tree. \u003cem\u003eHaAdama\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew prayer said over fruit grown directly from the earth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: study] is a legal code spanning 1,000 years and based on the teachings of the Bible. The \u003cem\u003eTalmud \u003c/em\u003einterprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eGemarah\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e is the interpretation of Biblical law. The \u003cem\u003eGemarah\u003c/em\u003e is a commentary on the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003ebegins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eShabbas goy\u003c/em\u003e is a non-Jew who is employed to perform certain types of work that observant Jews are not permitted to do on the Sabbath. Tasks typically included extinguishing the lighted candles or lamps on Friday night and making a fire in the oven or stove on Sabbath mornings during the cold weather.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarshal Jozef Klemens Pilsudski was a Polish revolutionary and statesman. He was the first chief of state (1918–1922) of the newly independent Poland that was established in 1918. He was appointed First Marshal of Poland, the highest rank in the Polish Army, in 1920. After leading a coup d’état in 1926, he rejected an offer of the presidency. He served as Minister of Defense until his death in 1935. Polish Jews, who supported his opposition to extreme nationalism and antisemitism, viewed Pilsudski favorably.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgudas Yisroel was an Orthodox Jewish political movement popular in Eastern Europe between the two world wars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the major cities and small towns of interwar Poland, there were an estimated 1,700 Yiddish daily newspapers and periodicals published. Thousands of other daily, weekly, and monthly publications in Hebrew and Polish were also produced.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMafia refers to the Italian American Mafia, an organized crime group. The organization emerged as an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia formed by Italian immigrants in the US. The organization is now considered an entirely separate entity, having absorbed other Italian organized crime groups in America and Canada. The Mafia engages in various criminal activities, including the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the solicitation and enforcement of illicit agreements between criminals often using violence, extortion, and fraud.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKiddush\u003c/em\u003e is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays. \u003cem\u003eHavdalah\u003c/em\u003e is the ceremony marking the end of the Sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cycle of High Holy Days begins with \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e. New Year festival]. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe village of Alexander [Polish: Aleksandrów £ódzki] is about 15 kilometers (9 miles) northwest of Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reference to Henry Kissinger, an American diplomat and political scientist. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Kissinger was born to a Jewish family in Germany in 1923. The family fled to England in 1938 and then the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Tov\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew term that refers to the holidays observed by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar. It is sometimes referred to as “festival days” and includes the six biblically mandated festival dates on which all activities prohibited on\u003cem\u003e Shabbat\u003c/em\u003e are prohibited, except for some related to food preparation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor \u003c/em\u003efor deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew word for “weeks” and refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e by God at Mount Sinai. It occurs at the completion of the seven-week counting period between Passover and \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e. Shavuot, like many other Jewish holidays, began as an ancient agricultural festival that marked the end of the spring barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. In ancient times, \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e was a pilgrimage festival during which Israelites brought crop offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. Today, it is a celebration of \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, education, and actively choosing to participate in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] celebrates the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSosnoweic (Sosnovtza) is an industrial city county in southern Poland, about 180 kilometers (112 miles) south of Lodz and just north of Katowice. About one-third of the population was Jewish prior to World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in southern Poland, known for its heavy industry. It is about 192 kilometers (119 miles) south-southwest of Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; German: Krakau; also spelled ‘Cracow’] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River, about 214 kilometers (133 miles) south-southeast of Lodz. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. When the Germans occupied Krakow in 1939, the city became the center of the Generalgouvernement [German: General Government], a separate administrative region of the Third Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eManischewitz is a leading brand of kosher products based in the United States, best known for their matzah and kosher wine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word ‘mitzvah’ refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew ‘mitzvah’ refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA reidel is a wheel with pointed teeth used for perforating matzah, which prevents the dough from rising.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeavened products are forbidden on Passover and there is a commandment to eat matzah on the first night of the festival of Passover. The sages concluded that after eighteen minutes the dough ferments making the dough rise and ultimately forbidden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChametz\u003c/em\u003e is any food product made from wheat, barley, rye, oats or spelt that has come into contact with water and been allowed to ferment and “rise.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. The historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. The\u003cem\u003e seder\u003c/em\u003e incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. During the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the youngest person sings the four questions [Yiddish: Fir Kashes; Hebrew: Ma Nishtana]. These questions provide the impetus for telling why this night is different from all other nights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Four Questions [Yiddish: Fir Kashes; Hebrew: Ma Nishtana] are part of the Passover seder. These questions provide the impetus for telling why this night is different from all other nights. They are traditionally asked by the youngest child (who is able to speak) and are: (introductory question) Why is this night different than all other nights? 1. Why is it that on all other nights we eat either bread or matzah, and on this night we eat only matzah? 2. Why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables, but on this night we only eat bitter herbs? 3. Why is it on all other nights we do not dip our vegetables even once, but on this night we dip them twice? 4. Why is it on all other nights we eat either sitting or reclining, but on this night we only eat in a reclining position?\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetty Grossman Goodfriend (1927-2008) was born in Vilkija, Lithuania. She was a Holocaust survivor. After the war ended, she ended up in Berlin, Germany where she met her husband, Isaac Goodfriend. Later Betty and Isaac moved to Paris, France. They eventually immigrated to Canada, where Isaac served as a cantor in Montreal. They later moved to Cleveland, Ohio and finally to Atlanta, Georgia where Isaac was the cantor at Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Better was active in Holocaust survivors’ organizations and other community organizations. Betty and Isaac had three sons and four grandchildren. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003elatke\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is a type of potato pancake or fritter in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine that is traditionally prepared to celebrate \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e (or \u003cem\u003echanukiah\u003c/em\u003e) is the proper term for a candelabra with nine branches that is lit during \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e. Since\u003cem\u003e Hanukkah\u003c/em\u003e lasts for eight days it permits the lighting of eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. Generally, the candelabra used at \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e is almost always called a \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e. However, the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e, which has only seven branches, is an ancient symbol of the Jews and which has become connected with \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e. According to the Talmud, after the desecration of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, there was only enough pure oil left to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days which was enough to make new pure oil. The \u003cem\u003eTalmud \u003c/em\u003estates that it is prohibited to use a seven-branched \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e outside of the Temple so the \u003cem\u003eHanukkah menorah\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e) has nine branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshalach manos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is also called a ‘Purim basket,’ and contains gifts of food or drink sent to family and friends on \u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of \u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003edreidel\u003c/em\u003e is a four-sided spinning top that children play with on \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e. Each side is imprinted with a Hebrew letter. These letters are an acronym for the Hebrew words “A great miracle happened there” referring to the miracle of the oil that lasted eight days.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKapote\u003c/em\u003e is a long robe traditionally worn by male Jews in Eastern Europe. For weekdays it was made of lightweight gabardine but on the Sabbath a heavier silk \u003cem\u003ekapote\u003c/em\u003e was worn. Today, \u003cem\u003ekapotes\u003c/em\u003e are primarily worn by very Orthodox or Hasidic Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGabardine is a durable worsted wool or a tightly woven cotton, silk or mixed fabrics. It was originally used to make suits, overcoats, outwear or other garments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChallah\u003c/em\u003e is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShalom Aleichem \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: peace be upon you] is a traditional song sung by Jews every Friday night upon returning home from synagogue prayer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon ben Isaac (Shlomo Yitzhaki), known as Rashi (based on an acronym of his Hebrew initials—RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki), was a medieval French rabbi whose widely read commentary on the Talmud and the Tanakh remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLowicz [Polish: Łowicz; also known as ‘Loivitch’] is a town in central Poland, approximately 50 kilometers northeast of Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn addition to closing Jewish schools, the Germans closed or destroyed Polish universities, schools, museums, libraries, and scientific laboratories and decreed that Polish children's schooling end after a few years of elementary education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria was forcibly annexed into the German Third Reich on March 12, 1938. Three days later, German forces invaded and occupied Czechoslovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003eAdolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003cbr\u003eHitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003eHitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Danzig Corridor’ or ‘Polish Corridor,’ was a small narrow piece of land, which was ceded to Poland after World War I. It provided Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, but in the process divided the bulk of Germany from the German province of East Prussia. In the spring of 1939, Hitler demanded the annexation of the Free City of Danzig to Germany and extraterritorial rail access for Germany across the ‘Polish Corridor,’ the Polish frontier to East Prussia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. Chamberlain is famous for returning from Munich, getting off the plane, waving a piece of paper and saying the world had “peace for its time.” One year later Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and World War II started. Chamberlain lasted as prime minister for a few more months and then Winston Churchill was appointed to the post.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCivil defense are efforts taken in communities to protect the citizens from human-made or natural disasters. During the 1930s, as the threat of war and aerial bombardments grew, efforts related to civil defense became more widespread.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930’s, antisemitism became more intense in Poland, in part thanks to Nazi propaganda. Organized attacks wounded and killed Jews in April 1933, May 1934 and in September 1935. Wealthy Jews were arrested in 1938 and guards were placed outside Jewish shops to prevent non-Jewish customers from entering them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika, which means “good fortune” or “well-being” It first appears to have been used in Eurasia, as early as 7000 years ago. The symbol experienced a resurgence in the 19th century due to growing interest in Europe for the ancient civilizations of Near East and India. The symbol was later taken up by racist groups as a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. The Nazi Party was not the only party to use the symbol in Germany. The swastika has become associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Endek [Polish: Endecja] is a member of the National Democratic party of Poland, which was created in 1897. The party was ideologically antisemitic and fascist, calling for a Polish-speaking Catholic Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis refers to members of the Sturmabteilung, often shortened to ‘SA.’ They were commonly known as ‘Brownshirts’ from the color of the uniforms. They were the paramilitary wing of the Nazi party and played a key role in Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1920’s and 1930’s. They provided protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies, disrupted opposing political parties, intimidated Jewish citizens and engaged in general street thuggery.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. The Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces that had meanwhile invaded from the west and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz was approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA fifth column is a group of sympathizers or supporters of an enemy that engage in espionage or sabotage as a means of undermining a larger group—such as a nation or a besieged city—from within. During World War II, the term was often applied to Nazi supporters within foreign nations. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River in east-central Poland. The Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Synagogue of Łódź [Polish: Wielka Synagoga w Łodzi) was built for the reform congregation in 1881 with funds from wealthy local industrialists including Izrael Posnanski. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city and was known as the ‘Great Synagogue’ or ‘The Temple.’ It was completely burned down on November 14-15, 1939. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKristallnacht was a state-sponsored pogrom on November 8 and 9, 1938. Across Germany (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned. Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed.  Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Hitler imagined a “thousand-year Reich,” that would not be overturned and would serve as the natural conclusion of a process that he traced back to the coronation of Charlemagne in 800.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e is an ancient musical horn made of ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion, Lodz had been annexed to the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Others voluntarily left or fled to the Soviet Occupied Zone. By March 1940, almost 70,000 Jews had left the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalkinia [Polish: Małkinia Górna] is a large village in northeastern Poland, about 80 kilometers (50 miles) northeast of Warsaw and 225 kilometers (140 miles) northeast of Lodz. Malkinia was a junction on the main Warsaw-Bialystok railroad line, which ran east from Warsaw. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 until January 1940, Malkinia was flooded with refugees heading to the Soviet border. Malkinia Junction was the end of the line for the eastern railway and the last station separating German-occupied Poland and Soviet territory because there were no railroad bridges across the Bug River. By 1942, the Germans had built a spur off the Malkinia line, which served to carry Jews to the nearby Treblinka extermination camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a closed ghetto was ordered in Lodz. It was to be established on 4.13 square kilometers (almost 1.6 square miles) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publically announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 while Poles and ethnic Germans had until the end of April to move out of the neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Judenrat (plural: Judenräte) was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans chose Chaim Mordechai Rumkowski, an engineer, to be the head of the Judenrat and to establish a Jewish police force to transfer the Jews into the ghetto. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and traitor. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews—including women and children—to certain death on the German authority’s demands, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1939, Germany annexed most of western Poland. The former Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig were incorporated into the new German province of Danzig-West Prussia. The district of Ciechanow (Zichenau) was attached to the German province of East Prussia. The former Polish province of Poznan and part of Lodz were combined into a new province called the Warthegau. The Polish part of Upper Silesia, a small area of southwestern Poland including the cities of Katowice and Oswiecim (Auschwitz), was incorporated into the German province of Silesia. The remainder of partitioned Poland that fell to Germany under the secret provisions of the German-Soviet agreements of August and September 1939 was organized into the Generalgouvernement [German: General Government], which was further divided into three districts. The city of Lodz fell within the annexed territory of Warthegau. The town of Piotrkow was in the Generalgouvernement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Museum is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. It was dedicated in 1993 in Washington, D.C. It provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Dedication ceremonies for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. were held on Thursday, April 22, 1993. At the dedication, speeches were made by United States President William Clinton; Chaim Herzog, President of Israel; Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council; and Elie Wiesel, professor, author, and Holocaust survivor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarely a month after the invasion of Poland, the first Polish ghetto of World War II was created in Piotrkow on October 14, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKielce is a city in south central Poland. In 1939, there were approximately 24,000 Jewish inhabitants in Kielce or one-third of the town's population. Almost all of them were murdered during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 14, 1942 the Germans and local auxiliary troops surrounded the Pietrkow ghetto and over the next eight days 22,000 Jews were swept up and deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. Only about 2,400 Jews who were employed in factories and workshops remained.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA number of local companies began employing the Jews—especially the younger workers—of the Piotrkow ghetto. Among the factories that employed Jews were the Ostbahn (Eastern Railway), the Kriesgenossenschaft, Phoenix, and the Petrikauer Holzwerke (wood factory), also known as the “Bugaj.” Many were also employed at the Hortensja Glassworks, which mainly produced jars and bottles, at the Kara factory, which manufactured plate glass.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sudetenland was an area along the border of Bohemia and Moravia near the Sudeten Mountains. The Sudetenland had a predominately German population that was incorporated into the boundaries of Czechoslovakia after World War I. The area became a major source of contention between Germany and Czechoslovakia until the Munich Conference yielded it to Germany in 1938 as an attempt at appeasing the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mikveh is a pool of water, gathered from rain or a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army [Polish: Armia Warszawa] garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw, the capital city of Poland, and the invading German Army. Warsaw suffered heavy air attacks and artillery bombardment during the siege. Parts of the city were reduced to rubble and the civilian population suffered heavy casualties. Germans troops entered the city on September 29, shortly after its surrender.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them from their Polish neighbors. The occupation brought a Jewish curfew, yellow star badges, and mass conscriptions for forced labor. Jews could no longer engage in the textile business, and the Germans decreed that every Jewish business must have a German Treühander [German: trustee]. Jewish bank accounts were frozen and Jews were limited in the amount of money they could withdraw. Jews could no longer use public transportation, could not leave the city without special permission, and were not allowed to have cars, radios, and various other items in their possession. Synagogue services were also outlawed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a powerful paramilitary organization in the Third Reich, responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. They wore distinctive all black uniforms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of ten Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolksdeutsche was a Nazi German term that was used for people whose language and culture had German origins but did not hold German citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIzrael Kalmanowicz Poznański (1834-1900) was a successful industrialist who made a fortune from textiles. His father, Kalman, had also been in the textile industry. Izrael built an opulent neo-Baroque style residence in Lodz at the turn of the twentieth century that became known as the Poznanski Palace. The Palace survived the war and is now home to the Museum of History of Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWidzew lies east of Lodz. Today, Widzew is a part of Lodz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Kon (1870-1961) was a wealthy industrialist and manufacturer in Lodz, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHans Frank was an early supporter of the Nazi party. He studied law and eventually became the personal legal advisor to Adolf Hitler. After the outbreak of World War II, Frank was appointed Governor General of occupied Poland. In this capacity, Frank was responsible for the exploitation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Polish civilians, as well as the deportation and murder of Polish Jews. After the war, he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed on October 16, 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoon after the German invasion of Poland, Jews in the Warthegau (the German-annexed territory of western Poland) were required to wear a badge on their chests, which was a yellow Star of David [Hebrew: Magen David] on a black field with the word \"Jew\" inscribed inside the star. In the General Government, that part of Poland directly occupied by Germany, Governor General Hans Frank ordered on November 23, 1939, that all Jews over the age of ten wear a \"Jewish Star\": a white armband affixed with a blue six-sided star, worn over the right upper sleeve of one's outer garments. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the summer of 1940 the Jews could come and go from the Piotrkow ghetto and most were employed outside the ghetto manufacturing goods for the Germans, making it easier to barter for food from the local Poles. As more and more refugees arrived and Germans authorities resettled Jews, the ghetto population swelled to nearly 20,000 people. The ghetto contained 182 buildings with 4, 178 rooms; meaning roughly five people lived in every room.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA complex economic system quickly was established in the ghettos of Poland. Jews would barter and trade or use their limited currency on the black market for food, clothes and other goods. A black market is sometimes referred to as an underground or shadow economy characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules. Apart from the clothes and food trade, there was trade in currency, valuables, gold, silver, etc. A black market money exchange functioned in the ghetto, fixing a daily rate of exchange for gold dollars, paper dollars, golden roubles, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn German-occupied Poland, the amount of food allotted to Jews was meager. Within the ghettos, the starving Jewish population had to resort to the purchase of food on the ghetto black market, which was often supplied by smuggling and the extensive bribery of the guards. Prices on the ghetto black market were considerably higher then even those on the Polish black market. The prices of staples like bread and potatoes increased significantly. The prices of items like meat increased to the point of being almost unobtainable. However, as German authorities tightened control in the ghettos, it became more and more difficult to smuggle food in and resources were soon exhausted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn German-occupied Poland, the amount of food allotted to Jews was meager. Within the ghettos, the starving Jewish population had to resort to the purchase of food on the ghetto black market, which was often supplied by smuggling and the extensive bribery of the guards. Prices on the ghetto black market were considerably higher then even those on the Polish black market. The prices of staples like bread and potatoes increased significantly. The prices of items like meat increased to the point of being almost unobtainable. However, as German authorities tightened control in the ghettos, it became more and more difficult to smuggle food in and resources were soon exhausted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1942 the Piotrkow ghetto was closed and all non-Jews had to vacate the area. In September, a ‘Small Ghetto’ was created, with a few small blocks of houses enclosed by barbed wire. Thousands of Jews from neighboring towns and villages were brought into the larger ghetto as rumors of an impending Aktion circulated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the liquidation of the larger ghetto, the Germans and Jewish Police began searching for several hundred people who had hidden. They were incarcerated in the Great Synagogue, where some were brutally tortured or murdered. The first group caught was deported to Treblinka. On December 20, 1942, the remaining 160 people were taken to the nearby Rakow Forest, forced to dig their own graves, and shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKol Nidre\u003c/em\u003e is an Aramaic declaration recited in the synagogue before the beginning of the evening service on every \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Stalingrad took place between July 1942 and February 1943. In brutally cold winter weather, the Soviets were able to successfully defend the city of Stalingrad. The battle is considered to be a turning point in the war in favor of the Allies. The battle was also one of the bloodiest in history, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eVolkischer Beobachter\u003c/em\u003e [German: People’s Observer] was a daily newspaper published by the Nazi Party in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942-1943, a giant glass oven cistern, smelting pot and other small buildings were built at the Kara glass factory. Jews had to dig a deep pit and carry bricks and stones while foreman stood watch, ready to beat the workers with sticks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolack is a derogatory term used, mainly in North American, in reference to someone of Polish origin. It also is reference to someone of Polish ethnicity and male gender.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Schindler (1908-1974) was an ethnic German born in present-day Czech Republic. During World War II, he was a Nazi party-member who became a factory-owner and is credited with saving the lives of the almost 1,200 Jews he employed at his enamelware factory in the Plaszow concentration camp. In July 1943, about 1,500 Jews from Pietrkow were sent to the Blizyn camp and another three truckloads were sent to camps in Pionki, Ostrowiec Swietokrzyski, and Radom. It is unclear whether any were sent to Plaszow. Only about 1,500 Jews remained in Pietrkow. These workers (including Cantor Goodfriend) were employed at and lived at the glassworks or lumber factories.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp] was initially a labor camp, constructed in a southern suburb of Krakow, Poland on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. Built in late 1942 and further expanded until mid-1944, it was transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Mass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow. At its peak, an estimated 25,000 prisoners were in the camp and at least 8,000 died there. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. Only a few hundred prisoners remained alive in the camp when Soviet soldiers liberated it in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the beginning of 1943, some 2,400 workers officially remained in the Small Ghetto (estimates put the actual population around 3,000 as those Jews who had survived the liquidation of the larger ghetto now hid in the Small Ghetto). In February and March 1943, around 500 people were deported to the Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG) ammunition factories in Skarzysko-Kamienna. In July 1943, the Small Ghetto was liquidated. Around 1,500 Jews were sent to other camps in the area. The rest were housed at the factories where they worked. By the end of July, the town of Piotrkow had been declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Girl Friday” is an idiom that refers to a female assistant or servant entrusted with a variety of tasks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoodfriend, Isaac. By Fate or By Faith: The Saga of a Survivor. Boulder, Colorado: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the summer of 1942 and into 1943, a series of mass deportations had sent around 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka. On April 19, 1943, the Warsaw ghetto uprising began after German troops and police entered the ghetto to deport its surviving inhabitants—a group of mostly young people who had heard reports of mass murder in Treblinka. The fighters were able to hold out against heavily armed and well-trained German soldiers, tanks and armored cars for nearly a month, but the Germans literally destroyed the ghetto building-by-building, block-by-block, burning and demolishing the ghetto one street at a time. On May 16, 1943, the revolt ended. Soviet troops were still battling German troops along the Eastern front in present-day Ukraine, some 1000 kilometers (over 600 miles) away while the ghetto uprising was taking place. In July 1944, the Polish Home Army (the anti-Communist underground resistance) launched another uprising in Warsaw. Although the Western allies dropped ammunition and supplies and the Soviet army was within sight of the city, no troops assisted the city and the uprising was crushed. The Germans razed Warsaw, leaving the majority of the city in ruins. The Russians did not liberate the city until January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbout 1,100 Jews worked for the Kara and Hortensja glass factories. They worked as glass breakers and blowers or loaded and unloaded soda, coal, bricks, cement and other materials. Especially at the Kara factory, the managers and foremen were known for their abuse of the workers. At the end of November 1944, the last Jews of Piotrkow who had remained at the factories were deported to a number of different concentration camps, such as Buchenwald and Ravensbruck.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTefillin\u003c/em\u003e, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead. The \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that God brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/annotation_set/1172/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiotrkow was liberated by Soviet troops on January 16, 1945. Out of the estimated 28,000 Jews who had been imprisoned in the ghetto, only 1,600-1,700 had survived, either in the camps or in hiding. The war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=10770.0,10800.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goodfriend, Isaac [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=49.0,844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother was born in the same town [Piotrkow]. I would say an estimate [that] she was born in 1905. My father was born in Lodz . . . in 1902.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=49.0,844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chazzan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dry goods","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kupka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manchester, England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piotrkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=49.0,844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His early Jewish education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=844.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember when I was five, we had a big celebration. The celebration was [because] I started [to study] Chumash.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=844.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chumash","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shul","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tallit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yontif","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=844.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His grandparents and great-grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1225.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had two sets of grandparents. My father's parents lived in Lodz, which was very close to our house where we lived. They lived in the same building where their business was.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1225.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great-grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1225.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His later education and activities during childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1502.0,1945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish was . . . this is what you heard, this is what you spoke. I went to school, and I learned Polish, of course. It was obligatory to go to the secular [school] to learn, to take secular education.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1502.0,1945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marshal Pilsudski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newspapers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1502.0,1945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Greatest influences during his youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1945.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The greatest influence . . . being the oldest, it was my obligation . . . it was put on me that I have to be the role model. Influence is simply the surroundings.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1945.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiddush","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosh Ha-Shanah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=1945.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Importance of education for him and his siblings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2149.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister . . . the one that grew up, she went to a regular public school.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2149.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2149.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of Jewish holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=2230.0,2812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other Yom Tov was Yom Kippur. Or Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur . . . Shavuot we used to go to the rebbe. 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You come to the city, especially soldiers, you like to buy souvenirs to take home, whatever they could get ahold of.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7178.0,7790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim Rumkowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judenrat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Merchants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oskar Kon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Socks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7178.0,7790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reshares the story of escaping Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140#t=7790.0,8149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/108704/file/210140/index/80695/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allowed? No. We were not allowed. Possibility to leave? Yes. It was . . . the ghetto was not closed down. It was open. We hired a horse-and-buggy with a driver and we put a few of our belongings on this way. A cousin of mine, the girl was probably 12 or 13, and myself. 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