{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5t3fx74b6m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Popowski, Henry"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-07-16 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Children of Holocaust Survivors Project (CHS)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Popowski was interviewed by Enoch David Goodfriend on July 16, 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHenry describes his family and early childhood in Kaluszyn, Poland. He talks about his work before the war and how he was recruited into the Polish army when the Germans invaded Poland. He describes life in the Warsaw ghetto, witnessing the ghetto uprising, his capture while escaping from a bunker, and the murder of other Jews caught hiding. He talks about his deportation to a series of concentration camps in Poland and Austria, including Majdanek-Lublin, Krasnik, Plaszow, Mauthausen, Melk, and Ebensee. He recalls brutal treatment in Mauthausen and working with the Polish underground while in Krasnik. Henry describes escaping from a bombing raid and becoming very ill in Austria at the end of the war. He recounts the disbelief and confusion within Ebensee when American troops finally liberated the camp. He describes how he came to work with an American field hospital and ended up as a leader of a Jewish community in Germany before immigrating to the United States in 1949. Henry considers his faith and how he has come to terms with the Holocaust. He discusses the creation and importance of the state of Israel. Finally, Henry explains his reluctance to share his story but his desire for future generations to learn from it.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28373"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Henry 'Chaim' Popowski (personal name)","Paula Kornblum Popowski (personal name)","Moshe Baruch Popowski (personal name)","Sheine Miriam Popowski (personal name)","Malka Popowski (personal name)","Sima Popowski (personal name)","Motel Popowski (personal name)","Yonah Popowski (personal name)","Fishel Popowski (personal name)","Bitsaleh Popowski (personal name)","Loza Eliezer Popowski (personal name)","Dr. Emil Ringelblum (personal name)","Dr. Ignacy Schwartzbart (personal name)","Dr. Nahum Goldmann (personal name)","Marek Edelman (personal name)","Yitzhak Zuckerman (personal name)","Mordedchai Anielewicz (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Josef Mengele (personal name)","Alfred Rosenberg (personal name)","Norman Lear (personal name)","Hebrew Tarbut  School (corporate name)","Central Committee of the Liberated Jews (corporate name)","The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) (corporate name)","Jewish Daily Forward (corporate name)","Mizrachi (corporate name)","Hashomer Hatzair (corporate name)","Mila 18 (corporate name)","Kaluszyn, Poland (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Krasnik, Poland (geographic term)","Lublin, Poland (geographic term)","Demblin, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Lutryna, Poland (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Linz, Austria (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Majdanek Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Treblinka Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Plaszow Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Budzyn Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Mauthausen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Amstetten Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Ebensee Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Krasnik Labor Camp (geographic term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camp (DP Camp) (topical term)","Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (topical term)","Crematorium (topical term)","Gas Chambers (topical term)","Resistance (topical term)","Partisans (topical term)","Selection (topical term)","Schutzstaffel (SS) (topical term)","Kapos (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Holocaust Experience (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","War Experience (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Polish Army (topical term)","Soviet Army (topical term)","American Army (topical term)","Civil Service Laws (topical term)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Jewish Restrictions (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Linz Jewish Community (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Popowski was interviewed by Enoch David Goodfriend on July 16, 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry describes his family and early childhood in Kaluszyn, Poland. He talks about his work before the war and how he was recruited into the Polish army when the Germans invaded Poland. He describes life in the Warsaw ghetto, witnessing the ghetto uprising, his capture while escaping from a bunker, and the murder of other Jews caught hiding. He talks about his deportation to a series of concentration camps in Poland and Austria, including Majdanek-Lublin, Krasnik, Plaszow, Mauthausen, Melk, and Ebensee. He recalls brutal treatment in Mauthausen and working with the Polish underground while in Krasnik. Henry describes escaping from a bombing raid and becoming very ill in Austria at the end of the war. He recounts the disbelief and confusion within Ebensee when American troops finally liberated the camp. He describes how he came to work with an American field hospital and ended up as a leader of a Jewish community in Germany before immigrating to the United States in 1949. Henry considers his faith and how he has come to terms with the Holocaust. He discusses the creation and importance of the state of Israel. Finally, Henry explains his reluctance to share his story but his desire for future generations to learn from it.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/975/small/Henry_Popowski.png?1619302136","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Popowski_Henry.mp4"]},"duration":7092.405,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/975/small/Henry_Popowski.png?1619302136","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/104/975/original/Popowski_Henry.mp4?1611837920","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7092.405,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Popowski, Henry [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: My name is Enoch David Goodfriend. We are conducting this\ninterview in Atlanta, Georgia on July 16, 1983. Please tell us your name.\n\nPOPOWSKI: My name is Henry Popowski.\n\nGOODFRIEND: And your address?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My address is 166 Bull Street, Charleston, South Carolina.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was the date of your birth?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I am born February 15, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1912.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you remember how old you were at the time of liberation?\n\nPOPOWSKI: At the time of liberation, I was . . . I would say, 34 years old . . .\n33, 34 years old.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Before the war began, did you have a profession?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, I was a joiner. I had been doing a lot of construction ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, building.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What is your present occupation?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I own a furniture store. I am a furniture man.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What city were you born in and what country?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I am born in Kaluszyn, Poland.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Kaluszyn?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Kaluszyn, Poland.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Is Kaluszyn a city?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Kaluszyn is a city.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Big city?\n\nPOPOWSKI: A big city . . . proportionally, with a big Jewish population.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you tell me a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your family? Who lived in your\nhouse with you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We were six boys, two girls, of course, my father, and my mother.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you please give us the names of your brothers and sisters?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My sisters, the first, the oldest one was Malka, the second one was\nSima. The oldest brother was Motel. After Motel, that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, Chaim. After me was\nYonah. After Yonah is Fishel, after Fishel is Bitsaleh, and after Bitsaleh, is\nLoza, Eliezer..\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your mother and father, what was your father's name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My father's name was Moshe Baruch.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your mother's name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My mother's name was Sheine Miriam.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In your household, what was the social ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"status of your family? Were\nyou a middle class family, upper class family, lower class family, as far as\nyour income?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I always consider my father . . . he wasn't too rich. I remember that.\nBut I would say middle class in a financial, economical sense.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you attend the public school or a cheder?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We attended . . . we all started off in Europe with cheder. I attended\npublic school, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly what I attended was Hebrew Tarbut school. My father\nwants me to understand Hebrew fully. In other words, to say the word, write it\ndown, understand it, and explain it to somebody else. Most of my education, I\ngot from a Hebrew Tarbut school.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you come from a religious home?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I would say yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were your contacts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with non-Jews like before the war?\n\nPOPOWSKI: It was, in principal, a separation, I will say. We lived there . . .\nwe had to work for a living. By doing that, we built Poland . . . but we wasn't\ntoo close with the Poles.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you experience any antisemitism?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Oh, yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Before the war?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . before the war, after the war, and even now as I\nread from the papers. There was antisemitism . . . there is antisemitism and\nthere still be.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you personally experience any antisemitism . . . you yourself,\nbefore the war?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I tell you, I work in a factory with a Jewish owner, and I was a big\nmacher in the same factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He employed Polish people, and Jewish people. No\nmatter, even the Jewish owner. It was a very big factory. They lived from that\nfactory. They worked there . . . but you can figure out that they stood away\nfrom us. They did not want to have to do too much to do with us. They . . . I\nwill express it . . . they don't like us too much.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are your first memories of the war? When did you first realize\nthere was a war going on, and something was going on?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was in the same job that I just mentioned in that sock factory.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How old were you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In Poland?\n\nGOODFRIEND: How old were you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: At that time, I was, I would say, 29 years old. A military car came\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down . . . a jeep, and they stopped at the factory. Everybody looked around,\n\"What are they coming here for?\" They came up in the factory, they called my\nname. They said they got to have me right away. So I walked up, and the . . . in\nthe office told me, \"You are mobilized, right away to go with us.\" I was a\nreserve sergeant in the Polish army. You got to go . . . you got to go. No one\nowed me a lot of money. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have too much with me on hand. So they give me\nsomething when I went with them. It took about three hours to go to the railway\nstation in Demblin . . . not too far from Warsaw. This was a big ammunition\ndepot. We organized ourselves . . . we know what is correct. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every time I got\nthe mission from the captain to go, and mobilize forces . . . all what you see\nhere you wouldn't tactically, at that time, in Poland, brought up or built up\nlike that. We needed horses to pull the cannons. So I went down, me and a group\nof us . . . we were 12 people, we went down to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rekwirowac, this is the word. Do\nyou know what is requisition? Requisition means that you come into somebody with\na paper from the government. No matter how much it is, here is a receipt that we\ntook a horse from you. You go to the government, and ask for how much you want.\nWe need it for the army right now. We brought back 15 or 20 horses down there in\nthe camp, in order for the cannons to be able to move . . . they all went by\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horses . . . in wagons. Meantime, they start . . . it's the first time that I\nsaw airplanes in the air. We looked. I thought . . . they're flying . . . they\nwill fly by, and they start to bomb the camp. They start, of course, to bomb\nthat place where we went with the horses. We went running with the horses behind\ntrees, and I saw that. I saw what happened . . . fire after fire . . . boom\nafter boom . . . everything gone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upside down. I said to myself, \"Chaim, that's\nit. You can stay . . . just stand up.\" I dig my head deep in the ground. What\ncan I do? The horses run away. There was nobody to hold them, and they got\nscared. I don't know what happened there next . . . call it a miracle. After 15\nminutes, it became quiet. We got up. I realized I still was the same man. A lot\nof people lost their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives, and material, and this, and that. This was a\nmilitary target, they knew about it, and a big one. This was a camp where you\nwere dressed, and prepared . . . the military, to move out on the front.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When the Nazi movement announced its Nuremberg Laws, and its civil\nservice laws, how did that affect ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In the beginning, we didn't believe them. For example, we come on a .\n. . We understand when the Germans came into Poland, the first target had been\nthe Jews. You know what I'm talking about? You not allow this, and you not allow\nthat. You have to give away gold, and the next day, they proclaim you got to\ngive away the fur coats . . . whatever valuable things the Jewish people earned.\nYou know what I am talking about? They have to give it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. It wasn't a time so\nyou can go in thinking, and thinking that. They kept us in a mood, from every\nday another trouble, another tsuris. When somebody came down, and told us in the\nghetto, that don't you need to go, you better die here because over there in the\ncamps, they do gas to people, they poison them, they put them in gas chambers.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Who told you that?\n\nPOPOWSKI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There had been the rumors around. If you want to know who told us that\nI can tell you a little bit about it. We in the ghetto organized underground\ngroups from all political parties . . . the ones that organized the uprising in\nthe Warsaw ghetto. We had contacts . . . we had people . . . we had a few good\npolitical Poles . . . we had been in political organizations. We send them in\nthat given city where they say over there they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do gas, and poison people . . .\nthey got crematoriums where they burn the people.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What year was this?\n\nPOPOWSKI: This was in 1942, 1943, 1944. At the beginning we say, \"What you mean?\nGas chambers? They going to poison the Germans, not us. Don't worry, you going\nto work. We will teach you good. We will dress you, we will cloth you . . .\neverything will be just fine.\" The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones that came in who told us about that\nthing was going on there. We can't . . . you can't sense that . . . can't take\nit, until we send our people out there, what we can depend on. Jews who got in\ntrouble . . . it was danger for them to go, and look. We had some people. It\ncost money, and good money. They went there, and they told us that's it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I want to back up just a little bit, when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first heard about the\nwar, did you sense any change in the way your non-Jewish neighbors treated you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: There is . . . I think when you got to look into it . . . it depends\nwho . . . it depends what. The Jews . . . they're closed from the neighbors.\nThey had been waiting up at the Jews' wealth, so to speak. They knew nobody can\ndo you nothing because they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living next door but they knew if somebody will\ncome . . . somebody else, and take you out from that house. They be the first to\ncome to the house, and clean it up. You understand what I'm talking about? So\nthey put somebody else to do their job, and they went to another place, and did\nthe job for the others. They come into the house, and take out all the\nbelongings, and everything what is left. But very seldom, very seldom, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one\nwould say, \"Look Henry or Chaim, go in here, and here, stay there, and we'll see\nto it that you get food.\" From there, we would take another . . . try to help .\n. . to help with the war . . . to help otherwise. A lot of people left their\nmoney, and a lot of their valuable things to them, and they run in the woods.\nThey would come back at night, and tell them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Look, give me that ring, give me\nthat thing, give me that little packet that I gave you, so I can sell it and get\na few dollars . . . to have something to buy bread with.\" They would say, \"They\ntook it from me, too. They came, and they took it from me, too.\" In other words,\nit was generally no help from them at all. The point of view is, as citizens, we\nlived with them for so many years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as citizens, we fought . . . I fought for the\nsame . . . in the first line with them, for the same Poland. It was not matter.\nThey had been helping the Germans to get rid of us.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In your community, as the war became closer, and you began to\nrealize something was really going on, did you have any options? Were any\noptions open to your family as to what you may do about it?\n\nPOPOWSKI: There were no options . . . they were not to talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about. One had been\nliving on the Russian border. My city . . . Kaluszyn . . . this was on the\nRussian front. They said in two days or three days, they could make it on foot,\nor maybe with horse and buggy or something, and run over on the Russian side.\nThe Russians at that time, they knew that the concentration camps . . . the gas\nchambers . . . is all this true. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They opened their gates and they let the Jewish\npeople in, but they started coming in the millions, so they open, and close.\nThey wasn't able to take in so many of them. Not the one, they all leaving. On\nthe Russian border . . . we had the Russian border. They rescued themselves. I\ngot two brothers in Israel, they been in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia the whole time of the war. They\ndidn't have any easy life there, too. At least, they didn't have the danger to\nget killed every minute, every day. But the Poles on the west side, talking . .\n. the Jews . . . they bring them out of that city. They came to that city, there\nwas an order there . . . we had to go to another city. We were told like the\nflies, that's all there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you in a ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, I was in Warsaw ghetto.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How was the ghetto formed?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The ghetto was formed . . . first of all, they put out orders, written\non the walls, hanging on . . . that all Jewish men, women and children had to\nleave, let's say, that street, that street and the other street . . . there were\nstreets, and go on the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side. In the middle, they put a gate . . . just a\nconcrete . . . what you call here a fence or something, heavy on the top with\nwires so you can't reach it, something like that. People were living on the\nstreet. People were living . . . if they had family, they had to take them in,\nif they want to or not. In a lot of places, people go in, went in before. They\nknew, if you got a house you live with just two of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you, and the old lady stay on\nthe street with small children . . . we went in that part.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did you get to the ghetto? How did you get there from Kaluszyn\nto the ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I didn't came from Kaluszyn. As I told you in the beginning, I came\nfrom the Polish army where I was. I was come up from the front. When I came, I\nhad trouble. I was afraid of the Germans to catch me as a military prisoner,\nwhich was one crime, and then they will find out I am a Jew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they find out\nI'm a Jew, you know what a crime it is. They say, you look a little Irish . . .\nsome people they put in a cell, because they look blond . . . they have a\nmustache in order to not be recognized Semitic . . . not to have a Semitic,\nYiddish look. You know what they done . . . they took them inside, and they ask\nto pull down the pants, and see if you are circumcised. If you are m'al zyyan,\nthis was for them, this is what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they went by. This was for them the best sign,\nbut there were a lot of Poles for identical reasons. Lately, in modern times,\nand even now, they doing it to Poles, non-Jewish children, too by orders even of\nthat . . . At that time, that thing was not in existence. They knew, if there is\na little thinking, maybe yes, maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no, they took inside . . . in a place, and\nthey check you out. It's like they give you mullet, you're a Yid.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me a little bit about the daily routine in the ghetto, what was\nit like every day? Was there business of any kind carried out?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The daily routine in the ghetto I can tell you . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". It was tragic,\nvery tragic. You woke up in the morning, you went down to the street, you were\non the sidewalk, you can see laying bodies, bodies, bodies, bodies . . . old\nmen, middle men, elder men, children, sometimes a men with a little paper\ncovered their head . . . their faces with paper so you wouldn't see . . .\nstruggled . . . All they gave you was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little soup, and maybe one slice of\nbread. People tried to sell whatever they had left. Let's say you had a watch .\n. . just a half a bread. People suffered, and died . . . died and suffered. In\nthe meantime, every time they came in, the Germans, with the heavy trucks, they\nneeded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100 people to work . . . they need 500 people . . . they loaded them like\ncattle. They took them away, and they never came back.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was there any education, any kind of schooling?\n\nPOPOWSKI: There was for the small children at the beginning. Of course, I was\ninclined, as was a Dr. Ringelblum, but actually . . . not actually, he was\nreally the main organizer, and me, and him belonged to a political movement. He\nwas the real, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real leader, and organizer of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. He\nopened up . . . teachers for poor people, like you see here. Every day,\neverybody could go get a bowl of soup . . . little bit, soup . . . if you can\ncall it soup, and a piece of bread. For the children, in the camp, they had\nnothing to do . . . they had the teachers, whatever had been still alive,\nteaching the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children . . . telling them Bible, the whole thing . . . not all\nthe children can come to school. They had that cultural programming going on in\nthe ghetto for the children.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was your family together at this time? Your family . . . your\nmother, your father, your brothers, your sisters?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My father, and my mother left Kaluszyn with my youngest brother, Loza\n. . . the other one runs . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my sister Malka, the oldest one. All the\nothers . . . Sima was murdered, and they all run together to Russia. They run in\nthe towns . . . under the towns, walk, catch a horse, and buggy . . . might\ncatch a ride, you know how it was. At least, they'd been safe with their lives.\nIt was not over there a paradise . . . a g'anyydn, but still better than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me about the resistance in the ghetto.\n\nPOPOWSKI: The resistance . . . to resist, it was about a nation of all political\nparties . . . such a situation, it was a lot of political differences of the\nparties where in the side, even the religious ones, we knew. After we found out\nabout Treblinka, Majdanek, Auschwitz, they do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gas . . . gassing the people, burn\nthem. They got bands outside playing in order not to hear the cries, and the\nnoise, and the screaming of the people inside. When we heard for a fact it was\ntrue, we took steps . . . not everybody. We had decided that we go resist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To\nresist, you need . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: . . . bombs, right?\n\nPOPOWSKI: You need rifles . . . you need machine guns . . . you need everything.\nIt would take money. In a way, we had a contact with some military people. We\nhad to buy all those things for money. Besides, it was the Poles in London . . .\nit was the Polish exile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government. You know what I'm talking about . . . the\nPoles themselves, all they run away . . . the generals, the President, the Prime\nMinister . . . they opened a Polish government in London . . . exile, and they\nbeen underground contact with the radio. How to do, what to do, and so forth and\nso on. We had Jewish representatives there. We told them, \"You see what kind of\ntrouble we are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. You don't want to help. You're not too much of a help to us.\"\nThey gave us a chance to talk through the transmission . . . what I mean to say\n. . . transmitter, to the world. We told them . . . all we want from you is\nammunition, a weapon, that you know where they are . . . where you got them\nburied. We were going to get it so we would have something to fight with. The\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish representatives, like Dr. Schwarzbart . . . he was a member . . . senator\nin Polish senate, and the other Polish leaders. He was working on it, and\npressing on it, so they give us a little bit. We needed ammunition, too, so we\ncalled it, at the time, a 'candy' you know how much we paid for a candy at the\ntime there? We called it zyssww'arg. We paid, let's say, approximately $2,000\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one bullet if we can get it, and we got some. We had engineers and mechanics\n. . . they knew how to make cocktails . . . Molotov cocktails . . . with\nbottles, they knew that. We produced that . . . we had that, too. We organized\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ourselves. On April 10 or 12, there had been rumors around that they would make\nWarsaw Judenrein, Judenrein mean \"clean out all the Jews from the ghetto.\"\n\nGOODFRIEND: What year?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Nineteen forty-three. We heard some rumors . . . they had rumors from\nour side that we are organizing ourselves. Where did this come from? I don't\nknow. They must have their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways . . . I think that we know something will\nhappen. We had decided in case they come to take us, we resist. We organized the\nWarsaw . . . as I remember, we had seven or eight camps . . . stations. From\nhere, we go get them. I can tell you one thing. When they come to take us . . .\nthis was April ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943, it was the 11 to 12t. It was Pesach . . . it was right\nexactly. You always figure you had trouble . . . tsuris . . . on a Jewish\nholiday, so you can feel it good. So we give them a bath. All we got . . . with\nall the power . . . it was a gate. All that came in . . . that had been able to\ncome into the ghetto through that gate. We know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is the spot. We knew\nbut they didn't expect that we will be that organized . . . militarily so to\nspeak, at that time. So we attacked them. You should have seen, it was in the\nhundreds . . . we lay them down like the herds. But, we run out of ammunition.\nWhat good is a machine gun when you don't have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bullets? The grenades . . .\nwe run out, everything left . . . see.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What do you know about Mila 18?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Mila 18 was the headquarters. Mordechai Anielewicz was down there, and\nhe is still alive . . . the one, Edelman was always on the Polish side, Dr.\nEdelman. Dr. Dembinski . . . I knew because I took him over in a concentration\ncamp on my side, because I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there I was there in charge of a joiner factory.\nI'm thinking of the name . . . Zuckerman, all the leaders in the Warsaw ghetto.\nThe Germans at that time, they came in all of a sudden, with tanks of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gasoline,\nand they sprayed the buildings. You know what I'm talking about? . . . sprayed\nthe buildings. We hid in the bunker under a building that was destroyed by\nbombing, when the Germans bombed when they came into Poland at the beginning.\nWhen they started burning up the buildings, all the hiding places, all the\nthings, had been discovered. There was nowhere to go, so we all had to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out.\nThey took us, and they put us on trucks. They took us to the train station, and\nthey took us to Plaszow, Lublin, and so forth. Let me tell you here a story what\nhappened with me . . . and believe me, this is luck. They came with dogs. They\nwould start talking to us, \"Juden, come out, we will go to work. Itsva gemma\narbeiten. Everything will be nice and good.\" They knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that years ago . . . the\nopening that they catch. The smell . . . there was about 300 people there.\nToilet? . . . no toilet. Light? . . . no light. It was a question of days,\neverybody. When they came, I think nobody wants to go out. I saw that they are .\n. . the opening, the bunker . . . is bad. The thing that came to my mind, I\ncan't understand . . . what I have done at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time . . . why, I can't\nunderstand. I knew this was a corner . . . this was a corner building. The\nbuilding was burned up . . . bombed building. In other words, it was nothing but\nruins on the top. I said, \"Why should I let people come and take me away? They\ncould finish me in a minute.\" That's the way it was with most of them there. I\nasked everybody, \"Do we have a small shovel . . . a shovel from the military or\nsomething . . . a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small shovel.\" I knew that I am on the sidewalk outside what\nis near . . . a big garden . . . a city garden. If I dig myself in a little\ndeeper, I will come out behind the foundation. This is in the direction from the\ngarden where you got a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trees. For the moment, for the time being, I will\nrescue myself. I will run away. Also, after me, was a good friend of mine. By\nthe way, I was a good friend of his sister. I used to come to their house.\nWherever I went, he followed me. I could tell you that when I made two or three\ndigs . . . I took away the dirt. I saw sunshine. I haven't seen sunshine for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three weeks. I said, \"My G-d, a new world, a gdaydin.\" So what I do, I start\ncleaning away the shoulders with my hands to make the opening wider, wider,\nwider, wider, so I was able to get out . . . the other fellow near me . . .\nbehind me, he saw . . . I got light. I think I got something up there. This will\nbe good. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can you know? I jumped out from that bunker. At the moment I\njumped, I came out of there. I wanted to go in sort of a square, what we call\nhere, or a big park. When I got out, I started looking left and right. I didn't\nknow where to go first. I had the lines . . . I didn't see any light for so\nlong. The first move I made . . . four or five or six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people with big dogs.\n\"Halt,\" they told me, \"Halt.\" When I saw them, I say, \"That's it.\" The dogs were\njumping. They had backpacks on, and the rifles, and the machine guns. They took\nme. They asked me, \"Where you come to the bunker?\" I tell them, \"There had been\nshooting on the street . . . a lot of ammunition.\" It was an organization. It\nwas another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"post, military . . . Mila 18 was one, we did the second. I told\nthem, \"I walked on the street, I heard shooting, people were running, I saw\npeople run in here, I run in . . . .\" Then, I saw a young man, a fighter or an\norganizer, an older woman with the man, the Anhänger they're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called, the\npartisans . . . the guerillas. He walked us in the yard around down there, and\nasked me to sit down right on the ground, like I should in the circle. Told me\nto take my hands on my head like this. He said so . . . I done so. In a minute,\nthe other fellow who followed me was out too, he sitting next to me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By that\ntime, they already had wrecked the bunker, opened the entrance, and they asked\nall the people to come out . . . women, men, and children. They put women on one\nline, on one side, and the men on the other side. They ask them to undress\nthemselves. Ask a Yiddish woman to undress herself in front of . . . men? Even\nthe Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't say the Jewish men. She looked at them, and smiled, \"What\nare you, meshuge? You think I got weapons or something, search me.\" They were\nall standing like their mother brought them to this world . . . assorted men,\nassorted women. I was sitting like this. Then they brought a third man. He was a\nrich man we know, a metal businessman . . . in metal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. He was sitting\nnext to me. He asked me . . . he said, \"How do you know my name? What you think\nthey going to do with us?\" There was three of us. I said, \"Why you asking me?\nWhat you think he going to do with us?\" I told him, \"Don't lose faith. What they\ngoing to do, they going to do, what you have to worry?\" It was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a minimum of\na percentage . . . the thing . . . they going to leave us alive. In each bunker,\nthey picked the young ones. They looked at them as partisans, fighters. The\nliquidated them right in place because they didn't trust them to go any further.\nMeantime, the women was standing naked, and the men naked, and they searched\nthem. After that search, they lined up, they told them to put their clothes on\nback. Walked out of with a sacred ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah. He asked them, \"What is this?\" \"This is\nin the family,\" he says, \"for generations and generations. These were given to\nme by my father. My father got it from his grandfather, and so forth. We keep it\nhere, when we go to pray.\" He told them the whole mayse. After he tell them the\nwhole mayse, he say, \"Throw it away.\" He say, \"This one here . . . throw away?\"\nHe start kissing the Torah . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"My whole life. . . .\" The dialogue between\nthat thief with the Torah and that . . . this can grow into pictures and listen\nto. So the whole history of the world aside, this is worth it? It is not a\nquestion . . . I am not talking about money at all. To see this in reality what\nit was. He talked to him for throwing away, he doesn't care much at all. He\ntalked to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him like he has some chutzpah . . . you know what I am talking about.\nHe said, \"No, I will throw that away. You cannot throw away.\" When he tried to\nlay away on its side, he took his gun out, and shot him. Then, we had over there\na young girl . . . with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter. Normally, he said right away . . . I don't\nwant to go into that . . . I saw last week, when he was talking about all the\nplays he writes for Archie Bunker, The Jeffersons, . . . I don't know if you all\nsaw it. He said, \"I want you to all understand, wherever is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tragedy, there is\nhumor . . . a lot of humor.\" People are brought up to the moment where there is\nso much tragedy, so much pain, that they start laughing. You see what I'm\ntalking about, they start laughing, like you see me now, you think I laugh but I\nwas such a similar. I wish the old historians, and the big writers, and machers\ncould have seen such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation. To the point again . . . he told the girl,\n\"What you stay here . . . you all undress. Why don't you undress yourself?\" She\nsays, \"Tell me, do you ask your wife, too, to undress herself in the front of\nmen?\" Loud . . . we all heard that. \"Are you married? Are you a father?\" He\ndidn't answer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything. \"Are you a father of children? Will you ask your\ndaughter to do that in the front of men?\" That man is not more than human, the\none with a gun, he was so farmisht, he was so disturbed, he didn't know what to\nanswer. \"I got orders to do that,\" he says. \"I've got orders of my conscience\nnot to do that. I have never done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I have never done it in front of my mother\nwhen I was a bigger girl, never in front of my father, no question about it. How\nso a nudnik can do it?\" He grabbed the pistol, and he shot her. She fell, but\nshe still was alive. She . . . turn her head. He went and give another bullet,\nand she was still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. Then as he went to give a third bullet right in the\nhead, the brain, she finished dying. I was . . . and maybe two others were\nsitting here. I was the first, I remember, when I got out in that bunker. It\nstart getting a little dark . . . it was around five, six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"o'clock in the\nafternoon. The main commander got operating . . . all the operations,\nliquidating and resettle . . . take out the Jews from Warsaw . . . came along.\nThen he jumped to him, the other officer, the captain, and he saluted him. He\nreported that they got that bunker clear, they going to throw in grenades, and\nthings . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had the people. \"Those three,\" he says, \"Those three that\nsitting here.\" He took him down, and point with a finger at me. At me, he said,\n\"This is the spielvogel.\" You know what it means . . . a spielvogel? A\nspielvogel is the canaries that are singing . . . the birds . . . the canaries\nsinging. He told the people, \"He must be somebody. You know why? He came out the\nfirst one from that building, from that bunker, in another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side, completely in\nanother side, not even from the main entrance. He is an organizer. He led the\nwhole pack.\" Look you need more. I said to myself, \"You shut up.\" If I will have\nthat man . . . he and I, it's just like I told you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before . . . it is not the\nwords, the word is not written to express it, even the Torah, as I told you . .\n. I was waiting for . . . I say, \"Give me the bullet you have there. Finish . .\n. I cannot suffer . . . how long can you suffer?\" He reported to him the whole\nstory and make of me that I am the who-knows-what. He looked at me . . . that\nmain officer . . . his open ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shirt, you can see it was crumpled . . . the round\nbuttons. He looked at me, the way that he was thinking in his mind, \"You must be\nimportant person.\" But is a mensch. Listen to me what I say. He looked at me. He\ndidn't have the guts, keyyna mut. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it is up to you to want to do something,\nbut you change your mind, you don't want to do it . . . so you lose the power in\nyour hand, you get paralyzed . . . set back . . . your hands you can't get to do\nsomething. He looks at me, mostly at me, when he told him I was the first one.\nHe said to him, \"Go out, ask him to go in the line.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He looks at him like he\ncrazy. He said in German \"Schiess,\" like they say in American, \"the hell with\nit.\" If you kill me, you . . . he didn't want to put his finger on me. He didn't\nwant to kill me. You know what it meant. I could have been killed in a moment,\nlater, but he . . . this just wasn't his mind. He asked us to stand up, to get\nup ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go in the line, to walk with the rest to the train station. I was walking\nto the train station. It was a few hundred or 300 or less. That same guard\nwalked near me. He doesn't want to step away from me. He didn't trust me. He\nfigured I know the area around, right . . . I know where to run. I'm just a\nlittle bit more than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"average person that walks here in that group. I walk my way\nlike I don't see him, don't turn my head. But he told him, \"Don't you dare to\nshoot him.\" If I would have that assessment, what stopped him or the others from\nliquidating me down there, I will take a picture, I wouldn't know of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what,\nbecause he himself did not know what he does. It was such a great power\nparalyzed him not to touch me . . . not to do anything. Then, from there, I went\nto Plaszow. When we came to the station, I mixed myself up. What happened can\nhappen, I am a newborn man, what can happen, will happen. We came there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"90\npercent of the people died out, in the freight cars . . . this was a ghetto\nstory that had to do with me. I wrote a book . . . writing . . . what should I\nsay in English . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a journal, not a full history, you understand. The whole\nstory that I am telling you. I wrote a book . . . I am in a part in a book, it\ntakes up 12 . . . I remember 15 pages, telling the whole story . . . repeatedly\n. . . this is an eternal thing . . . this is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testimony.\n\nGOODFRIEND: A diary?\n\nPOPOWSKI: A diary . . . a testimony. In that book, whatever I am saying to you\nnow, it is written, and printed in hundreds of thousands of copies.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What book?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The book is as big as . . . more . . . the truth. I send you one, and\nyou'll see. I got a few of them. Of course, I have to give them to my people in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charleston. I tell the same story . . . sometimes talking about . . . good luck,\nmazel. I just don't know how to explain it. How come so many people gassed,\nburned, liquidated, and you are alive. The mind . . . luck . . . was I\nqualified, during . . . not exactly, a hand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worker. I was a foreman, what you\ncall here, or a supervisor. But they told me what they want, if they knew they\ngot the right man, who knows what they want. I was an important man to them. It\nworked, that's all. This was ghetto Warsaw.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How were you transported out of the ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: By train, but freight cars.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Everybody was?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Everybody was, like cattle. Closed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doors, things like that. There was\nno air, nothing. They stopped over there for three or four hours in a place.\nWhen the train runs, there was a little air you could get so you could breathe.\nThey put in there 150 people, packed like sardines. A human is no more than a\nhuman. A child is no more than a child.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you know where you were going?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, we know the direction . . . we recognize the direction, a lot of\npeople. We always . . . in each car you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people from this side call . . . and\nthis side . . . gave you an idea. A lot of people jumped . . . they broke out\nthe window, mostly people when they passed by their home towns or the area where\nthey had been living. \"I am near Atlanta now, I am going to jump out,\" I go this\none to this one. But I was strange in that area, so I had nowhere to go. Even if\nI jump out, where I'm going?\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have any idea where you were going?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We know they take us in concentration camps to be gassed, but they\nhave time to make selections. In all the camps that I mentioned that had\ncrematoriums, they are still there.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where did they make these selections . . . in the ghetto still?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, no, when they brought us. Let's say, they brought a transport down\nto Majdanek, Lublin. They lined us up. They say, \"Young fellow, get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work to\nthe right. Old men, not good . . . children, right with old men . . . to be\nliquidated at once.\" From there, the younger say, \"Here, here, join us. Come\nwith us.\" I tried to get me a nice, good looking coverall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coverall . . . stick\nin a big ruler with the red pencils, it look like somebody. \"You join us?\nCarpenters?\" I raised my hand . . . I told them I came from that firm, I know\nhow to operate machines, I know how to do this, that. He put me to work. When I\ncame there to the shop in Krasnik, 50 miles away from them . . . they saw what I\ncan do . . . they know I understand that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. You get occupied with something .\n. . you get used to. In a way, they had a use for me. They needed school\nfurniture. They needed all kind of things . . . ammunition cases for the army.\nWe were building them in the millions.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's back up a little bit, when you left on the train from the\nghetto, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first camp that you arrived was?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Majdanek, Lublin.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Majdanek, Lublin?\n\nPOPOWSKI: They took us to Auschwitz, but Auschwitz did not want to take us in\nbecause there were so many of them. Everybody pushed the transport to Auschwitz.\nThey recommended, they told them . . . I read it later in the books and papers .\n. . they don't have enough time to burn so much . . . so many . . . gas so many\nof them . . . they did not have enough ovens. So they send us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there . . . there\nwas too much either. What it was . . . the Russians were chasing them, pressing\non them. They didn't have time enough to liquidate us. I figured myself, why do\nthey not liquidate us . . . maybe they had an order or something. They want to\nmake everything look, and sound like, it's nothing, don't worry, nothing will happen.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You still were not with any members of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family? When you left\nthe ghetto to go to Majdanek, Lublin, were you with any members of your family?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Sure, I was separated. First of all, me and them . . . they were in\nKaluszyn. I was all my life in Warsaw. When I got bar mitzvahed, I left\nKaluszyn. I am a Warsaw man. Of course, I am born Kaluszyn, I can't deny it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You described briefly the selection process when you arrived in\ncamp. Could you describe what the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first few days were like when you arrived in\nMajdanek, Lublin?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Majdanek, Lublin, one camp tried to get rid of us, then another one\ntried to get rid of us. We were lucky. In a few days, they took us to Krasnik.\nMe, myself and a group from Warsaw joined us . . . carpenters, painters, and\ntinkers . . . about 50 of us, they took us to that camp, just took about two\ndays. The main thing . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine experience, what I had in concentration camp,\nwhen they took us to Austria, Mauthausen. Mauthausen was a very hard, and\npainful concentration camp.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When did you go to Mauthausen?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Mauthausen . . . I think I went the end of 1944 . . . beginning of\n1945. It was in the fall of 1944.\n\nGOODFRIEND: So you are saying that you were taken to Majdanek, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lublin, but only\nfor a few days, and then you were . . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: From Krasnik . . . had been about a year.\n\nGOODFRIEND: . . . in Krasnik?\n\nPOPOWSKI: From Krasnik. Let me tell you another thing. This is Krasnik. We were\nall over there . . . we had people what had been able to work . . . middle age,\nwomen, too . . . do good work for the Germans . . . qualified laborers. Every\nday for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year was so. Over there, we were in a group . . . they look at me . .\n. they look at us . . . especially we came from Warsaw, from the uprising. After\nthey get to know the people . . . after a month or so, they start pressing on\nme, \"Popowski, Popowski, what will be there?\" I say, \"You asking me, I'm asking\nyou, what's going to be the . . . ?\" You listen to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. I ask, \"What you got in\nmind?\" Because the people who live in the same city, they figure they got\ncontacts . . . this Pole will help them, the other Pole will help them . . . you\ncan run away from the camp. They run away. If one runs away, they come to people\n. . . they call the appell . . . the roll every evening and every morning. We\nhave 400 people, if we had 399 . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one was missing . . . they shot four. Four\npeople . . . they killed, period. How they pick the four to kill? So they count\nto ten, each ten was picked to kill. For example, you still the first, one, two,\nthree, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, out. One, two, three, four, five,\nsix, seven . . . nine, out. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand? Everybody tried not to be the tenth,\nright, not to be in danger. This one start five, but they might want to stay\nhere . . . until they came out, guns, and they move them . . . they start\nshooting in the whole crowd. Instead of four, they kill 14. There was the time\nto see the people they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been from the same city, they run away from that camp.\nOnce . . . I cannot give you the story from every day . . . once upon a time a\nman came to me. He say, \"Popowski, there is somebody here wants to see you.\"\n\"See me? I can't.\" So we went in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front of that camp that was such a . . . we\nhad a dentist . . . listen good to this . . . the dentist would do work for the\nPoles of the given city because he was a city dentist, they knew him over there.\nHe may have charged, but the SS took it for themselves. He was working there. He\nsay, \"Go into that dentist down there and try to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clean the tooth for you . . .\nyour teeth hurt you. You show up there, somebody will come down, and talk to\nyou. Sometime was there, already prepared. I say, \"Me?\" They find out that I am\nin Krasnik, and from Krasnik go to another camp . . . a terrible camp, Budzyn.\nBut anyway, I walk in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, look at me, I look at her . . . it was a Pole . . .\nshe was an old, middle-aged, not too good looking or something. She had a scarf\naround her. I say, \"Who the hell is this?\" I don't know, she don't know me. I\nsit down. Then, he showed me who the person is. He took everybody, he let me\nsit, and talk to her. She told me, \"Mr. Popowski, I want you to know, I just\ncame from Warsaw. I have been to two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places, and my last stop is to you. I want\nyou to know we thinking much about you . . . we thinking about you . . . we\nthink about other people, too. There be a lot of contact you have to make. This\nis the underground party. We know what we do, we are outside. Look at me good so\nyou know next time who I am.\" She took out from a pocketbook a paper wrapped in\nsomething, and gave me. \"Keep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\" There were $400 . . . $100 bills. Do you\nunderstand . . . important people, political party people . . . who we can trust\n. . . who can we make contact with. I said, \"No,\" because I thought it was a\nruse. I said, \"Okay\" because I did not want to stay too long there, and draw the\nattention ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the people. She said, \"Goodbye.\" We separated. \"Don't worry, you\nknow what you have to do here. Next time I come, I give you a few addresses, in\ncase if you can rescue yourself out, you can have a short stop.\" I see a person.\nI got to talk. I went out, and walked away . . . visited, did some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, too.\nLater, after we finish the work, I opened the papers, and besides the $400, I\nfind a letter written in Yiddish from a friend of mine within the same\norganization. It says, \"I want you to know that we know where you are. We know\nalso this, and this, and this, and this, where they are, you are not too far\nfrom them. We want you to give $100 to this one, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$100 for Rabbi Shapiro, the\nmodern rabbi . . . how to divide the money. Take $200 for you. You keep it for\nyourself in case of a need. I didn't know they had money. One time I was always\non the front of the lot preparing lumber, and thinking . . . a man came in to\nremove the sewage . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had a wagon, cases, things like that. All of a\nsudden, I see he throws a brick at me, a small brick. I look around, and see\nnobody sees nothing. When he went away, with the horse and buggy . . . took away\nall that trash I went to pick up that brick. I kept that brick. I opened the\nbrick. It was attached to that brick . . . a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter. Look how smart everything\nwas--you throw a piece of paper, the wind would blow it away. You got to be\nwrapped up, and attached to a thing so I can get it. I the letter. I know if I\nrecognized the handwriting . . . the print . . . a comrade of mine, a friend,\n\"Chaim, be prepared anytime. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will get a signal the last day that we will\ncome to liberate you. By the way, we will liberate the camp.\" Two days later,\nanother courier came, right through the gates of the camp, and told, \"We need\nyou outside for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meeting pretty badly.\" We already arranged with somebody in\nthe camp . . . he was the Yiddish commandant . . . so must be one of them . . .\nthat you will go out with the guard in order to buy some lumber. You need some\nglue, things like that, like this . . . you going around.\" Keeping things short.\nSo three of us went out with a guard in a group. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was me, Yankel Ehrlich . . .\nI got him in the book. He is still alive. Ehrlich is still alive . . . and one\nmore. I can't recall his name right now. We came out . . . the guard went away\nwith his things. It was so prepared . . . everything from outside. Somebody is\ndrinking, or sleeping, whatever it is. A horse and buggy with a Polish farmer .\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Wszyscy w. Everybody in the back.\" Was three of us, and he, and another\nfellow . . . was partisans, political partisans . . . was politics . . .\nunderground against the Germans. So while we went about a mile or so farther, so\nwe stopped for them to tell us, \"So many SS . . . outposts and things . . . and\nGerman police. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They stop us, and they start asking.\" He show us, they have two\npagents with us . . . he had grenades . . . he had a rifle with him. He gave us\ngrenades. I going to tell you \"Go.\" He show us how to handle it, to loose the\nthing and pull, would be a fight. \"If they ask you how come we are on that horse\nand buggy, you going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell him that you will stop me\" . . . to remain alive to\ntell the story. \"You tell them that you are partisans. You stop them by force.\nYou had . . . I have to take you where you want.\" Anyway, short, short, short,\nhe took us in . . . away . . . about 10 miles away, to a point where the Russian\npartisans had a post. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am on the ship, what can I do to go away . . . to run\naway. It is all written in that book. When we came down there, when we opened\nthe gate to go on in with them, I saw right a girl was beating a horse. When you\nlook at her, she look like that, you can see is a Yiddish girl. She was\nfighting, too. We went in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room . . . about five minutes with the Russian\nofficer, a tall fellow, you can see a general or a major . . . I don't know, I\ndidn't recognize the rank. We sit down to discuss, they ask us to eat something\nbut I was so farmisht. I see this business, maybe he can help us. Maybe this is\nspy business, maybe this is just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"counter-spy. I don't know to whom I talk. So\nthe Russian officer came, sit down, he read me exactly the text of the letters\nthat I had received before. He said, \"This is your record. You have been\ninformed about it. We know your chaverim . . . your friends from Warsaw. They\nare all alright.\" I had to believe, there was no choice. He say, \"What I want to\ntell you here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot tell you the hour, the minute, and the day but we are\nabout to attack the camp, and free that camp because our army is not too far\naway from here . . . the Russian army. We want to get you out. We might see a\nfew losses like in every fight. But this is the order from the party.\" What I'm\ngoing to tell him, no? He say, \"Go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in, we will send a message, we will send a\ncourier to you.\" The three of us . . . Henry, Chaim, you can go with me in case\nsomething happens. The others, you can go with me. What do you mean go with me?\nI don't want to risk 200 to 300 lives because of me. But it was a situation for\nus that was pressing. On a given day, a man came down, and throw me in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter.\nIn night, between 12 and one o'clock they came for us, and they give me in a big\nbag . . . four or five wires . . . they cut the wires, in four or five places,\nas much as he can. They run left or right. You stay, and wait for us. I go with\nthem. The three of us with them . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they want to rescue everybody. This is\nthat supposed to happen. All of a sudden, the commandant of the camp start\nwhistling. They all start, pell-mell, to come out on the lot. He put an order.\nThey look at what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. Everybody stay still. They start bringing the\ntrucks, and the big things and they took us out from the camp. They missed by\ntwo hours. They would have been there, and we would have been free. I don't know\n. . . it would have been a bloody, bloody fight. All I can tell you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian\npartisans come because they undertake action. They know how to do it. They come\nwith power, right. It happened they ordered us to come out, and took us out nine\no'clock, when they come at one. What happened here? We didn't know until night.\nThey knew, too. Later we find out, after the war . . . I got a lot of them . . .\nthey say that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russian front pressed so hard on them, it was not much time\nfor them left to play around with us. They had no order for Lublin, or for\nsomebody to liquidate us. Again, you don't know how to figure it out . . . a\nmess. What you say to that?\n\nGOODFRIEND: That's when you, you went to Mauthausen at that point?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Krasnik, as I told you . . . they liberate Krasnik . . . we\nwent to Plaszow . . . from Plaszow, Krasnik, from Krasnik, Mauthausen,\nMauthausen to Melk, to Ebensee, different camps. Mauthausen was a very, very\nterrible camp. They had a steinbruch. You had to go down maybe 150 steps, and\ncome up with a heavy stone on your shoulder. If the stone wasn't heavy enough\nthat you been bringing, he took the same stone, and hit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you in the head. He\nkilled you.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was there a selection at Mauthausen?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, there was.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did that work? The same way as . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: When you came in to Mauthausen, they undressed you . . . they asked\nyou to undress yourself. They cut your hair off, if you have a little bit left.\nThey let you walk around for three days naked . . . completely naked. I had\ntrouble, once I had a stone fell on my toe . . . my right toe. You can see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now\nthat that toe is bigger, but twice as big as the one on the left side. Then they\nasked us to sit three nights on the floor with the hands on the top of the head.\nNo way to sleep, if somebody start coughing a little bit or start hurting or\nmoving, they had water hoses. They quiet them down with the water hoses . . .\nthey sprayed water on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. From there, they send us again to a camp. They look\nagain for people that know how to do woodwork. We went to Amstetten, over there\nwas a sägewerk, which means a sawmill. Again, I attach myself to a group, to a\nkommando, they called it . . . they do that kind of work, and I went with them.\nNow, over there, we had the American and English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pilots . . . fliers . . . they\ncame in to bomb the city. The Allies been bombing the area, and the Russians\nbeen going on the ground. I was working in that sawmill. We'd been working . . .\nabout 250 of us. We came in by train every day and we left . . . they took us\nhome to that camp. One time, in the middle of the day, we were working, we heard\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whistling, and we see . . . this was for the whole city . . . that means that\nenemy airplanes coming . . . everybody they running away. So they head for our\nsawmill . . . the laborers . . . not only for us, people from concentration camp\n. . . but they all civil workers. They had some . . . they dig some, for the\ncoverage, what you call ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'shelters,' for their own people. After they saw . . .\nleave us, they didn't care about us, but they had to take us with them because\nthey want to run away . . . they rescue their skin. It was not far, but a mile\naway was a wooded area . . . trees . . . a lot of trees. We run in that\ndirection. The commander for the guards, for all the guards, the SS, turned\naround, he didn't care. He say, \"We will stay here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit.\" We speak German. So I\ntold him, \"For us is no difference.\" He said, \"There are a lot of people that\nwouldn't make it . . . that cannot run. You need to run fast.\" I told him, \"Who\nruns . . . we cannot run anyway . . . you can pick them up tomorrow, too.\"\nAnyway, we talked to him, and he let himself talk. I told him, \"Your life is in\ndanger, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too.\" So we start running in that forest. We came . . . you should see a\nbombardment, they hit that factory . . . that sawmill . . . good.\n\nGOODFRIEND: The Americans?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The Americans, yes . . . wood in a sawmill . . . there's something to\nburn there. It will burn they say for eight days. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can't stop it. There was\nanother point when I was more, more . . . I don't know . . . I don't know how to\nexpress it. How I survived, how, from such a bombardment?\n\nGOODFRIEND: That brings me to the next question. While you were in Mauthausen .\n. . while you were in these other camps, did you think you were going to\nsurvive? Did you think you were going to make it?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I tell you true what I thought. When I heard that the Russians are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nGermany already . . . they are in Austria.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When did you hear that? When did you first hear that?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I heard in Krasnik even. We had a fellow, he was a good electronics.\nHe was able to catch stations. He built up his radio so. His name was Chaim, too\n. . . he said he heard it on the radio that the Russians across Poland, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they\nare forcing the Germans . . . talking about they be two days in Lublin . . .\nthey blew in with such a storm, so fast. I figure one of the twos to be an end:\neither they finish everyone was alive or else was suffering anyway, or we might\nsurvive the war. I figured from there . . . from the ghetto . . . from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik,\nto get to Germany, that wouldn't take long. If the Russians start attacking\nwhere they're going, the first to the last one . . . it's got to come to an end\none way or another.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let me see if I'm clear on something. In camps that you were in, you\ndid not stay in camps very long . . . you always went out to do the carpentry work?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes. We were a kommando . . . the camp, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was our living\nheadquarters, so to speak. But they needed the work in different places . . .\nlet's say, 20 miles from Atlanta . . . a lot of them, they had some report or\nwork they needed to do 20 miles from Atlanta . . . so they divide the people,\nbut at night they had to come in.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Every night?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes. But the guards have been around you when you've been working.\nThey've been watching you every day, and every night.\n\nGOODFRIEND: So you went back and forth every day?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, every day . . . under guard, under . . . under ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machine guns.\nWasn't such a thing, you can go.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did people help each other in the concentration camps?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Help with what? I needed a little soup. I can't ask him, he wouldn't\ngive to me, he didn't have enough for himself.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did that go on? Did that happen?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Would like to . . . but did not. I can tell you when the people went .\n. . two or three fellows to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bring the can . . . the big can of soup . . . like a\ntrash can. A lot of the prisoners staying around the scene, working. The heavy\ncan where they've been working . . . a little soup came out from that can. When\nyou go and shake the soup, it came out . . . it fell out on the dirt. The\nprisoners went, and they pick up that dirt . . . that wet dirt with a little\nsoup in it. They took it in their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mouth, and they sucked it out. They think\nmaybe this would help quiet their hunger. You understand what I'm saying.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I understand the need. What I'm driving at is the interdependence.\nWere people dependent on each other? How did people get along with each other?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Everybody had a lot of tsuris for themselves. We talked between us.\nOne came toward us, and said, \"Shmuel, give me your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoes.\" He'd been walking\naround . . . swollen already . . . with a question of minutes, they going to\npick him up today or tomorrow. The other was somewhere recommended, and say,\n\"Give me your shoes. I tell you what, I give you the piece of bread. Give me\nyour shoes . . . you are lost anyway. Maybe this will help me because I'm going\nto have to work. Come back tomorrow and work, if I go organize another piece of\nbread, I give you some.\" What kind of help is going to . . . we all been in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What happens if you got sick?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Think they let you be sick? You're finished. There was no hospital . .\n. nothing. Took you such . . . like you would say here, in a so-called emergency\n. . . they give you a little thing, like a Band-Aid. They saw that you are\nserious sick, they send you to the crematoriums. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They liquidate you, that's all.\nI tell you what was with me with sickness. In the same concentration camp . . .\nin Ebensee they gave a piece of bread with a slice of margarine. Margarine good\nlike butter, everything that they give you, you have to eat. So I went . . . I\nhad two pieces of margarine. I spread it on a slice of bread, and eat it. In a\nday or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two later, I became yellow, look like that wall. My face was yellow. It\nwas the liver, it touched the liver, and the gall. I was worried a lot . . .\nthis came from the rations. You scared, from the . . . so a lot of people told\nme to hide . . . do what you can because they will see you tomorrow with such a\nface, they send you right to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematorium. With us, there was one doctor from\nKrakow. He was a doctor, but he was in the same tsuris as we were. I went to\nhim. I say, \"Tell me what to do.\" He said, \"Don't you dare to eat no more\nmargarine. You know the cream . . . it's not good for you.\" I took the\nmargarine, I give him . . . he had a piece of, and he gave me, he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something\n. . . he was a doctor . . . they gave him a little piece of sugar, so he give me\nthis. I tried to hide myself as much as I can until the thing went away. I\nstopped eating margarine. That doctor from Krakow, he himself died in a few\ndays. He told me where it come from, and not to do that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you remember being able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laugh, sharing any kind of humorous\nexperiences during this time?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Laugh? It generally isn't my natural expression but if I'm in a lot of\ntrouble, or worry a lot, you can see a smile on me. I'm just sharing with it. I\nnot laugh because it's . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: That's a way of coping.\n\nPOPOWSKI: I got to tell you the same thing what Lear said . . . I just told you\nbefore. In every tragedy . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tragedy and humor go together. It happens. A lot\nof people cry for things, come have a simcha . . . or thinking that. Sometimes,\nyou see if a girl is crowned Miss America . . . from joy and happiness, she\ncries, she can't control herself . . . or somebody is Miss Universe. The same\nthing what I am showing you. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not always the laugh . . . means laughing.\nI'm going to tell you this. Posica cremish v'Yisrael. In the center of Israel,\nthere is a whole big problem with power in Israel sometime with . . . Israel\nwants to cover it up the whole thing. Yichach Yisrael. Israel was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"g'latin freygn\nso they went to the rabbi and asked him . . . you don't look happy. He go, \"No,\nno, no, no, vanica kishef not always when a person laughs it means he is happy,\nhe is good. Laughter came . . . he is laughing but . . . shatn im ineveynik . .\n. it hurts him inside good. The same thing in this situation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes you\ncan't . . . the situations over there . . . you never . . . the human brain . .\n. human mind will never explain it. You will never expect to see such a thing,\nand to live with. Such a smile . . . is an inside expression. I don't know can\nbe full laugh. Laugh loud to get pleasure out of it, or something. What is a\nhumorist? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Writer what writes humor. What is a comedian? A comedian has material\nsomebody else writes for them. You can see, the two go together not always.\nAfter he finishes the joke, he brings out the meaning what the writer means in\nall the areas that they touch to it. Then the public, the audience see what he\nmeant. That's what it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is. Let's say for example in the ghetto after they gave up\nthe fight, and they were run out. It was in the film, too. They run out of\nammunition, nothing to do . . . they have to give in. They see all the two\nstations, the one Mila 18 and the one where I'm talking about where I was, you\ncan see, they show in the film. We got nothing more to fight with, they outside\nask us to go out, we start singing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hatikvah. We came down with Hatikvah, singing\nthe Hatikvah, with Hatikvah part. There is a film about it. When they came down\nsinging, there was one, \"Kol od balevav penimah, nefesh yehudi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homiya.\" One\nsings a little bit but it was expressed with words . . . just the words. Was the\nsinging. Was the singing . . . in a sense, it happens.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were in the camps, were there attempts at escaping, or sabotage?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Not too much because people were suffering, sick. They hardly had been\nable to walk on their feet. They had nothing to fight with. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not in the\nconcentration camps.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did any guards or the SS ever talk to you personally about what was\nhappening to the Jews?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, it didn't happen. But I can tell you one thing. When I was in the\nAmstetten, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen . . . the saw mill, the owner of that mill from before . .\n. he saw what I'm doing, he knew it was the same line. To talk he was afraid,\nbecause this was already the last minutes . . . as I understand, they losing the\nwar. So every day, when I came to my bench or my table where I worked, most\nevery day, I find a piece of sugar, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe a piece of bread wrapped at my\nplace. Maybe this belong to somebody. I cannot take it away. Maybe it belongs to\na German, they put it. If it's a German worker, if I take it, he will kill me.\nAt that time, I let it sit. Another time, I came, it was an apple wrapped\naround, there was a few words in German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attached, \"Don't worry, eat it, it's for\nyou.\" Who it was? I don't know. Majdanek, I don't know. But I can tell you this.\nWhen I was in Linz, after I get liberated in Germany before I came here, I was\nthe president of the Jewish community. Linz . . . it was a community with 300 to\n400 members ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Germany . . . in the military government appointed me at that\ntime to be the president of this organization. I told them I want to organize. I\ncame down to that city. After I came to Linz . . . when we got liberated, I\ndon't want to be no more in a camp. So we walked out like three of us . . . one\npassed away, some of us still alive. We went to look for something, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we came\nacross American field hospital. They talked to us, the nurses from the military\n. . . we start to look up, and they look a lot. They came out . . . they talk to\nus . . . we talk to them, give everybody the orange. They say, \"What we do?\" We\nsay, \"We don't do nothing now.\" So the next day, we went again. We figured one\nday they give us orange, and we get another orange. We need it badly at that\ntime. So they make us an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offer. If we want to work for that hospital with them,\nto go away from them camps. I'm not talking about concentration camp . . . I'm\ntalking about the liberation camps after the war . . . after the war finished.\nWe ask, \"What kind of work you want us to do?\" He said, \"Wash dishes, peel\npotatoes, go out bring the groceries.\" But we going to check you out . . . see\nhow the health ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. There was four of us. We decided we agree. So they give us\nexamination, they give us khaki clothing, and they give us a special barrack for\nus to live there. Wherever they went, they get the orders every few months to\nmove . . . here and there, so we went with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. We went with them until they\ncame to Linz. In Linz, they get an order from the headquarters to pack and go\nhome the United States . . . was after the war already. So we been left in that\nbig city. After that, in that city, there was about three Jews. At that time,\neverybody went another place to maybe find somebody . . . people from his . . .\nsisters, brothers. So we remained there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had no choice. They left. We'd been\ndown there . . . the mayor came down in the morning. He dressed himself like a\nking. He say, \"You know that the American doctors left, and you are without\nhelp.\" So he give us a card . . . a grocery card to get a little bit food every\nday . . . you took it to restaurants . . . restaurants. You can have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hot meal\nevery day. We'd been walking around feed ourselves, about a month or so, and\nevery time other Jews came down there, we looked at this one . . . maybe know\nthis one. We had a group of 25 people there so we had decided to organize\nourselves, to be on our own . . . not to be alone . . . together. So we start to\norganize a Jewish community. Not everybody, but 10 to15 people came. So the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military governor of that little city, I talked to him a few times. We had\ndiscussions like I talk with you now. He sorry that such a thing had happened.\nAll I can do . . . I give a permit to organize a Jewish community. We would like\nvery much to see it. I want you to be the president of it. I didn't have time .\n. . it was a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. \"Fine, fine, you fine. It's okay.\" I was there until\n1949 . . . until I came over to the United States. When I left, we had about 300\npeople. Once upon a time, a jeep arrived from Munich. It was the Central\nCommittee of the Liberated Jews, where I was a member, too. I was very active on\nthe part of the liberated Jews after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. He came with an order from the . .\n. we had a Kaluszyn society for our people in New York . . . he says he has\npermission from this organization in New York to pick 25 people from Kaluszyn if\nthey want to come to the United States . . . signed affidavit what I am giving\nyou here . . . so shortly you go. Pretty soon . . . shortly you will leave here\nand go to the United States.\" So happened to give them the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names . . . they took\neverybody, but they took me. They left me for the last. In 1949, I thought it\nwas time for me, too, to leave . . . I left.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's back up just a little bit. You said you came from a pretty\nreligious home. Did your religious beliefs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change during all this that was going\non? At any time, did your religious beliefs change?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I tell you . . . change . . . is fine . . . I made the same I would\nhave been . . . but I still can't explain myself. It had always been a\ndiscussion between us in the concentration camp. How can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God let such a thing\nhappen? How can he look at such a thing, children, babies taken away from the\nbreast of their mother? What kind of God is this? We were talking, here and\nthere, like we talk here now. How it was there, nobody knows . . . nobody. When\nit comes to religious things, or respect, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background . . . my grandfather, my\nfather . . . it stay like it is.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You said you discussed in the camp, and you asked each other, how\ncould God let this happen?\n\nPOPOWSKI: People still asking now, too.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I know that, but I'm asking you then. I'm curious . . . what did\npeople say, can you tell me a little bit about the discussion?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The religious people . . . the 100 percent religious people, they\nwould say, you cannot ask that kind of questions. You don't know his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways, how\nhe operates . . . that's all. I do ask the questions but I can get no answer\nfrom him. We did ask questions. How can God let people like the Germans before\nthe war . . . they are cultural country . . . high culture, they figured out how\nto build gas chambers . . . gas people . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crematoriums . . . how to burn\npeople, and burn them fast, ask the commandant from Auschwitz, ask . . . how\nmany people they put in, he say, \"Twenty-five thousand . . . thirty thousand.\" .\n. . I tell you what I read in the paper.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How have you worked that out for yourself? The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question of God, was\nhe watching, wasn't he watching? Hasidim, Orthodox people said, \"It's God's way,\nthat's God's way, we don't ask any questions.\" How did you work it out? How did\nyou work out that question?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I told you before . . . I don't want to go into with them, one way or\nanother. That's all I can tell you. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tragedy, what happened there . .\n. the Germans themselves . . . they say they didn't know about it. What they had\nbefore . . . I don't know. There is no way to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explain.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In your camp experiences, are you aware personally of any medical experiments?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I heard about it in Auschwitz, especially the women.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How about the camps you were in?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I didn't hear in my camps about it. In Auschwitz, they had\nspecialists, Mengele . . . doctors, they came down there with the same purpose,\nespecially for that purpose.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were some of the prisoners in the camps perceived, thought of, as\ntraitors, like the kapos? Were they thought of as traitors?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I would not say originally they were traitors because they were bad\ncharacters. In a lot of cases, they had been forced to do that in the camp by\nthe Germans . . . by the SS. I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw, until after the liberation . . . after\nthe war ended, a crematorium. I been at the concentration camp . . . way away, a\nmile away. They know they burn because you could have seen the chimneys 100\nmiles away . . . so tall. I had not seen with my own eyes, but later, I saw it.\nI saw the bodies, I saw out of the camp. They are bad, mean characters . . .\nsick people everywhere. What do you think was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler? Nothing but a sick brain.\nIt shows you sometimes such a brain can take a nation. A man with a weakness in\nhimself, who says you need the skin of a woman, or human beings for him to make\na lampshade. You've got to have a nerve to do that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For Alfred Rosenberg to\norganize, and engineers where thinking to build a crematorium, to make Zyklon\ngas . . . to make a special gas, that will take a second, and you finished.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What happened to these people?\n\nPOPOWSKI: They been tried, a lot of them. They liquidate a lot of them, like Göring.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I'm talking about the kapos.\n\nPOPOWSKI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first few days, when they came in and liberated, there had been\nbad ones, if you know for a fact, there had been some of them they killed or\nthey punished them or tortured them. They liquidated them but just for a short\nwhile. Then, the military took over control. A lot of them . . . they say you go\nwork at the crematorium, he going to give them a double portion bread. When you\nask me to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of work, I throw up before I work in the crematorium at\nthat time. I really didn't see my life yet. I passed by the barrack, and I saw\nit. The moment I saw the dead bodies, I turned away. It depends, if they have\nsome nature that can do it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I know that both of the experiences were very bad in the camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can\nyou single out one particular experience in the camps, one or several, that were\nthe worst?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The worst experience was the one I tell you when I came out from the\nbunker. I didn't feel that I presented a chance for my life at that time. As the\nthing turned over, I told you. That man was a malach . . . an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"angel. Just the\none that told me to stand up, and go in the line, and walk with the others. But\nthere was not one-quarter of a percent in my mind that I can survive that\nsituation. But they took me for an upriser . . . as a fighter, that's all.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's move on ahead a little bit now. You touched on it before, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at\nthe time of liberation. Tell us again, where exactly were you at the time of liberation?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was liberated in Ebensee. This was . . . but I work in the saw mill\nall day, then we went home. When the Russians were pressing, pressing, pressing\n. . . they had over there, shops . . . underground factories where people had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been working until their knees were in water . . . summer and winter. So all of\na sudden, they concentrate all their prisoners in the camp. Nobody went out to\nwork . . . walked out to work, but they don't let nobody out. So everybody start\ntalking . . . between . . . and the kapos . . . they don't know themselves . . .\nif they get no order, if everyone have to work. One said, \"Go together . . .\naround all the underground factories . . . put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us in the factories.\" They close\nit up with cement blocks, or with bricks, or something. They were going to let\nin gas, and they will liquidate us that way. There were all kind of rumors. We\nknew that something was happening. You know what? The next day or a day later .\n. . no longer than two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days . . . all of a sudden, while we are talking here, we\nare nervous, what's going to be . . . American tanks came to the gates, and\nbreak the gates, and take the camp. You should see what happened, they all throw\naway the rifles . . . the guards been running on one side. \"My goodness, we\ndon't know.\" One say, \"This is not true, they come for us.\" The tanks, they are\ngoing to liquidate us, you don't know what to believe. I'm the type I like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nobserve. I want to go around to see what happened. I stood on that lot with all\nother people. I say, \"I'm going to see the tanks come close.\" I saw a roten\nKreuz . . . the German, I saw a man in a helmet, with the tank . . . look, look,\nlook, I was with the people who say let's stay, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see who that tank is. So you\nstop the tank, and get out the top, like you going from the hood on a car. They\nsay, \"Who speaks English here.\" I say loud that I can't understand what the men\ntalk. Nobody responds so he starts telling the broken German. I hear that. The\nsoldiers with him say, \"Hello, hi, happy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy, happy\" . . . they show us good\nsigns. I knew one he told me he was a major, or general, or something in the\nFrench army. We had a lot of French prisoners, too. He says he understand\nGerman. I took him. I say, \"Come on.\" We went walking over there. That man\nverstehen English. So he told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it's all about. So he took the man under\nhis arms, and he picked him up, and he took him under the jeep . . . it was not\na jeep, it was more than a jeep . . . heavy, armed car. He put him on top, he\nsaid, \"Tell your people that they are free. We are Americans. Not to worry a\nbit. The whole camp is surrounded with American military now.\" We had laugh, I\ncan tell you. Many people laughed. Many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people died from joy after we find out\nthat this is really true. You see doctors who come thinking that . . . they see\neverybody kissing and hugging the other. You should see . . . this was a cry of\njoy for liberation. They can't express not with tears. The people became\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mishugah . . . say, \"Why?\" They can't believe it. Later, we had another problem.\nThe Americans started to bring in food. People start to eat uncontrolled. Their\nstomachs hadn't been prepared for that food. In the beginning, they gave us\nrice, milk, sugar, mostly . . . so then people . . . when they saw meat. \"I love\nmeat.\" Things like that, they had not seen for years and years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This does not\nwork for them. The people passed away because of that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your physical condition right at that time?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was . . . my feet, my ankles had started swelling . . . this was\nthat size. But we weren't getting that soup with sweet potatoes, or the little\npotatoes, the rotten ones. I lost strength. I figured out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe a few more\ndays, if not, I wouldn't make it. If it would be, say, let's go away for days,\nweeks, months, something wouldn't have happened to liberate us, I wouldn't be here.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you go to a DP camp? A displaced persons' camp?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, I been there from that day. I went right to the hospital . . . to\nthe Americans to go away from the DP camp. I didn't want no more camps.\n\nGOODFRIEND: So you went right to the hospital.\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes. I been under the DP control, as a displaced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. They know\nabout us but we worked for them. By the same way, they give us a special barrack\nfor us to live.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Besides this interview and perhaps other interviews you may have\ndone, do you talk about your war experiences, do you talk about this at all?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Not with anyone?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I tell if somebody ask about it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about your children?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I lose track. I tell you the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing as everybody else when we was\ntogether. When somebody asking questions about the Holocaust, about the whole\nthing that happened, I don't . . . I get stuck . . . I lose the language. I\ndon't feel like talking about it at all because what I'm going to say? What I'm\ngoing to say? Who will understand it? What it was, and how it was?\n\nGOODFRIEND: What kind of feelings do you have now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about being Jewish?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My feelings are all the things what keeps me, in a way, hopeful. I am\nnot completely done yet. Being a Jew is the state of Israel. You have to\nunderstand . . . to know that Israel . . . the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proclamation of the State of\nIsrael is the blood of the victims of the Holocaust. The Holocaust is the one\nbrought it. You know it is a saying, a sakh blut. There was so much blood, it\nwent so high, the goor velts . . . the whole world. They all had not choice at\nthat time in the United Nations to move it for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish state. The troubles are\nthere, here and now. But for me the only hope that will satisfy me, that I wish\nto see Israel in peace. It is a good state . . . a peaceful state. They never\nbelieve the Jews are capable of doing what they have done because to prove\nthemselves to the world. They always figure a Jew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got to be a merchant, and this\nand that . . . but we can see now that they have done agriculture, what they\nhave done in electronics and technology, and all kinds. We can be proud of them,\nand when we are proud of them, we are proud of ourselves. The spirit that gives\nme, to go around, and still keep my Jewish name, and to be a Jew, is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state\nof Israel. Without them, we are lost . . . lost completely.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you ever apply for or receive war reparations?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, but I didn't apply. I must tell you. I wrote an article, it is in\nprint here, too, and the Forward, the Jewish paper. I told them we shouldn't\ntake a penny from them. I don't want the money they paid me for mine. Let's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say\n. . . my father, brother, mother, and sisters, with a few dollars they are going\nto give me, but there is no price for that. This was my opinion of the Committee\nwhen Dr. Goldmann used to work on it. He was the one to negotiate the\nreparations at that time. But, as you know, they start sending me the checks, I\nthink, every month. My wife doesn't get nothing. I get every month a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit\nof it. But they owe us a lot. No money can pay for a human life.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you think another Holocaust can happen? Do you think it can\nhappen again?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I wouldn't say it can happen exactly like it did happen, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can\nhappen in different, in another form, maybe a different form. But it's hard to\nsay, hard to tell.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How and when did you find out what happened to the rest of your family?\n\nPOPOWSKI: After the war, when my brothers came from Russia, they find out about\nme in the paper, too. So they came down, the same time, the same thing, but they\ndidn't want to remain over there. They been Russia . . . no America, no United\nKingdom. They didn't want to go no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. They say they go to Israel. Generally,\nour family is Zionistic . . . Mizrahistic . . . Zionistic-inclined. My youngest\none was . . . the youngest one left was Hashomer Hatzair, and the oldest one . .\n. the middle one is nothing but a newspaper man . . . a political, a very\nintelligent fellow . . . very, very intelligent. He say I can go no place before\nit be Israel, we have to go Israel. He wanted nothing to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with going anywhere.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What happened to your parents, and to your brothers and sisters?\nWhat happened to them?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The others? They got liquidated in the concentration camps, in the crematoriums.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know which ones?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I figure they all . . . most of them, I assume was Auschwitz, but she\nwas in Russia . . . Lutryna. The rest been liquidated in Treblinka. Treblinka\nwas on the track of our city . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near. But my father, I know this . . . my\nwife . . . we are both from the same city, Kaluszyn. You have to know my father\nwas a very, very good powerful husband but he didn't allow nobody to call him\n'husband.' But more so of the city, they came to daven. . . the place where my\nfather was. He had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six boys. This build him up in the choir. He go to rehearsal\nwith us at the table . . . Shabbos, before Rosh Ha-Shanah, Yom Kippur, and so\non. I keep his Yahrzeit on the date that happened. How do I know? My wife was\nthere in Kaluszyn when my father still was there, one of the main Jews down\nthere, and she knows that he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down in hiding, down there when they left\nKaluszyn. Guards was outside, to see a policeman or SS man doesn't come, to see\nhim with talleisim and kitel . . . he risk himself to put on a kitel, and to go\ndown, to see what happened . . . to go on kiddush hashem. He risk himself to\ndaven. He say \"If I got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"die, I going to die in a tallit and a kitel.\" True .\n. . she told me when to make the Yahrzeit because she knew when they took him\nout from there.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you gone back to Europe since the war?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you want to?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, I don't want to. My wife wants to go back. My wife had a different\nstory. As an Irish girl, she came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rich family, at the time. She had some\nmoney, and her sister . . . she survived as an Irish girl.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do you feel about answering these questions?\n\nPOPOWSKI: When I go into it, I answer it, in short, in the best of my ability\nbut generally, when somebody comes to me, I don't do. I do it for you because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nam here and a mark. It's too much. It hurts me . . . touches me. I start living\nwith it. When I talk to you, I see it with my eyes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I'd like to summarize, if I can, by saying that I appreciate. I know\nhow hard this is for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. But I, as a second generation, also know about how\nimportant it is for us to do these interviews, for the world to hear your story,\nto believe that it can happen, and it can happen again.\n\nPOPOWSKI: Don't take me wrong, I'm saying I don't want or that I don't think.\nWhat I told you first thing, I have done. I wrote down everything. It took me a\nyear to get everything together I had in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind. I printed it in a book for\nhistory. It is there for history. I will let them know just once . . . let them\nknow. But like we had the one came from Atlanta down to my house, a reporter or\nsomething . . . he wants material that will be good for his book . . . so he can\ncome out, make money, and this and that . . . this one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. I place my\nexperience, and things in places where it belongs.\n\nGOODFRIEND: So we hope to be able to use this information which you so kindly\ngave us the opportunity to record to teach . . . l'dor v'dor.\n\nPOPOWSKI: It's a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good thing. It's the right thing to do.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I thank you very much, Chaim Popowski.\n\nPOPOWSKI: I thank you, too.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I appreciate it very much.\n\nPOPOWSKI: It depends who comes to me . . . the one who came from Atlanta because\nhe talked to them, what I'm going to tell him. I'm thinking that. Like I said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/transcript/22174/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we need to put this in history, like you say, so the coming generations will\nknow and hear. I got a . . . and write in my book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=7080.0,7110.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso Kalushin [Yiddish, Russian]. An independent Jewish community was founded in Kaluzyn in the seventeenth century. A synagogue was built there in 1768, and after it burned down in 1783, it was reconstructed in 1787. By 1827, there were 145 Jews in Kaluzyn, making up 80 percent of the population. In 1921, there were 5,033 Jews in Kaluzyn, which made up 82 percent of the population. The community had a synagogue, and five houses of prayer. By 1931, the Jewish population rose to 7,256 people. Kaluzyn was occupied by the German army. The first transport of Jews from Kaluzyn was sent to the extermination camp at Treblinka in 1942, and the remaining Jewish population was forced into a ghetto before being deported to Treblinka\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Queen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Treasure.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: from Mordechai, meaning Marduck’s servant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: dove or pigeon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: little fish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew (derived from Bitsy or Betseah): God is my oath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: God of help.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Moses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: blessed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish: beautiful.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e refers to a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and Hebrew language. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTarbut\u003c/em\u003e movement was a network of secular, Hebrew-language schools in part of the former Jewish Pale of Settlement, specifically in Poland, Romania, and Lithuania. Its existence was primarily between World War I and World War II, although some schools affiliated with the movement continue to operate today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDemblin is located in central Poland, 90 kilometers southeast of Warsaw. Jews had resided in Demblin and adjacent villages since the middle of the eighteenth century. In 1926, the largest airport in Poland was built there, along with a center to train fighter pilots. In 1928, 3,300 Jews lived there. There was an active Jewish community, with a Jewish bank, a Jewish theater, and a Jewish newspaper. Demblin was a strategically important military center for Poland. Many Jews served in the 15th infantry regiment and the 28th artillery regiment, and Jewish soldiers were invited into homes in the Jewish community for holidays. Jews were not admitted into air force units at the center for training fighter pilots, and the area of Demblin was tainted by significant anti-semitism in the Polish population, which became more overt during the 1930s.  The Germans began bombing Demblin on September 2, 1939, and occupied it on September 15, 1939. More than 500 Jews from Demblin, and 180 Jews from the neighboring village of Ryki, which did not contain any military targets, were killed in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw was the largest in Poland, composing about 30% of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews).  Warsaw was badly damaged by the German onslaught at the start of the war in September 1939.  Poland surrendered after three weeks, and the Germans occupied Warsaw.  In November 1939, the first anti-Jewish decrees appeared, including the order that all Jews had to wear a blue Star of David on their person.  More persecutions rained down that impoverished, and separated the Jews of Warsaw from their neighbors, and pogroms broke out.  The Germans ordered the establishment of the ghetto in October 1940, and a \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was set up with Adam Czerniakow as its head. The Jews of Warsaw were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. Jews from the surrounding area were also pushed into the ghetto, the population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews.  The conditions in the ghetto were harsh.  There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities.  Many Jews survived through the efforts of Jewish children who smuggled food, and goods into the ghetto, or from those who worked outside the ghetto, and risked death bringing in contraband.  Thousands of Jews died every month.  In just 18 months, nearly 100,000 Jews died of starvation, privation, disease and overwork.  Those who could work for the Germans in the hundreds of workshops set up in the ghetto believed that they would be exempt from deportation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word “Semitic” is derived from the name of Shem, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible, and typically refers to any people who spoke a Semitic language, or a language originating in the Near East. The term “anti-Semite” later came to refer to a hostile or discriminatory attitude toward Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA hairstyle that is short at the front, and sides, and long in the back.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Ringelblum was a Polish-Jewish historian, politician, and social worker, known for his \u003cem\u003eNotes from the Warsaw Ghetto, Notes of the Refugees in Zbaszyn\u003c/em\u003e, chronicling the deportation of Jews from the town of Zbaszyn, and the Ringelblum Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto. After he and he family were brought to the Warsaw Ghetto, he led a secret operation code named \u003cem\u003eOyneg Shabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish: Sabbath delight], in which he sought to preserve the memory of the Jewish community by collecting diaries, documents, and papers, and preserving posters and decrees. He was an active member of \u003cem\u003eZudowka Samopomoc Spolenczna\u003c/em\u003e [Polish: Jewish Social Aid], an organization established to help the starving people of the ghetto. The Ringelblum family escaped from the ghetto shortly before the uprising, and hid outside the ghetto. On March 7, 1944, their hiding place was discovered by the Gestapo, and they were executed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941.  It was a pure extermination facility, that is, the Germans intended that any Jews who went into the camp were never come out again (with the exception of a few Jews who were put to work until they too were murdered or died).  About 900,000 Jews, including most of the Jews of Warsaw were murdered in Treblinka.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMajdanek concentration camp is often called the “other Auschwitz.”  It was intended to provide labor for the entire region which the SS wanted to turned into a German military-industrial-agricultural utopia.  Majdanek was established in July 1941, and served many purposes.  It provided a labor pool (mostly Jews) for labor camps in the area.  Between 74,000 to 90,000 Jews were deported to Majdanek throughout its life.  About 500,000 persons passed through the camp over its life of which about 360,000 were murdered in a variety of ways.  The camp was evacuated as the Russians advanced with about half of the prisoners being sent to Auschwitz.  In July 1944, the camp was liberated by the Russians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Monowitz (Auschwitz III).   Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex which drew their labor from the Main Camp, and Auschwitz-Birkenau.   The Main Camp is where the museum is today, and has the famous ‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ gate.  The Main Camp was established on the site of existing Polish army barracks just outside the town of Oswiecem (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans), and could hold about 10,000 prisoners.  Later, when Hitler and Himmler wanted to expand the size of the camp they built Auschwitz-Birkenau about 2-1/2 miles away from the Main Camp.  This is the camp with the big brick gate, and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp, and where the four gas chambers, and crematoria came to be located.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polish government-in-exile, formerly known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile, was formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Poland by the Nazis in September of 1939, and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union, which brought an end to the Second Polish Republic. The government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland through the structures of the Polish Underground State, as the underground resistance organizations in Poland were known, and through its military arm, the \u003cem\u003eArmia Krajowa\u003c/em\u003e [Polish: Home Army]. It was based in France during 1939 and 1940, and then moved to London, where it remained until its dissolution in 1990. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIgnacy Schwartzbart (1888-1961) was a prominent Polish Zionist, and one of two Jewish representatives on the Polish National Council of the Polish Government-in-Exile during the Second World War, along with Szmul Zygielbojm. Schwartzbart and Zygielbojm played key roles in highlighting reports of Nazi atrocities against Jews in occupied Poland. In 1942, Schwartzbart held a press conference in London alleging that one million Jewish people had already been killed. The figures were reported in the media but treated skeptically by both the British, and some other Polish politicians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Molotov cocktail, also known as a petrol bomb, or poor man’s grenade, is a generic name for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1943, the Jews learned the German’s planned to deport all the people who remained in the Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka. A group of mostly young people formed the Z.O.B., the Jewish Fighting Organization. The Z.O.B., led by 23-year-old Mordechai Anielewicz, issued a proclamation calling for the Jewish people to resist going to the railway cars. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Passover.  The anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days.  Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzot\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they did not have time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  The Warsaw ghetto uprising began on April 19, 1943, which was the eve of Passover, after German troops and police entered the ghetto to deport its surviving inhabitants. Seven hundred and fifty fighters armed with a handful of pistols, 17 rifles, and Molotov cocktails faced more than 2,000 heavily armed, and well-trained German troops supported by tanks, and flamethrowers. After the Germans were forced to withdraw from the ghetto, they returned with more and more firepower. After several days, without quelling the uprising, the German commander, General Jurgen Stroop, ordered the ghetto burned to the ground building by building. Still, the Jews held out against overwhelming force for 27 days. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUlica Mila\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e [Polish: 18 Pleasant Street] was the headquarters bunker of the Z.O.B., a Jewish resistance group in the Warsaw Ghetto. The bunker at Mila 18 was constructed by a group of underworld smugglers in 1943. The Z.O.B. fighters arrived there after their own bunker, at Mila 29 had been discovered. The smugglers who had built it were helping the Z.O.B. as guides. On May 8, 1943, three weeks after the start of the uprising, when the bunker was attacked by the Nazis, there were about 300 people inside. The smugglers surrendered, but the Z.O.B. command stood firm. The Nazis threw tear gas into the bunker to force the occupants out. The leadership of the Z.O.B. committed mass suicide, but a few fighters managed to get out of a rear exit, and later fled into the ghetto through the canals to the Aryan side at Prosta Street on May 10.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMordechai Anielewicz was the leader of the Z.O.B.  On May 8, 1943, the headquarters bunker at Mila 18 was captured.  Mordechai Anielewicz, and a large number of his colleagues were killed in the fighting, but several dozen fighters escaped through the sewers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, Marek Edelman was a Bund leader who co-founded the Z.O.B. He was one of three sub-commanders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and became the leader of the Z.O.B. after Mordechai Anielewicz’s death. After the destruction of the ghetto, he escaped through the sewers to the non-ghetto part of Warsaw. He became a cardiologist after the war, and died at the age of 90 on October 2, 2009 in Warsaw, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Zuckerman was the deputy commander of the Z.O.B.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the ‘Krakau-Plaszow’ camp, Plaszow was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland.  It was established in October 1942 as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district.  Only in 1944 was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there.  The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to Belzec and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers.  The new camp was situated nearby on the site of two Jewish cemeteries.  On February 11, 1943, Amon Göth (Goeth) (of \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e fame) became the commandant.  Göth was replaced by Philipp Grimm and Kurt Schuppke.  Plaszow was expanded in 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow and held 10,000 prisoners.  Jews from the district and Hungary were also sent there.  Up until the summer of 1943 almost all the prisoners were Jewish.  In comparison to other camps, Plaszow’s inmate population included a comparatively high proportion of Jewish women and children.  Plaszow was the site of mass executions and individual random violence.  In 1944, it was transformed into a concentration camp.   The camp was evacuated in August 1944 with 8,000 inmates being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMajdanek concentration camp was located in Lublin, Poland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘teaching.‘ '\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e’ is general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and other rabbinical works. ‘\u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e’ refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the \u003cem\u003ePentateuch\u003c/em\u003e) are written. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA character on the television show, “\u003cem\u003eAll in the Family\u003c/em\u003e,” produced by Norman Lear, that aired from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA television show, produced by Norman Lear, that aired from January 18, 1975 to July 2, 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the ‘Krakau-Plaszow’ camp, Plaszow was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland.  It was established in October 1942 as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district.  Only in 1944, was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there.  The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to Belzec, and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers.  The new camp was situated nearby on the site of two Jewish cemeteries.  On February 11, 1943, Amon Göth (Goeth) (of \u003cem\u003eSchindler’s List\u003c/em\u003e fame) became the commandant.  Göth was replaced by Philipp Grimm and Kurt Schuppke.  Plaszow was expanded in 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow, and held 10,000 prisoners.  Jews from the district, and Hungary were also sent there. Up until the summer of 1943 almost all the prisoners were Jewish.  In comparison to other camps, Plaszow’s inmate population included a comparatively high proportion of Jewish women and children. Plaszow was the site of mass executions, and individual random violence.  The camp was evacuated in August 1944 with 8,000 inmates being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps.  On January 1, 1944 there were only about 700 inmates left.  It was liberated on January 17, 1944.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis appears to be a reference to the Pat Conroy novel, \u003cem\u003eBeach Music\u003c/em\u003e, in which Henry’s daughter Martha Popowski Berlin is acknowledged by the author as an individual who shared her parents’ stories of survival with the author. [But see \u003cem\u003eBeach Music\u003c/em\u003e, pages 494 – 520 – story is completely different] \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the war, Krasnik had a Jewish population of more than 5,000 Jews. During the war, Krasnik was the site of the Budzyn labor camp, where prisoners worked for the Heinkel factory on aircraft production. This camp, with approximately 3,000 Jews, became a subcamp of Majdanek. There was another labor camp in Krasnik called the WIFO Labor Camp or Krasnik Labor Camp. It had a similar number of people in it (about 3,000), most of whom perished. Only an estimated 350 of Krasnik’s Jewish population survived the Holocaust, and left Poland after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the\u003cem\u003e bar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary camp in the camp system in Austria.  It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the \u003cem\u003eAnschluss\u003c/em\u003e (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938.  It was established on the site of a quarry, and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry.  At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions.  The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich.  In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry.  Its last commandant, Franz Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty.  About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps, and the death rate was about 50%.  It was liberated by the Americans on May 5, 1945.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMelk was a subcamp of Mauthausen, located approximately 100 kilometers to the east of Linz, Austria. It was established on January 11, 1944. Its main purpose was to provide forced labor for the different tunneling projects in the surrounding hills. The hills consisted of fine sand and quartz, and due to this, a vast number of prisoners were buried alive beneath cave-ins while working inside. Melk had a gas chamber, and a crematorium. The gas chamber was not activated before the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEbensee was a subcamp of Mauthausen.   The prisoners there worked in the armaments industry.  The camp was in a dense forest, and close to a rocky formation where tunnels were dug to protect the factories from Allied air raids.  It was second only in size to Dora-Mittelbau with 12 factories, and 1,404 feet of tunnels.  The first prisoners came from Mauthausen in November 1943, and started digging the tunnels. They worked 12 hours per day in all weathers.  More transports of prisoners arrived until 1945 when the number of prisoners peaked at 18,500 in the last desperate days of the war; although overall about 27,000 prisoners passed through.  About 8,200 prisoners died there.  Living conditions were severe, and the work was exhausting, and dangerous.  The death rate soared.  Those who fell ill or who died were sent back to Mauthausen, until Ebensee got its own crematoria.  The last roll call took place on May 5, 1945.  The commandant, Anton Ganz, ordered the prisoners into the tunnels where it was rumored that explosives had been set up to seal them in.  The prisoners refused to leave roll call.  That night about 600 guards fled the camp, and the next day the Americans arrived. Several former guards, and Ganz were tried, and convicted after the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmstetten had two subcamps of Mauthausen called Frauenlager and Männerlager, and was located in western Austria. Railroad construction was performed by prisoners in the camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for hope. \u003cem\u003eHatikvah\u003c/em\u003e is the national anthem of Israel. It was the unofficial national anthem of Israel from its founding in 1948, and was adopted officially in 2004. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Committee of the Liberated Jews in the U.S. Zone of Germany was the official representative body of displaced Jews in the American zone of Germany from 1945 to 1950. It was founded on July 1, 1945, at the first meeting of representatives of Jewish DP (displaced persons) camps held in Feldafing. It came into being through the joint effort of Dr. Zalman Grinberg, the head of the St. Ottilien hospital DP camp, and former director of the Kovno ghetto hospital, and Rabbi Abraham Klausner, an American reform rabbi serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Army. It headquarters were in Munich, Germany. The Central Committee was involved in every aspect of Jewish DP life, either independently or in conjunction with one or more of the Jewish welfare agencies operating in the area. It played a central role in education, culture, religious affairs, historical documentation, employment and training, supply and distribution, politics and public relations, family tracing and immigration, and legal affairs and restitution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Mengele was born in 1911.  He became a doctor, and joined the SS.  He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly-arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.”  Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943.  He fled the camp before the Russians arrived, and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while, and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a \u003cem\u003eWehrmacht\u003c/em\u003e soldier, and tried to flee west undetected.  However, he was captured by the Americans, who did not know who he was, or what he had done.  He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.”  From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked on a farm in Bavaria, and then fled to Argentina.  He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice.  He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e guards to supervise forced labor, or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. The \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e guards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred Rosenberg was one of the most influential Nazi intellectuals. In the course of his career, he held a number of important German state, and Nazi Party posts. Rosenberg was arrested at the end of the war, tried at the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, and found guilty on all four counts of the indictment for conspiracy to commit aggressive warfare, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to death, and was hanged on October 16, 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZyklon B was originally used in Germany before and during World War II for disinfection and pest extermination in ships, buildings and machinery. After the end of August 1941, Zyklon B was used in Auschwitz, first experimentally, and then routinely, as an agent of mass annihilation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHermann Göring was a German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi party (NSDAP). A member of the NSDAP from its early days, Göring was wounded in 1923, during the failed coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. He became permanently addicted to morphine after being treated with the drug for his injuries. After helping Hitler take power in 1933, he became the second-most powerful man in Germany. He founded the \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e [German secret police] in 1933, and later gave command of it to Heinrich Himmler. In 1935, he became commander in chief of the \u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e (German air force). Beginning in 1942, when the German war effort began to stumble, he lost standing with Hitler, and began focusing on the acquisition of property and artwork stolen from Jewish victims of the Holocaust. After World War II, Göring was convicted of war crimes, and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. He was the highest-ranking Nazi official tried there, and he was sentenced to death. He committed suicide by ingesting cyanide the night before the sentence was to be carried out. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Jewish Daily Forward\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish-American national newspaper published in New York City. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October, 1951 in New York, and presided over by Nahum Goldmann, to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. An additional $125 million was added in 1988, to enable remaining Holocaust survivors to receive monthly payments of $290 for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNahum Goldmann was born in Lithuania in 1894, and grew up in Germany. From an early age, he was strongly allied with Zionist thought, and during WWI, while working at the Jewish division of the German Foreign Ministry, he attempted to enlist the Kaiser’s support for the Zionist idea. In 1935, he was stripped of his German citizenship, and forced to leave Germany, settling in Honduras, and then New York. He continued to work for Zionist causes. He helped organize the World Jewish Congress in 1936, and was a major link in negotiating German reparations for survivors after the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel.   Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s, Theodor Herzl popularized it, and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened, and a State of Israel was needed.  The State of Israel was established in 1948, and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMizrachi\u003c/em\u003e is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines.  Its youth movement, \u003cem\u003eBnei Akiva\u003c/em\u003e, became an international movement.  \u003cem\u003eMizrachi\u003c/em\u003e believes that the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e should be at the center of Zionism, and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHashomer Hatzair\u003c/em\u003e is a Socialist-Zionist, secular Jewish youth movement founded in 1913 in Galacia, Austria-Hungary, and was also the name of the group’s political party in the Yishuv in the pre-1948 British Mandate of Palestine. By 1939, \u003cem\u003eHashomer Hatzair\u003c/em\u003e had 70,000 members, with a membership base in Eastern Europe. During World War II, members of \u003cem\u003eHashomer Hatzair\u003c/em\u003e focused their attention on resistance against the Nazis. Mordechai Anielewicz, the leader of Hashomer \u003cem\u003eHatzair\u003c/em\u003e’s Warsaw branch, became head of the Jewish Fighting Organization, and one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo pray in Yiddish. \u003cem\u003eDavening\u003c/em\u003e is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest, and is observed on Saturdays.  \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day.  \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night, and is ushered in by lighting candles, and reciting a blessing.  It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “head of the year’, i.e. New Year festival. The cycle of High Holidays begins with \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e.  It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls, and take stock of their actions.  On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement.  The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, God sits in judgment on humanity.  Then, the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death.  These decisions may be revoked by prayer, and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “Day of Atonement.”  The most sacred day of the Jewish year.  \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25 hour fast day.  Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings, and sermons.  People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead.  The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Anniversary’ in Hebrew.  Each year the anniversary of the death of a relative is observed by lighting a special \u003cem\u003eyahrzeit\u003c/em\u003e candle, and reciting the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e.  Memorial services for the dead are also held during the High Holy Days, and the Festivals. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/annotation_set/330/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish for gown. A \u003cem\u003ekitel\u003c/em\u003e is a white robe, traditionally worn by the Ashkenazim. It is traditionally worn by men, although some women do wear it today. The robe is worn over one’s clothing, and is adorned by a white belt and lace collar. While the \u003cem\u003ekitel\u003c/em\u003e used to be worn every \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e for services, today it is only worn on High Holidays, and special occasions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=6840.0,6870.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Popowski, Henry [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Popowski Family in Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=71.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What city were you born in and what country?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=71.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bitsaleh Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim 'Henry' Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fishel Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loza Eliezer Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malka Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moshe Baruch Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Motel Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Popowski Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sheine Miriam Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sima Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yonah Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=71.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attending Public School and a Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=170.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you attend the public school or a cheder?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=170.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Tarbut School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=208.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sock Factory Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=208.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First Memories of World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=301.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are your first memories of the war? When did you first realize there was a war going on, and something was going on?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=301.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ammunition Depot","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Demblin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Horses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reserve Sergeant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sock Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=301.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis Enact the Nuremberg and Civil Service Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=534.0,584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Nazi movement announced its Nuremberg Laws, and its civil service laws, how did that affect you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=534.0,584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Service Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Restrictions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=534.0,584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning About the Gas Chambers and Crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=584.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When somebody came down, and told us in the ghetto, that don't you need to go, you better die here because over there in the camps, they do gas to people, they poison them, they put them in gas chambers.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=584.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gas Chambers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Underground Organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=584.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes in Relationships with Non-Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=690.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to back up just a little bit, when you first heard about the war, did you sense any change in the way your non-Jewish neighbors treated you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=690.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Jewish Neighbors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=690.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Options for the Popowski's as the War Drew Closer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=823.0,934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In your community, as the war became closer, and you began to realize something was really going on, did you have any options? Were any options open to your family as to what you may do about it?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=823.0,934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gas Chambers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OPtions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Popowski Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Border","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Front","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=823.0,934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Formation of the Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=934.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were you in a ghetto?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=934.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=934.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ending Up in the Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=999.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you get to the ghetto? 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They came with dogs. They would start talking to us, \"Juden, come out, we will go to work. Itsva gemma arbeiten. Everything will be nice and good.\" They knew that years ago . . . the opening that they catch. The smell . . . there was about 300 people there. Toilet? . . . no toilet. Light? . . . no light. It was a question of days, everybody. 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It start getting a little dark . . . it was around five, six o'clock in the afternoon. The main commander got operating . . . all the operations, liquidating and resettle . . . take out the Jews from Warsaw . . . came along. Then he jumped to him, the other officer, the captain, and he saluted him. He reported that they got that bunker clear, they going to throw in grenades, and things . . . he had the people. 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Could you describe what the first few days were like when you arrived in Majdanek, Lublin?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3115.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpenters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Majdanek Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Painters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selection Process","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3115.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Krasnik Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3192.0,3338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Krasnik. Let me tell you another thing. This is Krasnik. We were all over there . . . we had people what had been able to work . . . middle age, women, too . . . do good work for the Germans . . . qualified laborers. Every day for a year was so.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3192.0,3338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Killing Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Skilled Laborers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3192.0,3338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recruited by an Underground Organization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3338.0,3852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once . . . I cannot give you the story from every day . . . once upon a time a man came to me. He say, \"Popowski, there is somebody here wants to see you.\" \"See me? I can't.\" So we went in the front of that camp that was such a . . . we had a dentist . . . listen good to this . . . the dentist would do work for the Poles of the given city because he was a city dentist, they knew him over there. He may have charged, but the SS took it for themselves. He was working there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3338.0,3852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budzyn Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dentist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Political Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Shapiro","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel - SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Underground Organization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yankel Ehrlich","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3338.0,3852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting with Russian Partisans and a Failed Liberation Attempt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3852.0,4053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we came down there, when we opened the gate to go on in with them, I saw right a girl was beating a horse. When you\nlook at her, she look like that, you can see is a Yiddish girl. She was fighting, too. We went in a room . . . about five minutes with the Russian officer, a tall fellow, you can see a general or a major . . . I don't know, I didn't recognize the rank. We sit down to discuss, they ask us to eat something but I was so farmisht. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3852.0,4053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Commandant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Officer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spy Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=3852.0,4053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moved to Mauthausen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4053.0,4173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They start bringing the trucks, and the big things and they took us out from the camp. They missed by two hours. They would have been there, and we would have been free. I don't know . . . it would have been a bloody, bloody fight. All I can tell you. Russian partisans come because they undertake action. They know how to do it. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4053.0,4173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4053.0,4173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selection at Mauthausen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4173.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was there a selection at Mauthausen?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4173.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthuasen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selection","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4173.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in Amstetten and Surviving a Bombardment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4237.0,4438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They look again for people that know how to do woodwork. We went to Amstetten, over there was a sägewerk, which means a sawmill. Again, I attach myself to a group, to a kommando, they called it . . . they do that kind of work, and I went with them.\nNow, over there, we had the American and English pilots . . . fliers . . . they came in to bomb the city.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4237.0,4438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Pilots","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amstetten Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombardment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Workers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English Pilots","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel - SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Woodwork","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4237.0,4438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First Hearing the Russians are in Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4438.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I heard that the Russians are in Germany already . . . they are in Austria.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4438.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krasnik Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lublin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4438.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doing Carpentry Work While in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4515.0,4565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me see if I'm clear on something. In camps that you were in, you did not stay in camps very long . . . you always went out to do the carpentry work?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4515.0,4565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpentry Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4515.0,4565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helping Each Other in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4565.0,4681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did people help each other in the concentration camps?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4565.0,4681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food Scarcity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helping Each Other","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4565.0,4681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting Sick in Ebensee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4681.0,4828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens if you got sick?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4681.0,4828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration 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Tragedies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4828.0,5149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you remember being able to laugh, sharing any kind of humorous experiences during this time?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4828.0,5149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hatikvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Humorous Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laughter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mila 18","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Norman Lear","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tragedy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=4828.0,5149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Help from the Amstetten Saw Mill Owner","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5149.0,5240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I can tell you one thing. When I was in the Amstetten, Mauthausen . . . the saw mill, the owner of that mill from before . .\n. he saw what I'm doing, he knew it was the same line. To talk he was afraid, because this was already the last minutes . . . as I understand, they losing the war. So every day, when I came to my bench or my table where I worked, most every day, I find a piece of sugar, and maybe a piece of bread wrapped at my place.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5149.0,5240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amstetten Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Losing the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saw Mill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5149.0,5240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linz Jewish Community President and Working for an American Field Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5240.0,5405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was in Linz, after I get liberated in Germany before I came here, I was the president of the Jewish community. Linz . . . it was a community with 300 to 400 members in Germany . . . in the military government appointed me at that time to be the president of this organization.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5240.0,5405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Field Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linz Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linz, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5240.0,5405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organizing a Jewish Community in Linz, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5405.0,5504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd been down there . . . the mayor came down in the morning. He dressed himself like a king. He say, \"You know that the American doctors left, and you are without help.\" So he give us a card . . . a grocery card to get a little bit food every day . . . you took it to restaurants . . . restaurants. You can have a hot meal every day. We'd been walking around feed ourselves, about a month or so, and every time other Jews came down there, we looked at this one . . . maybe know this one.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5405.0,5504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Doctors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linz, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military Governor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5405.0,5504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Picked to Go to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5504.0,5571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once upon a time, a jeep arrived from Munich. It was the Central Committee of the Liberated Jews, where I was a member, too. I was very active on the part of the liberated Jews after the war. He came with an order from the . . . we had a Kaluszyn society for our people in New York . . . he says he has permission from this organization in New York to pick 25 people from Kaluszyn if they want to come to the United States . . . signed affidavit what I am giving you here . . . so shortly you go.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5504.0,5571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Central Committee of the Liberated Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn Society","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5504.0,5571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Beliefs and Religious Discussions in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5571.0,5793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said you came from a pretty religious home. 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At any time, did your religious beliefs change?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5571.0,5793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gas Chambers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Beliefs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5571.0,5793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical Experiments in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5793.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In your camp experiences, are you aware personally of any medical experiments?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5793.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Josef Mengele","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical Experiments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5793.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kapos in Concentration Camps and Bad Characters in the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975#t=5823.0,5993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35725/file/104975/index/47578/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were some of the prisoners in the camps perceived, thought of, as traitors, like the kapos? 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