{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5t3fx74b87/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Rishfeld, George (2008)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-08-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Rishfeld was interviewed by John Kent in Cumming, Georgia on August 1, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Rishfeld was born Jurek Ryszfeld on April 26, 1939 in Warsaw, Poland. He was the first child of a wealthy furrier, Rysiek [Richard] Ryszfeld, and his wife, Lutka [Lucille]. As the Germans invaded Poland a few months later, his father joined the Polish army while George and his mother fled east to Vilna. There, his family reunited but soon found themselves in German-occupied territory. Other family members were killed, but George and his parents were sent to the Vilna ghetto. Around 1943, the Germans began liquidating the ghetto. George was sent to live with a Polish family, who showered him with affection and hid him for the remainder of the war. Yad Vashem has since recognized the three members of the Polish family as Righteous Among the Nations. Meanwhile, George’s mother endured life in the ghetto and his father escaped to join the partisans. As Russian forces advanced and liberated the area, the family was reunited again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the family was temporarily housed in a DP camp in or around present-day Lithuania. With the help of a family friend who lived in Brussels, Belgium, the family managed to immigrate. They spent approximately two years in Brussels before immigrating again to the United States, with the help of family members who had immigrated prior to the war. A younger brother was born soon after the family immigrated. The family settled in New York City and struggled to adapt to their new lives. George’s parents found refuge in an active social network of other Polish survivors while George struggled with his identity as a refugee. George completed his education and joined the National Guard in 1957. While stationed in the South, George witnessed the racism that had begun to broil into the Civil Rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen his enlistment ended, George returned to New York City.  He began working for NBC and trained to be an actor. Eventually, he married and began a career in sales, which took him to Los Angeles, California. George had two daughters with his first wife. After their divorce, George remarried to Pamela in the 1970’s. While still in Los Angeles, George began publically speaking about his family’s experiences during the Holocaust. Later in life, his mother also began sharing some of her experiences. He and Pamela now live in the metropolitan Atlanta area, near their two daughters and five granddaughters. George continues to publically share his experiences.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eGeorge introduces his family and explains their social and economic activities prior to war. He relates how he was taken out of the Vilna ghetto and sent into hiding with a Polish family. George recalls the dangers of being in hiding and some of the close calls he remembers. He reminisces about two occasions where his father came to visit him while in hiding. George explains how his family had fled Warsaw for Vilna when the war began and what happened to other family members. He shares what he knows about his parents’ experiences after he was smuggled out of the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe considers what his family’s faith meant to them. George tells what happened when the war ended and his parents returned. He describes his mother’s recovery and reaction to her experiences. George outlines what he recalls about being in a DP camp and then immigrating to Brussels, Belgium, where life regained a kind of normalcy. George reflects about his adjustment to freedom. He talks about the challenges he faced after his family immigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. He shares memories of his parents’ active social life with other Polish survivors. He explains why he joined the National Guard after graduating from high school. George discusses his encounters with racism while based in the South during the Civil Rights movement. After returning to New York City, George describes his work at NBC and his efforts to become an actor. He explains how he went into sales and moved to Los Angeles, California after marrying and having two children. George describes how his parents coped with the Holocaust later in life and how he began speaking publically about the experience. The interview closes with George reflecting on the lessons he hopes others will learn.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28455"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["George Rishfeld (personal name)","Richard Rishfeld (personal name)","Lucille \"Lucy\" Rishfeld (personal name)","Stanley Rishfeld (personal name)","Pamela Rishfeld (personal name)","Robin Rishfeld (personal name)","Stacey Rishfeld (personal name)","Aaron Romeck Tenerwitz (personal name)","Helena Frackiewicz (personal name)","Ludwik Frackiewicz (personal name)","Ludmila Frackiewicz (personal name)","Dolli Sivi (personal name)","Caesarea Golf and Country Club (corporate name)","William Cullen Bryant High School (corporate name)","Oxnard High School (corporate name)","City College of New York  (corporate name)","Woodside Radio Laboratory (WWRL) (corporate name)","National Broadcasting Company (NBC) (corporate name)","United States Army (corporate name)","United States National Guard (corporate name)","National Conference of Christians and Jews (NCCJ) (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (geographic term)","Vilna, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Caesarea, Israel (geographic term)","Hadera, Israel (geographic term)","Brussels, Belgium (geographic term)","Queens, New York (geographic term)","Manhattan, New York (geographic term)","Brooklyn, New York (geographic term)","Harlem, New York (geographic term)","Fort Chaffee, Arkansas (geographic term)","Tulsa, Oklahoma (geographic term)","Los Angeles, California (geographic term)","Cumming, Georgia (geographic term)","Johns Creek, Georgia (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Belgium (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Lithuania (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Vilna Ghetto (geographic term)","World War II (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Holocaust Survivors (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camp (DP Camp) (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Hitler Youth (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Partisans (topical term)","Russian Soldiers (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","Righteous Among the Nations (topical term)","Holocaust Experience (topical term)","Yom HaShoah (topical term)","Jewish-Catholic Relations (topical term)","White-Black Relations (topical term)","Racial Issues (topical term)","Ku Klux Klan (KKK) (topical term)","Peace Riots (topical term)","Race Riots (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","MS Gripsholm (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Rishfeld was interviewed by John Kent in Cumming, Georgia on August 1, 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Rishfeld was born Jurek Ryszfeld on April 26, 1939 in Warsaw, Poland. He was the first child of a wealthy furrier, Rysiek [Richard] Ryszfeld, and his wife, Lutka [Lucille]. As the Germans invaded Poland a few months later, his father joined the Polish army while George and his mother fled east to Vilna. There, his family reunited but soon found themselves in German-occupied territory. Other family members were killed, but George and his parents were sent to the Vilna ghetto. Around 1943, the Germans began liquidating the ghetto. George was sent to live with a Polish family, who showered him with affection and hid him for the remainder of the war. Yad Vashem has since recognized the three members of the Polish family as Righteous Among the Nations. Meanwhile, George’s mother endured life in the ghetto and his father escaped to join the partisans. As Russian forces advanced and liberated the area, the family was reunited again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the family was temporarily housed in a DP camp in or around present-day Lithuania. With the help of a family friend who lived in Brussels, Belgium, the family managed to immigrate. They spent approximately two years in Brussels before immigrating again to the United States, with the help of family members who had immigrated prior to the war. A younger brother was born soon after the family immigrated. The family settled in New York City and struggled to adapt to their new lives. George’s parents found refuge in an active social network of other Polish survivors while George struggled with his identity as a refugee. George completed his education and joined the National Guard in 1957. While stationed in the South, George witnessed the racism that had begun to broil into the Civil Rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen his enlistment ended, George returned to New York City.  He began working for NBC and trained to be an actor. Eventually, he married and began a career in sales, which took him to Los Angeles, California. George had two daughters with his first wife. After their divorce, George remarried to Pamela in the 1970’s. While still in Los Angeles, George began publically speaking about his family’s experiences during the Holocaust. Later in life, his mother also began sharing some of her experiences. He and Pamela now live in the metropolitan Atlanta area, near their two daughters and five granddaughters. George continues to publically share his experiences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge introduces his family and explains their social and economic activities prior to war. He relates how he was taken out of the Vilna ghetto and sent into hiding with a Polish family. George recalls the dangers of being in hiding and some of the close calls he remembers. He reminisces about two occasions where his father came to visit him while in hiding. George explains how his family had fled Warsaw for Vilna when the war began and what happened to other family members. He shares what he knows about his parents’ experiences after he was smuggled out of the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe considers what his family’s faith meant to them. George tells what happened when the war ended and his parents returned. He describes his mother’s recovery and reaction to her experiences. George outlines what he recalls about being in a DP camp and then immigrating to Brussels, Belgium, where life regained a kind of normalcy. George reflects about his adjustment to freedom. He talks about the challenges he faced after his family immigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. He shares memories of his parents’ active social life with other Polish survivors. He explains why he joined the National Guard after graduating from high school. George discusses his encounters with racism while based in the South during the Civil Rights movement. After returning to New York City, George describes his work at NBC and his efforts to become an actor. He explains how he went into sales and moved to Los Angeles, California after marrying and having two children. George describes how his parents coped with the Holocaust later in life and how he began speaking publically about the experience. The interview closes with George reflecting on the lessons he hopes others will learn.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/456/small/George_Rishfeld.png?1619302431","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Rishfeld_George.mp4"]},"duration":6942.339,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/456/small/George_Rishfeld.png?1619302431","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/456/original/Rishfeld_George.mp4?1613126576","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6942.339,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rishfeld, George [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: It is August 1, 2008. We are in Cumming, Georgia. I am John Kent. Let's\nstart with the basics: your name and when and where you were born.\n\nRISHFELD: George Rishfeld, born in Warsaw, Poland, April 26, 1939.\n\nKENT: You were born right about when the war started, right?\n\nRISHFELD: I was about six or seven months old when the war started.\n\nKENT: What do you know--maybe through your parents--about what the situation was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the 1930's? What kind of stories or images did you grow up with?\n\nRISHFELD: From what I was told, we were very, very wealthy. We had everything.\nMy dad was a furrier . . . owned a fur factory with many employees. He never\nlearned how to drive a car until he came to the United States because he had a\nchauffeur. Some of the stories that they told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were . . . Dad was so wealthy.\nHe was one of the aristocrats. Even when it came to dating, he would never go to\npick her up. He sent a chauffeur to pick her up. She was fine with that. When I\nwas born, I supposedly had a day nurse, a night nurse. My mom had a cook. My\nfather had a butler who doubled as a butler and a chauffeur. They had it all,\nbasically. One of the reasons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they didn't leave like some of their friends\ndid and some of their relatives did was because Dad--he admitted this to me many\nyears later--never thought it was going to get that bad. What he had, he just\ncouldn't let go, which was obviously a big mistake. The stories from before were\nof a very good, happy family that liked to be together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously it didn't end\nthat way.\n\nKENT: Did they give you any sense of what the Jewish-Catholic relationships were\nlike before the war?\n\nRISHFELD: The Catholic-Jewish relationships were not very positive. I only heard\nnegative things. For example, my dad played on the Maccabees soccer team, which\nwould be the Jewish team. Whenever they would win, on the way out of the\nstadium, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said the goyim would throw rocks at them . . . throw the rocks at\nthe Jews. It was not a very favorable relationship. The Gentiles in most of\nPoland were very anti-Semitic.\n\nKENT: Were his customers mostly Jewish or everybody?\n\nRISHFELD: His customers were mostly Jewish, but it was basically everybody.\nBusiness was a different issue because if you needed a fur coat because it's\ncold, you went to where you could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afford and where you could get good quality\nmerchandise. A lot of the storekeepers, as we know from our history, were Jewish\nanyway. That was a whole different issue. Doing business was a whole different\nissue. As far as socializing, as far as sports were concerned, that again was a\ndifferent issue.\n\nKENT: What were you parents' names?\n\nRISHFELD: My father was Richard, and my mother Lucille, but nobody ever called\nher Lucille. She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lucy.\n\nKENT: Was your name George in Poland?\n\nRISHFELD: No, my name was Jureck. Jureck is spelled J-U-R-E-C-K or J-U-R-E-K.\nReally that literally translates to Jerry. My mom thought that, when we came to\nthe United States, she didn't think that that was a good English name or\nAmerican name. She changed it to George because of George ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington. He was the\nfirst president. That's why she changed it. All my papers say George.\n\nKENT: Were there any other siblings?\n\nRISHFELD: No. I have one brother who was born here, a year after we came to the States.\n\nKENT: Do you have any memories at all of still being in Poland?\n\nRISHFELD: My memories of Poland really start at the age of two-and-a-half, when\nI'm living with the Gentile family that saved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me . . . with the Righteous\nGentiles that saved me.\n\nKENT: Just go through from the beginning of what you do remember--just a month\nat a time or a year at a time.\n\nRISHFELD: I don't remember this part but I'm told this is part of that scenario.\nIf we're talking about what I remember as opposed to what I've been told, that's\ntwo different issues. What I remember is ending up in this house, in an\napartment with three people. I'm told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was thrown over a barbed-wire fence\ninto the arms of this young girl named Helena Frackiewicz and her boyfriend. I\nwas in the ghetto at the time. My memory starts in that apartment, which is with\nHelena and her two parents. I guess the best way to describe it is that that\ntime in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life was really good. I had a roof over my head. I had food on my\ntable. I had clothes to wear, I was warm, and I was loved. The one question that\nI always had was, \"Why am I not committed to be with my parents? Why was I\nsupposed to be separated with my parents?\" This answer that I received from\nHelena and her parents, who . . . by the way, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called her father 'Papa\nFrackiewicz,' and I called her mother 'Mama Frackiewicz.' They were like my\nsurrogate parents. I didn't intellectualize that at the time, but I can say that\nnow. I said, \"Other children can be with their parents. Why can't I?\" The answer\nwas, \"Because we're protecting you from the bad people that want to hurt you.\"\nNow there was no story and no talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Nazis, or Nazism, or the fact\nthat, \"because you're Jewish and we're not Jewish so we can save you,\nhopefully.\" There was none of that. It was just very simplified. What do you\ntell a two year old, somebody going on two and a half years old? You have to do\nit at their level. Many years later, I have, of course, intellectualized this\nwhole thing and I could read in-between the lines of what was said to me at that\ntime. Helena was 18 years old at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. I shared a room with her . . . in two\nseparate beds, but I shared a room with her. We were right across the street\nfrom a German Army infirmary. You could call it a hospital, but it was a small\nhospital. Papa Frackiewicz would go out and work in a factory for the Nazis.\nHelena would work in a factory for the Nazis for the day and do stuff. Now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both\nHelena and Papa Frackiewicz, by the way, worked for my father. That's how this\nwhole scheme came about, because Papa Frackiewicz was my father's foreman in his\nfactory, and Helena was the bookkeeper. I was also told, many years later, that\nHelena had a crush on my father. They had made a pact because they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very\nanti-Nazi. They weren't Jewish, but they were very anti-Nazi and they loved my\nparents. The pact was that once the whole invasion started and when everybody\nstarted to run out of Warsaw--whoever could run out of Warsaw, like my parents,\ndid--that the idea was to save me, save the child. The scheme was that if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nfather survives the war or the situation . . . because at that time they didn't\nknow how this thing was going to expand. Everybody thought at that time, my dad\nthought, \"It'll be over in six months. We'll be back home in six months\" kind of\nthing. If my father survived and my mother didn't, that they would return me to\nmy father, but he promised to marry Helena so that I would have a mother. If the\nreverse happened, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my mother survived but he didn't, then they would return\nme to my mother. As it turned out, they both survived, which is a whole other story.\n\nKENT: Do you have any other memories, as a child, going through those last\ncouple of years of the war?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, memories of things that happened in that apartment?\n\nKENT: Yes.\n\nRISHFELD: Yes. First of all, I wore a St. Christopher medal, which they put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on,\nwhich I still wear today. I have it attached to my . . . Jewish star. On the\nback of it, I've soldered on the St. Christopher medal, because that's more . .\n. The Jewish star my uncle sent to me from Israel and the St. Christopher medal\nis what really saved my life. I wear that to this day. They would take me to\nchurch on Sundays, for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example. Here's the amazing thing, though . . . which I\ndiscovered later on. In my head I said, \"I can't imagine why or how this\nhappened, but I consider myself very lucky, obviously.\" We lived in a\nthree-story building, on the third floor. They would take me to church on\nSundays and we would walk down the stairs. They would take me out at night for\nwalks onto the street so that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would get some fresh air. They carried me so\nthere'd only be one set of footsteps. I lived there three years, almost\nthree-and-a-half years. Nobody said anything in the building. You've got to tell\nme that was sheer luck and nothing else, because how many kids got turned in and\nhow many kids got found out by the Nazis living in those kind of situations,\nthat even lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attics and cellars and crawlspaces? I was in an apartment and\nnobody in that building said anything. I can't imagine in my wildest dreams that\nnobody in that building knew. They must have known I was there for that period\nof time. They would take me to church. I remember one particular time going to\nchurch with them. Helena would normally be the one who would take me to church.\nMama Frackiewicz was elderly. She had bad hips. She had a problem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walking too\nmuch. This was toward the end . . . around mid-1944, when they were doing the\ndeath marches and all that. They were really trying to roundup as many kids as\npossible. They would come around to the churches to check for kids because a lot\nof Gentiles did do what Helena and her parents did. They came to the church with\nthe truck to round up as many kids . . . now how do you define, how do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\ndescribe a Jewish child . . . a Jewish male as opposed to a Jewish female? In\nthose days, only males were circumcised. What they would do, they would walk\ninto the church and grab all the kids and have them drop their pants. Helena\nknew that. I didn't know that. When they started to come in, she said to me,\n\"Make-believe you're sick. Play this game with me. Make-believe you're not\nfeeling well and start to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cry. Can you do that for me? Start to cry for me.\"\nThat's exactly what I did. She picked me up and we ran out, right past the Nazis\nthat were walking in. They didn't stop us. Now again, that's got to be luck.\nAnother time, she . . .\n\nKENT: Did they give you a false identity?\n\nRISHFELD: I did not have any papers. To my knowledge, I did not have any ID card\n. . . the only thing I had was this St. Christopher medal around my neck.\n\nKENT: Did they give you a different name if anybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked you your name?\n\nRISHFELD: No, but speaking of that, that's a very good question. I was told not\nto speak too much for fear of saying the truth, because kids really don't lie at\nthat age. Kids at that age, they may fib a little bit, but they really don't\nlie. You lie later, when you get older. They asked me not to speak too much and\nespecially if we went out on the street. They said, \"Don't. If ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone asks you\na question or anything, just . . . I'll answer for you.\" We got stopped by a\nGerman patrol one night when it was myself and Helena. The Nazi came out of his\nvehicle and he asked me immediately, \"Where's your mother?\" I blurted out, \"Moja\nmama w bloto.\", which really means, \"My mother's in the mud, lying in the mud.\"\nWhat I was really saying was, \"My mother's in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto.\" Bloto and getto. He\nlaughed. He thought that was so funny. He thought I was joking because Helena\nobviously was too young to be my mother. She would have had me when she was like\n15, and they don't do that, they didn't do that in those days, in those\ncountries. He laughed. He went back to the Jeep. He got an apple and he handed\nme the apple. He pinched her cheek and we walked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away.\n\nKENT: Another a close call.\n\nRISHFELD: Yes. We had another very close call also when they came to the\napartment. They were checking apartments. You could tell when they came around\nbecause the truck stopped in front and they came around and everything. They had\ndead children in that truck, and they had crying children in that truck, and\neverything else. They told me to hide under my bed. Now mind you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the room that\nI was in was a small room. My mattress was only this thick What they did was\nthey hid me. I was too big to go into a dresser drawer or hide me in a closet\nand they didn't have an attic or anything like that. They told me to go under\nthe bed. I went under the bed and they told me not to breathe, not to blink, not\nto move, no matter what happens. They drew the blanket down to the floor, so if\nyou looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straight in when you walked into the room, all you saw was blanket.\nIf the blanket was up, you could look under the bed and you could see that\nsomebody was under the bed. I hear voices, and footsteps, and some laughter. The\nnext thing I know, this blade comes through the mattress and just touches my\nchin. I had my eyes closed. I felt that on my chin and everything. I didn't\nmove. The blade came back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. I opened my eyes, still didn't move. I was hardly\nbreathing. They laughed some more and they left. Now if that damn Nazi hadn't\nbeen lazy and he had just would have picked up the blanket, I wouldn't be here\nto tell the story. They would be dead as well because they would kill the people\nas well that hid the children.\n\nKENT: Do you remember how you felt during those periods? Was it a game, or was\nit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frightening?\n\nRISHFELD: It was more of a game. It became frightening later, when I could\nintellectualize it and I started to grow up. I had my dreams and my nightmares,\nbasically when we came to the United States. When I got into my teen years,\nthat's when it started to hit me some more even. When I talk about it, I say\nthat I shot 10,000 Germans with this finger because we were across the street\nfrom this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infirmary. I used to sit by my window and kill them with this finger\nwhen they used to drive them up for medical care until 1944 and my dad came to\nvisit me--which is a story unto itself. My dad came to visit me and brought me a\ntoy gun made out of wood. I tell people that I retired my finger at that time\nand then used the gun, and killed more Germans. When you're at that age, you\ndon't understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death. You don't understand the severity of the whole\nsituation. I say to people I love pickles because I used to fall into their\npickle barrel. This family had a small pickle barrel. Eventually, when the\npickles got to the bottom of the barrel, I fell into it a couple of times. Now\nI'm a big pickle eater, all right? It all relates to that time. But that time,\nfor example . . . sometimes I'm almost ashamed to tell the story because I was\ntoo young to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight. I was too young to be in a labor camp. If I had survived and\nstayed in the ghetto or gone to a concentration camp, they probably would have\nkilled me because they killed the kids. I was lucky enough to be in a family\nthat loved me, gave me all kinds of love, and, I think, formulated some of what\nI am today or a lot of what I am today, from the standpoint of the type of\nperson that I am and what I look at when I talk about loving people and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being\nwith people and being a part of society. That comes a lot from the years that I\nspent with them.\n\nKENT: Were there any other vignettes as a child that you remember, during those\ntwo or three years?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes. Another one that's quite poignant is . . . Helena would go to\nwork. Mama Frackiewicz would stay home in the apartment with me. She would go\nout sometimes during the day. She would go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get produce, whatever it was . . .\nbread, potatoes, whatever. This one particular day, she said, \"No matter who\ncomes to the door, you don't answer it. No matter who it is, even if it's your\nmother or your father.\" She left and 10 minutes later there was a knock at the\ndoor. Now the apartment was set up in such a way that it was like a railroad\nflat . . . one room after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another, after another, after another. That's why they\ncall it a railroad flat. Except when you walked into the apartment, if you made\na U-turn in the front door, you'd be in the bathroom. If you stood on the\ntoilet, there was a window up here. You could see who was at the front door. I\nran to the toilet and I was just tall enough to see who was at the front door.\nIt was my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with another gentleman. The other gentleman sort of went to his\nback pocket and there was a revolver in his belt. I knew that was my father, but\nI did not know who that gentleman was. I was also told not to open the door, no\nmatter who it was. At that time--and even today, to some extent--I was very\nobedient child at the time. I didn't do it. I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move. I didn't let my\nfather know that I was watching him. To me, it was an eternity. I'm told that it\nwas only like 20 minutes. Who was the first person to walk up the stairs? Mama\nFrackiewicz. She opens the door and let them in. My dad said to me, \"Why didn't\nyou let me in? Why did you make me stay outside so long?\" I . . .\n\nKENT: He saw you through the . . .\n\nRISHFELD: No, he didn't know. He saw me when he came inside. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I told him. I said,\n\"My instructions were . . .\" and he said \"Okay.\" He understood. He stayed the\nnight and left. That was one of two times that he came to visit me. The second\ntime was the Christmas Eve when he brought the gun. My father had, since my\nescape, also escaped and joined the partisans. He was working in the forest as a\npartisan. The story has a very sad ending from that visit because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the gentleman\nthat he was with was a high school buddy. Actually, he was a buddy of his since\nthey were five years old. They went through all of life together up to that\npoint. He was best man in my dad's wedding. They played on the Maccabee soccer\nteam together. They went through all their schools together and everything else.\nThey were in the partisans together. On the way back, they got caught up by a\nGerman patrol. My dad tells me this story that they started to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run deeper into\nthe forest and one of the bullets caught his buddy and killed him. My dad\ncouldn't even stop to save him because there was no saving him. He was dead\ninstantly. I had never really known that man because . . . That man knew me from\nthe day I was born, but I never saw him again until that time, so I really\ndidn't know who he was until then.\n\nKENT: Do you remember any name?\n\nRISHFELD: No. The other thing is that I don't have my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gun. I don't have my gun.\nI don't know--in the move from there to the displaced persons' camp in Lithuania\nto Brussels to the United States . . . it's gone. I wish I had that gun. I wish\nI had that wooden pistol that he got for me.\n\nKENT: During that period, did you see the war around you going on at all? Was\nthere military action in Warsaw?\n\nRISHFELD: The only military action that I basically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw involved the uniformed\nsoldiers on the streets, the vehicles and so on, and the stuff that was going on\nat this infirmary. I could watch the ambulances come in. I could watch the\nvehicles come in and they . . . the traffic that was going back and forth with\nthe soldiers there.\n\nKENT: Was there any death around you?\n\nRISHFELD: No. That's something . . . I was very fortunate. I really didn't . . .\nwell, there was, but it was after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. It was in the displaced persons' camp.\n\nKENT: What other information or contexts did you learn--maybe afterward, maybe\nto piece together what you were told also from your parents--of what was happening?\n\nRISHFELD: We could start at the beginning. I was told that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the war started\nmy dad was not even there. My dad was in the Polish Reserves, which is a joke in\nitself, as we learned later on. My mother wrapped me in a whole bunch of furs.\nBeing a furrier, she had furs. She put me in a covered wagon, a horse-drawn\nwagon, and she took me to Vilna. Why did we go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna? Number one, her sister\nlived in Vilna--Felicia, and Felicia's baby, and her husband. It was far enough\nfrom Warsaw that naively they thought it wouldn't affect them in Vilna, and we\ncould escape to Vilna, and be safe. As it turned out, we ended up in the Vilna\nghetto. The Vilna ghetto I don't remember. I was much too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young. I was still in\ndiapers. I really don't remember that but I've been told a couple of stories.\nFirst of all, my grandparents were taken there. By the way, my dad joined them\nin the Vilna ghetto like a month later. Somehow he got there. I never got the\nfull story of how he got there, but he got there. The communication, even though\nit wasn't modern like it is today, they still had their ways of communicating.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandparents were thrown into an open ditch and buried alive. I really never\nhad . . . those were my mother's parents. My father's parents died when my\nfather was a teenager. My mother never got to meet them. My dad really was\nraised . . . my dad tells me that his parents died when he was 16 and he was\nreally raised himself.\n\nKENT: Did he say what caused their deaths?\n\nRISHFELD: No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In those days, medically they didn't do what we do today. They\ndied. They didn't have the history, they didn't have the medical records, they\nweren't as sophisticated as we are today. Even with my parents' deaths, I know a\ncertain amount, but they died 30 years ago, so I have a limited knowledge\nbecause even 30 years ago, it was different than today, with DNA and everything\nelse. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father basically raised himself. His father was a furrier and that's\nhow he got into the fur business. Mom's parents . . . I really don't remember\nwhat my mother's father did. I think he was a furrier as well. I'm not sure. But\nthey were both taken to, pushed into an open grave and murdered with a lot of\nother people. I never really got to meet them or know them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My Aunt Felicia, who\nwas my mother's only sister--my mother had a brother, too. I'll tell you about\nthat--she was walking in the streets one day with her baby. Now this is a story\nthat was told to me: that a Nazi came up to her and started to get fresh with\nher. She instinctively just slapped him, which was not a very smart thing to do\nbut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was grabbing at her and probably was a little drunk. She slapped him. He\ntook out his revolver, shot the baby in the head, and then killed her right in\nthe street and walked away. I never got to meet my aunt. My uncle--my mother's\nbrother--went to Israel in 1938 and became very wealthy. He became an\narchitectural engineer, fought in three wars, became a major in the Israeli\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army, built the only golf course in Israel. There's only one golf course in\nIsrael and my uncle built it.\n\nKENT: What was his name?\n\nRISHFELD: His name was Romeck Tenerwitz and the golf course is in Caesarea. He\nlived and moved to a town called Hadera. When he moved to Hedera in 1938, there\nwere, I think, 4,000 people there. Today, I'm told, it's like 175,000, with high\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rises and everything else. I first met him in 1965, when I myself went to Israel\nas a young man. He was my mother's kid brother, because my mother's the oldest,\nFelicia second, and then Romeck. Actually his name was Aaron; in Israel they\ncalled him Romeck. I got to meet him. He was a hell of a guy.\n\nKENT: What do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know about how you and your parents got out of Vilna?\n\nRISHFELD: My mother ended up when most of Vilna . . . and she ended up in\nvarious ghettos somehow. I don't really . . . she could never tell me how she\ngot around. She never . . . The key here is my dad escaped from Vilna, leaving\nmy mother. The pact that they made was that, \"Somebody's got to do something\nbecause we also want to make sure we save the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child.\" Staying here was not\nsaving the child. Who was elected to escape if it was possible was my dad, and\nhe did. My mother was left. My mom tells me the story, she was punished because\nthey couldn't find my dad. She was punished and put on less, lower rations, and\nthrown into a room for three to six months without being able to see anybody.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But she wasn't killed. She wasn't tortured. She wasn't sent to a concentration\ncamp, or a labor camp, or a death camp. Don't ask me why. It was just luck of\nthe draw.\n\nKENT: Do you know if your father was able to bring any of his wealth with him?\n\nRISHFELD: No, I know the answer is 'no.' We came here, we moved here . . .\n\nKENT: Even into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto for paying people off?\n\nRISHFELD: Into the ghetto, yes . . . in the form mostly of diamonds. My mother\nhad three diamonds that survived the war that were sewn into her bras. I have\nthose diamonds, which were made into a ring that now Pamela, my wife, has. He\ncalled it his 'freedom ring.' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ended up in Brussels after the displaced\npersons camp, which is a whole other story. He took those three major diamonds\nand made a diamond ring out of it as a party ring, so-to-speak. They called it\ntheir 'freedom ring.' When my mother passed away, it went to my wife, and then\nit'll go to my children.\n\nKENT: What do you know about how you got out of the ghetto and into that private home?\n\nRISHFELD: The only thing I know is that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said they threw me over a\nbarbed-wire fence into the arms of Helena Frackiewicz and they took me to\nWarsaw. How they made the arrangements, how Helena was at this particular spot\nat the fence . . . they would never talk about it.\n\nKENT: Do you know about when that was? Did they give you an idea?\n\nRISHFELD: Mid-1941 or 1942.\n\nKENT: Do you know what season it might have been? Was it hot or cold?\n\nRISHFELD: I think it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fall because I don't . . . when I got to the apartment,\nI remember it wasn't cold. It wasn't snowing or anything like that yet. Then the\nwinter came, so it was around fall.\n\nKENT: Also, just to get a little cultural background: Do you know what\nJewishness meant to your parents or how it was a part of their lives?\n\nRISHFELD: Jewishness meant a lot. They were members of the local synagogue. They\ndavened. My father read Hebrew. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother did what my father did and so on. He\ncould read and write in Hebrew. My mother could read and write in Yiddish, but\nnot Hebrew. But it almost destroyed my mother afterwards. When we came to the\nUnited States, my mother would not walk into a synagogue for about the first\neight years that we lived here. My dad would go to synagogue, but when we'd go\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to synagogue he would take his prayer book and wrap it in the New York Times so\nthat nobody in the street would see that he was Jewish. If he saw a policeman .\n. . in New York, it was the guys in blue . . . the cops wear blue uniforms. If\nhe saw a cop on the same side of the sidewalk as him, he'd cross over for a lot\nof years. He wouldn't walk past a cop.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What your mom's reason for not wanting to go?\n\nRISHFELD: Her reason was very simple in her mind: G-d deserted her. That was it.\nIt was that simple: that G-d deserted her . . . and all the Jews. She wouldn't\nwalk into a synagogue. About eight or nine years later, she finally did.\n\nKENT: What do you remember about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last part of the war, around 1944? Where\nyou still living with that couple?\n\nRISHFELD: The last part of the war . . . of course I remember that last\nChristmas Eve when Dad came to visit me. I remember asking him, \"Where's Mommy?\nWhy isn't Mommy with you?\" He said, \"She's okay. She's fine. You're going to see\nher real soon.\" When in fact, years later, I asked a question, I said, \"Why did\nyou answer that?\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Well, what was I going to tell you? You were five\nyears old. What was I going to tell you? I really thought she was dead because,\nat the time, we had lost contact for almost two-and-a-half years. Even through\nthe underground, we lost contact. So I really thought that they had killed her,\nbut I wasn't going to tell you that until I was 100 percent sure.\" I remember\nbeing liberated, I mean, when the Russians came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. I remember sitting in a\nRussian jeep with a bunch of Russians. I remember my parents coming to the\napartment, which is really . . . Other than day-to-day life prior to that . . .\nfrom a news standpoint and from an intellectual standpoint, at that age you're\nnot into that. You do what you're told basically. Some kids are more obedient\nthan others. I happened to be a very obedient kid. I did what I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told.\nAlright, I'll tell you the story. I had not expected either one of them,\nobviously, because after I saw my dad on Christmas Eve . . . but this is what\nwas told to me. The war ended, and all of the sudden my parents show up, both of\nthem. But here's what happens prior to that, which is the story that was told to\nme. Mom is liberated from the ghetto that she's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in and she's in rags. She's just\nin rags. She smells. She hasn't had a bar of soap in like six months. She's\nthin, she's dirty, and everything else. She's standing at a train station, going\nto the Frackiewicz apartment and she sees this very handsome man coming up the\nplatform from the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side, walking towards her in a Russian officer's\nuniform. Highly polished boots, clean-shaven, clean uniform. She looks and she\nsays, \"That looks like my husband, Richard.\" She called him 'Morisheck.' She\nsaid, \"Misheck?\" He gets closer and says, \"Lucy?\" They realize that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are who\nthey're looking at. They quickly run toward each other, hug, and my mom steps\nback and hauls off and hits my father and smacks him across his face. He says to\nLucy, \"What's the matter with you? Have you also gone mad?\" She says, \"No! But\nlook at you! How dare you look so good! How dare you smell so good! And look at\nme!\" Then they grab each other and they look over each other. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had stolen that\nuniform. The Russians were liberating us. Somehow, he had gotten that uniform\nand he shaved himself. He was going to the apartment never expecting to see my\nmother and she was going to the apartment never expecting to see him. That's how\nthey reunited. Then they came to the apartment and then stayed, I think it was\nlike three weeks. Then we went to what was Lithuania at the time, to a displaced\npersons camp.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They met back at your old apartment?\n\nRISHFELD: No, at the Frackiewicz apartment. No, our apartment was long gone. As\na matter of fact, the place where I was born--the apartment and the street and\neverything--right now, if you were to go to Warsaw today, you would not be able\nto find it because that whole area was just bombed out and destroyed to the\nextent where . . . I had a cousin that went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back--a second cousin that went back\na number of years ago--that was also born a block away from me. He said . . . He\nwas a teenager at the time, this guy. He's already passed away, but when the war\nstarted he was a teenager, so he knew the street. He knew exactly where he lived\nbecause he played in that street. He said that he couldn't find it.\n\nKENT: What was it like when you met your mom again and started talking about the war?\n\nRISHFELD: It was the happiest time of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. It was . . . I can't explain the\nhappiness because it was just that happy. I thought that my life had started all\nover again . . . but I was sad in a way because the Frackiewicz family had given\nme so much love and so much affection that . . . They were always hugging me,\nalways kissing me, and always holding me, and always telling me that\neverything's going to be okay, sitting with me when I went to sleep at night,\nand everything else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a way I was saddened, but then again they weren't my parents.\n\nKENT: How was your mother, I mean, after she got cleaned up . . .\n\nRISHFELD: She was sick for a while. She was sick for about a week to ten days\nmainly because of malnutrition. Once they started to get some real food into\nher, and she was able to sleep without one eye open, and she was able not to\nworry about some Nazi coming in and trying to rape her or whatever it is . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she got much better. But I think my mother was affected by the war, emotionally\nand mentally, more so than my father. He was able to handle it. As years passed,\nhe was able to handle it better than she was. She would reflect on it more, even\nthough she wouldn't speak about it a lot. But she would reflect on it. For\nexample, if we went to a museum with her in the States and she would see a\npainting or a piece of art ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something like that, she would look at it and say\nthat, \"It looks just like a Nazi swastika,\" or \"It looks like something the\nNazis would have made.\" She was affected by it a little bit more.\n\nKENT: After about three weeks, you went to live in Lithuania?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, to a displaced persons camp because . . . they were trying to\nplace people and where do you place people and so on. We couldn't stay where we\nwere. The apartment was too small and everything. They had to start their lives\nover. The Frackiewiczs had to start their lives over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. Also, the other\nissue was that they became marked people. Later on when the Communists took\nover, Helena became a marked woman because it was found out that she saved a\nJewish child. The story of getting out of the displaced persons camp is another\nstory because my mother's best friend, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dolli Sivi, who she grew up with--they\nwere buddies since they were four years old . . . When the war came--well,\nactually a couple years before the war came, 1936--Dolli said, \"I'm going.\" She\nhad a better nose than my dad did of what was going to happen, and she said,\n\"I'm going.\" \"Where are you going?\" \"I'm going to Brussels.\" Dolli was a furrier\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"herself. She went to Brussels and became a millionaire. When we were in this\ndisplaced persons camp we were starting to make contact--you're starting to send\nout information to who's alive, who's not alive, and so on. She found out--she\nwas looking for us--she found out where we were. She sent money and came from\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels to there, bribed the guard--now this is what my mom told me--bribed the\nguard and slept with him, one of the . . . maybe not a guard but one of the\ncaregivers of the displaced persons camp, paid him a lot of money, and got us\nout with false papers within a month to six weeks time, once she found us where\nwe were. She paid a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. We went from there to Sweden. We went on a\nship to Sweden.\n\nKENT: How long were you in the DP camp?\n\nRISHFELD: About six weeks.\n\nKENT: Were you ever told what name it was or what country was running it?\n\nRISHFELD: Lithuania . . . that's what I was told. At the time, I did have an\nincident, though. When you talked about death, you asked a question about death\nbefore. That's an area that also went through some bombing. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nburnt-out tank near the building where we lived in. There was a burnt-out tank\nnearby. I was playing with a bunch of kids and what do kids do? They play war.\nThey play like they're soldiers. One of the older kids picked up a hand grenade\nthat was lying on the ground next to the tank. We were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standing around. I\nwas standing around next to him, really very close to him. He threw it. He\ndidn't throw it far enough and it exploded. A piece of shrapnel came back and\nhit him right in the. It killed him. I was standing next to him. Nothing\nhappened to me. The parents obviously all came running and everybody started\nscreaming, and yelling, and everything. You survive a whole war and this kid\ngets killed this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. They blamed me. The parents of that child blamed me\nbecause I wasn't hurt. We were excommunicated from our room because we shared a\nroom with a whole bunch of other people. We were excommunicated not only from\nour room but from that building. We had to go to another building. That's the\nonly time I really physically through my eyes saw death, except for that\ninfirmary, with people being carried out on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stretchers. Going back to how we\nended up in Brussels, we went from there on a ship to Sweden . . . from Sweden\nto Brussels. We lived in Brussels for almost three years.\n\nKENT: What was the situation then in Brussels?\n\nRISHFELD: The situation in Brussels was great. My parents . . . worked for Dolli\nbecause she was a furrier. I shared . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". a big bed with a gentleman who also\nsurvived the war and who had six kids and a wife who were all murdered by the\nNazis. He survived. He happened to be a furrier as well. He lived in the\napartment. My parents took him in into the apartment that we had, that Dolli had\ngotten for us on Avenue de ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Koekelberg in Brussels--1600 Avenue de Koekelberg. It\nwas really a wonderful time because, first of all, I was free. It was the first\ntime that I could go out into the street and play. I was not allowed to go out\ninto the street and play. I was not allowed to mingle with other children my age\nduring the war. There were no other kids that I could play with, so I didn't\nhave any interaction with any other children until Brussels, really, or until\nthe displaced persons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, but that was a bad experience. By that time, it was\nlike I was . . . six, seven. I didn't know any of the children's games or\nanything like that. When I came to Brussels, the only children's game that I\nknew was . . . a big thing was playing marbles, shooting marbles, and . . .\n\nKENT: Did you speak any other languages?\n\nRISHFELD: I spoke Polish, French, a little German, a little Lithuanian, and a\nlittle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian. But I never learned how to read and write in any of those\nlanguages because I never went to school until I came to Brussels. When I came\nto Brussels to school, everything was French. I had to learn to read and write\nin French. Because of that, at that age, what happened then, mentally, going\nthrough that time, all the other languages sort of went away from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. My ear can\nstill pick them up, but I can't say many words because I concentrated so hard on\nFrench. That time was great for me. I could go out and play. I made friends in\nthe street with people. There's a great story to that time and I'll tell it in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reverse. Fast forward to 1992--I'm in Paris for the Paris Air Show, which is a\nbig trade show for my industry, with Pamela, my wife. She says to me, \"We're\ngoing to go to Brussels this weekend.\" Now, there are two reasons for which we\nwere going to go to Brussels. One is that Dolli Sivi's son lived in\nBrussels--Dolli Sivi had already passed away. Number two: She wants me to go\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to the apartment in which I lived, because she felt that it was part of\nclosing the circle. She still wants me to go back to Poland. That'll close the\ncircle for me too and I'm just about ready to do that. At any rate, I said, \"I'm\nnot going. I'll go see Sivi, but I'm not going back to the apartment.\" She said,\n\"Why?\" I said, \"I'm not going back to the apartment. I just don't want to go\nback to the apartment. I just don't want to go back to that part of my history.\nEven though it was a good time, I just don't want to go back.\" We get to\nBrussels. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That particular Sunday morning, she said, \"I have a cab waiting\ndownstairs. I ordered a cab.\" I said, \"Okay.\" We got in the cab and she gave\nthem the Avenue de Koekelberg address. I said, \"We're not going there.\" She\nsaid, \"Yes, we are.\" I said, \"No, we're not.\" She said, \"Yes, we are.\" We ended\nup there and as we're driving to the place, I said, \"Why'd you do this? I don't\nrecognize anything. This is all strange to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\" Then all of the sudden, I said,\n\"Oh my G-d. There it is. I remember that.\" I started to remember the buildings.\nI said, \"Wait a minute, make a right turn!\" I started to tell the cab driver\nwhere to go. We ended up in front of the house. I said, \"Okay, you happy now?\nWe're here. You see it.\" I said, \"Drive on, please.\" She said, \"Get out of the\ncab.\" I said, \"I'm not getting out of the cab.\" She said, \"Get out of the cab.\"\nI got out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cab. She shoos the cab away. She pays the cab driver. I said,\n\"What are you, crazy? It's 10:30 in the morning. It's a Sunday morning. Where\nare we going to get a cab here?\" She said, \"Well, we'll work on it. Don't worry\nabout it.\" She said, \"Go ring the bell.\" I said, \"Ring the bell? I'm not ringing\nthe bell.\" She said, \"Ring the bell. Maybe we'll get inside.\" I said, \"I'm not\ngoing to ring the bell.\" I rang the bell. The second-story window opens up and\nthis very handsome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young man in his thirties leans out the window--because this\nwas in June, so nice weather--leans out the window and says, in perfect English,\n\"Can I help you?\" I became a blithering idiot at that time. I looked up at that\ntime. I looked up at him and I said, \"My name is George Rishfeld. I'm from the\nUnited States. I came . . . my wife made me ring the bell. I didn't want to ring\nthe bell. I came . . . I used to live in this place. I used to live upstairs\nwhen I was a kid after the war and I . . . \" All of the sudden, the window went\ndown. I looked at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pamela and I said, \"See? Why'd you embarrass me like this? You\nknew I didn't want to do this, emotionally. Why did we do this?\" The door opened\nup and the man said, \"Won't you come in, please?\" I said, \"No, no, no, that's\nokay. That's okay.\" He said, \"Please come in.\" I said, \"Alright.\" We came in and\nwe went upstairs to the first floor, which is a second-story window. I walked\ninto the apartment, and he said . . . Because this is one of those buildings\nwhere there's only one apartment on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor, I walked into like a semi-private\nhome. I walked into the apartment and I said, \"Oh, you put a wall there,\" and\n\"Oh, look at that. You reversed that.\" I start telling them how they redecorated\nthe apartment. Now the outside, the façade on the outside and everything on the\nstreet, nothing changed. But the inside was all turned around and changed. He\nsaid, \"You really did live here.\" I said, \"Yes, 1945, 1946, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1947, 1947 and a\nhalf, almost 1948.\" He said, \"Oh, you really did live here.\" I started walking\nthrough the apartment. I just started to go as if I were still living there. I\ngo to the back, where there was a back veranda or porch . . . an outside deck. I\nwas standing on the deck, looking out toward the garden in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"backyard, and I\nstarted to cry. Now at this point, Pamela was at the door of the deck and the\nguy and his wife were at the door of the deck. Pamela started to cry. The two of\nthem were looking at us like, \"Why are these people standing here crying?\"\nPamela proceeded to tell the whole story, which brings you back to your\nquestion. When I lived there, one particular day, my mother was going to the\nmarket. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said--this was at the beginning--\"Don't go out to play until I come\nhome. When I come home, you can go out to play. I'm just going to go out to the\nmarket and get some food.\" I said, \"Okay.\" What does a kid do? I didn't have a\nNintendo game. I didn't have a TV. You want to read a book, but that gets boring\nafter a while--reading a book. What do you do? I played with my marbles. I got\nbored. I went out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"onto the deck, and on the ledge, I had a goldfish bowl with\none goldfish. I was watching this goldfish. The goldfish was going around and\naround and around and around. I said, \"Poor goldfish. I'm free. I'm free now. I\ncan go out in the street. I can play with other children. But this goldfish is\nlike in jail. It's just going around and around and around.\" So I reached in and\nI threw the goldfish to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freedom. I killed the goldfish obviously. I threw it in\nthe garden. Mom came home and I was so proud of myself as to what I had done.\nShe sat me down and explained to me as to what I did. They bought me another\ngoldfish the next day, but I didn't kill that one. That's the story that came\nback to me in 1992: of me standing there, throwing that goldfish over. I guess\nthat answers your question as far as some of the things . . . that particular question.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were in Brussels for about three years? What was the next phase after that?\n\nRISHFELD: We came to the States. My mother had an uncle who left Poland in 1927\nor 1928, something like that, and moved to Brooklyn. He got married, went into\nthe haberdashery business, made a lot of money, grew a family and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything\nelse. One of his relatives here that became a relative through marriage, was a\nmajor in the United States Army, and had some sort of privilege for having\nfamily on the other side. They got . . . my mother got in touch with her uncle,\nwhich was her father's brother. I think it was her father's younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother. He\ngot papers to us and sent some money. At that time, my dad had made some money\nin Brussels. We came to Brooklyn on New Year's Eve 1949. We crossed the Statue\nof Liberty on the MS Gripsholm. The MS Gripsholm, at that time during the war,\nwas a troop ship, but it was the size of the Queen Mary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't come in\nstowage. We came in--not first class, but we came in one level below first\nclass, which is like first class really, basically. It was a wonderful voyage\nfor me because Dad and I basically had a ball. Mom was sick the whole time. She\nwas in the cabin throwing up the whole time. We were on the deck, playing and\nhaving fun. I remember . . . we have pictures of me passing the Statue of\nLiberty. That morning, New Year's Day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the American family was there at the\ndock--it was on 44th Street or 48th Street, on the river in Manhattan. They were\nthere. We got off the Gripsholm dressed to the nines, and they took us to a\ncoldwater flat in Brooklyn, New York. One bedroom, coldwater flat . . . $25 a\nmonth . . . where in the middle of the winter, you didn't need to turn on your\nsink to get enough moisture to wash your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hands--you could just touch the walls\nand you could wash your hands. There was enough moisture on the walls. In the\nsummertime, I slept out on this fire escape because there was no\nair-conditioning. It was too hot.\n\nKENT: Did your parents tell you why they decided to leave Europe?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes. They never wanted to be in Poland, to see Poland again. They\nnever wanted to be in Europe . . . no, it was just Poland.\n\nKENT: What about Brussels?\n\nRISHFELD: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advertising is a funny thing. If you remember back to those days--you\nmay not remember, but you hear it in your history--money grows on trees in the\nUnited States. You come to the United States, you're going to step into a pile\nof dough. You're going to be wealthy instantly, and you're going to be\nfree--it's a democratic country. You're not persecuted because you're of a\ncertain religion. That's why. Also I think they wanted . . . and I never\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intellectualized this with the . . . but I think they wanted to put a certain\namount of space . . . you see, because Dolli in Brussels . . . Belgium was\nreally not hit that hard. Her house wasn't bombed. She wasn't . . . she had to\ngo into shelters every now and then, but she made money. She became a\nmillionaire during that time. It was a different kind of experience for her\nwhere she stayed in Brussels. Her whole family was born there afterwards, her\nson was born there, and everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else. That was different. I think my father\nand mother wanted to put some mileage between that closeness to Poland. They\ndefinitely wanted to put some mileage from Poland. They even said, I remember,\nas a child, \"Don't you ever go back! Don't you ever go back!\" I think that's\npart of the reason that, up until this day, I always thought to myself, \"I'm not\ngoing back. I'm not going back.\" They put that into my head as well.\n\nKENT: Talk about the early days in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York. Let's start in with your new life\nin America. Was it about 1948?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, 1949. My new life in America was very difficult at the beginning.\nI had nightmares. I had to sleep with a light on. To this day I can sleep with\nthe light on. I can sleep with the lights off, but I prefer a little light\nsomewhere, to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. I could not go to a movie that had any horror in it or\nany kind of . . . let's say a scene where the sky is dark, the clouds are coming\nin, it's thundering and lightning, and you see shadows of people. I'd run out of\nthe movie theater. It would scare me. I would not be aggressive at all. I would\nnot fight if somebody became aggressive with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I was known as the 'refugee\nkid.' My first days at school, my first year at school was very, very difficult\nbecause I had the French in me and now I had to become an American and learn how\nto speak English. Kids are not very kind to kids. One of the biggest mistakes\nthat my mother made was that she bought me a pair of jeans . . . what the\nrailroad guys wear. The railroad men, they wear these jeans with the strap ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here\nand the little pockets . . . the overalls. And then you have a shirt underneath.\nThat's what she bought me. She thought that was modern. She thought that was,\nwow, the thing to wear. Kids didn't wear that, especially to school. When I wore\nthat to school, I was ridiculed to no . . . I mean, you couldn't believe the\nridicule that went on with that. Then I had a stupid teacher who made me stand\nup in front of the class and sing \"Frere Jacques\". It's embarrassing for a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. Then not being able to speak English. It's okay to ask an\nEnglish-speaking child to sing \"Frere Jacques\" because maybe you want to learn\nsomething. But because I was a foreigner, I was marked. Many times I would get\nbeat up in school or they would steal my books or something like that. I vowed\nto myself, number one, not to have an accent, and, number two, I vowed to become\na real American. That really didn't happen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I was about 11 or 12 years old.\nOne day I was walking back from school and I got stopped by two bullies. They\ntook my books and they were hitting me. I came home crying. My dad happened to\nbe home that afternoon. He looked at me and he said, \"You're going to have to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn how to stand up for yourself and be proud of who you are. And don't you\never dare let anyone touch you again.\" For some . . . my dad had an impact on me\nto the extent that, if he looked at me in a certain way, and if he put his eyes\nin a certain way, I would start to cry. No matter what it was, I would start to\ncry. As an adult, as a married adult, he had this magic with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. He just\nhypnotized me to the extent where the next time that happened in school, I'd\nbeat the living you-know-what out of somebody, to the extent where it happened\non the street where a policeman was walking by and they had to pull me off the\nkid because I was choking the kid. I've never had a fight since then. I've had\nfights, but I've never lost a fight since then. I had one in the army, but . . .\nI've never been bothered since then because I think sometimes when you walk with\na certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positiveness or you have a certain aura or something like that, people\nleave you alone. That's what I tried to exemplify. That was a turning point.\nAlso I learned to speak English the American way. I joined the drama clubs and I\ndid shows and everything else because I wasn't going to be marked a 'refugee,'\nwhich is why they were taunting me in this particular place. When we moved to\nanother place on . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Road from where we were in the coldwater flat, we had\nheat. That was a whole different ballgame because then . . . my dad went to\nwork. This is a crazy story. Life is crazy. My dad went to work as a furrier. He\ngot himself a job. He could hardly speak English, going to night-school, and he\ngot himself a job as a furrier through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relatives. They hooked him up and\nsaid there was a fur shop nearby. They introduced him. They took him. He sat\ndown . . . because my dad could do everything. He could sew, he could style, he\ncould design, he could fit, he could dye, he could do it all. And he knew all\nthe skins. In the United States, you're either a mink expert or a fox expert or\na broadtail expert. He knew all the skins of all the animals. He was a rarity to\nthese guys. They could sit him at a sewing machine. He could do anything. Fast\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forward to . . . 1971: Pamela and I are engaged and we're going to a bar\nmitzvah. She says to me, \"I'd like you to meet my uncles Aaron and Samuel\nKaplan. She said, \"This is my fiancé, George ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rishfeld.\" They looked at me and\nthey said, \"Rishfeld? Uh, do you have a father?\" I said, \"Yes, Richard.\"\n\"Richard Rishfeld? What does your father do?\" I said, \"He's a furrier.\" He said,\n\"You've got to be kidding! He worked for us in 1949!\" My dad's first job in the\nUnited States was for Pamela's uncle. Figure that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out!\n\nKENT: What else was going on on your mother's side of the story?\n\nRISHFELD: My mother's side of the story: she became . . . She went to work. She\ngot herself a job as a sales girl in, I think she worked at Bloomingdales and\nshe worked at Saks Fifth Avenue. My mother was a very . . . first of all, she\nwas a gorgeous lady. I don't say that just because she's my mother, but if you\nsee pictures of her, you'd see that she was a very pretty woman. She was a very\noutgoing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personality. With her, the glass was never half empty. It was always\nhalf full. That's probably why she survived. She was very involved with the\ncircle of friends--the circle of friends being all Polish. My parents really did\nnot have an American friend, socially. All their friends were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish. All their\nfriends were either Polish or Polish survivors.\n\nKENT: Jewish?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, and very social. They would have . . . there was a group of six\ncouples, which my parents were one of, so 12 people that would get together just\nabout every Saturday night at another person's home or apartment. It was that\nperson ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or that couple's time to do the cooking and so on. It was always party\ntime. The parties were . . . at my parents' house--I didn't go to the ones at\ntheir friends' houses because I was too young--but at our house there would be a\nbottle of vodka for every couple. They would knock off the bottle of vodka every\nnight. Nobody got drunk because they were so used to it. They were almost immune\nto the vodka because they used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make vodka out of the potatoes that they had\nin the camps. Dad used to say, \"A lot of us survived because we were drunk many\ntimes because of the potato vodka that we were able to make. That helped us\nsurvive.\" It was almost like they developed an immune system to it. What they\nwould do was very interesting because, first-of-all, out of those other five\ncouples who all had children, I was the only survivor, the only surviving child.\nIt made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me--which I really didn't appreciate at that time, being a young\nteenager--it made me special. I never looked at it that way, but I was special\nto them in their eyes because I was the only child survivor within this little\ngroup. Every time they came to the house, the hugs and kisses that I got were .\n. . in a way, I wanted to say, \"Stop. Leave me alone already,\" because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't\nunderstand what they were going through in their minds and hearts at the time.\nBeing a handy kid--I was the waiter always--I would help my mom in the kitchen.\nWhat they would do--they were so glad to be alive--was that they ate\ndinner--most of the conversation, if not all, was in Polish--and then they'd\nclear the dinner table, roll up the area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rug, turn on the Victrola--at the time,\nVictrola--and dance with each other till 2 or 3 in the morning or the men would\nsit down and play cards. This happened every six to seven weeks at our apartment\nfor years. They were so thankful to be in a spot where they could do these kind\nof things. Those are some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great memories that I . . . Mom was, as I told\nyou about the synagogue . . . was also very, very protective of me to a point.\nShe also was very diligent in making me . . . for example, with my kid brother,\ndiapering my kid brother, making sure that I helped. I washed the floors for\nher, I washed the windows, and so on. I was not the same kind of American child\nas normal . . . for example, my first bicycle cost like three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dollars. My father\ngot me a Schwinn bike that he got in the surplus place for three dollars. I\nremember that my allowance was five cents a week. I remember spending it all one\nparticular week and asking him for a couple of pennies and he said, \"No.\" He\nsaid, \"You have to wait till the end of the week. You have to learn how to\nbudget.\" He was tough, but he was tough with a heart. He was tough with a heart\nas big as this building.\n\nKENT: Did you get any information during ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the late 1940's about what the war was about?\n\nRISHFELD: No. At that time you didn't talk about it. We didn't start talking\nabout it until maybe the 1960's, the late Fifties or the Sixties, except for one\nthing . . .\n\nKENT: We're at the early 1950's at about this point.\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, the early 1950's. Conversations about the war and my parents\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sharing experiences were almost non-existent, basically. They just couldn't\nrelive that. What I think broke the ice, so-to-speak, was the day that I came\nhome and I said, \"I'm joining the army.\" My mother totally freaked out. She just\ntotally freaked out. I graduated from high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school and I graduated a year early.\nWhen we came to the States, because of my schooling in Brussels, I was ahead of\nthe kids. Even though I didn't know the language, I was still ahead in other\nsubjects. So they skipped a grade. I skipped a grade in elementary school. I\ngraduated when I was 17 and a half from Bryant High School in Queens. There was\na program going on at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time where you could join the army before you were 18\nand a half. You could join the National Guard before you were 18 and a half. You\nwent away for six months active duty. Your whole obligation was done in two and\na half years. Mind you, this is after Korea and before Vietnam.\n\nKENT: About 1957?\n\nRISHFELD: Right. So there was nothing happening. It was peacetime. The only\nthings that were happening were the peace riots and the segregation riots in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South, and some in New York, all over the country. I said \"this is a smart move,\nbecause if anything happens again--\" Number one . . . I had two ideas. \"If\nanything happens again, there's going to be a draft. And if anything happens\nagain, I want to at least know how to protect myself. I know what it's like to\nhave my country invaded and taken away from me. Now that I'm an American, I want\nto at least be able to know how to shoot a gun, know some karate or jiu-jitsu ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nwhatever it was--at the time . . . the big thing Judo--know a little\nhand-to-hand combat and protect myself.\" I went to the National Guard Armory and\nI signed up. I told my mom and Mom just freaked out. Dad, of course, was patting\nme on the back and saying, \"Way to go!\" She was screaming and yelling and\ncrying. She was unbelievable. She was uncontrollable. It took us about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two hours\nto calm her down. We finally calmed her down and I remember seeing, looking\nthrough the bus window when they took me to the 98th St. Armory in Manhattan. In\nthe nineties there was a big armory there on the East Side. They took me to that\narmory, and I got on the bus to go to Camp Drummond in Drummond, New Jersey for\nBasic Training. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could just see the look on her face. It must . . . it had to\nhave been the same look that the people had on their faces when the trains were\ngoing to Auschwitz-Birkenau and you saw the people standing there. It was like\nshe was seeing me off, like she was never going to see me again, and it was the\nend of her life because her son was leaving . . . until they came five weeks\nlater to the camp. It was Parents' Weekend and they came to the camp. They saw\nthe kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of great shape I was in and how happy I was and everything else. Then\nthey came to graduation, when I graduated from boot camp. Then I was sent for\nwhat they called TONE, which is advanced training. The advanced training . . .\nwhere did they send me? To Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, right in the middle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all\nthe Ku Klux Klan and in the middle of all of the race riots. Sixteen thousand\nmen on this post at Fort Chaffee, 135 Jews. I guess because of the way that I\nperformed in boot camp . . . I got there because my marks were very high. They\nmade me what they call a 'Training Platoon Sergeant.' So here I am, 18 years old\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm a leader of 50 men--a platoon has 50 men. I'm the sergeant of these 50\nmen. One of the kids there was a German boy--German survivor, but not Jewish. He\nalso survived and got out with his parents. He was anti-Nazi. Somehow, his\nparents . . . His name was Horst, I remember. All he wanted to do was polish my\nboots and make my bed and clean my clothes. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Chill, because I'm not\nblaming you for what happened.\" One of the things that I did, I wore my star\noutside. My mother, by the way, going back for a minute--my mother was\npleading--she was on bended knee--for me to take that star off. I wouldn't take\nit off.\n\nKENT: What did it mean for you to show it like that?\n\nRISHFELD: It meant, to me, that I am what I am. I'm proud of what I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's\nnone of your business and don't mess with me because I am what I am. I'm not\nhere to antagonize or hurt anybody, but I'm allowed to be Jewish and that's what\nI am. I survived the war and I'll survive this. What did I do? I had to survive\nnow in this environment. The funny part about that whole time, which was, by the\nway, a great time because I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never in better physical shape than I was in my\nwhole life than I was during that period. I mean I could stand on my hands. I\ncould walk on my hands. Now, if I bend down, I fall over, but . . . I was never\nin better physical shape in my whole life. There were four squads in a platoon\nand there were four squad leaders in a platoon and a platoon leader. There were\nfour platoons in a company. In my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company, three of the platoon leaders were\nJewish. The fourth Jew in our company was the company clerk. We ran the company.\nThe captain could never figure out why only three of the platoons out of the\nfour knew in advance everything that was going on before it happened. He would\ntype the orders for what was going on the next day. He would tell the three of\nus what was going to happen, how to be prepared, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what uniforms to get ready,\nwhat equipment to get ready. We were always ready. The captain couldn't figure\nthat out. Inside the squad, inside my platoon, I had to also . . . I had Ku Klux\nKlan guys. What did I do? I made three of them squad leaders and they became my\nbuddies and my protectors. They knew I was Jewish. One of them sat in my room on\nthe second floor of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"billet. One of them--the leader of these guys--I let\nsleep in my room with me. As far as they were concerned, there was just . . .\nbecause one of them had a big tattoo with a burning cross. I have pictures in my\nalbum. He had a big tattoo with a burning cross that says 'KKK.' When I asked\nhim originally what that was, he said, \"That's just a social club.\" I left it\nalone, because even at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time--I'll admit my naivety--I didn't understand the\nseverity of the KKK. But what I did was I befriended them. They became squad\nleaders in my platoon, in my company . . . and they protected me.\n\nKENT: Did you ever experience any direct hostility or threat or anything?\n\nRISHFELD: One time. We used to have inspections almost every Saturday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning\nand sometimes a surprise inspection Friday night. That would determine if we\nwere able to go to town for the weekend, whether we got a weekend pass or not. A\nweekend pass would be the rest of Saturday, Saturday night, come back Sunday\nnight. Town would be Tulsa, Oklahoma. You get on a bus, you go to Tulsa,\nOklahoma, which there was more problems. Anyway, if you didn't pass inspection,\nyou didn't get a pass. You'd stay in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks. One particular Friday night\nwhen they were cleaning up and getting ready for the Saturday inspection, I had\none kid . . . he was standing at the main bunk, one bunk here . . . the bunks\nwere all lined up. I said to him, \"I want that changed.\" I wanted his bed\nchanged because his bedding was not clean. It was dirty. His comment to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me was,\n\"No kike is going to tell me what to do.\" I just lost it. I jumped on him. When\nI jumped on him, his back hit the first bunk and all the bunks, like dominos,\nwent over in the whole barrack. I didn't get to do very much because I jumped on\nhim, and I had him by the throat, and I got pulled off. The KKK boys took over.\nThey put him in the shower. They gave him what they call a 'GI shower.' A GI\nshower was with bristle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brushes. That young man never mouthed off to me again.\nThat was the only time that I ever had an incident except for one night when it\nwas the reverse, when Billy got up and I heard this grinding sound. It was like\n3 o'clock in the morning. I looked up and I said, \"What are you doing?\" He said,\n\"I'm sharpening my tool.\" You know what an entrenching tool is? An entrenching\ntool is . . . if you see them in the movies, you see that they have, like,\nlittle shovels in their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"backpacks. The spade fold and it opens up to the\nshoveling part. They use those to dig trenches in the infantry. He's sharpening\nthat. I said, \"What are you doing that for?\" He said, \"I'm gonna go kill me a\nnigger.\" I said, \"What?\" He said, \"Well, one of my boys got attacked this\nafternoon when we were out on the field maneuvers. And we're not gonna handle\nthat. We're not gonna stand for that.\" I said, \"Wait a minute, you're not going\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anywhere.\" It took me one hour to convince him not to do anything. That's when I\nrealized I should go into sales. It took me one hour. Four o'clock in the\nmorning, he went back into his bunk. He was gonna go out and grab some of the\nguys, and go into this other barrack, and go after this guy. But other than\nthat, no.\n\nKENT: What did you make of the black-white relationships in the South?\n\nRISHFELD: I just thought it was terrible. I just thought that at the time . . .\nDon't forget, I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"18 years old . . . My whole background is different, my whole\nmentality is different, my whole way of thinking is different. I just thought,\n\"Why can't these people get together?\" It's like the Arabs and the Israelis.\n\"Stop it already. It's enough. Don't you learn from history?\" It was horrible.\nHere in this country or in the world . . . with slavery, that created a lot of\nthat stuff that went on with the segregation and so on. I just thought it was a\nterrible thing and I wish that people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would stop it. I didn't really get that\ndeeply into it as if it were today.\n\nKENT: Then after you finished the military part in 1960?\n\nRISHFELD: 1958. Actually 1959, yes, because I went back to the National Guard\nand we had meetings on a monthly basis, to summer camp, and so on.\n\nKENT: You went back to New York after that?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, to Queens.\n\nKENT: What was the next phase?\n\nRISHFELD: The next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phase was going to work and going to school, going to City\nCollege, working for National Broadcasting Company. I went to City College at\nnight and I was on executive training program at National Broadcasting Company\nat 30 Rockefeller Plaza, which is NBC. I wanted to be an actor. My parents\nthought that that was the most horrible thing in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world--especially my\nmother. She thought that only bums become actors and guys who can't get a\nlegitimate job because that's not legitimate work. I did it on the sly. I snuck\nit out. I joined the drama groups. The main drama group that I joined was the\nNCCJ, the National Conference of Christians and Jews. I did shows in churches\nand synagogues and everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else. I even did a stint in Harlem, where I played\nthe lead part in \"The Man With the Golden Arm,\" that Frank Sinatra portrayed in\nthe movies, in an all-black cast. I was the only white kid. My parents, when\nthey found out . . . the way that happened was that I spoke about brotherhood on\nWWRL in . . . Woodside, Queens. I was chosen by my school because I come off\npretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep on a microphone, so they chose me and because of my background.\nThere was a thing on brotherhood and I spoke. There was a black gentleman in the\nbooth there. He introduced himself and he gave me his card. He was an accountant\nfor the federal government in New York. He said, \"But I also direct plays in my\nchurch, and I'd like you to come and read for me.\" I said, \"Yes, yes, yes.\" He\ngave me the card ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and . . . I did. I called him. It turned out that was the part.\nI spent three months with him, walking through Harlem on Saturdays and Sundays.\nNever told my parents where I was going because if I had told them that I was\ngoing to Harlem, they'd freak out. He took me to dope bars and to people were on\ncrack and everything else, and to see how their reaction was. Then I rehearsed\nwith this group. I finally let it out what I was doing because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now it was show\ntime, because now I had to bring a couple of my own clothes with me to the show.\nThe day--my parents freaked out but they showed up. They came to the show. They\nwere the only white people in the audience. My father by that time was driving\nand he drove the car to Harlem. They parked the car, and they walked into the\nchurch, and they saw me there. The NBC thing was . . . two types of training\nprograms. One was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were in the mailroom delivering mail, and the other was\nthat you were a guide. When people took tours of the nine floors of NBC in 30\nRockefeller Center, they would be the ones in the blue uniforms taking people\non. I somehow ended up in the mailroom. I ended up being the youngest--now this\nwas after the army--I ended up also being the youngest mailroom supervisor. It\nwas written up in all the NBC papers and everything else. At the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, what they\ndid was you had different points for tardiness, for appearance, for how many\ntimes . . . for whether you were polite or not, for how many credits you have in\nschool, for what level of college you exceeded, and for attitude--work\nattitude--and what your supervisor thought of you and so on. There was a scale\nthat they measured you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by. Then when you hit a certain number, you could request\nthe department that you wanted to go into. It was a great program. They should\nhave those programs today. It was a fabulous program because there were kids\nthat wanted to become producers, directors, actors, writers, cameramen, whatever\nit was. The industry was really growing at the time. Once you hit it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you\nwould go to interview. If you wanted to be an actor or you wanted to be a\ndirector, you'd go and interview with certain other directors and they'd bring\nyou into their group and let you work alongside of them. It gave me the\nopportunity to do that. I read for an off-Broadway show once, and the thing\nclosed on the first night. I had those kinds of experiences. It was great\nbecause initially . . . eventually my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desire was to be a director. Then I\nremember Hal Smith, my supervisor, telling me, \"You know what? You really should\nget into sales. You really should get into sales. You've got the personality for\nsales.\" At the time, I was getting married at a very young age. I needed some\nmore money and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sales job was more money than NBC. I left NBC.\n\nKENT: Tell us about the first marriage.\n\nRISHFELD: It was great for a while. It brought two wonderful children. Then it\ndissipated right after it brought the two wonderful children. I've been\nremarried with a wonderful woman for 38 years, Pamela, whom I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1970. We\ngot married in 1972. She feels that my children are her children, so we have a\ngreat relationship. We have five great granddaughters, so I only have women in\nmy life.\n\nKENT: What are your kids' names?\n\nRISHFELD: My kids' names? Robin and Stacey, Stacey being the oldest.\n\nKENT: Where are they?\n\nRISHFELD: They live 12.5 miles from here. They live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Johns Creek. That's one\nof the reasons we moved from California to here.\n\nKENT: I wondered how you ended up in Cumming.\n\nRISHFELD: Right. The women drew me.\n\nKENT: Then your career, for the most part, was in sales?\n\nRISHFELD: All my life in sales--mostly high-tech type stuff, and electronic\ncomponents, and electronic systems, and equipment, and so on--to this day.\n\nKENT: How did you get from New York to Los Angeles?\n\nRISHFELD: How did I get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from New York to L.A.? By plane! It was a job. It was\ntwo things: it was a job, and Pamela had always wanted to get away from the\ncold, from New York. She had enough of the snow and the ice and everything else.\nA job presented the opportunity, so we moved to L.A. I still regret one big\nthing, though . . . because of my brainwashing . . . that at the age of 20 I\ndidn't get on a plane and move to California by myself and start hitting the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studios. That I regret, because that was the time to do it.\n\nKENT: You were tempted to be an actor, even in the 1970's?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, I did, but it's always a financial situation. Then you've got\nfamily, you have kids, and it . . . things . . . People say to me I wasn't\ndedicated enough. Maybe I wasn't.\n\nKENT: Can you talk about your parents' later days? How were they? How did they\ndeal with getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older? Did they start processing any of it?\n\nRISHFELD: They dealt very well with it. They were party people. They loved to\nparty. They loved to travel. My mother reunited with her brother in the early\n1950's. They both met in Brussels, in Belgium. He came from Israel. When she\nfinally found him and he found her--they found each other after the war,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously--and with correspondence they finally decided . . . she went to\nBrussels and he went from Israel to Brussels. They reunited. Subsequently after\nthat, every couple of four or five years my parents would go to Israel. My\nparents went to Israel many times. They went to Europe several times, but not to\nGermany and not to Poland. They went to Italy, and to France, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels.\n\nKENT: Did your parents' attitudes or values change over the years?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes . . . In what respect?\n\nKENT: You said your mom would not go to synagogue for years because G-d forsook\nher and all that. Over the years, did that kind of thing change?\n\nRISHFELD: She ended up going to synagogue and that did change. Yes, that did\nchange. We never kept a kosher home or anything like that. My dad always\nthought--and I say this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with tongue-in-cheek . . . my dad always thought that\nthe Americans, especially American politicians, were very stupid in regard to\ninternational politics. That's proven to be true, completely true in a lot of\nways today. No, I mean, their values . . . they were very close in certain areas\nto the extent where they didn't expand their horizons as far as having American\nfriends. It only would be either family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the survivors, who created another\nkind of a family for them. In a way, they were very old fashioned. My dad, for\nmany years, he would greet . . . if he would greet you when you came into our\nhome or he came into your home, he'd want to kiss your hand. He also was very\npolite. He didn't think Americans were very polite. He also was very big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on\nkissing on both cheeks, because that's European. Those things never changed.\n\nKENT: Did they discuss the past more with you after you were an adult? Was there\nany . . .\n\nRISHFELD: Only when I dragged it out of them. It wasn't something that they\nwould sit down and say . . . My mom would sit down at various times . . . when\nshe would light candles for her parents, or it would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be Rosh Ha-Shanah, and we'd\ngo Yizkor service . . . things would come out. But other than that, we'd have to\ndrag it out of them. Other than that, we'd have to ask the questions.\n\nKENT: You said your mom would talk to your wife a little bit more about what happened?\n\nRISHFELD: It's not that she would talk to Pamela more, it's just that she would\ntell Pamela different things than what she would say to me . . . I think for\nfear . . . and you can ask Pamela . . . but for fear that it would either upset\nme, or it was something she didn't want me to know because it would upset ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\n\nKENT: Did Pamela share that stuff with you later?\n\nRISHFELD: I think some of it. I think some of it she still hasn't. I'd have to\nask her. I really didn't third degree her about it. We had . . . There was one\nincident where . . . I think it was in the late 1970's. Yes, it was in the\nmiddle to late 1970's at Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan, which is the temple in\nManhattan. There was a big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom HaShoah ceremony. Begin, Moshe Dayan, Rabin, and\nMayor Koch were the hosts there. The temple seats like 2300. The main section of\nthe temple seats like 2300 people between the downstairs and the balcony. It's\nhuge. We got to go. We sat in the 9th row center. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father didn't go, but my\nmother and a couple of second cousins went that survived. They survived because\nthey ended up in Russia. They spent the war in Russia, basically. So did my\nfather's brother. That's how he survived. There was a retired colonel that was\nthe main speaker. My mother sat next to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pamela, whispering in her ear the whole\ntime. I couldn't hear a word that they were saying. Pamela's crying and she's\ntelling her all these stories. Those are the stories that, all of a sudden, my\nmother was saying . . . telling her all that stuff. It was a very, very moving\nmoment, because when that colonel got up, who wasn't Jewish . . . at the time of\nthe end of the war, he was a young captain and he was the first officer to walk\ninto Auschwitz-Birkenau. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that when he and his men walked into\nAuschwitz-Birkeanu, the Nazis who were still there . . . the men . . . and these\nmen kept killing the dead bodies of these Nazis. They emptied out all their\nbullets on dead bodies, on dead Nazis. They were so enraged with what they saw.\nThere wasn't a dry eye in the sanctuary that particular time. It was times like\nthose that my mother would open up, but again, not to me.\n\nKENT: Continuing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Los Angeles . . . you were there for twenty-something years?\n\nRISHFELD: Twenty-four years.\n\nKENT: Then what brought you over here to Georgia?\n\nRISHFELD: My kids. I have five grandchildren and two daughters.\n\nKENT: They ended up here?\n\nRISHFELD: Yes, it was a good move. It was time. We hadn't seen them . . . We'd\nsee them once a year or twice a year, and make the plane reservations, and\nthey'd come out to see us, and we'd go to see them. Then it's concentrated in a\nweek ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to 10 days and they got to get back to school and everything else. You're\nrunning for 10 days or 12 days, whatever it is, and you're exhausted every\nnight. This way it's nice. It's relaxed. We're together as often as we want to\nbe. It's no pressure.\n\nKENT: What does your life consist of nowadays?\n\nRISHFELD: I love working. I work for a company in New Zealand, that's\nheadquartered in New Zealand. I get to travel, which I like to do. My most\nfavorite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing is to be in front of people, so I enjoy the sales part of it and\nthe marketing part of it. I don't particularly like sitting behind a desk,\nalthough I have to. But I get enough travel that it sort of balances it out for me.\n\nKENT: How much have you been involved in the survivor subculture over the years?\n\nRISHFELD: I really didn't get involved until 1996 when my rabbi in California\napproached ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me and said, \"We'd like you to be a guest speaker at a Shoah\nservice.\" Actually it was a commemoration for the Danes. The Danish ambassador\nin Los Angeles was being honored. It was a commemoration of what they did in\nregard to the Jews that they saved during the war. I said, \"Okay.\" I said, \"I've\nnever spoken publicly. I've always spoken one-on-one. I've spoken all my life\none-on-one.\" I do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel that's one of the reasons I was saved. I do feel\npersonally that one of the reasons I was saved was to tell the story, but I\nnever really envisioned doing it publicly, so I . . . whoever's ear I could get,\nI would tell. I would talk to people. The Ku Klux Klan guys knew! But I would\nnot do it publicly. I said, \"How many people are going to be there?\" He said,\n\"Maybe 400.\" I said, \"Uh-uh.\" He said, \"You can handle it.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I did then was\nsit down with a friend of mine who is a writer. I dictated my story into a tape\nmachine. He then sat down and typed it. He formulated it because I was jumping\nup and down. I was going from one year to another, and back to another year, and\nback to another year. Then he put it in order. I would sit in the car and I\nwould remember something and I'd put it on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tape. Then he put it into an\norderly fashion for me. It was six pages. I went to this and there were like 450\npeople there. The L.A. Times was there. That Post was there. They had NBC, CBS,\nABC . . . everybody was there. I was the survivor guest speaker. It was a great\nexperience, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the L.A. Times . . . I still have a picture. I was in the second\nsection, first page. There's a picture of me with a handkerchief up to my face\nlike this crying. That's the picture they . . . They took hundreds of pictures\nbut that's the picture they put into the paper. But it was a bad experience at\nthe same time, because even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though everyone appreciated it, a gentleman came up\nto me at the end and rolled up his sleeve and showed his number. He said,\n\"You're not a survivor! I'm a survivor! You didn't go through what I went\nthrough,\" and he walked away from me. There are all levels of survivors. That\nwas kind of, to me . . . but that didn't stop ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I've been speaking publicly\never since. I've spoken at colleges. I was part of the speaker team at the\nWiesenthal Center in Los Angeles. I'll go anywhere to speak. Just tell me where\nto go; I'll go.\n\nKENT: Have you considered being a docent at the Breman Museum?\n\nRISHFELD: No, not a docent. A guest speaker, yes. I already have been. I've\nalready been speaking. I went to two outreach programs, one to a military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"base\nand one to Forsyth High School here. That was very rewarding because there were\nlike 300 kids there. I was thinking that there were one or two other stories\nthat I think would be great if I could just remember them for a moment, but . .\n. It's not about my parents. Speaking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has really made me much more aware of my\npast, because you can think inwardly about a lot of stuff. But when you\nverbalize it in front of a lot of people, it's a whole different ballgame. It\nhas sort of enlightened me to myself, in a way, a lot more as well. I've had\nexperiences speaking which . . . for example, one in Oxnard, California. The\nOxnard School System is a very tough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system. It's like 70 percent Mexican. I\nwent to the Oxnard High School in front of 350 students. I was told . . . I was\nalmost guarded. I was almost security-guarded in because I was told, \"You got a\nlot of gang-bangers here and you've got to be very careful.\" They put me up on a\nstage. Normally when I speak in a public auditorium, I go off the stage. I go\ndown and I stand at their level. I walk around with the microphone, and try to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be among, a part of them. But here I couldn't do that. I stood up on the stage.\nI got applause at the end and people asked me for my autograph. They escorted me\nto my car. It was unbelievable. I've had kids ask me for my autograph, which is\njust mindboggling to me. I really . . . the more I do it, the more I appreciate\nwhat I'm doing because the more I realize that it has to be told. The story has\nto be told, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there are too many non-believers to this day. There are\npeople out there today that think it's a Hollywood myth! That it's all made-up!\n\nKENT: Along with the actual history and facts, what message or what moral to the\nstory are you hoping to convey to people?\n\nRISHFELD: The main moral to the story that I'm hoping to convey is: be kind to\neach other. And don't negate the fact that somebody is thinking differently than\nyou are. As long as they're not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurting you and as long as they're not trying to\npush their will on you, leave it alone. The fact that they're a different\nreligion, the fact that they eat differently, or the fact that they pray in a\ndifferent manner--respect that. If the people in Israel or the people all over\nthe world--I'm not talking about Israel only, but in the other side of the\nborders and so on--would . . . You take the Muslims, you take anybody, you take\nthe Christians, you take the Catholics, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody . . . just respect somebody for\nwhat they are. You don't have to say, \"You must be like me,\" because that's not\nthe way it is. I don't think G-d created us for somebody to say, \"You must be\nlike me.\" You must be like you. Just because you're a Muslim, why should I have\nthat against you? Or because you're Catholic? I respect you, but you have to\nrespect me as well.\n\nKENT: Since you bring that up: When you had to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back and forth as a child,\nbetween Jewish and Catholic and Jewish again, how did you mentally handle the\ndifferent reference points there?\n\nRISHFELD: Very simply, I didn't. In simple terms and pure honest, I didn't. When\nI was with the Frackiewicz family, I was Catholic. What does Catholic mean? It\nwas a thing. I got to wear some jewelry around my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neck. I got to wear a medal.\nThat's all it meant to me, at the age of three. At the age of five and a half,\nsix, when I became Jewish again, I still wore that because I didn't have a star\nat the time yet. That was now my good luck charm. What did it mean to me? I\ndidn't have . . . at the age of six, seven, or eight in Brussels . . . we didn't\ngo to Shul. We didn't go to temple there. We talked about it at home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We started\n. . . I started hearing about it at home, about being Jewish and being brought\nup Jewish and being kosher and \"you'll be bar mitzvahed,\" and all that. But at\nthat age, it didn't mean anything. The Frackiewicz family said, \"We're going to\nchurch today.\" \"Okay, let's go to church. Oh, look at all the lights and look at\nall the glass windows.\" That's all it meant.\n\nKENT: Once you were old enough to think for yourself and make decisions, what\ndid Jewishness mean to you beyond the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"habit that this is what you do?\n\nRISHFELD: Jewishness, to me, personally, means to have a different kind of a\nsoul . . . to have a kind soul, and to be a kind person, and to be reverent\ntoward other people. In simple terms, without going into any intellectual\nconversation, that's what it means to me. Just being a kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soul. I have issues\nwith some Jewish people that don't believe that. For example, the one . . . the\nHasidim. They consider us not Jewish. \"If you're not Hasidic, you're not Jewish.\nYou're a Goy.\" I have issues with that. What's their problem? Enough already.\nCenturies have told us. Enough already. Give it up. That's my own personal\nfeeling. If I had them in my ear, if I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could get into their ear, that's exactly\nwhat I would say to them, \"Give it up. It's time.\"\n\nKENT: What's your understanding of what anti-Semitism or anti-Jewishness is about?\n\nRISHFELD: I don't have a real thorough understanding of that because I don't\nthink they understand what it is. I just think it's something that's inbred in\nthem. It's just like the child ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's told by his Muslim grandfather, \"Take this\nbottle, light it, and throw it at that guy because he's a bad guy, the Israeli\nsoldier. Throw this bottle.\" This child is nine years old. His grandfather tells\nhim to throw it at the Israeli soldier, because he's the bad guy. That Israeli\nsoldier is not doing anything but standing there. He's not killing anybody. He's\nnot doing anything . . . because he's Israeli. So that child grows up with that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his mind. It's just like the Nazi children who were part of the Hitler Youth.\nTheir parents . . . when they were eight, nine years old during the war, they\nwere told, \"Jews are bad,\" that \"Jews are here to destroy us. Jews are here to\ntake over the country. Jews are here to eat us up.\" What eight, nine, ten,\neleven, twelve-year old child is gonna argue with his parents? They're not gonna\nsay intellectually, \"Why, Daddy? Why do you say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\" The answer's going to be,\n\"Because they're bad. Because they want to own you.\" So they joined the Youth\nand then they get brainwashed more. One of my biggest fears when I was growing\nup . . . back in the seventies, and the eighties, and the nineties, and to this\nday even I guess, is: Where are those kids today? Where are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those teenagers who\nwere walking with the swastika in their brown shirts, turning in Jewish\nfamilies, turning in their own parents if they said something wrong? They were\nteenagers at that time, so they weren't in the actual front but they were Nazis.\nNow the war ended. What are they doing today? What bank are they president of?\nWhat large firm in Germany are they president ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of? Did the Nazi-ing leave them? I\nwould say, no, for the most part. I would say there's still a big underground\ngoing on there. I don't know if I answered your question but--\n\nKENT: How much of an effect do you think the Holocaust--after it came out of the\ncloset and became this cultural thing . . . how much of an effect do you think\nit's had overall?\n\nRISHFELD: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It depends on who you talk to. On Jewish people, it had a big effect.\nOn non-Jewish people who have caring, and understanding, and have a lot of\nfeeling, and maybe were touched by it because they were involved in the war, in\na uniform or whatever it may be, I would say a lot of effect. Anybody that's\nintelligent and has a half a brain--a lot of effect. The only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem is, that\ndoesn't account for a lot of people. For a lot of people, it has no effect\nwhatsoever. It's just like you go to see \"Schindler's List\". I talk about this\nin my talk. You see people walking out of \"Schindler's List\" crying. Ninety-five\npercent of those people who walk out after seeing a movie like \"Schindler's\nList,\" they walk out and they say, \"Wow, what a movie!\" And they go and have\ntheir pizza, and it's forgotten. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very small percentile of people--probably one\npercent--it will reach and touch. I say the reason I speak is because if I can\nreach the one percent . . . if I'm speaking to 100 people and I can reach one\npercent of those people or ten people and reach one person in that group, I've\ndone my job. That's all that you can ask for because, for the most part, you\ncan't feel what I feel because you didn't go through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. To you, it's a story.\nTo somebody else, it's a movie. But you don't go to sleep at night and have a\ndream about it because you weren't there. You might dream about a movie if it\nshook you up, or emotionally it got to you, or something like that, but that's\nabout the end of it. It's a story. It's not part of your life. It's a whole\ndifferent ballgame. It's a whole different effect.\n\nKENT: You said that you were 'the refugee kid' coming here. How do you suppose\nyou are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different from other immigrants, 'just another European immigrant'? How\ndo you suppose that whole war period stayed in you and made you different? New\nYork had a lot of immigrants.\n\nRISHFELD: What made me different? I don't know. I'm still a refugee kid, only I\nstand up for myself. I still have a lot of the European in me. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open a car door\nfor Pamela. People look at me like I'm crazy. We go out with another couple, I\nwalk around, and I open the car door. The guy walks over to his door and she\nwalks over to her door. They look at me like, \"What's he doing? He's opening the\ncar door for her?\" I still have a lot of that in me. I still think that, to a\ngreat extent, I'm still a refugee kid. I've just grown out of certain other . .\n. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can deal with any American, but inside I'm still a refugee kid.\n\nKENT: Can you think of anything else that you want to add, maybe for when your\nkids or grandkids watch this? Anything else you want to add?\n\nRISHFELD: No, I just think that when my kids and grandkids watch this,\nespecially my grandkids, that they appreciate their parents. I always say to the\npeople I speak to when I'm at a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school or something like that, I say, \"You guys\nout there are the luckiest people in the world. I consider myself lucky, but you\nguys are 100 times luckier because you live in this country. You're free. You\nbasically can do what you want. You don't have anybody putting a gun to your\nhead. And cherish your parents. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/transcript/23662/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may not understand what I'm saying right\nnow, but as you get older, cherish your parents.\" That would be my message.\n\nKENT: Thank you for all that.\n\nRISHFELD: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6930.0,6960.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCumming, Georgia is a city in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States, north of Atlanta. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Maccabees, also spelled Machabees, were the leaders of a Jewish rebel army that took control of Judea and ruled from 164 BCE to 63 BCE. Several Israeli and Jewish organizations carry this name, including soccer and other sport teams.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRighteous Among the Nations is an honor used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis. When the State of Israel established Yad Vashem in 1963, the organization was charged with granting the title of Righteous Among the Nations to the few who helped Jews in the darkest time in their history. To this end, Yad Vashem set up a public Commission, headed by a Supreme Court Justice, which examines each case and is responsible for granting the title. Those recognized receive a medal and a certificate of honor and their names are commemorated on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem. Ludwik, Ludmila, and Helena Frackiewicz were recognized on July 7, 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRescuing or helping Jews was extremely difficult and dangerous. In an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied a ruthless retaliation policy, which included the death penalty for the entire family or household of anyone who concealed a Jew. It is estimated that the Germans may have killed tens of thousands of Poles for aiding Jews. Poles who helped Jews \"in any way” (including simply selling goods or food to Jews) risked execution or imprisonment in labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSome Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Europe to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. With more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, German units quickly broke through Polish defenses along the Poland-German border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. Under heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw soon surrendered. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew to more established lines of defense to the east and then the southeast, where they awaited support from their allies, France and the United Kingdom. Little support came. When Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east on September 17, 1939, the Polish plan of defense was rendered obsolete. The outnumbered and overwhelmed Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna [Lithuanian: Vilnius; Yiddish: Vilne] is the capital of Lithuania, located in the southeast part of the country, near the present-day border of Belarus. Until World War II, the city of Vilna was part of northeastern Poland. On September 19, 1939, under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact, which effectively dissolved and divided Poland, Soviet forces occupied the city of Vilna, along with the rest of eastern Poland. At the time, the city was home to a population of 200,000, including over 55,000 Jews. In addition, some 12,000-15,000 Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland found refuge in the city. The city of Vilna was incorporated into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic until the Soviet Union ceded the city to Lithuania on October 28, 1939. By June 1940, Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and Soviet forces again occupied the area. On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked Soviet forces in Eastern Europe. The Germans occupied Vilna in June 24, 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans established two ghettos—ghetto # 1 and ghetto # 2—in Vilna in early September 1941. In a series of operations conducted by German \u003cem\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/em\u003e detachments and Lithuanian auxiliaries, ghetto #2 was completely liquidated between September and October 1941. Between 9,000 and 11,000 inhabitants were taken to the Ponar woods and murdered. About 30,000 Jews in ghetto # 1 were forced to work in factories, on construction projects, or sent to nearby labor camps. Periodic killing operations murdered many of the ghetto’s inhabitants at Ponar. Liquidation of the ghetto began on October 23, 1941 when 5,000 Jews were shot in the woods. Roundups and executions continued through November and December. By the end of the year, 34,000 Jews had been murdered. From the spring of 1942 until the spring of 1943, there were no mass killing operations in Vilna. On September 23 and 24, 1943 the ghetto was liquidated. Children, the elderly, and the sick were murdered at Ponar by Germans and Ukrainian auxiliaries or sent to the Sobibor extermination camp. The surviving men were sent to labor camps in Estonia, while the women were sent to labor camps in Latvia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the German occupation, tens of thousands of Jews from Vilna and the surrounding area, as well as Soviet prisoners of war and others suspected of opposing the Germans, were massacred in the Ponar woods outside of Vilna with the help of Lithuanian collaborators. Large groups were often taken to a large pit in the forest and shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Caesarea Golf \u0026amp; Country Club is the only 18-hole golf course in Israel. It was built by the James de Rothschild Foundation and opened in August 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaesarea is a town in north-central Israel, located midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadera is a city in Israel, located on the Mediterranean coast approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from Tel Aviv and Haifa. Immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia established it in 1891 as a farming colony. Today (2017), the population is around 92,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDavening\u003c/em\u003e is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoviet forces liberated Vilna in July 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Yad Vashem’s database of The Righteous Among The Nations, when the Vilna ghetto was liquidated, the Frackiewiczes agreed to also shelter George’s parents and their friends, Ala and Moshe (also known as Moses) Kaufman. With the approach of the Soviet forces in 1944, the Frackiewiczes, together with their five charges, moved in with an acquaintance who lived in a nearby village. The Kaufmans joined the partisans, while the three Ryszfelds stayed with the Frackiewiczes until the area was liberated in July 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which Displaced Persons camp the Rishfield family went to. George may be referring to a camp in the area of Vilna, or it may be one of the DP camps in Allied territory that housed large populations of Lithuanian refugees who were not interested in returning to their former homes in what were now Soviet-occupied territories.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn post-war Poland, the newly installed Communist government considered the Polish resistance movement a threat to its security. Surviving members were asked to come out into the open and promised freedom and safety. Most who did so were swiftly arrested, tortured, executed, or deported into the Soviet Gulag system. In addition to the level of mistrust for the government that developed, Poland experienced a series of violent anti-Jewish incidents between 1944 and 1946. Many of those who had helped Jews during the war were weary of being found out for fear of repercussions either from the government or from suspicious anti-Semitic neighbors. Cut off from the West and the Jews they had saved (most of whom had immigrated), many rescuers changed their addresses and remained silent about their efforts. The Frackiewicz family moved to central Poland after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1909, the Paris Air Show is an international aviation and aerospace exhibition. It is held every odd year at Le Bourget Airport in north Paris, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNintendo Co., Ltd is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and software company. Nintendo is one of the world's most popular makers of video games and video game systems.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard, Lucie, and George Ryschfeld are listed on the passenger manifest of the MS \u003cem\u003eGripsholm\u003c/em\u003e, which left from Gothenburg, Sweden on January 3, 1947 and arrived in New York City, New York on January 14, 1947. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe MS \u003cem\u003eGripsholm\u003c/em\u003e was an ocean liner built in 1924. Between 1942 and 1946, the ship sailed under the auspices of the International Red Cross and was used as an exchange and repatriation ship for Japanese and German nationals who were exchanged for American and Canadian citizens. The ship was taken out of service and sold for scrap in 1966. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS \u003cem\u003eQueen Mary\u003c/em\u003e is an ocean liner that operated from 1936 to 1967, sailing primarily in the North Atlantic Ocean between Southampton (England), Cherbourg (France) and New York City (United States). During World War II, the liner was converted to carry Allied troops. After the war, the liner was returned to passenger service, continuing transatlantic service, until it was retired from service in 1967.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA coldwater flat is an apartment that has no running hot water and typically does not have a central heating or cooling system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the prevailing misconceptions among waves of eager immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth and early twentieth century was that it was an easy place to get rich. Idioms about money growing on trees and streets paved with gold were common expectations among immigrants seeking greater economic opportunity than could be found in war-ravaged Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermans forces invaded Belgium on May 10, 1940. King Leopold III stayed in Belgium, but the prime minister and many cabinet members fled the country for London, where they set up a government-in-exile. A German military administration coexisted with the Belgian civil service, but due to competition for power between the German military administration and the SS, anti-Jewish measures were enacted more slowly in Belgium than in other occupied countries, so that some large Jewish businesses and real estate properties stayed under the control of their Jewish owners during the war. Nevertheless, of the 66,000 Jews in Belgium, 34,801 were imprisoned or deported during the Holocaust, and of those, 28,902 perished. The capital city of Brussels did not suffer systematic bombing raids during the war, but the civilian population was oppressed by German policies. Allied forces liberated Belgium in September 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Cullen Bryant High School, or William C. Bryant High School, and Bryant High School for short, is a secondary school in Queens, New York City, United States serving grades 9 through 12, founded in 1889.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. American troops entered the war in defense of the Republic of Korea to the south against the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when an armistice agreement was signed maintaining a border between the Koreas near the 38th  Parallel and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Korean nations that still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. The war was fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Squadron A Armory is a former United States Army armory and the home base of Squadron A. Built in 1895, it took up the whole block between Madison Avenue and Park Avenue, between 94th and 95th Street.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnable to identify a Camp Drummond or Drummond, New Jersey. There is however a Fort Drum in New York. Fort Drum is a U.S. Army military reservation in Jefferson County, New York, United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center is an Army National Guard installation in western Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Fort Smith, built in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (also known as the KKK or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe image of the burning cross is one of the most potent hate symbols in the United States, popularized as a terror image by the Ku Klux Klan since the early 1900’s. Cross-burnings have long been used as a traditional symbol by Klan groups, used both in Klan rituals as well as in attempts to intimidate and terrorize victims of Klan groups. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTulsa is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma race relations were defined in the public conscience by what happened in Tulsa in May 1921, when a white mob started what is known as the Tulsa race riot—considered one of the worst incidents of racial violence in United States history. Over 35 blocks of a black district in the city were destroyed, police arrested 6,000 black residents, over 800 were injured, and officials reported at least 39 were killed (although the American Red Cross estimated 300). By the late 1950’s, the nation’s civil rights movement had reached Oklahoma, with demonstrations and non-violent protests occurring in nearby Oklahoma City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCity College of New York is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY) and is located in Manhattan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBC Universal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is headquartered at Rockefeller Center in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Conference of Christians and Jews is an organization founded in 1928 to promote better understanding among Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. It is headquartered in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of Manhattan, New York City. Since the 1920’s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural and business center. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Man with the Golden Arm\u003c/em\u003e is a 1955 American film, based on the novel of the same name by Nelson Algren, which tells the story of a struggling drug addict (played by Frank Sinatra). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrancis Albert “Frank” Sinatra (1915-1998) was an American singer and film actor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWWRL (Woodside Radio Laboratory) is a commercial AM radio station in New York City. It began broadcasting in 1926 from Woodside, Queens, New York. For many years, WWRL catered to New York's African American community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohns Creek is a city located in Fulton County in the U.S. state of Georgia. The city is a northeastern suburb of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cycle of High Holy Days begins with \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e. New Year festival]. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. These decisions may be revoked by prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYizkor\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: remembrance] most commonly refers to memorial prayer services held four times a year during \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Passover, and \u003cem\u003eShavout\u003c/em\u003e. During the services, those who have lost a parent or close loved one recite the \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e prayer. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Emanu-El of New York was the first Reform Jewish congregation in New York City. Because of its size and prominence, has served as a flagship congregation in the Reform branch of Judaism since its founding in 1845.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as \u003cem\u003eYom HaShoah\u003c/em\u003e, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMenachem Begin is an Israeli politician, founder of Likud [the Labor party] and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Dayan was an Israeli military leader and politician.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Rabin was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He served two terms as Prime Minister. In 1995 he was assassinated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward Irving \"Ed\" Koch (1924-2013) was an American lawyer, politician, political commentator, movie critic and reality television arbitrator. He served as New York City's mayor from 1978 through 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Germany invaded Poland from the west in September 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled to eastern Poland. After Soviet forces invaded from the east, Poland was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union, trapping about 300,000 Jewish refugees from western Poland. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight from Poland to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. The vast majority of the Polish refugees, however, remained in Soviet-occupied Poland. In 1940 and 1941, Soviet secret police officials arrested many of the refugees, who were considered “unreliable elements,” and deported them to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations in the interior of the Soviet Union. While they endured horrible conditions, this paradoxically saved the lives of a few hundred thousand Jewish refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShoah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: destruction] became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of European Jewry as early as the early 1940’s and is often used in place of the more generalized term “Holocaust.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen German authorities planned the deportation of Danish Jews in the fall of 1943, Danish authorities, the Danish resistance, Jewish community leaders, and countless private citizens facilitated a massive operation to get Jews into hiding or to safety in neutral Sweden. Despite the rescue efforts, the Germans seized about 470 Jews—mostly refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe—and deported them to the Theresienstadt ghetto in occupied Czechoslovakia. In total, some 120 Danish Jews died during the Holocaust. This relatively small number represents one of the highest Jewish survival rates for any German-occupied European country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location, the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Prisoners who selected for work were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Simon Wiesenthal Center is a global human rights organization headquartered in Los Angeles, California, United States. The Simon Wiesenthal Center was established in 1977 and maintains offices in New York, Toronto, Miami, Chicago, Paris, Buenos Aires, and Jerusalem. It is named for Simon Wiesenthal (1908-2005), a survivor of the Nazi death camps, dedicated his life to documenting the crimes of the Holocaust and to hunting down the perpetrators still at large.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOxnard is a city in the United States, located along the coast of Southern California. It is the 19th most populous city in California and the most populous in Ventura County. In 2010, the city had a population of 197,966, of whom 73.5 percent were Hispanic or Latino.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidim refers to those who practice Hasidic Judaism, which is a Jewish mystical movement. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: \u003cem\u003eHitlerjugend\u003c/em\u003e] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany for boys between the ages of ten and eighteen. The Hitler Youth emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/annotation_set/361/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e is the name of a 1993 American film from director Steven Spielberg based on the novel \u003cem\u003eSchindler's Ark\u003c/em\u003e by Thomas Keneally. The film tells the story of factory owner Oskar Schindler, who is credited with saving almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456#t=6720.0,6750.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/index/47692","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rishfeld, George [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/36263/file/105456/index/47692/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life Before the 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I really don't remember what my mother's father did. I think he was a furrier as well. I'm not sure. But they were both taken to, pushed into an open grave and murdered with a lot of other people. I never really got to meet them or know them. My Aunt Felicia, who was my mother's only sister--my mother had a brother, too. 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