{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5t3fx74c9t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Komisarow, Erika Helgott"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-06-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eErika Helgott Komisarow interviewed by Ruth Einstein on June 15, 2003 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eErika Helgott Komisarow was born in Berlin, Germany on August 16, 1925 to Mordecai and Chana Goldfeld Helfgott who were originally from Poland.  She had a sister, Jutta that was 20 months older. When she was eight years old her family left Germany after her father was arrested and sent to Oranienburg Camp. Her family left through Belgium to go to Paris to stay with cousins of her mother. While in Paris the girls attended a Rothschild Jewish school, Lucien d’ Hirsch.  When the war started the girls were in Switzerland.  When they returned home they found out that their father had been interned at Vel d’ Hiv—Velodrome d’ Hiver and then sent to Pithiviers Internment Camp.  He later joined the French Army Auxiliary.   \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEventually, Erika and her sister using fake identification crossed the border into Vichy, France.  Their false papers were created by the mayor in a small town near the border who happened to be part of the Maquis which were the rural French guerilla resistance.  Once they crossed the border they were reunited with their father.  Their mother would later join them.  Even though her father was in the French Auxiliary Army he was still held in an internment camp.  While in this camp he was rounded up and taken to Drancy and then later to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he died in 1944. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter their father was taken, their mother sent the sisters to Montauban, France where they were helped by the Archbishop of Montauban, Pierre Marie Théas.  He put the sisters in a convent where they stayed for several months teaching catechism until it became unsafe for them to remain.  When they left Montauban the sisters were put into the care of the French Jewish Scouts, the Sixième, The Sixth Column.  Erika’s sister was given a job as a governess in Carcasonne, France and Erika became a cook for a family.   The father of the family was part of the Milice, a French collaborator.  This location was not a safe place for a Jewish girl so Erika was moved.  All this time, the sisters knew the location of their mother as she also went to the convent. Erika was sent to Toulouse where she was a nanny and attended the College de Vizac sp. She was reunited with her mother for a while and her sister remained in Carcasonne working at a market.  When school was released in 1944, Erika went to Carcasonne to work with her sister and later their mother joined them there.  All three returned to Paris in April of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpon returning to Paris, Erika began working with the American Signal Corps doing secretarial work.  She then applied for a job with the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants, [OSE] in order to help the children returning from the concentration camps.  There were actually only four children that returned from the camps. The rest that returned were adults who looked like children because of their physical state after being in the camps. Erika’s job was to take their case histories.  Jutta, her sister, decided in 1947 to come to the United States.  When she left she gave Erika her job at the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, The Joint.  Erika worked at the Joint for six years until she followed her sister to New York City, New York in 1953.  Her mother joined them permanently in 1954. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpon introduction to Edward Komisarow,Erika and Edward were married in New York City and then moved to Ft. Wayne, Indiana.  In 1963, the family moved to Jacksonville, Florida where Erika first realized legal segregation existed.  In 1966, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia.  While in Atlanta Erika worked thirty years for her brother-in-law’s company Atlanta Family Restaurant running the Shoney’s in the Atlanta area.   She had two sons, Marc and Eugene(Gene) and two grandchildren.  The Komisarow family joined Beth Jacob synagogue. Erika died on July 6, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eErika Helfgott Komisarow discusses her life as her family was forced to move from Berlin, Germany to Paris, France in 1933 after her father was arrested and sent to Oranienburg Camp.  She recalls her life and her parents’ occupations and their life as Jews while living in France before the war began.  She recalls the events surrounding the beginning of the war and the fact that she was in Switzerland when the war began. She recounts the fact that her father was interned at the Velodrome d’ Hiver (Vel d’ Hiv) and then sent to Pithiviers.  He later joined the French Auxiliary Army and was sent to the South of France.  She recounts how when the Germans invaded France they were forced to leave their home and hide in another apartment. She recalls how neighbors around them were arrested and taken away.  Erika describes how she was sent to cross the border into Vichy, France with her false papers she made herself.  Erika talks about the events of her capture by the French and German soldiers and how they released her because they did not believe she was Jewish.  She describes her eventual reunion with her father, her sister and mother, but she details how this did not last as her father was arrested and sent to Drancy and later Auschwitz-Birkenau.  Erika provides details of how her mother, sister and herself avoided capture and were in hiding for the rest of the war.  Erika describes the efforts of the Archbishop of Montauban, Pierre Marie Théas, the French Jewish Scouts—the Sixième—The Sixth Column to hide them in convents and homes doing work and other jobs until the end of the war.  Erika recalls returning to Paris after the war and the need to work. She details the various jobs that she held in France after war working for the American Signal Corps, the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants, [OSE} and American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, The Joint.  She describes witnessing the Jews that returned from the concentration camps and the physical state that they were in and was thankful that she did not have that experience.  She recalls her sister and mother’s decision to move to America and her eventual joining them in New York City.  She describes her life in America living in New York City, Ft. Wayne, Indiana, Jacksonville, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia.  She reminisces on her life with her family, her job, her synagogue and her life as a survivor here in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28417"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eErika Helgott Komisarow interviewed by Ruth Einstein on June 15, 2003 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eErika Helgott Komisarow was born in Berlin, Germany on August 16, 1925 to Mordecai and Chana Goldfeld Helfgott who were originally from Poland.  She had a sister, Jutta that was 20 months older. When she was eight years old her family left Germany after her father was arrested and sent to Oranienburg Camp. Her family left through Belgium to go to Paris to stay with cousins of her mother. While in Paris the girls attended a Rothschild Jewish school, Lucien d’ Hirsch.  When the war started the girls were in Switzerland.  When they returned home they found out that their father had been interned at Vel d’ Hiv—Velodrome d’ Hiver and then sent to Pithiviers Internment Camp.  He later joined the French Army Auxiliary.   \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEventually, Erika and her sister using fake identification crossed the border into Vichy, France.  Their false papers were created by the mayor in a small town near the border who happened to be part of the Maquis which were the rural French guerilla resistance.  Once they crossed the border they were reunited with their father.  Their mother would later join them.  Even though her father was in the French Auxiliary Army he was still held in an internment camp.  While in this camp he was rounded up and taken to Drancy and then later to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he died in 1944. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter their father was taken, their mother sent the sisters to Montauban, France where they were helped by the Archbishop of Montauban, Pierre Marie Théas.  He put the sisters in a convent where they stayed for several months teaching catechism until it became unsafe for them to remain.  When they left Montauban the sisters were put into the care of the French Jewish Scouts, the Sixième, The Sixth Column.  Erika’s sister was given a job as a governess in Carcasonne, France and Erika became a cook for a family.   The father of the family was part of the Milice, a French collaborator.  This location was not a safe place for a Jewish girl so Erika was moved.  All this time, the sisters knew the location of their mother as she also went to the convent. Erika was sent to Toulouse where she was a nanny and attended the College de Vizac sp. She was reunited with her mother for a while and her sister remained in Carcasonne working at a market.  When school was released in 1944, Erika went to Carcasonne to work with her sister and later their mother joined them there.  All three returned to Paris in April of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpon returning to Paris, Erika began working with the American Signal Corps doing secretarial work.  She then applied for a job with the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants, [OSE] in order to help the children returning from the concentration camps.  There were actually only four children that returned from the camps. The rest that returned were adults who looked like children because of their physical state after being in the camps. Erika’s job was to take their case histories.  Jutta, her sister, decided in 1947 to come to the United States.  When she left she gave Erika her job at the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, The Joint.  Erika worked at the Joint for six years until she followed her sister to New York City, New York in 1953.  Her mother joined them permanently in 1954. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpon introduction to Edward Komisarow,Erika and Edward were married in New York City and then moved to Ft. Wayne, Indiana.  In 1963, the family moved to Jacksonville, Florida where Erika first realized legal segregation existed.  In 1966, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia.  While in Atlanta Erika worked thirty years for her brother-in-law’s company Atlanta Family Restaurant running the Shoney’s in the Atlanta area.   She had two sons, Marc and Eugene(Gene) and two grandchildren.  The Komisarow family joined Beth Jacob synagogue. Erika died on July 6, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eErika Helfgott Komisarow discusses her life as her family was forced to move from Berlin, Germany to Paris, France in 1933 after her father was arrested and sent to Oranienburg Camp.  She recalls her life and her parents’ occupations and their life as Jews while living in France before the war began.  She recalls the events surrounding the beginning of the war and the fact that she was in Switzerland when the war began. She recounts the fact that her father was interned at the Velodrome d’ Hiver (Vel d’ Hiv) and then sent to Pithiviers.  He later joined the French Auxiliary Army and was sent to the South of France.  She recounts how when the Germans invaded France they were forced to leave their home and hide in another apartment. She recalls how neighbors around them were arrested and taken away.  Erika describes how she was sent to cross the border into Vichy, France with her false papers she made herself.  Erika talks about the events of her capture by the French and German soldiers and how they released her because they did not believe she was Jewish.  She describes her eventual reunion with her father, her sister and mother, but she details how this did not last as her father was arrested and sent to Drancy and later Auschwitz-Birkenau.  Erika provides details of how her mother, sister and herself avoided capture and were in hiding for the rest of the war.  Erika describes the efforts of the Archbishop of Montauban, Pierre Marie Théas, the French Jewish Scouts—the Sixième—The Sixth Column to hide them in convents and homes doing work and other jobs until the end of the war.  Erika recalls returning to Paris after the war and the need to work. She details the various jobs that she held in France after war working for the American Signal Corps, the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants, [OSE} and American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, The Joint.  She describes witnessing the Jews that returned from the concentration camps and the physical state that they were in and was thankful that she did not have that experience.  She recalls her sister and mother’s decision to move to America and her eventual joining them in New York City.  She describes her life in America living in New York City, Ft. Wayne, Indiana, Jacksonville, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia.  She reminisces on her life with her family, her job, her synagogue and her life as a survivor here in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/542/small/Erika_Komisarow.png?1619300405","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Komisarow_Erika.mp4"]},"duration":4855.814,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/542/small/Erika_Komisarow.png?1619300405","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/542/original/Komisarow_Erika.mp4?1615060120","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4855.814,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Erika Komisarow [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \n\nEINSTEIN: Could you please tell me your name at birth and where you were born?\n\nKOMISAROW: My name at birth was Erika Helfgott. I was born in Berlin [Germany].\nDo you want the date? August 16, 1925.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you tell me a little about your family? Who was living in your\nhouse when you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing up?\n\nKOMISAROW: We never lived in a house. We lived in an apartment. In Berlin we\nlived first . . . in an apartment with an old lady. Then we moved to another\napartment where we were by ourselves. Then we left Berlin in 1933.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me what your parent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names were.\n\nKOMISAROW: My father was Mordecai Helfgott--Max Helfgott--and my mother was\nChana Helfgott. She was born Goldfeld.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you have any other brothers or sisters?\n\nKOMISAROW: I have a sister, Gutta, who is twenty months older than I am.\n\nEINSTEIN: What caused your parents to make the decision to leave [Berlin] in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1933?\n\nKOMISAROW: My father was arrested to begin with and put in Oranienburg. My\nmother did . . . turned up turned the world upside down to get him out. Then we left.\n\nEINSTEIN: Was he arrested because he was Jewish or for another reason?\n\nKOMISAROW: They came one morning. A friend of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father's was staying with us. I\ndon't know if he was in any kind of organization or whatever. Anyway, they\npicked up that friend and they picked up my father for good measure. I don't\nknow. Being Jewish had something to do with it I am sure.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: His politics?\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you know about his political affiliations at that point?\n\nKOMISAROW: My father didn't have any.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, maybe the friend?\n\nKOMISAROW: The friend may have had, but I don't know. I mean, I was a little\ngirl and I didn't know any of those things then.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your mother succeeded in getting your father out of Oranienburg?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you remember what happened at that point?\n\nKOMISAROW: We left. My mother, my sister, and I left. We went through Belgium.\nWe went to Paris [France]. I don't know how my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father left. I think he left\nafter we did. I'm not sure, but we went and stayed with cousins of my mother in\nParis. Then we stayed with . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had . . . I think after that we stayed in a\nhotel for a while. Then we had an apartment where we stayed.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you start school in Paris?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, we started of course in a Jewish school, Lucien d' Hirsch, which\nwas one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rothschild schools, which there were several in Paris. We went to\nLucien d' Hirsch and you learned by hook or by crook, you learned French. There\nwere some kids who spoke German, because there was a big influx of refugees from\nGermany. Between one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing and another we managed to learn French.\n\nEINSTEIN: As the Thirties went by, did your parents hear anything about what was\ngoing on in Germany?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, we were very well aware of it. As a matter of fact, from what I\nunderstand--although my parents didn't talk to us about anything--my father\nreally wanted to go to Argentina. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said she was tired of traveling so\nwe stayed in Paris. It is a good thing we didn't go to Argentina. It is not that\ngreat there either.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Did your father have any family in Argentina?\n\nKOMISAROW: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: He was just looking for a place where you would be safe?\n\nKOMISAROW: [He wanted to get] as far away from Germany as possible. We stayed in\nParis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the summer, we were sent to Switzerland through a Jewish organization\nfor children like us.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's just go back for a second. Could you tell me what your father\ndid for a living in Germany and then what he did for a living when you moved to France?\n\nKOMISAROW: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany . . . he was selling shoes in a store. In France, he had\nto diversify, relocate. He learned tailoring. He was a presser. My mother was\nworking. She was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dressmaker. She was doing skirts for suits. My father would\npick up the work and deliver it when it was done. My mother would sew. I\nremember we helped her. My sister and I helped doing the finishing. I will never\nforget the skirts had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"row of buttons going down. We were sewing the buttons,\namongst other things, besides hemming the skirts. My father says, \"Do it faster.\nAs long as when you shake the skirt the buttons don't fall off, it is good enough.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you consider that your family was a religious family at that point?\nHow would you describe them?\n\nKOMISAROW: We kept ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher. In France you don't have as big a synagogue\naffiliation as you have here [Atlanta, Georgia]. Here, a lot of it revolves\naround the synagogue--in France, no. We'd go to the synagogue on the High Holy\nDays [Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur] and on the festivals, but basically on the\nHigh Holy Days they were [in] what they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called a Stiebel [Yiddish: Little house\nor room]. They would rent a room and have services there--the women on one side,\nthe men on the other. My father was not religious. My mother was.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were their families from Germany or from Poland?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, from Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father left Poland when there was a new war going\non there and it would have meant going against relatives possibly. He left\n[Poland]. My mother left [Poland] and they got married in Berlin.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's move on now to France. Can you tell me as the war years\napproached in the late 1930's what the situation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was like there for your family?\n\nKOMISAROW: We were--my sister and I--were in Switzerland when the war broke out.\nWe were frantic. If I had known what was coming ahead, we would have made every\neffort to stay in Switzerland, but who knew. We finally went back to France--to\nParis--and I thought I would find my father at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. My father wasn't home\nanymore, because the French interned all the people who came from Germany.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you know where he was interned?\n\nKOMISAROW: He was interned first at the Vel d'Hiv. Then he was sent to\nPithiviers [France]. Then he . . . joined the French ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auxiliary Army and was in\nSeptfonds in the south of France. To begin with, there was nothing much\nhappening in the war. That is what they called \"La drôle de guerre\"--the phony\nwar--because nothing was happening. Then in May of 1940 [the Germans] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broke over\nBelgium. You see the Ligne Maginot, which was supposed to keep the Germans in\nGermany . . . Well, the Belges were French allies and friends and all this. [The\nFrench] didn't feel right about extending [the Maginot Line] through Belgium so\nthe Germans just went around it and poured into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France through Belgium. They\nentered Paris in May 1940, I think.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were you still there?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, we were there.\n\nEINSTEIN: What happened?\n\nKOMISAROW: We were there. I remember I didn't want to leave the house. I didn't\nwant to see the Germans, but finally I had to leave the house and go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. We\nstarted stockpiling food, which was a good thing. Nothing really happened to\nbegin with. Then the people wanted to leave France. They were all over on the\nroads and all this, and the Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strafed them. The people were . . . packed\ntrucks and stuff. We didn't do it. My sister and my cousin . . . we were staying\nwith them to be together. The boy and my sister went to the station to see about\nleaving maybe. They said, \"It is impossible. We don't go.\" They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came back which\nwas a good thing, because the trains were not running well and all this anyway.\nThen we went home.\n\nWe went to school and life continued . . . until June or July ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942. My sister\nhad a job--a babysitting job--with a woman who was the head of Union Generale\ndes Israelites de France, UGIF. She told her, \"You better get home and get your\nmother and sister out. Your mother is not at risk, but she doesn't speak such\ngood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French so take your mother and your sister and go someplace else. Don't be\non the street.\" We did, and we went into an empty apartment on the same street.\nOther families joined us there and we were all in there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and waited to see what\nwould happen. My mother and my sister went to the [other] apartment to get some\nfood or something to bring over to the other place. There were knocks on the\ndoor, and my sister is frantic. The doors were not hard-core doors. They were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very . . . They could knock them down if they wanted. The French and the Germans\ncame to arrest the people. My mother grabbed my sister and put her hand over her\nmouth and told her, \"You be quiet.\" They left. They [Germans and the French]\ncame back. Our neighbor, who had a little girl, was looking out the window. She\nwasn't afraid. She had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. She thought she would be safe. They picked her\nup and the little girl. They were supposed to only get the men or young people.\nThey took everybody.\n\nMOONEY: What about the Boy Scouts?\n\nKOMISAROW: We stayed in that apartment for about 10 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days. My mother sent me out.\nI was supposed to go and cross . . . At that time there was still the \"free\nzone\" where we lived. No, we lived in the occupied zone--Vichy France was free.\nI was supposed to go across and join my father. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were supposed to cross the\nborder and I did. The guy who was supposed to take us across . . . I don't know\nwhat happened. The Germans caught us all. The men they took away right\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away--unless they could run and get out of there. They got the men, and they got\nthe older women. That's where I used my French ID [identification] card that I\nhad faked.\n\nEINSTEIN: Go back a little bit. How did you get your false ID card?\n\nKOMISAROW: That first one? I took my school card and I changed the date ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\n1925 to 1928. Then I changed Berlin to Bechy, which was somewhere in\nAlsace-Lorraine [region in France]. We took a dictionary and we looked. I\ndecided Bechy was something I could handle. That was my first attempt at\nforgery. They took the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cards. We were four girls and a little girl. The little\ngirl was 12, but she looked like she was maybe eight or so. She was real tiny.\nThe others were older than I was. We all doctored our papers. We spent the night\nin the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gendarmerie [French: police] . . . the jail there with the French.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Where?\n\nKOMISAROW: I don't remember where it was. It was somewhere on the border.\n\nEINSTEIN: This was that group from that apartment? You went together?\n\nKOMISAROW: No. This was . . . I was the only one from that apartment that went.\n\nMOONEY: Your sister wasn't there?\n\nKOMISAROW: My sister went later. What happened was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the French said, \"Huh,\n13, 14 . . .\" They looked at us and they said, \"Oh, yeah.\" They didn't believe\nit, but the Germans did. That's all we cared about. The following morning they\ninterviewed us--they interrogated us. I remember still to this day the guy who\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was interrogating me--dark hair, nice big smile. He says, \"Helfgott,\nErika--because my name was there. He wondered, \"Jewish? Not Jewish?\" They asked\nme, \"Do I speak German?\" I said, \"No, I don't.\" I understood everything they\nwere saying. The guy was saying, \"Where's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bechy?\" I said, \"It is in the east, in\nAlsace-Lorraine.\" He said, \"You don't speak German?\" I said, \"No.\" The other guy\nsaid, \"Well, they don't teach German there anyway.\" Then he said, \"Is she\nJewish? Isn't she Jewish?\" Then they said, \"Nah, she's not.\" They let us go.\n\nWe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went--the girls that were with me . . . one of the girls knew where to go. It\nwas the French Scouts. They had like a camp there. They took us in and fed us.\nThey procured . . . and then my sister got there. [She asked,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What are you\ndoing here? You are supposed to be on the other side.\" I said, \"Well, I'm not.\"\nWe stayed there for a few days. They got the mayor of that little town\nVarennes-lès-Vienne . . . he made us our false papers. That was a real one\nexcept we picked a name that might have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish if somebody had checked it\nclosely. I don't know. It could be a Jewish or not Jewish, a Gentile name.\n\nMOONEY: What name did you pick?\n\nKOMISAROW: Bernois (sp 21:17). There is a family Bernois la Vie. They are Jewish.\n\nMOONEY: What first name did you pick?\n\nKOMISAROW: Evelyn. I liked that name. My sister chose the name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Genevieve. We\nkept our birthday and we made a mistake and kept--we didn't know it at the\ntime--we should never have put down that we were born in Paris. There you can\ncheck. It is a big town. You could check there. Anyway, then we had to cross the\nline again.\n\nEINSTEIN: At this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point you are in southern Vichy?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, we were in occupied France still.\n\nEINSTEIN: How do you explain that the mayor of the town was in the business of\nmaking forged papers?\n\nKOMISAROW: Because there were a lot of people that were against the Germans. He\nwas one of those . . . the Résistance. The Maquis was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing. The\nmayor decided he was going to help us out. I am sure he helped out other people, too.\n\nMOONEY: The French Scouts were like the [American] Boy Scouts, right?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes.\n\nMOONEY: They did this for a lot of people? They got false papers . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, sure. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we had to cross the line again. The first time when I\ncrossed we were maybe twenty or more people in that group. This time we were\nonly four--my sister, myself, and a couple. We thought . . . the guy abandoned\nus and we were not across yet. The following morning, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was walking and I kept\nasking my sister, \"What are those stakes along the road?\" That was the border.\nWe crossed over on our own. We took the train and went to . . . By the way, that\nwas a Jewish couple too that crossed with us. Then we took the train and we\nwound up at my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father's. We told him, \"We can say we lost our rationing cards\nand ask for duplicates and live with our false identity.\" My father said, \"No\nway. It's too dangerous. I don't want you to do it.\" So we didn't. Then my\nmother joined us. How my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother ever got across I'll never know, but she did.\nWhen you have to do things, you do.\n\nBy the time my mother came . . . Were the Germans across? No, the Germans were\nstill not across . . . They made . . . they wanted to pick up a bunch of people\n. . . My father was in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internment camp. It was the army, but still. My father\nalways said, \"If they ever came for me there are so many empty barracks that I\ncould hide in that they wouldn't get me.\" My sister talked to the captain of the\nthing, \"You know [your] father is not at risk. He is an older man. He has\nchildren. Don't worry about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\" They came to pick up a whole bunch of people.\nThe young guys skedaddled. They picked up the older guys--meaning my father,\nMargot's father [unclear who Margot is], and other people. My sister was wild.\nWe were against the fence. She was screaming. My mother says, \"They are going to\ntake you too if you don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shut up!\" She was concerned about . . . you never knew\nwhat those guys were going to do.\n\nMOONEY: Who picked up the men--the Germans or the French?\n\nKOMISAROW: I think it was the French that worked for the Germans, because I\nnever saw Germans there. This was still Vichy France. The Germans officially\nwere not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. They shipped them out. We stayed there for a while. My mother\nsaid it was not safe. My sister and I went to Montauban [France]. It was Yom\nKippur. We went to see the Archbishop of Montauban and told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, \"We don't know\nwhat to do. We don't know where to go. The Germans are after us.\" . . . and all\nthis. He asked us if we knew what this day was. We told him it was Yom Kippur\nand we are fasting. He says . . . he called two sisters, and they took us into a\nconvent. We stayed there for about three or four months.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: When was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this?\n\nKOMISAROW: To begin with, we didn't have to go to Mass, but then we had to go.\nWe didn't pay any attention to that. Anyway, we taught the kids--we taught them\ncatechism. All I had to do was read one lesson ahead, and we became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teachers. I\nremember for some reason one time we went out and we went to the cathedral. We\nsaw the Archbishop, and he asked us, \"Are you happier now?\" We said, \"Yes, thank\nyou.\" He was a great man. As a matter of fact, he got deported, too. He came\nback and became the bishop or whatever of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lourdes [France]--Pierre Marie Théas.\nA great man as far as I am concerned. No, he was a good guy.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Where was this? When were you in the convent?\n\nMOONEY: What year?\n\nKOMISAROW: It was in 1943.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did your mother know where you were at that point?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, she told us to go. Then we had to go. They were coming for us so\nwe had to go into a small town. We stayed there very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shortly. Then . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: You got word somehow that you might be discovered in the convent?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, we had to leave. They couldn't keep us, because they were\ncracking down on that. I'm trying to remember . . . There was the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"La\nSixième . . . There was the fifth column. This was called La Sixième, the\nSixth Column. This was the Jewish Scouts and all this. They provided places for\npeople to go. They got my sister a job in Carcassonne [France] as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a governess.\nFor me, they found me a job with a family to be the cook.\n\nMOONEY: Did the family know you were Jewish?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, I don't think so. I'm not sure. They may have. I know the family\nmy sister was with they knew she was Jewish. The family I was with . . . I don't\nknow. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hadn't cooked at home--barely. I knew how to cook potatoes maybe, boil\nwater maybe. I stayed there a month. Then they went out in the country and they\nfound me a job with somebody else. I found out that the place where they put me,\nthe guy was a Milician, that is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaborator--the French Milice. Let's say\nthat I wasn't too happy there. Then they took me out of there and sent me to\nToulouse [France] where I was a nanny for a while. I went to school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They sent\nme to school. I went to the Collège du Vizac. I stayed there.\n\nMy mother, in the meantime, had also been in the convent. She had to go to the\nhospital. My mother always said, \"If they operate on me I'll never get off the\ntable.\" When I heard my mother was in the hospital, I became frantic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to\nsee my mother. My mother was fine. She had a tumor in her stomach--in her\nabdomen--and had had it for years. [She] never wanted to have it removed because\nshe was afraid. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[The hospital] was a place to be hidden. So she had it done. It\nwas a good thing.\n\nAnyway, I was in school and my sister was in Carcassonne. She was working\nravitaillement [French: food supplies], which was the place for food and stuff.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When school let out, I finally had to go. I went to my sister. She got me a job\nthere, too. We stayed there until April of 1945 when we went back to Paris. We\nwere there when there was the liberation in 1944, when they freed . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by that\ntime the Germans were all over France. The people, the French Scouts, who were\nLa Sixième . . . there were so many that got killed there. It is frightening.\nWe lost so many good people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, we went back to Paris . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: What can you tell me about the point at which you realized the war for\nyou was over?\n\nKOMISAROW: 1944?\n\nEINSTEIN: What do you remember about that?\n\nKOMISAROW: August of 1944. The Germans were gone. That was all we wanted to\nknow. In 1942 there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dunkirk, which was a prelude of D-Day. They were trying\n. . . I remember I was in Paris still at that time. We heard \"Oh, Americans are\ncoming. They are coming to France.\" We thought, \"Gee, the war is going to be\nover.\" They got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kicked off the beaches and lost a lot of people. It was a\nmassacre. You are too young to know about that.\n\nMOONEY: Were you aware when D-Day occurred? Did you know that was happening?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, we knew about that. D-Day was June 6, 1944. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were in\nCarcassonne then. We knew about it. But it didn't affect us because the war was\nstill going on and the Germans were still there. They were entrenched. They were\nall over--all over the coastline, all over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything.\n\nMOONEY: How did it happen that the Germans left? Was it like suddenly like one\nday they were gone?\n\nKOMISAROW: In Carcassonne there were not that many [Germans]. They withdrew\nlittle by little I think. All I know was when . . . August 1944 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was . . .\n[the Allies] came from the beaches on the south of France and kicked [the\nGermans] out. We were . . . Carcassonne is not too far from where they were, so\nwe were okay.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you feel personally liberated? Did you feel like all the fear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nthe fear of being discovered . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: We still kept our false identification and everything until we left.\nMy sister and I had an apartment and pretty much life was okay then for\nus--except for lacking food and stuff. The Germans didn't bother us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were\nthere because, first of all, we were French. That was a great plus.\n\nEINSTEIN: At that point did you know where your parents were and what their\nsituation was?\n\nKOMISAROW: I know we had a card from my father in Drancy [France], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was the\ncamp outside of Paris--the preshipment. He wrote to my mother. We were still in\nSeptfonds. He wrote, \"Hide the girls. You prepare a suitcase and get ready to\ngo.\" My mother didn't take too kindly to that.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why is that?\n\nKOMISAROW: She wasn't ready to go. She wasn't going to go quietly, let's put it\nthis way. And she didn't.\n\nEINSTEIN: How do you feel about this so many years later--the difference in your\nparents' reactions to this situation?\n\nKOMISAROW: We knew that my father was deported. We didn't know. We thought he\nwas at Mauthausen at one time, but he wound up in Auschwitz-Birkenau. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My niece,\nwho is a journalist or was a journalist, went and checked. If anything, the\nGermans were very meticulous in keeping files. She found my father. She found\nrelatives of her father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were killed during the war. We know that he wound\nup at Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nMOONEY: What year did he die at Auschwitz-Birkenau?\n\nKOMISAROW: Don't know.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: August 1944.\n\nKOMISAROW: What?\n\nMOONEY: Marc found him at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.\n\nKOMISAROW: You don't know for sure.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Yes, I went and researched in Washington [D.C.]\n\nKOMISAROW: I don't know.\n\nMOONEY: August 1944.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Yes.\n\nKOMISAROW: How do you know?\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to the Holocaust Center [United States Holocaust\nMemorial Museum] in Washington and looked it all up on the microfiche.\n\nKOMISAROW: You found Papa? I don't know.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: How many more Mordecai Helfgotts were there?\n\nKOMISAROW: Did you find any Goldfelds?\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: I didn't look. I'll give you that.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were you reunited with your mother at some point?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, my mother came to see us in Carcassonne for a little while when\nwe were there. We returned to Paris in April 1945 to our apartment. That was\nstrange. We found it. It was empty. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody had taken it over. It was not that\ngreat of place, let's face it. It was two rooms, a kitchen, and a half bath\nbecause . . . no refrigeration, no hot water, no anything.\n\nEINSTEIN: After having both ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive and negative experiences with the French\npeople, how did you end up feeling about their part during the war?\n\nKOMISAROW: As far as I am concerned, the French did okay by us--most of them. We\ndidn't have much to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do with the other kind. Those that were like the sisters in\nthe convent, or the bishop, or the French Scouts, and all those people . . .\nthey helped us tremendously. The people at school where I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went--the principal of\nthe school--when the Germans came to check in, she hid us. I don't know if she\nwas able to ever do anything for her husband, but she helped us. She was great.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you pick your life back up at that point when you went back to Paris?\n\nKOMISAROW: I had to find work, because we were not a wealthy family. The first\njob I got was with the American Army--the Signal Corps--which was the most\nboring job I ever had. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[I was] collating the directories. They didn't have what\nthey have now where you have the automatic . . . The stacks were on the table\nand you walked around and around and picked up a page and all this. I was there\nfor a while.\n\nThen I applied for a job ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants, which is a child\norganization. They gave me a job. I went because at that time I was a Girl Scout\nand I thought I could help with the children. They were expecting a train from\nBuchenwald. I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Ecouis, where they had a sanatorium--they took over a\nsanatorium or whatever. The kids . . . when they finally came there, some of\nthose 'kids' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were older than I was. Kids--there were four. They said what we\nneed is to do secretarial work. I took case histories of all those kids. There\nwere four hundred and some odd. It got to a point, where if I knew where they\ncame from, I could write their story without them telling me, because it was so\nmuch the same thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took the case history of all those kids. Then they closed\n[the children's home].\n\nEINSTEIN: What was the impact of seeing children . . . there but for the grace\nof G-d that you yourself weren't deported to a camp . . . What was that\ninteraction like for you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with children that were your own age, that had had such\na different experience?\n\nKOMISAROW: There were very few girls there to begin with. There were mostly\nboys--men. The four kids that were there--some of them were hidden in the\nbackpacks of their brothers or something. That's how they survived. They were\nsix or seven years old. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were all from Buchenwald. They were processed\nthrough France and from there some went to the [United] States, some went to\nIsrael, some went home. Some went back to Romania or Hungary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had mostly . .\n. some of them went to Australia. They were dispersed all over.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was it like for you to hear their stories?\n\nKOMISAROW: It has been so long I don't remember really. I know that they were .\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember what it was like. It has been . . . it is one thing when it\nhappens . . . my G-d, this is 60 years later . . . nearly 60 years.\n\nEINSTEIN: Have you thought about it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much in the last 60 years--your own experience?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, I don't. The first time I really started thinking about is . . .\nI went to my grandchildren's school for lunch with the grandchildren. Everyone\nsays, \"What is your accent? Where are you coming from?\" I was telling some of\nthe stuff to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the principal and the teachers. She says, \"Would you mind coming\nand telling the children about it?\" I said, \"No, I'd be delighted.\" I went to my\ngrandchildren's school and I talked to the kids. They wanted to know did I see\nSchindler's List. I said, \"No, and I have no intention of seeing it.\" It is the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same thing with Sophie's Choice. There are certain things I will not see. I\ncannot hack it. In 1945 and 1946 there were a lot of movies about what happened.\nI used to see them all. I would come out with eyes that were red and swollen\nfrom crying so much. As I get older I decided that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life is too short. It's too\nbad. I don't want to see it. I did that twice. I have two grandchildren. I went\nonce for my granddaughter and then I went to my grandson's class and I talked to\nthem about it.\n\nEINSTEIN: What message did you try to tell them about what they might learn from\nwhat you went through?\n\nKOMISAROW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if they are learning. They are learning about what\nhappened. You cannot talk to those kids about telling them it should never\nhappen again, because they wouldn't understand it. You don't want it to\nhappen--never again. The children don't have any idea . . . They have no\nconception ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what it was like. You see a movie about it and you say, \"Aw,\ntoo bad.\" If you don't go through it, you don't know.\n\nEINSTEIN: Has the way that you've thought about it since 1945 . . . has it\nchanged over the years? Have you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had periods where you've talked about it or not\ntalked about it?\n\nKOMISAROW: In 1992, we were invited to go to Berlin as a former Berliner. My\nsister, brother-in-law, and I--we went to Berlin. We looked around. I couldn't\nrelate to anything . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Potsdamer Gate and all this--I have seen pictures\nof it. To say I remember, I don't. I don't remember anything about it.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you feel about getting an invitation from the German government?\n\nKOMISAROW: I have no idea. My sister got it first. She heard about it and she\nwrote to it. We had several previous things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For years I didn't want to go.\nFinally, we decided we might as well. So we went. We had a very nice time there,\nbut to say that I remembered anything . . . I was barely eight years old when I\nleft. What would I have remembered?\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you have any particular feeling about the German people or Germany?\n\nKOMISAROW: The Germans, who are there now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have any dealings with them.\nI prefer not to. They don't know what it was like. They all think . . . some of\nthem that are the Neo-Nazis--we don't talk about them. The others, they don't\nknow. They can't believe that it happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They know it happened. They don't\nreally believe it. They don't understand it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you believe that it happened?\n\nKOMISAROW: It happened to me. I can believe it. I have no conception about what\nhappened in the camps. That I don't know. Thank G-d I wasn't there.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let's go pick up your story again. So you are back in Paris right\nafter the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've gotten a job. How did you feel about your future at\nthat point?\n\nKOMISAROW: You take it one day at a time. You don't really make many plans\nbecause you live, you work, you come home, you go out with friends. To make\nplans . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I really didn't. Then my sister decided she is coming to the\n[United] States. She came in 1947.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why did she want to leave France?\n\nKOMISAROW: She said she had enough of the French. She said she wanted out. She\nsays there is no future. I said, \"Okay, you go.\" She went. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing she\ndid after . . . [she said,] \"You take my job.\" My sister was working at the\nAmerican Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. I said, \"Okay.\" I went there and I\nworked there for over six years. She kept telling us, \"I want you to come.\" My\nmother went to see her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when she was expecting her second child. Mother went and\nstayed there for a few months. Then she came back and said, \"Now you go.\" So I\ncame. I landed in December 1953. I stayed with my sister for . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until my\nmother came in 1954. Then we took an apartment and we lived by ourselves.\n\nEINSTEIN: Where were you? What city?\n\nKOMISAROW: New York City, [New York: United States].\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you end up feeling thankful to be out of Europe yourself once it happened?\n\nKOMISAROW: In the beginning I wasn't sure how I liked it. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hated New\nYork to begin with. I came in December. The apartment was hot--overheated like\nevery apartment in New York is. The noise! My sister lived on West End Avenue.\nThe sirens going all night. The traffic going all night. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could not sleep. I\ncould not breathe. After one week, I went to Chicago, [Illinois: United States]\nto visit a friend of mine. Then I came back to New York and got a job and worked.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Who was in Chicago?\n\nKOMISAROW: Evelyn Lee. She was pregnant at the time when I went to see her.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me how you met your husband?\n\nKOMISAROW: I had a girlfriend who moved from Paris to Ft. Wayne [Indiana] . . .\nshe got married in Paris . . . he had relatives in Ft. Wayne, Indiana and\nMargaret was there. I remember that she was writing letters that it was so hot\nshe was writing in the bathtub, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that was the coolest place she could\nfind at the time. Her mother went to visit her and came over--stopped to see us\non the way back to France. She says, \"Why don't you go and visit Margaret?\" I\nwrote and I went to visit my girlfriend, Margaret. Her husband's family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\ngigantic. I mean they had a lot . . . his mother's brother and nephews and\nnieces and all this. They were very, very nice people. They decided, \"Single\ngirl, she should get married.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They introduced me to some people. One of them\nthey introduced me to was my husband. He was a cousin of my girlfriend's . . .\nher husband's uncle's wife's cousin.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was his name . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your husband?\n\nKOMISAROW: Edward.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did you like about this guy?\n\nKOMISAROW: I don't know. He was nice. I don't know. I liked his family. That was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one thing for sure.\n\nEINSTEIN: That's always a good thing.\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: You were in Indiana? You met in Indiana?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes. We got married in New York and then we moved to Ft. Wayne. We\nlived there until we moved to Jacksonville, [Florida: United States]. In 1963,\nwe moved to Jacksonville. Then from Jacksonville ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we moved to Atlanta, [Georgia:\nUnited States] in 1966. I have been living here ever since. I am a native practically.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me about arriving here in Atlanta. What did you think about this town?\n\nKOMISAROW: We lived in an apartment on Lenox Road. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first thing we had to do\nwas get the kids in school. The kids went to the Hebrew Academy [unclear which\nschool this refers to]. Marc went for one year. Gene didn't last. He was there\nonly until February. They told me he will be better off. Gene went to public\nschool and then the following year Marc went to public school. They went to Rock\nSprings Elementary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School. I started . . . the first year I was here I didn't\nwork. I was used to working and I did not like sitting idle. In 1967, we went\nto visit my sister in Westport, Connecticut [United States]. When we came back I\nstarted looking for a job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found a job at my brother-in-law's firm where I\nstayed for thirty years. It started out as a part-time job.  \n\nEINSTEIN: What did you do there?\n\nKOMISAROW: I was working.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was the name of the company?\n\nKOMISAROW: Atlanta Family Restaurant. [We were] running the Shoney's.\n\nMOONEY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marc's uncle owned all the Shoney's from Forsyth County to Forsyth, Georgia.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: No, Forsyth, Georgia.\n\nMOONEY: Forsyth, Georgia to something.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Everything except Athens, [Georgia] and Rome, [Georgia].\n\nEINSTEIN: Wow!\n\nKOMISAROW: I started out being the payroll clerk. Then it grew and it grew and\nit grew. Then I had people to help me, because by that time . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I\nstarted, there were maybe 300 employees. By the time I got help, there were over\nfive or six hundred. Then it grew and different things.\n\nEINSTEIN: I want to go back just a little bit. When you were still in Paris\nafter the war did you find out what happened to your other relatives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had\nstayed in Germany?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, we didn't have any relatives in Germany.\n\nEINSTEIN: No grandparents?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, My family--my mother's and my father's family--was in Poland, in\nWarsaw. My grandparents died before the war. My other relatives . . . I think\nwere killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the war.\n\nEINSTEIN: When you came to America was anybody interested in hearing your story?\n\nKOMISAROW: No. Nobody really cared. I wasn't anxious to talk about it. As my son\nsays, he never heard it before.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why were you not anxious to talk about it?\n\nKOMISAROW: The past is past.\n\nMOONEY: Erika, why did you tell me when I became engaged to Marc?\n\nEINSTEIN: When did you choose to start talking about it?\n\nKOMISAROW: This? I didn't choose it. I was told that I should do it.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You talked to Brenda when . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: We were on a very long, boring ride to Jesup, [Georgia: United States].\n\nMOONEY: To visit my family so I heard the whole story.\n\nKOMISAROW: You sit in the car--something I couldn't do anymore--you talk. You\ntalk about one thing, and Brenda is very good at getting answers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I talked to\nher about it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you ever talk to your husband about it?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, not really. I remember in Ft. Wayne I read a book. I don't know\nif you have read it or heard about it. Le Dernier des Justes--The Last of the\nJust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by [Andre] Schwarz-Bart. I'm sitting in bed reading it and crying and\ncrying and crying. My husband says, \"What's the matter?\" I said, 'It brings back\ntoo many memories.' Did you read the book?\n\nMOONEY: I think I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many years ago. The Last of the Just or something I think\nwas the English title.\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes. It is a very, very frightening book, because it . . . brings\nback so many things that happened.\n\nEINSTEIN: It's in French. Is it talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish community in France?\nWhat happened or what about it touched you so deeply?\n\nKOMISAROW: Because it is the story of a young boy who once tried to commit\nsuicide. It talks about the war and the camps. He winds up in them and all\nthis. I don't remember it all, but I remember enough of it.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because you were not in a camp . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: No, I wasn't . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: I know. Did you consider yourself a survivor?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, I am a survivor because, but for the grace of G-d, I could have\nbeen in a camp and more than once.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any thoughts about whether there are any effects from\nbeing in hiding?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes. I remember when I worked as a social worker we had to go through\nan orientation thing. I got the Rorschach test ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she said, \"They have to make\na new kind of chart for the Jewish kids.\" Because I used to be a kid when it\nhappened. It showed in the way I saw the test--the blots--that it had affected\nme. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't think it affects you, but it does.\n\nEINSTEIN: How do you think it has affected you?\n\nKOMISAROW: I don't know. Like I said, if it were not for the Rorschach tests\nthat were done in 1946 or so, I wouldn't have known ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it has affected me.\n\nEINSTEIN: Are there things in your life today that remind you that time?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, not really.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me about having your children and . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: What about them?\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you feel having your family here in America? What did that\nmean to you to raise your children here?\n\nKOMISAROW: When you have kids, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all you can do is do the best you can with them.\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Why wouldn't you let us play with guns when we were kids? Have\ntoy guns?\n\nKOMISAROW: It doesn't make any difference what was your previous . . .\nhappening. What you do is . . . it is like when they ask . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the children\nwere little all I could do was take care of them. That didn't leave too much\noutside time.\n\nEINSTEIN: Marc just said that you did not allow them to play with guns when they\nwere little.\n\nKOMISAROW: Absolutely not.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why?\n\nKOMISAROW: I am against them. I know that a cousin of my husband's once brought\na set of guns for the kids, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Marc said, \"Uh oh!\" She says, \"Can they have\nthem?\" I said, \"No,\" and they didn't. I didn't want any guns in the house. It is\nall right if you want them. I didn't want them. I didn't want to teach my\nchildren to play with guns.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything that you did want to teach your children when you\nwere raising them that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came out of your thoughts about your experiences?\n\nKOMISAROW: No, I don't think so. I know that when the kids went to Sunday\nSchool--I taught Sunday School for a few years--but, no.\n\nKOMISAROW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1945, my sister and I went to see the people who came back from\nthe camps, because we were looking for my father. Unfortunately, we did not find\nhim. I saw the people when they came back. I know what they looked like. That\nwas already when they were out of the camps for maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple or three months.\nThey still looked like skeletons.\n\nEINSTEIN: Was it just that your grandchild asked you to talk about it in school\n. . . was that the first time that you really talked about it then? You said\nthat you did not talk about it with your children.\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes, I talked about it to the class about it--to the two classes.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did it feel like to have that experience out of you instead of\njust inside your head?\n\nKOMISAROW: I was looking at the children, and they have no earthly idea what . .\n. I don't even know if they realized what I was telling them. I'm not sure they did.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since you have been here in Atlanta have you been involved in any kind\nof Holocaust related activities?\n\nKOMISAROW: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you not want to be part of a community of survivors?\n\nKOMISAROW: The thing is, I was working and that curtails a lot of activities. I\nwas working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five days a week, sometimes six. I brought home work. I had a family\nto feed and raise. I never had a chance to do anything besides that.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you ever have dreams about those days?\n\nKOMISAROW: Not anymore. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to, but not anymore. It has been a long, long time.\n\nEINSTEIN: As you look back over your life thus far, what are you most proud of?\n\nKOMISAROW: Raising two kids.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They look like they turned out okay.\n\nEINSTEIN: You came to Atlanta in the late 1960's . . .\n\nKOMISAROW, MARC: Mid 1960's . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Which was a fairly tumultuous time for the relationships between the\nraces. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have any experiences around that issue here in Atlanta?\n\nKOMISAROW: In Atlanta? I remember the first time--I was in Jacksonville--I saw\nthe [water] fountains--I think it was at Sears--for coloreds, for whites. I\nremember when I took my laundry to the laundromat--we were staying at the\nmotel--it said, \"Whites only\". ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, 'Where am I going to wash my coloreds?\" I\ndidn't know what it meant: whites only.\n\nEINSTEIN: When you found out what it meant how did you react to that?\n\nKOMISAROW: By that time . . . it bothered me a lot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When was that Brown vs. The\nBoard of Education? In 1954?\n\nMOONEY: May of 1954. Three days before I was born.\n\nKOMISAROW: I remember my sister's maid kept [saying], \"It is going to cause\nproblems. It is going to cause problems.\" I couldn't see what the problem was\ngoing to be. I wasn't raised with that . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there was Jim Crow [Laws] in\nthe cars. I remember being in Paris and my subway stop was the first car. Jews\nwere supposed to go on the last one [car]. One time, one of the conductors told\nme, \"Go on the last car.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you have to wear a yellow star?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did that start?\n\nKOMISAROW: In 1942.\n\nEINSTEIN: You made the decision to take the yellow star off your clothing when\nyou went . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: . . . when we went . . . yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you come to that decision that you were going to not . . .\n\nKOMISAROW: I remember I had to go and take an oral exam. I put the star on my\njacket. I took my jacket off ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I went inside, because I didn't want to be\nflunked because I have a yellow star. Yes, I have a picture of us with the star.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you feel like you were justified in defying the law by taking it\noff when you left?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes. Otherwise, I couldn't have left.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a different time I think, when people's relationship with the\ngovernment was different.\n\nKOMISAROW: Civil disobedience.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you ever talk to your kids about that particular issue, about the\nrelationship between the citizens and the government?\n\nKOMISAROW: No. As far I was concerned, there was no relationship.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe that is something in itself that I think, especially, that if\nyou would have continued to live in Germany, they would have tried to teach you\nthat there was a very strong relationship.\n\nKOMISAROW: When I was in Germany, I barely started school. We went to Jewish\nschools. When we were in Paris, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went to Jewish schools to begin with . . .\nuntil the war.\n\nEINSTEIN: I just wanted to ask another question about Atlanta. How did you find\nthe Jewish community when you got here which was in the late 1960's? I know it\nhas changed a lot. Can you tell me anything about your thoughts on that?\n\nKOMISAROW: When we came here, we kind of shopped around for a synagogue. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know\nwe went to Ahavath Achim and Beth Jacob. I suggested we go to Beth Jacob because\nit was closer than AA [Ahavath Achim]. That's why we went to Beth Jacob. That's\nhow it started--proximity.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were continuing the tradition that you had been raised with?\n\nKOMISAROW: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything that I have not asked you about? Do you anything you\nwould like to talk about?\n\nKOMISAROW: I cannot think of anything.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything--since we are rolling the tape--that you might like\nto tell your grandchildren, since I'm sure they'll be seeing this tape?\n\nKOMISAROW: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/transcript/24821/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, not really.\n\nEINSTEIN: How adorable they are perhaps?\n\nKOMISAROW: They know it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Ok.\n\nKOMISAROW: No, they are good kids. I am really proud of them.\n\nEINSTEIN: I want to thank you very, very much for sharing your story with us.\n\nKOMISAROW: My pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4830.0,4860.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Erika Komisarow [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SA (Sturmabteilung) established the Oranienberg concentration camp on March 21, 1933. It was established in a disused factory building in the center of the small town of Oranienberg, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Berlin, Germany. The camp received a significant amount of attention because of its central location, which allowed passersby and reporters to observe conditions. Prisoners performed forced labor in the community. Most of the prisoners were political prisoners or unemployed working class men. Most were imprisoned for two or three months as a means of preventing them from being politically active in the workers’ movement. At least 16 prisoners died in the camp and around 3,000 people were held in the camp when it was closed in July 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lucien-de-Hirsch School [French: École Lucien-de-Hirsch] was founded in Paris, France in 1901. It is the oldest Jewish school in France and is still in existence today. The Rothschild family is a wealthy family descending from Mayer Amschel Rothschild, a German Jew who established his banking business in the 1760’s. He established an international banking dynasty when his sons settled in London, Paris, Vienna, and Naples. By the mid-19th century, the family possessed a sizeable private fortune and was known for their philanthropic work in the Jewish community. Members of the family established and supported schools throughout Europe and Israel, but it is unclear if the family supported the Lucien-de-Hirsch School\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy September 1939, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 from annexed Austria. Of these, about 75,000 emigrated to Central and South America, with the largest numbers entering Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia. Most Latin American nations were relatively open to immigrants until 1933. In the late 1930’s, economic crises brought on by the Great Depression and growing antisemitism led many Latin American countries to tighten immigration laws. Argentina, which had admitted 79,000 Jewish immigrants between 1918 and 1933, officially admitted only 24,000 between 1933 and 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the turmoil of the First World War, Poles managed to gain independence and expand its territories, but the independent Polish state was plagued by a series of territorial disputes fought between 1918 and 1921. Poland was involved in armed conflicts with Russia, Lithuania, and Czechoslovakia. Uprisings against German rule in other areas also broke out.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French first opened internment camps during the First World War to detain civilian prisoners. The camps continued to be used in the interwar years to house various political and refugee groups. When German forces invaded France in the early summer of 1940, there were approximately 350,000 Jews in France. Less than half of them were French citizens. Many were refugees who had fled persecution in Germany, Eastern Europe, and, in the summer of 1940, Jews fleeing the Belgians, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded France in May 1940, thousands of immigrants who held German citizenship or were of German descent were concentrated in the Vélodrome d'Hiver [French: winter cycling track; also known as Vél d'Hiv] in Paris. These immigrants were considered enemy aliens. Many of the detainees were deported to the Gurs concentration camp near the French-Spanish border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pithiviers internment camp was located in the Paris suburb of Pithiviers, close to a railway line. Originally established by the French government in 1939, the camp was initially meant for the detention of German military prisoners. In 1941, it was turned into an internment camp for Jews run by the Vichy regime. Thousands of foreign Jews including women and children—who had been arrested in the big waves of arrests around Paris in May 1941 and July 1942 were interned in Pithiviers. By the spring of 1942, the camp was at full capacity. Prisoners were housed in poorly insulated barracks with wooden bunks covered in straw. Provisions were scarce and hygiene was precarious. In late July 1942, deportations of the adults began. Children were separated from their parents and remained alone in the camp until it was decided to include them in the August deportation. Many Jews deported from Pithiviers were first transferred to Drancy before continuing towards the East. Six transports, however, departed directly from Pithiviers for Auschwitz-Birkenau. The camp was liberated on August 9, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeptfonds is small town in southern France near the Spanish border. In 1939, a camp was built to house the influx of Jewish refugees form Eastern Europe and a wave of Spanish refugees fleeing civil war. When Germany invaded France in the spring of 1940, Septfonds was turned into a defensive training camp for foreigners who had enlisted in the French army. Following the occupation of France by Germany and the establishment of the Vichy government, the forces were demobilized and Septfonds was used as an internment camp for foreign workers and Jewish refugees. By 1943, it was operating as a forced labor camp. The camp was liberated in August 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman forces attacked Belgium, the Netherlands, and France from the west on May 10, 1940. Initially, British and French commanders believed that German forces would attack through central Belgium and rushed forces to the Franco-Belgian border to meet the German attack. The main German attack however, went through the Ardennes Forest in southeastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. German tanks and infantry quickly broke through the French defensive lines. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May. Paris fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. On June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which went into effect on June 25, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ligne Maginot [French: Maginot Line] was an elaborate line of defensive barriers and fortifications named after the French Minister of War André Maginot. It was installed along France’s borders with Switzerland, Germany and Luxembourg during the 1930’s to deter a German invasion. The strategy proved ineffective when Germany attacked France in the spring of 1940 using blitzkrieg tactics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn what is sometimes referred to as L’Exode de 1940 [French: The Exodus of 1940], millions of Belgian, Dutch, Luxembourg, and French civilians fled the invading German army in May-June 1940. Some estimates place the number between 8 and 10 million total, including at least one fifth of the French population. As they travelled south by train and in cars, wagons, bicycles, or on foot, the refugees mixed with fleeing government officials and veterans. In the chaos, many families were separated and Allied troops struggled to head north in defense of France’s borders. The desperate civilians were often attacked and killed by the Luftwaffe (German air force).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnion Generale des Israelites de France [French: Union of French Jews, also known as the UGIF] was an organization created in November 1941 by the Vichy government's Office of Jewish Affairs to consolidate all the Jewish organizations of France into one single unit. The organization actually consisted of two autonomous councils, one in the occupied zone and one in the unoccupied Vichy zone. The UGIF set up orphanages and provided welfare and other forms of social aid to Jews in France. However, the Germans and French authorities often forced the UGIF to provide money, the names of Jewish resistance members, and cooperate with mass arrests. The UGIF was dissolved in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts are an international youth organization. The French Israelite Scout Movement [French: Eclaireurs Israelites de France, EIF] is a French Jewish Boy Scouting movement founded in France in 1923. The EIF rescued thousands of Jews in France during World War II. Soon after war broke out in Europe in 1939, the EIF established several children's homes in southwest France. After the Germans occupied France in June 1940, the EIF moved south to the unoccupied zone of France while still continuing to function illegally in Paris. When the Germans began deporting the Jews of France in March 1942, the EIF established a social service that evolved into a rescue organization, supplying Jewish children with forged identity papers, placing them in safe homes, or moving them out of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVichy France, known officially as the French State [French: État français], was the government headed by Marshal Philippe Petain [French: Pétain] from July 1940, after the Germans invaded France, until September 1944, when the Allies liberated France. An armistice signed in June 1940 divided France into two zones: one under German military occupation and one left under French sovereignty (the Vichy government). Although it was officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. The Vichy government was complicit with German racial policies, aiding and cooperating with the detainment and deportation of Jews from both occupied and unoccupied France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVarennes-lès-Vienne is a small village in western France, near the city of Poitiers and just northeast of the border that divided Vichy France and Occupied France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA band of resistance fighters in southeastern France called themselves “Maquisards,” after the maquis (underbrush or bushes) that grew in the mountainous regions where they hid. They relied on guerrilla tactics to harass the Vichy and German occupation troops. They worked with other underground organizations and the local populace to assist the escape of downed airmen, Jews, and others pursued by the Vichy and German authorities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontauban is a small town in southern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. It is a 25 hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA catechism is a collection of questions and memorized answers that are used to teach people, especially children, about the Christian religion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMonsignor Pierre-Marie Théas (1894-1977) was a French Roman Catholic Bishop of Montauban and Bishop of Tarbes and Lourdes. Outraged by the roundups of Jews in the summer of 1942, he authored a letter of condemnation against the Germans that was shared throughout his parish. Théas opened the doors of the Episcopal Palace to activists in Jewish rescue organizations and provided a room to be used as a document-forging factory. He also instructed the heads of the Catholic institutions in his diocese to hide Jews. He continued to voice his opposition until he was finally arrested and sent to a concentration camp in June 1944. He survived the war and was later recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations for his efforts to protect Jews during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA fifth column is a group of sympathizers or supporters of an enemy that engage in espionage or sabotage as a means of undermining a larger group—such as a nation or a besieged city—from within. During World War II, the term was often applied to Nazi supporters within foreign nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLa Sixieme [French: the Sixth] was a Jewish underground rescue network that operated in southern France to find hideouts, to distribute false documents and smuggle Jews into Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarcassonne is a small town in southern France famous for its medieval citadel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Milice Francaise [French: French Militia], generally called the Milice, was a paramilitary organization created by the Vichy regime in 1943 to combat the French Resistance movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToulouse is a city in Southwestern France, not far from the border with Spain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1942, German troops occupied Vichy's formerly “free zone.” As German allies, Italian forces had occupied the southeastern corner of France in 1940. When Italy surrendered to Allied forces in September 1943, German forces took over the area, making all of France occupied.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDunkirk was a pivotal point in World War II history. In May 1940, the British and French forces were driven back to Dunkirk on the coast of France and just across the Channel from Great Britain. Surrounded by Germans, several hundred thousand soldiers were about to be wiped out or taken prisoner by the Germans. Winston Churchill ordered any ship or available boat, large or small, to pick up the stranded soldiers. Some 861 ships, including any boat that could even remotely float, responded to his call.  In nine days from May 27 to June 4, 1940, 338,226 men (including French, English, Polish, Belgian and Dutch troops) were spirited off the beach under murderous German artillery and aircraft fire at great risk. Some 40,000 soldiers were not rescued and were captured and left to make their own way home. All of their equipment and ammunition had to be left behind. It was a bittersweet victory as Dunkirk was in actuality a terrible defeat. After Dunkirk, Germany controlled large parts of continental Europe, which came to be known as “Fortress Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The landings began on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’). First, airborne troops went sent in and then the Allied infantry began to wade ashore. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea and air elements. Nearly 160,000 troops were landing the first day. Over 5,000 ships were involved and thousands of airplanes. The landings took place along a 50-mile stretch of Normandy coast divided into five sectors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Drancy internment camps was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration of Occupied France. In a northeastern suburb of Paris between June 1942 and July 1944, 67,400 French, Polish and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 rail transports, which included 6,000 children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary camp in Austria, opened in 1938. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). Prisoners were used as slave labor in a granite quarry and also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. It was opened in 1993, adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Signal Corps develops, tests, provides and manages communications and information systems support for the command and control of combine arm forces. In World War II it was one of the technical services for the Army. They were responsible for establishing and maintaining communications services schools to man Signal Corps units on the front line.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOeuvre de Secours aux Enfants [Children’s Aid Society also known as the OSE] After the German invasion of France, efforts were made by various groups to hide Jewish children. Wherever possible, efforts were made to send them on to safety in other countries such as Switzerland and the United States. One of the most active organizations in this effort was Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE], a French Jewish humanitarian organization that saved hundreds of refugee children during World War II. OSE is a worldwide Jewish organization for health care and children's welfare. It was founded in Russia in 1912 and transferred to France in 1933. OSE gave assistance to children and adults in as many as fifteen towns and the internment camps in southern France. After the German movement into southern France, OSE went underground but continued to hide children and transfer them to Switzerland when that was possible. Overall, it was possible for OSE to rescue more than 5,000 children. Some of the children were French but many were refugees that had come from Germany, Belgium, Austria, Poland and other European countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was established in a wooded area near Weimer, Germany at the beginning July 1937. Originally it held political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area. The camp also came to house Soviet prisoners-of-war. Over time the camp also became a production site in its own right, a military base, and civilian SS settlement.  The prisoners were used to clear forests, work in a quarry, at a brick mill, laying water pipes, building gas lines, and in various workshops including armaments factory. In addition to “extermination through work,” the camp was also known for its cruel punishment system and medical experiments. In 1942-1943 the camp also assumed the role of a transit camp as it absorbed prisoners were other places and assigned them to work camps and factories in the area.  In all, approximately 56,000 of the 238,980 prisoners who went through Buchenwald died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 2, 1945, OSE representatives arrived in Buchenwald and escorted the transport of children to France. On June 6, 1945, the French transport arrived at the Andelys station and the orphans were taken to a children's home in Ecouis (Eure), France, a small town in northern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ecouis home had been set up to accommodate young children, but in fact only 30 of the boys were below the age of 13. This was only one of the many problems faced by the OSE personnel, who were not prepared to handle a large group of demanding, rebellious teenagers who were full of anger for what they had experienced. At Ecouis, the boys were given medical care, counseling and schooling until more permanent accommodations could be found. Most of the children remained only four to eight weeks at Ecouis before being moved elsewhere. OSE social workers made every effort to locate surviving relatives, succeeding in about half the cases. Some of the children were sent to relatives in Palestine. Some of the older boys were also sent to boarding schools and vocational training programs, while the rest were transferred to other residences and homes. The home was closed in August 1945. By the end of 1948 all of the Buchenwald children who had come to France had left the OSE fold and begun new lives for themselves.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchindler’s List is the name of a 1993 American film from director Steven Spielberg based on the novel Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally. The film tells the story of factory owner Oskar Schindler, who is credited with saving almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSophie’s Choice is a 1982 American film directed by Alan J. Pakula, who adapted William Styron's novel Sophie's Choice. It is a fictional story about the relationships between three people sharing a boarding house in Brooklyn, New York. One of the main characters is Sophie, whose ordeal in a wartime concentration camp and a gut-wrenching choice she was forced to make inform much of the character’s behavior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Potsdam Gate [German: Potsdamer Tor] was one of the neoclassic western gates of the Berlin Customs Wall, constructed in 1734. The Gate sat south of the still-standing Brandenburg Gate. It was severely damaged during World War II and was demolished in 1961 when the Berlin Wall was erected.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of Displaced Persons camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShoney’s is a privately held restaurant chain headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee that operates primarily in the Southern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eForsyth County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia, north-northeast of the Atlanta metropolitan area. Forsyth is a city in Monroe County, Georgia, which is located southwest of the Atlanta metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Last of the Just [French: Le Dernier des Justes] is a novel by André Schwarz-Bart originally published in French in 1959. An English translation was published in 1960. The narrative follows the ancient legend of the “Just Men,” thirty-six righteous souls whose existence justifies the purpose of humankind to God. It follows the Levy family for eight centuries, beginning in York, England and ends in the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rorschach Inkblot Test is a psychological test consisting of 10 inkblots printed on cards (five in black and white, five in color) created in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Rorschach inkblot test was a commonly used and interpreted psychological test.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39198/file/110542/annotation_set/464/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. 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