{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5t3fx7481h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Levitas, Elliott"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1992-08-13 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eElliott Levitas interviewed by Nat Gozansky in Atlanta, Georgia. on several dates in 1992.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eElliott Harris Levitas was born in Atlanta in 1930 to Louis and Ida Levitas. He and his brother Ted were raised in a devoutly Jewish and civic-minded family with strong connections to both their religious community and the greater Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElliott received his B.A. from Emory University, and his J.D. from Emory Law School. He studied at Oxford University in England as a Rhodes Scholar and received his Master of Laws degree there. He completed additional law studies at the University of Michigan and served as a JAG Officer in the United States Air Force in Maine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe was admitted to the Georgia Bar Association in 1955 and began to practice law at the firm of Arnall, Golden, Gregory. He married Barbara Hillman and moved to DeKalb County, where they settled and raised three children: Karen, Susan, and Kevin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe became active in the Democratic party in Georgia and attended the 1964 National Convention as an alternate delegate. In 1965 he ran for public office for the first time and was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, where he served until 1974. He was then elected to represent Georgia’s 4th District in the U.S. House of Representatives. He subsequently was re-elected four times, serving in Congress until January 1985. He lost his re-election bid in November of 1984 and retired from political life after almost 20 years of service.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eLevitas shares background on his parents and grandparents, and describes his family’s involvement in Atlanta’s Jewish community. He reflects on his experiences in law school, studying abroad, serving in the military, and practicing law with Arnall, Golden, Gregory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe describes the impact of growing up during the civil rights movement, and reflects on attitudes towards Jews throughout his life in Atlanta and in Washington DC. He also shares stories about his campaigns for, and experiences as, a member of the Georgia General Assembly and of the United States House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28021"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Elliott Levitas (personal name)","Atlanta, Ga (geographic term)","House of Representatives (corporate name)","Jewish Lawyers (topical term)","DeKalb County, Ga (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eElliott Levitas interviewed by Nat Gozansky in Atlanta, Georgia. on several dates in 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElliott Harris Levitas was born in Atlanta in 1930 to Louis and Ida Levitas. He and his brother Ted were raised in a devoutly Jewish and civic-minded family with strong connections to both their religious community and the greater Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElliott received his B.A. from Emory University, and his J.D. from Emory Law School. He studied at Oxford University in England as a Rhodes Scholar and received his Master of Laws degree there. He completed additional law studies at the University of Michigan and served as a JAG Officer in the United States Air Force in Maine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe was admitted to the Georgia Bar Association in 1955 and began to practice law at the firm of Arnall, Golden, Gregory. He married Barbara Hillman and moved to DeKalb County, where they settled and raised three children: Karen, Susan, and Kevin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe became active in the Democratic party in Georgia and attended the 1964 National Convention as an alternate delegate. In 1965 he ran for public office for the first time and was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, where he served until 1974. He was then elected to represent Georgia’s 4th District in the U.S. House of Representatives. He subsequently was re-elected four times, serving in Congress until January 1985. He lost his re-election bid in November of 1984 and retired from political life after almost 20 years of service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLevitas shares background on his parents and grandparents, and describes his family’s involvement in Atlanta’s Jewish community. He reflects on his experiences in law school, studying abroad, serving in the military, and practicing law with Arnall, Golden, Gregory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe describes the impact of growing up during the civil rights movement, and reflects on attitudes towards Jews throughout his life in Atlanta and in Washington DC. He also shares stories about his campaigns for, and experiences as, a member of the Georgia General Assembly and of the United States House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/025/small/Elliott_Levitas.jpg?1619285525","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Levitas_Elliott.mp3"]},"duration":16479.29469,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/025/small/Elliott_Levitas.jpg?1619285525","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/098/025/original/Levitas_Elliott.mp3?1610613270","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":16479.29469,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Elliott Levitas [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: This is an oral history interview of Elliott Levitas, memoirist,\ninterviewed by Nat Gozansky. This is the first of a multiple [part] interview\nand is being conducted on August 31, 1992.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elliott, let's start with just the big global picture. Who is it,\ngenerationally, who came to Atlanta? Were they grandparents, what families?\nLet's just, in a thumbnail way, describe the family tree.\n\nLEVITAS: Sure. Paternal side. My father, Louis J [Levitas]-- LJ they used to\ncall him-- he came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Atlanta as a young man. I would guess in his early\ntwenties, that would be my guess. He had come to this country from Ireland, from\nDublin. His family lived in Ireland, he grew up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. They had immigrated to\nIreland from Latvia, from Riga, and there was a substantial Eastern [European]\nJewish community that had come about that time. My father was educated, and grew\nup from a little kid, in Dublin. The family ran a dairy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I gather it was\nprimarily a distribution of milk.\n\nGOZANSKY: Not farming but process.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. They had a dairy route and I gather they would buy the\nmilk from a place out in the country nearby. But that's just piecing some things\ntogether. He had one sister, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, one brother. He grew up in Ireland at\na time when Irish Nationalism was also very active. While he was very close to\nthe English culture, he had a great sympathy for the \"Irish Cause\", as it were.\nIn fact, he was a combination-- as were many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irish Jews-- Irish Nationalist and\nZionist because Zionism and Irish Nationalism seem to have a good bit in common.\nHe even described, as a youngster, having seen Queen Victoria come by in her\ncoach on her Jubilee when she visited the various parts of Britain and the\nEmpire. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was very much into both Irish and English culture. I gather he was\nsort of an independent-minded guy, and also, somewhat of a scholar. He read\nextensively and he wrote extensively. When he was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his late teens or early\ntwenties, he went to England, and I think spent some time in Liverpool. Maybe\nLondon, but I know Liverpool, and then ultimately, came to this country. Some\nfriends of his from Dublin, some buddies of his, had come over to this country\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were living and working in New York City, [New York]. Apparently, one\nor two had come to Atlanta. So, when he got to this country-- again, as a young\nman-- unlike a lot of the Jews from Eastern Europe, he had this sort of Anglo\nbackground. He spoke perfect English, some people say with a little Irish in it,\nbut I never was cognizant of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lived in New York for a short period of time--\n\nGOZANSKY: This was about when?\n\nLEVITAS: It would have been towards the \"nineteen teens\" [1910-1919] because he\nwas still a British subject. There was some question during World War I whether\nhe would be drafted into the British Army. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was active in selling bonds, and\nthings like that, while he was in this country. But that would have been the period.\n\nGOZANSKY: He doesn't come because of some oppression. He doesn't come as the\nEastern European Jews come, although his lineage goes back. He's just a young\nman in quest of his fortune, and friends say, \"This is a great place.\"\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A number of years ago I got over to Dublin and found out\nwhere the old family place was, and they were the low end of the economic scale.\nThey lived in a very modest row house on Clanbrassil Street, which was in the\npart of London that was both Jewish and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poor. I'm sure-- I said he was an\nindependent sort of guy-- I'm sure a combination of family pressures as well as\n\"I'll make my own,\" having been given the opportunity of a fairly good exposure\nto education and other things, he came to this country to make his way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather\nthan escaping oppression. But he always maintained his contacts with his friends\nand family, primarily in Ireland, but also in England.\n\nGOZANSKY: There's a Levitas family today in Ireland and in England?\n\nLEVITAS: There are people, relatives. I don't think they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the name Levitas.\nI think they-- there's another name and I can't think of it-- Whitaker may be\nthe name. It was sort of the maternal side of the family. But I remember as a\nyoungster, he would get letters from his sister, who was still living there, and\nwould write to her and send her money. I remember that, even as a youngster. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nwould tell stories. He was born in 1884, so that gives you some sense... he must\nhave been in his mid-twenties then, when he came to the United States. It would\nhave been at a time when Joyce was writing. That would have been his period in\nDublin. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was always very proud of that lineage, that contact with Ireland.\n\nGOZANSKY: Well-read but formal education ending--\n\nLEVITAS: I would guess--\n\nGOZANSKY: -- about college?\n\nLEVITAS: --no no, short of college.\n\nGOZANSKY: Short of college? Probably because of the economics.\n\nLEVITAS: He clearly had gone to a Hebrew school, a cheder of some sort, because\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was very versed in Torah, and prayers, and read Hebrew very well, and things\nof that sort. To digress for just a moment, there's a well-known synagogue in\nDublin known as the Adelaide Road Synagogue. It's been there for many years. He\nsang in the choir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and one of his buddies in the choir, one of his mates--\nthey also shared the same pew-- was the Briscoe family. Robert Briscoe, who\nlater became the Lord Mayor of Dublin.\n\nGOZANSKY: The Jewish Mayor.\n\nLEVITAS: The Jewish Lord Mayor. He and my dad were contemporaries, sang in the\nsame choir, sat on the same pew. A very funny ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story... before he [Briscoe]\nbecame Lord Mayor, he was a fundraiser for causes in Israel and he made a visit\nto this country. My father went to Harold Hirsch, who was one of the founding\npartners of Kilpatrick and Cody and he was a very prominent German Jew. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dad--\nagain, I think a lot because he spoke English, didn't have the accent-- had been\nwell accepted in both the Reformed as well as the Orthodox community. He\nsuggested that Harold Hirsch invite Briscoe to Atlanta. Miles Alexander, my\nfriend, was going through some old files and he came across this correspondence\nand gave it to me recently.\n\nGOZANSKY: How delightful.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Briscoe, in fact, came here on one of his fundraising tours. Several\nyears afterwards, when he became Lord Mayor and was in the United States on a\ngoodwill [trip to] get business for Ireland, he made a stop in Atlanta. Bill\nHartsfield, William Hartsfield, was Mayor at the time, and they rolled out the\nred carpet. When Briscoe got off the plane at the airport and was greeted by\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hartsfield, he said to the Mayor, \"And would you be knowing my good friend,\nLouie Levitas? I'd like to see him.\" That was his sort of greeting to Atlanta at\nthe time. It so happened that Hartsfield and my father were in the same office\nbuilding, the old Grant building downtown, so of course he knew him and he got\nthem together. But that's a digression. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He came to Atlanta, I think, because he\nhad a friend here.\n\nGOZANSKY: After a couple of years in New York.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, after a short time in New York. I would think a couple of years,\nmaybe less. He came here to see what it was all about, and he was a bachelor at\nthe time.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is early twenties at this point?\n\nLEVITAS: This would be late teens, early twenties.\n\nGOZANSKY: The War [World War I] has ended.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, the War was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. He had become active, became very\nactive right away, in Jewish communal affairs. The Alliance, the synagogue-- he\ntaught at what they then called the Bible School at the synagogue. He was very\nactive in the Zionist organization B'nai B'rith.\n\nGOZANSKY: When you say the synagogue, which synagogue?\n\nLEVITAS: AA Synagogue [Ahavath Achim Synagogue].\n\nGOZANSKY: He comes to Atlanta and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately connects with the Jewish\ncommunity, the Eastern European dominated side.\n\nLEVITAS: Right, but had contacts with the German Jewish community. In fact, he\nwas at one point early on, elected president of B'nai B'rith, and in those days,\nB'nai B'rith was a primarily Reformed German Jewish organization. If you\nremember, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leo Frank was president of B'nai B'rith lodge here.\n\nGOZANSKY: Right.\n\nLEVITAS: But it gradually began to accept certain of the Eastern European, and\nmy dad got involved in that. He was very much involved in the Jewish community\nprimarily, although he became involved in the broader community, but mostly in\nthe Jewish community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Through that contact he met my mother. My mother was the\ndaughter of one of the pillars of the AA Synagogue. She was a social worker and\nwas like the Executive Director of what today would be the AJCC. They called it\nthe Jewish Educational Alliance. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where they met.\n\nGOZANSKY: Her family name--\n\nLEVITAS: Goldstein.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh, so you're from a long line of dentists (laughs).\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, all of the Goldsteins are my relatives (laughs).\n\nGOZANSKY: Your mother is a Goldstein, and we'll turn back to that in a minute.\nAnd they're active in AA and very visible in the Jewish community. Given your\nfather's choice of how he would quickly settle into the Atlanta community, they meet.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: That's right. I gather as a bachelor. He'd been a bachelor for a number\nof years here. He got around, dated a lot, or whatever they called it in those\ndays. He used to tell me about [how] he had his horse liveried at a livery\nstable, which is right near where Georgia State is today. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He lived not too far\nfrom there. In fact, the Jewish community was very much located in that area.\nThe first AA Synagogue building was not too far from where the old Municipal\nAuditorium and Georgia State is today. Anyway, he had his roommates, and friends\nof his who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were also young single businessmen.\n\nGOZANSKY: What was he doing?\n\nLEVITAS: He-- almost from the beginning, in fact he may have done that in New\nYork before he came here-- he was a life insurance salesman. An agent, initially\nfor Metropolitan [Life Insurance Company], and did very, very well. In fact,\nMetropolitan promoted him to Assistant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manager of the office here, and in those\ndays, for a Jewish person to have been put in that position was sort of a\nrecognition of his abilities and success. They kept pressing him to become a\nmanager. They couldn't make him a manager here, either because of the Jewish\npart, or because there were people above and they couldn't move them out. They\nkept pressing him to become a manager ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he would relocate to Richmond or some\nother place. Finally, he said, \"I don't want to do that. Here is where I'm going\nto be.\" He left Metropolitan and became an agent with New York Life, where he\nremained for fifty or sixty years. He became one of the doyens of that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization and he knew all the people, not just here, but the executives in\nNew York. Later in my life, when I happened to be in New York, I was brought in\nto meet these people because they knew my father. That's the business he was in,\nI think almost entirely from the time he got here. Being active in B'nai B'rith\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having gotten involved there, he became one of the founders, as an adult, of\nthe AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph] here in Atlanta. In fact, the chapter today is named\nfor him, the Louis J. Levitas, Chapter #134. But at the time he organized this,\ngot these boys together, the two advisors at that time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[were] my dad and a Mr.\nAlexander who was Cecil Alexander's father-- the architect's father-- coming\nvery much from the old line reformed community here. In fact, Mr. Alexander's\nfather... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a confederate Civil War veteran. The family went way, way, way\nback. But these two men who had been active in B'nai B'rith, organized this\nJewish Youth Organization chapter here. He devoted twenty-five, thirty years as\nthe advisor and became not just advisor but father confessor, etc., to all of\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation of young boys who came through. People who ultimately became\nleaders. Gerald Coyne was one of his protégés, and they still talk about that.\nI remember as a kid when they used to have meetings of committees over at the\nhouse. And as a youngster, he would take me to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was then the Jewish\nChildren's Home on Lower Capitol Avenue right near where the new Olympic stadium\nis to be. At that time, AZA was a secret fraternity with knocks and hand clasps\nand passwords and ritual. And I was a little kid who was brought in with my dad\non Sunday afternoons because there was no place to leave me, and because my\nmother would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off doing other things. So I got to know those people who were\ncoming through AZA at that time. My dad was very much involved in that.\n\nGOZANSKY: Secret. What, was it-- how do I want to say it-- selective? Could any\nJewish boy be a member of AZA, or did you have to...\n\nLEVITAS: As far as I know. I mean, you had to be voted into it, but I don't\nthink there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any [selection], not that I was aware of.\n\nGOZANSKY: In that sense, it was as much as it is today, an opportunity for young\nJewish [boys]...\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, although they had much more ritual associated with it in those\ndays. The other thing my father did, they joined what was called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, the\nJewish Progressive Club. Again, as a young boy I remember on Sunday mornings\nbeing taken down with my dad when he would go to work out, or play handball, or\nvolleyball, down there. But he became active in the synagogue as well and the\nbrotherhood of the synagogue. As the AA synagogue moved from being strictly\nOrthodox into a more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"modern orthodoxy and then conservatism, he had been\ninvolved. When Rabbi Epstein came here, my dad was one of the people who met\nhim. They became friends very early on. When Rabbi Epstein would be out of town,\nmy dad would actually conduct the services on Friday night because Friday night\nservices ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were an innovation. That was a very modern thing, the late services on\nFriday night. If the rabbi was out of town, my father would conduct the\nservices. So he was very much involved in that as well. Those were the principal\nareas in which he continued to function all through his life, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primarily in the\nJewish community.\n\nGOZANSKY: When does he meet and marry your mother?\n\nLEVITAS: Would have been the early [nineteen] twenties. They got married in, I\nwould guess, early twenties.\n\nGOZANSKY: He doesn't stay single very long in Atlanta.\n\nLEVITAS: No. I'd say a couple years, two or three years at the most. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My paternal\ngrandparents I never knew, they lived and died in Ireland. In fact, I told you I\nwent to Dublin. I was in college at the time. Actually it was my first year at\nOxford [University] and during the spring holiday, I went over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ireland and I\nmet some of his friends. In fact, [I met] the man that he knew in Atlanta, who\nhad gone back to Ireland. I met them and some of the relatives. On a later trip,\nBarbara was with me. We had just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotten out of the Air Force at the time and we\nwere taking this sort of tour of Europe before I went into practice. We went to\nLondon and I remembered that I had never gone to the cemetery where my\ngrandparents and aunt were buried. So we went out to the cemetery and found this\ncaretaker ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out there and he looked up in the book, what row and what plot. We\nwent there and found the graves, but they were not marked. They were without\nheadstones. I took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"photographs and I came back and told my father about this,\nand he didn't know that. He was under the impression they'd left money. He was\ngetting along in years by this time. But when he heard that his parents and\nsister didn't have these headstones, he immediately took steps to do that. That\nbecame, at that point in his life, one of the most fulfilling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things he was able\nto do. He was so grateful that he found out about it and could rectify this. I\nremember after they were installed, his friend took photographs and sent them\nover so he could see it was taken care of. He continued to maintain that type of\nawareness of his early days as a kid. He married my mother, it must have been\nthe early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twenties, because my brother was born in 1924. They must have been\nmarried a year or so before my brother was born. They had these common\ninterests. My mother, as I said, was very active in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish causes. They both, at\nthat time, not only were they both Zionists, my mother was one of the founders\nof Hadassah here. They also came out of that liberal Jewish tradition-- and I\nmean liberal in the political sense, not in the religious sense. They were\nactive in social issues ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the day, child labor and things of that sort. Both of\nthem worked at the Federal Penitentiary with the Jewish prisoners out there. My\nmother, because of her role as the Executive Director of the Jewish Alliance,\nand my dad, because he conducted services out there. In fact, he would drive out\non Sunday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mornings, this time in a car, an early car, to conduct services for\nthe Jewish prisoners. He would go out with Dr. Philip Weltner, Charlie Weltner's\ndad, and they became friends. Dr. Weltner would go out to conduct services for\nthe Christian prisoners and my dad for the Jewish prisoners. He, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even years\nlater, would say that it would scare him because Mr. Weltner drove too fast. He\nkept telling him to slow down and he would say, \"You only live once,\" and that\nsort of thing. (laughter) But my mother also worked out there. In fact, she met\nand has a photograph from, the late teens or early twenties, with Eugene Debs\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was a prisoner...\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh my.\n\nLEVITAS:... out at the Federal Pen, because of his pacifist activities during\nthe war. She has this photograph of him, and as a result told me a lot about\nwhy, and who, and what, and so forth. They had these common interests. That was\nwhat really brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them together.\n\nGOZANSKY: And her whole family has been very active in the Atlanta Jewish\ncommunity and the City of Atlanta.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. Her father was Irving and Marvin Goldstein's, and all the\ngirls', grandfather. And their father was my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather's oldest child. In\nfact, he was the first one who came to this country. They still went by their\nYiddish, Hebrew names in those days. My grandfather was \nSchmul Yankel and Marvin and Irving's father was Ahvram Mayer. Ahvram Mayer was the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first of the children who came to this country and then they gradually all\nfollowed including my grandfather, my mother's father.\n\nGOZANSKY: Marvin is your mother's...\n\nLEVITAS:... my mother's nephew.\n\nGOZANSKY: Marvin's father is her brother.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. But in terms of age, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was like Irving\nGoldstein's sister because they had that many children. Avra-mayer was the\noldest and then there was (sounds like Merra-dinna), and then it got down to Morris, and then it finally got down to\nIrving and then my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and then my aunt. So, while she was Marvin and\nIrving's aunt, she was closer in age to them. They became very active in all\naspects of the Jewish community. My mother, because she worked at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alliance,\nagain, got to meet all the young men and women coming up in those days. She used\nto tell me, she would have to get some of them out of jail, some of them back in\nschool. She said the biggest troublemaker of all, he was in trouble with the\npolice and everybody, was Meyer Balser. Meyer Balser became very active in the\nJewish community, a very prominent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizen. She used to talk about having to get\nhim out of trouble. She became very active in Hadassah both locally and\nnationally, and founded...\n\nGOZANSKY:... founded the Atlanta Chapter.\n\nLEVITAS:... the Atlanta Chapter and the other spinoffs. In her later years, for\nabout twenty years, she was sort of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Mother Superior\" of this group of young\nJewish female leadership that came along. She never drove. Never drove a car,\nbecause at the time she would have normally driven as a young woman, she didn't\nwant to appear to be competitive with her husband. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although, she was a feminist,\nin a 1918 sense of the word, she knew that she did not want to be competitive\nwith her husband. He drove, and she made gefilte fish as well as being head of\nHadassah and this, that, and the other. She knew Henrietta Szold, and founders\nof Hadassah, and things of that sort, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and became very active in that and every\nother Jewish organization. Brandeis, she was one of the founders. Council of\nJewish Women, she was one of the first Eastern European Jews who became active\nin council which was again a Reformed German Jewish stronghold. But she felt\nthat you had to be part of the Jewish community and that meant the entire Jewish\ncommunity. [She] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not just a \"chief\", she was very much an \"Indian\". Even in\nher later years, she would take a certain number of cards to collect for\nFederation and make phone calls on Sunday morning to get people to contribute or\njoin whatever organization she was soliciting for. Her father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the, as\nI said, pillars of the synagogue. I'll show you a picture of him, a very\ninteresting picture of him when we go upstairs. He studied Talmud and he did\nwhat old Jewish men were supposed to do. His wife was a balabuste and he read\nthe Talumud, he studied. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When he died and they had-- which was unusual in those\ndays-- they had his funeral service in the synagogue. The rabbi dubbed him Reb Schmul Yankel which he is\nstill referred to as Reb, as an honorific.\n\nGOZANSKY: A learned man.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, a learned man. When they call his name for yahrzeit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nthings of that sort, [they] give him that title. He was very active. He was one\nof the founders of what they call the chevra kadisha, which was the group that\nministered to the dead. When a person died they made sure the rituals...\n\nGOZANSKY:... the burial society.\n\nLEVITAS:... the burial society. They had someone, the shomer, the guard who\nwould sit up all night ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the funeral, before the burial. He was very active\nin that. He was a peddler to begin with, saved a little money and bought some\nreal estate. They had these houses and little stores on the Southside. When I\nwas growing up my mother used to collect ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rent, go by and collect the rent.\nAt a time when my father, shortly before that, would go around and collect a\nquarter or fifty cents...\n\nGOZANSKY:... for the insurance...\n\nLEVITAS:... these people were paying on insurance.\n\nGOZANSKY: First your dad came around and got the insurance premium and then your\nmom came around and got the rent.\n\nLEVITAS: In the same areas. I would ride in the cars with them and they would go\naround. My grandfather-- when I was growing up, by the time I came along-- they\nhad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I would consider, even by today's standards, a big house on Washington\nStreet right near second base at the Atlanta stadium. It had a front staircase\nand a back staircase and a built-in sukkah.\n\nGOZANSKY: Wow.\n\nLEVITAS: During sukkot the roof would come down, but they had these pulleys so\nyou could raise the roof and put the branches over it. You didn't have to build\none each year, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you just built the roof. They had two kitchens, a meat kitchen\nand a dairy kitchen.\n\nGOZANSKY: Two separate kitchens.\n\nLEVITAS: Two separate kitchens, and in the meat kitchen they had-- from earlier\ntimes, but it was still there and they still used it-- an old wood stove, a big\nwood stove. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a milk sink and a meat sink. A big house. It was sort of\nthe focal point, because my grandfather was the patriarch and my mother was the\n\"prime minister\". Because she was the daughter who was resident here and by\nvirtue of being daughter, she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave the directions to everybody else on behalf of\nthe grandfather. The seders were big, very big. For many, many years we did not\nride on the sabbath. My mother, I told you she didn't drive, had to fix the\nsabbath dinner and everything for my grandfather. He lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over on Washington\nStreet and we lived over near what is today Grady High School, the northside.\nShe used to take the streetcar every Friday over there and fix the shabbat for\nmy grandfather and then come back home. On the High Holy Days we would go over\non that side of town and stay in my grandfather's house, so we wouldn't have to\nride on the High Holy Days.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: At that time, the synagogue was over there.\n\nLEVITAS: Synagogue was two blocks from his house.\n\nGOZANSKY: That's a big Jewish community over there and your parents are among\nthe younger Jewish community that starts moving into Virginia Highlands.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: Later they go to Buckhead.\n\nLEVITAS: They go out to Johnson Estates and then to Buckhead and beyond. In\nfact, when I was born, the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stop they made when they left the Southside was\njust past what is today the Georgia Baptist Hospital. There was an area in there\nbetween the Georgia Baptist Hospital and Ponce de Leon that was populated with\nthe Jews who had first left the Southside.\n\nGOZANSKY: That's where Beth Jacob was founded.\n\nLEVITAS: That's where Beth Jacob was founded, exactly. There was a Hebrew school\nI went to, two Hebrew schools I went to in that area. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents were living on\nPonce de Leon when I was born.\n\nGOZANSKY: Which was when?\n\nLEVITAS: Nineteen-thirty. December of 1930.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're the second child?\n\nLEVITAS: I'm the second child. My brother was born in 1924. Two of us. [When] I\nwas an infant, they had moved already, by that time, further north to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eighth\nStreet. Then when I was seven years old, about the time of my brother's bar\nmitzvah, we had moved over on the other side of Grady to what became Brookwood\nPark. That had become a very mixed neighborhood, a lot of non-Jews.\nPredominantly non-Jewish, but a lot of Jewish families had moved there. The\nEplans had moved there, the Sugarmans had moved there, the Hirschs, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cohens.\nThey were all in that neighborhood and others. But it was very much,\npredominantly a non-Jewish neighborhood. So, I grew up with friends who were\nvery mixed in terms of their religious affiliations. But we did move, or they\nmoved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progressively northwards. Then when my brother and I had gone off to\ncollege, my mother and father moved over to Lindberg and then ultimately to\nLenox Road, and that's where she died.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: Your mother's very active in the Jewish community and your father's\nvery active in the Jewish community and your maternal grandfather. Obviously,\nyour father's family is still back in Ireland, so your maternal grandfather is\nthe patriarchal head of the Goldsteins and the small Levitas clan. When your\nparents moved off of Ponce [de Leon], it is, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a sense, the first time that the\nfamily starts to integrate, if you will, with the non-Jewish community.\n\nLEVITAS: I would think that's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: Your father's insurance business probably is not part of his, directly\nso much, his social life. He goes out and he does his business. This is part of\na whole new experience in terms of family lifestyle.\n\nLEVITAS: My mother was a very, very, little girl when they came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this country.\nShe grew up speaking English, although she spoke Yiddish fluently. She had\nfriends, she had some non-Jewish friends, from public school when she went to\nFair Street Public School and to Girls High School. So, she had non-Jewish\nfriends. The superintendent of the Atlanta school system was a very dear friend\nof hers-- Ira Jarrell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was her name-- that she had known from high school days.\nBut mostly, they went to the Jewish Progressive Club, they were in the Jewish\ncommunity, and they lived basically within a Jewish environment until they moved north.\n\nGOZANSKY: But your sense is-- in part because of your father's speech pattern\nvirtually, and part because of just the philosophy of both the Goldstein family\nand your father-- that they were among ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that small group of Eastern European Jews\nwho found acceptability among the, at that point, elitist of the reformed Jews.\n\nLEVITAS: Exactly. In fact, the epitome of the German Jewish community was Rabbi\nMarx. My parents were very friendly with Rabbi Marx. I mean very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendly; he\ngave them a wedding gift. There was that part of bridging this and I think that\ncame a lot from my father's activities in B'nai B'rith and broader communal activities.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let's stop and let me change the tape.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let's back up a little bit and focus on your brother and you as\nyoungsters, growing up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this richly Jewish home. Your brother was born in the\nearly 1920's, mid-1920's, six years ahead of you.\n\nLEVITAS: Seven.\n\nGOZANSKY: It's the two of you, and you'll end up growing up in the Virginia\nHighland / Lenox Road area. You haven't moved far from home, come to think of it.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: Tell me about your best recollection of yours and your brother's\nyouth; where you all went to school, your Jewish education outside of the\nobvious, the presence of your grandfathers.\n\nLEVITAS: First of all, my brother-- being seven years older-- was very much of\nan older brother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, some of my earliest recollections involve him,\nbecause he was very protective of me and brought me along. By virtue of being so\nmuch older, we didn't play in the same play groups and we weren't in the same\nteams, but I learned. He was much older than I was, therefore, I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watch\nwhat he was doing. He taught me how to play baseball and these types of things.\nWe were very close, personally. I looked up to him and respected him. When I say\nwe were close, we also shared the same bedroom because, in those days, you had\ntwo bedrooms. The parents had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one and we were in the other one.\n\nGOZANSKY: Something your children probably can't process.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. That's exactly right. They don't understand that.\n\nGOZANSKY: He was a kindly older brother.\n\nLEVITAS: He was a very kindly older brother.\n\nGOZANSKY: But you were never, obviously, in the same school at the same time\nbecause of the age spread.\n\nLEVITAS: As I say, I looked up to him a great deal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he was my older\nbrother and he was nice to me. He protected, was nice, patient. He was also, in\nour family, the good kid. He was the good kid. He did the right things. I was a\nlittle bit of a hellion. He made model airplanes. He would make these\nincredibly, intricate, model airplanes that you put the paper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around, the thin\npaper on. It would take weeks and weeks and every so often, by accident, I would\nbreak one of them. We went to public schools within walking distance of our\nhouse but, as you point out, we were never in the same school at the same time.\nHe had already gone on to junior high school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I entered the elementary\nschool. Then when I got through elementary school, he was already getting ready\nto go into the Navy. He had entered college when World War II broke out.\n\nGOZANSKY: Where did you go, Morningside?\n\nLEVITAS: No, my first elementary school I went to doesn't exist anymore-- Clark\nHowell, Tenth Street School. It was off between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piedmont [Road] and Peachtree\n[Street] on Tenth Street. A lot of the Jewish kids of my age, and before me,\nwent there. In fact, Barbara went there for a couple of years. They changed the\nname from Tenth Street to Clark Howell when I was there. Then when we moved on\nthe other side of Grady, over to Park Drive, we moved from a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"duplex into a\nsingle-family house, a bungalow. I went to Inman School which was an elementary\nschool in those days. It was one of the first experimental progressive education\nschools in Atlanta. But we would always walk to school. Then I went from there\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boys High, of course, and graduated from Grady.\n\nGOZANSKY: Help me understand. Boys High was different than Grady?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, it was physically. There were, from the late nineteenth century\nuntil 1947-1948, basically four white high schools in Atlanta. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Girls\nHigh School, there was Boys High School. Those two were basically academic and,\nto the extent there was such, a preparatory school for college. There was Tech\nHigh School which, while it wasn't entirely vocationally-oriented, there was a\nlot of that there. Then there was Commercial High School ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was a\nco-educational school that was, again, vocational but bookkeeping, secretarial,\ntyping, shorthand, things like that.\n\nGOZANSKY: The Jewish community, valuing education and pushing your generation to\nget as much as possible, tended to dominate in Boys High School.\n\nLEVITAS: Boys and Girls High School, that's right. While there were some Jews\nwho went to Commercial, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was unusual. [Those] kids usually came from families\nthat needed to have that child out working very early. Very few Jews went to\nTech High School, although some did. My father-in-law is a graduate of Tech High\nSchool. But by the time I came along, 95 percent of the Jews went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Boys High\nSchool or Girls High School. Tech High School had almost become antisemitic. I\nremember many incidents. Boys High School, by the time that I got to it, was\nlocated on the campus of what is today Grady High School. Tech High School, at\nthat time, was also located on that campus. Boys High School was located on the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"western end and Tech High was located on the southeastern end. We shared the\nmasonry building that is there today. In those days, most of our classes were in\nwhat they called portables. They were wooden buildings that had been built as\ntemporary buildings and we were in them twenty to thirty years later. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's\nwhere I went to high school. I went to O'Keefe, I went to Clark Howell, Inman,\nwhich I said was sort of a progressive education school, and then to O'Keefe\nJunior High School and then from there to Boys High. I attended Boys High for\ntwo years. At that time, Mrs. Ira Jerrell-- the superintendent I mentioned that\nmy mother knew-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Board of Education, decided to reorganize the school\nsystem in Atlanta to eliminate sexually-segregated education, gender-segregated\neducation, and to create-- for the first time-- community high schools and do\naway with the junior high schools. So, what was located at Boys High / Tech\nHigh, became a community high school known as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grady. Boys High and Tech High\nwent out of business.\n\nGOZANSKY: And Girls High?\n\nLEVITAS: Girls High became Roosevelt High School. O'Keefe, which was a junior\nhigh, became a high school.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let's focus a little bit on that. You said earlier that most of the\nJewish kids of your generation were going to Boys or Girls High. Very few, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if\nany, were going to Tech, and some [went] to Commercial. As a result, Boys High\nhas a large Jewish population, but I'm sure it's still far from being a\nmajority. It's still a predominantly Protestant community.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: But in the context of Boys High, where there is numerical strength--\nif you will-- your sense is that there's not a lot of overt antisemitism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at\nTech High, where Jews are not present, there are incidences on the community\ncampus that suggest that's where antisemitism would be expressed physically.\n\nLEVITAS: Physically, yes and very visibly.\n\nGOZANSKY: Kids are getting beaten up?\n\nLEVITAS: Had that in O'Keefe. But when Boys High and Tech High would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"play\ncompetitive sports, frequently there would be shouted epithets. The Tech High\nband would play songs which were derisive of Jews, during the game.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: So that means the band leader was supporting this behavior.\n\nLEVITAS: Whoever it was, they would actually play derisive songs about Jews.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is 1946?\n\nLEVITAS: 1945 to 1948.\n\nGOZANSKY: What happens when they try to bring women into the school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they\nconsolidate the other two schools?\n\nLEVITAS: There was always sort of an undertone on the part of some people, but\nbecause Tech High was no longer an independent entity there, you didn't have the\nsame type of incidents that you had when Boys High ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Tech High were sharing\nthis common campus. Interestingly enough, even at the time when there were\nhardly any Jews at Tech High, those who were there were very well accepted. I\ndon't know if you know Gene Asher?\n\nGOZANSKY: Yes.\n\nLEVITAS: Gene Asher went to Tech High and was the boxing champ at the same\ntime-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a year or so ahead of me, but-- about that same time which was sort of anomalous.\n\nGOZANSKY: Except that our whole Southern experience suggests, when you have one\nor two Jewish families in a community, somehow everybody can make an exception\nand befriend them. It's when you get the collective, the strength in numbers,\ncomes the--.\n\nLEVITAS: --that's right. At Grady there was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percentage-wise, a more significant\nJewish group than there was even at Boys High. Because, by this time, a\nsubstantial portion of the entire Jewish community was now living [there]. Not\nall. But when they switched the schools over, friends of mine that I went to\nBoys High with, were now going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brown High or Murphy High on the other side of\ntown, because they still lived over there. But Johnson Estates, Morningside,\nLenox Road; the area that I lived in was now pumping not just boys, but girls,\ninto this environment. It was like going to the social clubs on the weekend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\ncome [to school] on Monday morning, because we'd all been out to the same\nparties over the weekend. There was a significant Jewish group. From the very\nbeginning, Jews played major roles in the student activities and increasingly\neven in athletics, which had not traditionally been the case.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: That's right, that's the period where Arthur's opens. Doesn't Arthur's\nand Sal's on Virginia Avenue come into...\n\nLEVITAS: ...this is a little before that, but it's about that time.\n\nGOZANSKY: The Jewish community gets compacted enough [then]. Beth Jacob doesn't\nmove over there yet, but Shearith Israel by then is [there].\n\nLEVITAS: Shearith Israel had opened up on University [Avenue] and Beth Jacob ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\nnot yet opened up there. They were still...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...they were still over by Georgia Baptist [Hospital].\n\nLEVITAS: But the migration was beginning by this time. It was clearly moving out\nin that direction. The parties that I used to go to on Saturday nights were at\nhomes in, what is today, Johnson Estates area, Homestead, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pasadena, Noble.\nThat's where the kids were going. When I was in high school, that's where we\nwould have our parties.\n\nGOZANSKY: The mix is both Eastern and German Jews.\n\nLEVITAS: Increasingly so.\n\nGOZANSKY: Those historic divisions are breaking down. In residential patterns,\nthey're breaking down.\n\nLEVITAS: They're beginning to break down. Barbara was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the first Eastern\nEuropean girls who began to date the German Jewish boys. As is typically the\ncase, the girls were brought in before the boys were. But it was beginning to\nbreak down. In the AZA chapter that I\n\nbelonged to, while it was still predominantly conservative Eastern European,\nthere were a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the German Jewish families who also had children, boys,\nin my group. Ours was the only one. There were still some that were exclusively\nSephardic or exclusively Ashkenazi. But we had begun to bring in both Reformed...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: Is this the chapter that is named after your father?\n\nLEVITAS: No, my father didn't want my brother or me to be in the chapter that he\nwas advisor of.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh, so, he's over here active with this group of boys and you fellows\nare. . .\n\nLEVITAS: He didn't want it to appear that he was showing favoritism, or to\ncreate additional problems for us. For many years there was just one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AZA\nchapter. By the time my brother and I came along, there were three or four. My\ndad was still advisor of this other one, but my brother and I had joined one or\ntwo of the others.\n\nGOZANSKY: You joined the same one your brother had been a member of?\n\nLEVITAS: No, he was in one and I was in another. Again, pretty much for the same\nreason. Although, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those days AZA-- unlike [how] it became later-- didn't come\nin as a group. They had age groups from the very youngest kids who were in\ncollege by this time. So, when you joined an AZA chapter at age thirteen,\nfourteen, whatever it was, there would be people in that chapter who were in\ncollege or late ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high school. You sort of phased your way into it. My brother had\nbelonged to one of the chapters and I belonged to another one. I guess mostly\nbecause my friends had gone into that one.\n\nGOZANSKY: Your brother graduates from Boys High.\n\nLEVITAS: Right.\n\nGOZANSKY: He never experiences girls in the classroom, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you're blessed with\ntwo years--\n\nLEVITAS: ...one year...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...one year of co-ed. My recollection is that, at that time, a lot of\nthe Atlanta Jewish kids went up North to college.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, they were beginning to go up North to college.\n\nGOZANSKY: What, about your brother and you?\n\nLEVITAS: My brother went to Emory [University] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one or two years, when World\nWar II broke out. Then he went into the Navy. I think one of the reasons he went\nto Emory at that time was, he had gotten a small scholarship. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was in\njournalism and Emory, at that time, had a School of Journalism. I'm sure that\nwas part of the reason that he went to Emory. When I came along, I went to Emory\nprimarily for economic reasons. It was cheaper than going off to school.\n\nGOZANSKY: Because you could stay at home.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Because I could live at home. I was trying to decide between\n[University of] Georgia and Emory. I think the family felt that Emory was\nacademically superior. While it was more costly, it was worth the cost and the\ndifferential wasn't as great as it is today. But it was felt that you'd get a\nbetter education at Emory. It would be less expensive than going off to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North\nCarolina, Duke, or some of the Eastern schools. But Jews were beginning to go\noff to the Eastern schools, to Princeton, to Ohio State, and to Michigan and\nsome of those places.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're going to Emory in 1948? 1948 and 1949?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, 1948--1949.\n\nGOZANSKY: What kind of Jewish population is on the campus?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Small, very small. I would guess there would be less than a hundred,\nprobably, about a hundred. [There were] two Jewish fraternities and most of the\nundergraduates belonged to one or the other. There were a few Jews who did not\naffiliate with the fraternities, but it was very small, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small number.\n\nGOZANSKY: Does your brother come back to Emory after the War?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, he comes back after the War and goes straight into dental school.\n\nGOZANSKY: Because you didn't need a college degree.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: He comes back and he goes to dental school. Do you two end up on\ncampus together?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, we're on the campus at the same time.\n\nGOZANSKY: For the first time you're in the same place at the same time. But he's\nnow been matured by military service.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, that's right. He had spent the War ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Navy. After the War, he\ncame back and went straight into dental school. That was the first time we'd\never been on the campus, a school, together. He was still living at home at that time.\n\nGOZANSKY: Were you guys still sharing a bedroom, or have we gotten a\nthree-bedroom house by then?\n\nLEVITAS: We had separate bedrooms by that time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: We're in \"high cotton\" by then. How old is your dad then?\n\nLEVITAS: My father was born in 1884.\n\nGOZANSKY: He was well into his thirties when your brother was born and forties\nwhen you were born?\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. He would have been... 1884, my brother was born in\n1924... so, he was close to forty.\n\nGOZANSKY: He was close to forty with his first child.\n\nLEVITAS: There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven years between my brother and me.\n\nGOZANSKY: He was forty-seven when you were born. When does he pass away?\n\nLEVITAS: He was eighty-four.\n\nGOZANSKY: He's there when you graduated college and law school?\n\nLEVITAS: He was there when I graduated college and law school, that's correct.\nThat's right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He died when our youngest child was about one or two years old.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, the Levitas boys go to the closest quality school. The family has\na premium on quality, but the economics are modest enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that is\ninfluencing the two of you on where to go.\n\nLEVITAS: Oh yes. I mean, they were scraping to do that. It was not a \"gimmie\".\n\nGOZANSKY: But you're both very bright and could go pretty much anywhere that you\nwant, in terms of academics.\n\nLEVITAS: Academically, but economically this was the place to go.\n\nGOZANSKY: You start at Emory. When do you go to Oxford [University]?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: After I graduated from Emory. I go to Emory 1948-1952 and go to Oxford\nin the fall of 1952.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're there...\n\nLEVITAS: Two years.\n\nGOZANSKY: Two years as a...\n\nLEVITAS: Rhodes [Scholar], and get my degree there.\n\nGOZANSKY: Your brother, meanwhile, probably finishes dental school.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: He was out of dental school by the time I went to Oxford. I think he\nprobably got out of dental school at the end of my freshman or sophomore year.\nHe went into practice here in Atlanta with Marvin and Irving Goldstein.\n\nGOZANSKY: With his cousins.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, there's no doubt in my mind that the reason that\nhe went into dentistry, and got into Emory, was because of Marvin and Irving. In\nfact, he was reminding me the other day, in those days it was hard to get into\ndental school. Very hard, and it was especially hard to get in as a Jew because\nthey still had quotas. They did not like a lot of Jews in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dental school.\n\nGOZANSKY: Journalism background wasn't a factor in all of this?\n\nLEVITAS: He had given up the journalism by that time, although he always wrote,\nand still does. He was editor of dental journals and he wrote the Progressive\nClub newsletter in return for a free membership, and things of that sort. He's\nalways been a writer and a journalist and an editor. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he reminded me the\nother day that he had applied [to dental school] and hadn't been accepted. He\nwas going to wait another year and apply again. Then, on Rosh Hashana, the day\nbefore Rosh Hashana, he gets a call from Irving Goldstein who tells him, \"You've\ngot to get over to dental school tomorrow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you get there tomorrow, you're\ngoing to get in.\" I don't know if he had to take a test or if this was just\nregistration day. But Irving, through some of his contacts-- see, Irving was\nvery prominent in the alumni at the dental school-- had helped Ted get this\nopportunity. The big dilemma was, \"Do I go on Rosh Hashana?\"\n\nGOZANSKY: Ah--\n\nLEVITAS: Irving said, \"Yes, you go on Rosh Hashana.\"\n\nGOZANSKY: This is Ted, who grew up in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather's house on the High Holy\nDays so the family wouldn't walk. Because he's seven years older than you.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, even more so.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is much more a part of his [upbringing].\n\nLEVITAS: He went on Rosh Hashana and got into dental school. That was very\nlargely due to Irving.\n\nGOZANSKY: Marvin and Irving are both older than Ted?\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, yes. Marvin just had his eightieth birthday and Ted is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his late sixties.\n\nGOZANSKY: Ted goes to dental school then, in spite of the fact that he had to go\nregister on Rosh Hashana. He goes into practice with his cousins, Marvin and Irving.\n\nLEVITAS: Then after a few years he opens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his own office and specializes in\nchildren's dentistry.\n\nGOZANSKY: Little brother, Elliott, finishes college at Emory, where there are\nvery few Jewish students. There's no dramatic change during your four years on\ncampus, I assume.\n\nLEVITAS: No.\n\nGOZANSKY: [He] gets a Rhodes scholarship, which has got to be a double rarity. I\nmean, not that many Emory kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are getting Rhodes scholarships.\n\nLEVITAS: I think I may have been the second in history.\n\nGOZANSKY: How many Jews in the Atlanta community had gotten Rhodes scholarships\nby that time?\n\nLEVITAS: There was one person who had. Not from Atlanta but had moved to\nAtlanta, Morris Abram. I knew Morris, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was sort of one of the people that were\nleaders in the\n\npolitical environment in those days. He was one of the people who really\nencouraged me in this regard. But it was a real rarity both for Emory, and\ncertainly for the Jewish community. Very rare.\n\nGOZANSKY: Obviously you had distinguished yourself academically at the college.\n\nLEVITAS: It was funny. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't sure what the hell I wanted to do when I got out\nof college. I was having a good time and I was going with Barbara at the time.\nShe was at Agnes Scott [College].\n\nGOZANSKY: Another bastion of Jewish students. (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. (laughter) She went to Agnes Scott largely because I was\nat Emory.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let's take a little digression and get Barbara worked into this\npicture. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You and Barbara meet before you go to college?\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, yes. On her father's side, she's second-generation Atlanta family.\nShe grew up here.\n\nGOZANSKY: What is her maternal name?\n\nLEVITAS: Hillman. Her family owned a business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were moderately well off. I\nmean, they lived in a big house and went on vacations, and things like that.\nThey also belonged to the AA Synagogue. We knew them. My brother was teaching\nSunday School ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had Barbara in his class and told me there was this nice girl\nthat I ought to get to know.\n\nGOZANSKY: Your brother really looked after you.\n\nLEVITAS: He really did. This was a nice girl that I really ought to get to know,\nwhich I didn't do at the time. I was in college second year, I guess, before I\nreally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started taking Barbara out. In the meantime, she had been dating all of\nmy closest friends. I wasn't involved with her, but she was a nice girl and I\nhad gotten to meet her when we would double-date and things like that. She was\nin high school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember whether she got elected or not, but she ran for\npresident of the high school student body. She may have gotten elected. She was\nvery active in the high school at Grady. She was a senior superlative, they used\nto have in those days. Prettiest girl in high school and she was very-- compared\nto the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other girls of her age, or even a little older-- she was more\nserious-minded. She was interested in more serious-minded things. I started\ndating her in my second year of college.\n\nGOZANSKY: She was the politician before you were the politician.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, more so. Largely because I wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emulate my brother, I became\na journalist. I was the editor of the newspaper in high school. I was sports\neditor and then the editor. She was the politician, always was. In fact, she was\nin student government when she went off to college in Michigan. That's a big\nplace for a Southern girl.\n\nGOZANSKY: She goes to Michigan [State] initially?\n\nLEVITAS: No, after I go to Oxford. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she graduates from high school, I'm\nstill at Emory.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're dating now.\n\nLEVITAS: We're dating a lot now. She's sweetheart of the fraternity and I'm\npresident of the fraternity and we're dating.\n\nGOZANSKY: She decided to go to Agnes Scott.\n\nLEVITAS: She decides to go to Agnes Scott. By the next year, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought I was\ngoing to law school, and she was going to probably go to some college near where\nI was going to law school. When I went to Oxford, she went to Michigan. She had\nfriends there and it had a good reputation for what she wanted to do. Our\ncousin, Ronnie Goldstein, Irving's son, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now a dentist, was at Michigan. He was\nsort of encouraging her to come up there. So, she went off to Michigan after a\nyear at Agnes Scott.\n\nGOZANSKY: Which is consistent with the socioeconomics of the Hillman family.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: She goes off to Michigan and you go to England.\n\nLEVITAS: I go to England.\n\nGOZANSKY: But I gather there's some commitment between the two of you.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, there is. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We both acknowledged that we would be dating other\npeople while we were there, but not seriously. I came back that summer. A lot of\nthe guys who go over on two-year Rhodes, stay abroad that summer. They just stay\ngone for two years. But I wanted to come back to see Barbara, and it also\nhappened that my brother got married that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summer. So I came back to be in the\nwedding. I came back, and Barbara and I were close enough at that time that she\nand her family were invited up to the wedding as well. It just worked out, from\nmy point of view, very conveniently that I had a good reason for coming back--\nnot just to see my girlfriend.\n\nGOZANSKY: Now, this is on a tape, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you've just said that... I want to be here\nwhen she listens to the tape and hears you suggest that, it wasn't for her that\nyou came home that summer. (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: (laughter) Well, I say it worked out well, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would have had trouble\njustifying, if nothing else, the expense to fly back. It was too long to take a\nship. I wanted to come back, but I would have had trouble justifying the\nexpense. Why, after we spent all this money, time, and effort; you're over\nthere, why shouldn't you stay there? I think we would have probably tried to\nfigure out, if I hadn't come back for the wedding, some way Barbara could have\ncome across. I don't think so.\n\nGOZANSKY: Not in those days.\n\nLEVITAS: Not in those days. That would have been a little bit too much.\n\nGOZANSKY: You come back, and you spend the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summer, but you have to return. Do I\ntake it we got engaged during this summer?\n\nLEVITAS: No. We pretty well knew that we were going to, but I go back and I\nfinish up over there. By this time, I know... I knew before I went over, that I\nwas going to law school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and now I'm ready and I start applying to law schools.\nBarbara is at Michigan, so I apply at Michigan and I apply at Harvard. I get\naccepted at Harvard and Michigan and then I got a scholarship ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at both places. A\nmodest scholarship as I recall, part tuition, but it made a difference. Then I\nstart negotiating with the two law schools about curriculum. At Harvard, what\nthey wanted me to do was go into the second year.\n\nGOZANSKY: Because you'd been studying more at Oxford.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes. I actually had a degree by that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, a bachelor's degree in law.\nMichigan said, \"You can go into the second year, we will give you one year's\ncredit. But you can structure a curriculum involving first year courses that you\nfeel you need, in order to be up to speed.\" That appealed to me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than what\nHarvard was talking about. I felt I wanted to take things like criminal law or\ncivil procedure or things of the sort that I did not get at Oxford. I got torts,\nand property, and future interests and contracts, but some of those other things\nI felt I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really wanted to get academically. They offered me, as I recall now, a\nmuch better scholarship. But in the meantime, Barbara is looking at colleges in\nthe Boston area that she can transfer to, for her senior year. She's got that\nlined up and I'm looking at Michigan and I finally decide that Michigan is\nreally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to meet my needs better. So, I go to Michigan and she stays and\nfinishes her last year there. That Christmas holiday is when we get engaged.\n\nGOZANSKY: Not to the surprise of any of your friends or family at this point.\n\nLEVITAS: Absolutely not. Nobody is surprised.\n\nGOZANSKY: Her mother is relieved that you finally behaved properly.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. On New Year's Eve of that year, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we get engaged. They have\nan engagement party the next day, which happened to be my father-in-law's and\nmother-in-law's anniversary. We had this big engagement party but nobody is\nsurprised at this point. It comes as no shock. In fact, it made a lot of sense\nthat now I'm back, it's going to happen. Also, at this time, I've got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a two-year\nROTC commitment that I have to finish.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh my.\n\nLEVITAS: I had worked it out that I could finish law school before I did that.\nAnd it was very funny, by the time I got out of law school and was going into\nthe Air Force, (laughter) the Air Force had more pilots than they could use, but\nwhat they didn't have was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyers. So, they wanted me to go into JAG, Judge\nAdvocate General. What I worked out was... we get married in June.\n\nGOZANSKY: You get married in June and you've got one more year, and Barbara has graduated.\n\nLEVITAS: Barbara graduates.\n\nGOZANSKY: Barbara graduates and you've got one more year of law school.\n\nLEVITAS: I come back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory. I transfer from Michigan to Emory, we move back\nto Atlanta. Emory is operating both a day and night school at this time. Barbara\ngets a job teaching; I get a job working in the afternoon at a law firm downtown\nand I take certain courses early in the morning at Emory and certain courses at\nnight at Emory.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is when?\n\nLEVITAS: This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1955-1956. I graduate from Emory undergrad in 1952 and spend\ntwo years. We get married in 1955 and so, in the fall of 1955 we're back in\nAtlanta. We're living here and Barbara is teaching school and I'm going to law\nschool. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Days go by that we don't see each other. We leave notes on the\nrefrigerator, the breakfast room table.\n\nGOZANSKY: Because you're in class morning and night. What law firm are you\nworking for?\n\nLEVITAS: I was working for Arnall, Golden, Gregory in the afternoons.\n\nGOZANSKY: Which would have been a relatively new firm.\n\nLEVITAS: A small, relatively new firm. Very small. There was Arnall, there was\nGolden, there was Gregory. They had a couple of guys who were sort of working\npart-time there, Charlie Weltner ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Ben Blackburn.\n\nGOZANSKY: Charlie Weltner. His father and your father had been friends.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: You and Charlie...\n\nLEVITAS: We knew each other.\n\nGOZANSKY: Relative peers. Was he a little older?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, he was a couple of years older.\n\nGOZANSKY: Ben Blackburn who...\n\nLEVITAS: Who was working there for a couple of years.\n\nGOZANSKY: We'll be talking more about Ben.\n\nLEVITAS: But that's where I was working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I needed the money. Barbara was\nworking because we needed the money. I would get up early in the morning and\nsometimes just crawl on my hands and knees so I wouldn't wake her up. And she\nwould be gone when I came back. Then when I went to school at night, in night\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classes, she would be gone before I got up in the morning. We would spend,\nsometimes, almost a week and not see each other. But we'd communicate through\nnotes. So, I did my last year in law school, was graduated from law school here,\nand that June went into the Air Force.\n\nGOZANSKY: Graduated, as an Emory graduate.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, and went into the Air Force immediately after that.\n\nGOZANSKY: To meet your two-year obligation.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: By then we're out of Korea?\n\nLEVITAS: We were finished in Korea.\n\nGOZANSKY: You were born so that you were too young for World War II and by the\ntime you were ready for military service, the next conflict was passed.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is the second interview of Elliott Levitas following up on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nAugust 31 interview. Interviewer is Nat Gozansky and this interview is taking\nplace on September 14, 1992. Elliott, when we ended last time, you were\ndescribing finishing off law school (break in tape). As I was saying Elliott,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the phone rang, you had just described your last year of law school at\nEmory, your married life that year-- or lack thereof-- and you were about to\nstart talking about going off for two years in the Air Force JAG. Let's pick it\nup there. Let's talk about the two years as a young lawyer, a Jewish lawyer, in\nthe U.S. Air Force ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after Korea. Then we'll just come on back home and talk about\nthe practice.\n\nLEVITAS: When I got my orders, I was assigned to the Strategic Air Command (SAC)\nEighth Air Force at Dow Air Force Base just outside of Bangor, Maine. I ended up\nin Bangor, Maine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they say voluntarily, but as a result of mutual mistake or at\nleast unilateral mistake. At the time, as I told you, they were very anxious to\nget JAG officers in. So, they said, \"You can pick the section of the country you\nwould like to serve in.\" So, Barbara and I talked about it and decided that we'd\nspent most of our life in the South, obviously, and it would be nice to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spend a\ncouple of years in Boston, New York, maybe even Philadelphia, that part of the\ncountry. So, when I checked the box, I checked \"Northeast\". When they sent me to\nMaine I said, \"That's a little bit more northeast than I had in mind,\" and they\nsaid, \"Well, you said northeast and this is northeast. If you had wanted to go\nto New York or Philadelphia, you should have said mid-Atlantic.\" It's always\nbeen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clear to me to make that differentiation [now]. We looked upon this as a\ngood time in our life, because I would be doing something that I enjoyed, having\nan opportunity to get my teeth into trying cases on my feet, a lot of\nresponsibility early on. We also decided we would take advantage of travel. We\ndidn't have children at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. We drove up to Maine, stopping along the way\nto visit places like Williamsburg, or Washington, Boston, and went right across\nthe border into Maine. Barbara got a lobster right after we got there. I wasn't\neating lobster at the time, but I thought to myself that it [must have been] a\nvery hungry Indian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ate the first lobster.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: In any event, we got to Bangor...\n\nGOZANSKY: We weren't keeping a kosher home, is what you're saying.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, we didn't. We did at first, actually, for a while. But\nthen, while we didn't have things like ham, and we always kept milk and meat\nseparate, we got to the point-- particularly once we got to Maine-- where we\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buying, for the most part, meat at the supermarket. Although, for holidays\nwe would... I think there was a kosher butcher in Bangor, or they would ship it\nup from Boston or Portland from time to time. We got a nice house there, an\napartment actually. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very nice, very modern. The people in Maine thought it was\nweird but it was a very nice modern apartment and we made contact with the\nJewish community. We met a lawyer up there (phone rings, break in the tape).\n\nGOZANSKY: You moved; you didn't live on the base. You lived in the city of Bangor?\n\nLEVITAS: Actually, we lived in Orono which is a small town ten miles north of\nBangor up the Penopscot River at the University of Maine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were two blocks\nfrom the University of Maine, which was appealing to me because it let us\nparticipate in the university community.\n\nGOZANSKY: Then you connected with the Jewish community.\n\nLEVITAS: We had the name of a prominent attorney there, a man who was a number\nof years older. He had been there for many years and [he and] his family were\n\"old Maine\", named Epstein. Through him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were able to go to services at their\nlocal synagogue. They didn't have enough for a Reformed congregation or a\nConservative congregation, so they had it all together, which meant you got a\ndouble dose. They would go through the whole thing in Hebrew and then through\nthe whole thing in English (laughter). There was no acceptance of either doing\nit one way or the other or dividing it beginning and end. So, the services were\nvery long. We did plug ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the Jewish community. We went to the community\ncenter, and one interesting sidetrack, the building was named after a family\nnamed Liss. Later, when I was telling my parents about this, my mother\nparticularly said that she had visited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Maine many years ago to visit her\nolder sister, whose name was Liss. She was married to a cantor, chazzan,\nall-purpose kind of guy. Now I doubt seriously that these Lisses were the same\nas those Lisses, whose name was on the building, but apparently there was some\nLiss family up there. In the Air Force, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had two very enjoyable years. Tried a\nlot of cases, both prosecuting and defending. The strictures of military life\nnever appealed to me, although I think I would have enjoyed it if I could have\nstarted off as a general.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: But coming in and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having to take all the stuff you had to was--I mean,\nI did okay. I generally enjoyed those two years, made some very good friends,\nfellow officers that I still maintain contact with. One was a lawyer from\nTopeka, Kansas, Sam Jackson, who later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became the highest black [person] in the\n[Lyndon] Johnson administration, and was a Republican and had also been involved\nin \"Brown vs Board of Topeka\" as part of the NCAA group. Sam and I maintained a\nfriendship for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years afterwards, until he passed away several years ago. In\nfact, they named a square after Sam in Washington [DC] where he was living at\nthe time. A couple of the other lawyers that I got to know I maintained contact with.\n\nBasically, we did what we set out to do. We traveled up into Canada, all around\nMaine, Bar Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, places like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. We look back on those\nyears as being enjoyable years. I did make it a point of telling Barbara to\nremind me, however, when I said, \"Gee, wouldn't this have been great to do...\"\nall of the things that weren't so great. Like Maine, which was 40 degrees below\nzero on occasion. In fact, being in SAC, we would have these alerts all the\ntime, and I'd have to drive out to the base and strap my gun on and things like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh, even the JAG?\n\nLEVITAS: Oh yes, we had military assignments. I was in charge of a group that\nwas to defend a certain segment of the flight line against incursion.\n\nGOZANSKY: Well, I'm reassured knowing a bunch of young lawyers were (laughter)...\n\nLEVITAS: (laughter)... made you feel better, right? Part of this occurred, if I\nremember, during the Suez campaign in the Middle East. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A time when the relations\nweren't that good with the Soviet Union. Being a SAC base, we were on a very\nhigh state of alert. I kept thinking that the only possibility was that the\nRuskies would think about dropping paratroopers on our base, which I thought was\nsort of a remote risk. But they were very military. SAC was a very military\ngroup. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of those mornings... they always used to do these practice alerts,\nlike three or four o'clock in the morning. On one occasion-- literally, when it\nwas 40 below zero-- I had a flat tire on the way to the base. One of the things\nabout the military that was hard for me, is that late is unacceptable. If you're\nnot there on time, you are guilty of a crime known as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Failure to Repair\" which\nwas very serious, and during an alert, even more so. So I kept saying [to\nBarbara], \"Remind me [of] the bad parts.\" But we basically had a very useful\nperiod of our lives.\n\nGOZANSKY: Spent both years in Bangor?\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: Did Barbara teach?\n\nLEVITAS: She taught school. She taught fourth grade for two years and she too\nmade good friends that we stayed in touch with over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. One of whom was\nthe sister or cousin, that we still are in touch with, of the man named Brontus\nwho was Mike Dukakis' right-hand [man]. So we had that relationship.\n\nGOZANSKY: You meet Sam, who you'll later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see again when you're in Washington,\nand here's another political connective person that-- in a different stage of\nyour life, I assume-- you get to know.\n\nLEVITAS: Right. In fact, he and I maintained contact. When he left the\nadministration and, as I said, he was a Republican in the Johnson\nadministration-- I think at HUD if I remember correctly; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he left that, he\nbecame the head of the American Arbitration Association for providing\narbitrators in all sorts of disputes. Sam called upon me on a couple of\noccasions to be an arbitrator. As you say, these contacts remain. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"named\nthe arbitrator in the DeKalb County and Atlanta School [system] dispute with the\nteachers; between the school system and the teachers, as to whether or not they\nwould have a union and what certain rights, tenure, and things like that [they\nwould have]. As a result ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those contacts, I also made a lot of friends in the\neducation business on both sides. One of my friends... because of my position, I\ncould not represent some of these people. So, I got-- I don't know if you know\nTed Frankel...\n\nGOZANSKY: Sure.\n\nLEVITAS: I got him to represent a man named Marion Thompson, who was a\ncontroversial principal in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DeKalb [County] school system. As a result, Ted\nended up with most of the representation, which he still has, of the Georgia\nTeachers' groups, in arbitration and other litigations. So, those things interconnect.\n\nGOZANSKY: That would have been before you went into the General Assembly.\n\nLEVITAS: That would have been about the time, yes, just before.\n\nBut, to wind up the Air Force [piece], I did stay there in fact, two years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nFebruary of the last year, they approached me and asked if we would like to go\nto Guam. Since I figured that Guam was south of Bangor...\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS:... I was delighted to go to Guam. We got all ready to go and they\ncalled me in and said, \"We just realized that you can't go to Guam unless you\nsign up for another year. If you sign up for another year, you can go to any\nplace. You can go to Paris, you can go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London, Hawaii, Manilla, any place you\nwant to go.\" I said, \"Not one day.\"\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: So, I served my full term and got out in the early summer of that year.\nIt must have been 1958 I guess, or 1959, and came back to Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopping on\nthe way. I considered, briefly, taking a position with one or another agencies\nin Washington. But in those days, people were not staying in school as long, and\nI had already spent four years in law school essentially, two years in the Air\nForce. I enjoyed my Air Force time because of the legal work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was doing and I\nwas ready to get back.\n\nGOZANSKY: I guess, on a personal level, Barbara and you each had a modest\nincome, for kids who had come from modest circumstances, then working through\nschool. This must have been a pleasant time, free of any responsibility, steady\nincome, and what have you.\n\nLEVITAS: One interesting thing that was very important. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we got out of the\nAir Force and before we got back to Atlanta, we figured this was the last time\nwe would not have the responsibility of paying rent or mortgage. We did not have\nchildren at that time and, basically, we had an opportunity to travel. We\nplanned an eight-week trip around Europe. I knew the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law firm that I was going\nto was very anxious for me to get back, and one day at the airport I ran into\none of the senior partners of the firm. He became a very close friend and mentor\nof mine, Ellis Arnall. We told him our plans and I said, \"I know that the other\npartners are really anxious for me to get back.\" He said, \"Don't even think\nabout it. This is the time you ought to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take off. You'll never have another\nchance like this.\" We did take those two months off and had a marvelous trip. We\nplanned it very carefully, and while we had limited resources, we were able to\ntake advantage of a travel agent in Bangor who had been around, and older man.\nWe went from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ireland to London to Belgium, saw the World's Fair in Belgium. Went\nto Germany, which we had trepidation about. Went to Berlin, we went over to East\nBerlin which was sort of an adventure at the time. Then we went through Austria,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy, Spain, Portugal, France also. We really did the grand tour. That was one\nof the wise decisions we made.Then we came back to Atlanta, and Barbara got a\njob teaching at Techwood School. [Then she taught] at Moreland Avenue near\nLittle Five Points. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She taught first in sort of a low income area and then in a\nvery low, poor income, public housing area. And I started practicing law.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is at Arnall Golden Gregory.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Arnall Golden Gregory.\n\nGOZANSKY: [It is] a firm that is part Jewish and part non-Jewish, [with]\nGovernor Arnall... so there were political ties.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. I would say, he was primarily the reason that I went with\nthat firm. There was another firm, there were two other firms in Atlanta that I\nhad talked to seriously. One of them, I'll tell you an interesting story about,\nand it was one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firms that I was interested in looking at. It was a little\nbit larger than Arnall Golden Gregory, which was a relatively small firm at the\ntime. This firm had never had an identifiable Jewish lawyer in the firm. They\nmay have had somebody who had Jewish parentage, but never identifiably Jewish.\nThey had decided that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would like to get a Jewish lawyer to come in, so we\nhad some very serious conversations, fine firm. I decided not to do that\nhowever, because I wanted to practice with Arnall Golden Gregory-- primarily\nEllis Arnall-- and felt that I would also get into bigger stuff sooner with that\nparticular firm. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This other firm, when I told them I was going with Arnall\nGolden Gregory, had decided they were going to get a Jewish lawyer, and they\nhired a young man named Cohen right out of law school. Several months later,\nwhen they suggested that he might want to join the Temple and the Standard Club,\nhe let them know that he was Episcopalian--\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: (laughter)... and not Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Turned out to be one of the fine lawyers\nin that firm.\n\nGOZANSKY: But it wasn't an issue of fear of antisemitism or anything like that.\nIt was Ellis Arnall, who was not a Jew, who was mentoring you at Arnall Golden\nGregory, and it wasn't that you were looking at this other firm and saying, \"I\ndon't want to be the only Jew.\"\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. That was not part of it. In fact, in a sense, [it was]\nbecause they were making an effort to change their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practice. At that time there\nwere several firms in Atlanta, prominent firms, which did not hire Jews and did\nnot for a number of years after that. This firm was making an effort to change\nand became one of the first firms.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let's focus on that, just in the context of the Jewish history here.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're in the what, mid 1950's?\n\nLEVITAS: Late 1950's\n\nGOZANSKY: Late 1950's. Arnall Golden Gregory had formed a few years before that,\nwith Sol Golden, who was an active member of the Temple...\n\nLEVITAS: ...right...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...and certainly clear about his religion. Governor Arnall, I guess,\nafter he had stepped down and retired from that office. Powell Goldstein was...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: ...Powell Goldstein was still, very much around at the time. Haas\nHolland was a firm in town.\n\nGOZANSKY: But Haas Holland was mainly all Jewish, was it not?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, it was mainly all Jewish.\n\nGOZANSKY: I'm trying to think of the firms that were integrated at the time.\n\nLEVITAS: There was Smith Ringold, something of that sort, that had several, one\nor two Jewish lawyers in the firm. Dijon Franklin was one who's name occurs to\nme. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think you're correct in reminding me that the firms tended either to\nbe all Jewish or didn't have Jews. Arnall Golden Gregory, was clearly...\n\nGOZANSKY: Gambrell certainly had no Jews. King and Spalding had no Jews. Alston\nBird had no Jews. Trying to think who else was... well, your firm now,\nKilpatrick Cody?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, they always had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews.\n\nGOZANSKY: They always had Jews...\n\nLEVITAS: ...because one of the founding partners, or close to founding partners,\nwas Harold Hirsch. Harold Hirsch is very identifiably Jewish, very active in\nJewish issues. In fact, he was the person, you may remember earlier I mentioned\nmy father making contact with Bobby Briscoe. It was through Harold Hirsch,\nbecause Hirsch was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in this Jewish activity that Briscoe was coming over\nto participate in.\n\nGOZANSKY: Old line elite firms, as recently as late 1950's, were still white and\nChristian. Although, here's at least one firm that was looking to break out of\nthat mold.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: There were a number ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of longstanding, non-elite, Jewish firms.\n\nLEVITAS: Right.\n\nGOZANSKY: Then there were a handful of firms which today, I guess, are\nconsidered among the elites like Arnall Golden [Gregory] and Powell Goldstein\nand Kilpatrick Cody, that are integrated on that level. You and Barbara have\nobviously stayed connected. Your Jewishness is an important part ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your values.\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, very much so.\n\nGOZANSKY: You've stayed connected all along, and you end up at a law firm where\nyou're going to have fellow Jews and non-Jews. But your mentor is the\npolitician, as opposed to Mr. Golden.\n\nLEVITAS: Although I've worked with both of them, particularly at the beginning,\nit was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clear that Arnall was going to be the person that I would, down the line,\nwork most closely with. Also, I would not have joined a firm had I thought there\nwas an exception being made for me because I was the \"right kind of Jew\". I\nmean, I wouldn't have done that. There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possibility that that might have\noccurred, but basically, as far as I was concerned, the firms that had an\nexclusionary rule, I didn't want anything to do with them because I viewed that\nas antisemitic bigotry.\n\nGOZANSKY: You had been working for Arnall Golden [Gregory] while you were a law\nstudent at Emory.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, there was a tie there. You said there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three firms: there was\nthe firm that hired Cohen, only to discover he was Episcopalian; there was\nArnall Golden Gregory...\n\nLEVITAS: There was a third firm which was a firm like Arnall Golden Gregory.\nArnall Golden Gregory, also, I felt very comfortable with partially because of\ntheir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political outlet, as well as the quality of the legal work which I saw.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let me stop you there. At this point you're drawn to Mr. Arnall, and\nnow you're suggesting that part of the attraction to the firm was that you felt\ncomfortable with where they were politically. Had Elliott Levitas started\nthinking about a career in politics, or were you still a lawyer in your mind?\n\nLEVITAS: I never, certainly not at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, had not thought about serving in\nelected public office. That I would be very actively involved in politics, there\nwas never any question about. I had been tangentially involved in the county\nunit litigation. I had, even as an undergraduate at Emory, gone down to the\nState Capitol to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testify against certain legislation that got a lot of\nnotoriety, a lot of press coverage. That was even as an undergraduate. There was\nno doubt in my mind that I would be involved in politics, but it never dawned on me...\n\nGOZANSKY: ... hat it was Elliott Levitas, civic citizen and practicing lawyer,\nas opposed to congressman.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: That's right. Later I began to think that I might, at some point, serve\nin elective office. But that was several years down the line.\n\nGOZANSKY: 1958 you come home. You've had two years of sort of perfect freedom of\nresponsibility. You and Barbara are now getting towards your late twenties.\nThere probably is some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family pressure about when [there are] going to be grandchildren.\n\nLEVITAS: Right.\n\nGOZANSKY: You go to work for a firm that is more business-oriented,\ndistinguished from your military time when you probably did a lot of criminal\nlike stuff.\n\nLEVITAS: Right.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're in a firm that's going to be very comfortable with you being\ncivically involved.\n\nLEVITAS: That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also important. I mean, it was not a question of, you're going\nto take time away from what you should be doing as a lawyer. The civic\ninvolvement was considered a very strong plus by the firm, even Sol Golden. It\nwas both within the Jewish community and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general community. Also, [I was\ninvolved in] what basically, you would describe as pro bono work. I got involved\nwith cases that had political implications, civil liberties implications. [I]\ndefended or represented a person who went by the name of Lord Joseph, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"God\nhad sent to Atlanta to save from its sins\". I learned a lot about habeas corpus\nand lockups and lunacy hearings during those experiences. Also became very\nactive in the Jewish community and early on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"served on the boards of the Jewish\nCommunity Center.\n\nGOZANSKY: You and Barbara joined AA when you came back?\n\nLEVITAS: Oh yes.\n\nGOZANSKY: You join AA and now you get back to the Jewish Community Center, B'nai\nB'rith, which your father had been so instrumental in...\n\nLEVITAS: ...AJC, which years before, Ashkenazi Jews were not that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in,\nbut that had changed. Jewish Community Center and a number of other Jewish\ncommunal activities. Also got involved in Democratic party politics and was an\nalternate delegate to the 1964 Convention.\n\nGOZANSKY: Are you in DeKalb county now, at this point?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, deliberately moved into DeKalb county. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were looking only in\nDeKalb county at that time for a lot of reasons. I mentioned earlier that we\nstill had the county unit system. Fulton, DeKalb, and Rockdale county were the\nthree counties in what was then the Fifth Congressional District. It was not\nlikely that anybody from Fulton county was going to be elected, because of the\nunit system, and I thought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if I ever wanted to get involved in politics, I\nwould come to DeKalb county.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, even back around 1960, there's some positioning.\n\nLEVITAS: Keeping the options open.\n\nGOZANSKY: Keeping the options open for congressional...\n\nLEVITAS:... as one possibility. And at that time, obviously, there were very few\nJews who lived in DeKalb county. DeKalb county was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"likely, under 200,000\npopulation. We moved into DeKalb county. Some Jews were beginning to move into\nthis area in the Briarcliff / Lavista Road area.\n\nGOZANSKY: Had Beth Jacob moved out?\n\nLEVITAS: Had not yet moved out. Had not yet moved here. But Shearith Israel had\nalready located, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I recall it. So, we moved into DeKalb county, into\napartments. In fact, we've lived in DeKalb county ever since and within a mile\nand a half of where we first roosted. We've stayed pretty close to this area.\nNear Emory, which was also an attraction to us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be near the university.\nBarbara became active in communal activities as well. We sort of figured that we\nwere going to be here.\n\nGOZANSKY: What were the Jewish activities, the Jewish communal activities at\nthat stage? In my mind, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[I'm] defining that stage as before you go to the\nGeneral Assembly, before you seek elective office. What were the Jewish communal\nactivities that you were most involved in?\n\nLEVITAS: I was involved in The [Jewish] Federation [of North America] community\nrelations type things, dealing with antisemitism problems and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broader community\ninvolvement. I was very involved with American Jewish Committee, the Community\nCenter, these were boards that I was serving on at the time.\n\nGOZANSKY: Obviously, you had fully bridged any historical gaps between the\nEastern European and the German Jewry if you were on the board of the American\nJewish Committee.\n\nLEVITAS: Right.\n\nGOZANSKY: I assume, at that point it was still dominated in its leadership by\nthe Reformed Jewish community.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: It was. It had not yet reached out and brought in the Eastern European,\nRussian Jews. But it was beginning. It was very comfortable, there was no\nawkwardness. I told you earlier that I had friends through the AZA chapter that\nI was in. It was one of the first that had also bridged this gap.\n\nGOZANSKY: Right.\n\nLEVITAS: I had friends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already who were part of the German Jewish community, as\ndid Babs, who had dated a lot of those guys before we got married. We had\nfriends in that area. Also, our contemporary friends, for the most part our\nclosest friends, were also bridging that gap. Miles and Elaine Alexander, for\nexample. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was, therefore, very comfortable for us to be a part of that group\nthat was making the Jewish community unitary.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is at the same time that Martin Luther King has come to the foreground.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, about that time. In fact, as a youngster when I was fifteen years\nold, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I served on an inter-racial Atlanta Community Youth Council which was\npretty heady stuff. I had known and knew Martin King, Martin Luther King, face\nto face. We had worked on things together, and Coretta [Scott King] as well.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I was not part of the group that was going to Selma, [Alabama] we were\nvery involved with activities in Atlanta, which was in great transition at that\ntime-- sit-ins at lunch counters and restaurants. We were part of that group of\nwhite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moderate liberals, certainly racially civil rights liberals, who were\nmaking it possible for the activists to be successful.\n\nGOZANSKY: The \"we\", is that part of the Jewish community that is active in the\nAmerican Jewish Committee and active in AZA?\n\nLEVITAS: For the most part, that's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: Let's see, Rabbi Rothschild of the Temple obviously was involved. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who\nelse in the Jewish community comes to mind?\n\nLEVITAS: Well, the whole Jewish community really. This fellow named Joe Gross,\nwho had been very much active in Jewish communal life, but also in the bridging\nof this. With a few exceptions, most of the Jewish leadership [was involved].\nMarvin Goldstein, for example. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marvin and Irving, his brother, opened their\nhotel without any protests, sit-ins, or so forth and permitted Blacks to use\ntheir hotel as public accommodation.\n\nGOZANSKY: That was Atlanta...\n\nLEVITAS: Atlanta American...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...right downtown.\n\nLEVITAS: It was not as a result of pressures. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marvin and Irving, who were\nalso part of the Atlanta Jewish leadership, very much in the forefront, of that.\nWhile there were always some Jews in Atlanta, and elsewhere in the state, who\nwere part of the old segregationist gang, they were clearly aberrations. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the\nmost part, the Jewish community was either actively involved or passively\ninvolved, both of which were important functions. But you always had the Charlie\nBlocks from Macon who wrote the massive resistance plan for Georgia, some of the\nKaminskis, who were staunch Herman Talmedge supporters. But, for the most part,\nyou were seeing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews who were in the forefront of that. Given my involvement,\nand Ellis Arnall's involvement, it was a plus in many ways to be involved in\nthat type of activity. I never thought of it as a political plus, but it was a\nplus knowing that you're on the right side of the tide of history.\n\nGOZANSKY: What was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business reality to that? Here's the main partner in the\nfirm, one of the young up-and-comers in the firm, and you're all clearly out\nfront and active.\n\nLEVITAS: There were negatives. There were clients who didn't particularly like\nthat. I mean, the firm clients were-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as most well-to-do business people at that\ntime-- not part of this changing tide. And in some ways, [they] resented it and\nwould make remarks. However, we were doing professionally an effective and good\njob for these people and that counted more than our own political activities.\nEllis Arnall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always used to say that he liked to represent Republicans because\nthat's where the money was. That was always true. I remember there was one of\nour large clients-- it was actually a trade association-- that we were doing a\nlot of work for. Most of the people who were leaders in this were not only\nRepublican but very conservative. About that time, they were first organizing\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ACLU chapter in Atlanta, in Georgia. I had been approached as becoming the\nfirst chairman of the group here. Ed Ladd, whom you may remember, ultimately\ntook that position. But several of these people made it very clear that they\nwould be uncomfortable with that. Now, I didn't do it-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not for those reasons--\nbut it was quite clear that, had I done that, they would have expressed\nthemselves very vigorously to the other partners.\n\nGOZANSKY: So early on, you knew that a card-carrying ACLU person had political...\n\nLEVITAS: ...that's right. There was never any doubt that if you were going to be\nvisibly involved with those issues, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were not in the political majority in\nGeorgia yet. May still not be, but certainly [not] in those days. Being Jewish\non top of that increased the negative aspect of it. But it was one of those\nthings, as I say, my law partners ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encouraged. I found early on, a very important\npolitical fact. That if you stand for something-- even if other people disagree\nwith you-- you gain more respect and are more effective than if you\nshilly-shally and waffle and don't have something that you stand up for. Whether\nit's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political principal, or an identifiable religious affiliation, or things\nof that sort. It was clear to me that while I was not in the political majority,\nbecause people knew where I stood and was coming from, and [because I] was not\ndoing it in a destructive way, it was a positive element in my own relationship\nto the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general community.\n\nGOZANSKY: What were you doing outside of the Jewish community at this same time,\ncareer-wise? Where were you visible civically?\n\nLEVITAS: I was active in the [Georgia] Bar [Association], the younger lawyers'\nsection. I was active in legal aid efforts. I was active in community,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood-type things like garbage collection pick-up and zoning matters.\nThose were the activities I was most comfortable with. Also, some involvement,\nbut not nearly so much, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in things like Red Cross, symphony, museum, such as\nthat. For Jews, and particularly Jews who didn't have a lot of money, a lot of\nhigh visibility ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civic activities were not really very open: symphony, museum,\nthings such as that.\n\nGOZANSKY: But there were Jews that were...\n\nLEVITAS: ...oh, there were, very prominent...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...there were people of economic substance.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right. For years the High Museum [of Art] had been a beneficiary\nof philanthropy by very prominent Jewish families. From the beginning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\n[Atlanta] Symphony [Orchestra] had support. In fact, Henry Sopkin, one of the\nearlier maestros, was Jewish.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh.\n\nLEVITAS: Oh yes, very active in the Jewish community, as a matter of fact, he\nand his wife and children.\n\nGOZANSKY: Who were some of the families, at that time, that come to mind as\nbeing economically [established]...\n\nLEVITAS: Well, you had the Rich's.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: Mostly German Jewish decent?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, very much so. Fox, I think, was one of the families.\n\nGOZANSKY: The Haases?\n\nLEVITAS: Haases were very prominent. Some of the Eastern European Jews who had\nmade money, Ian Wienstein, A. J. Wienberg, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closely related there, Max\nGoldstein, Powell Goldstein.\n\nGOZANSKY: Is that Goldstein related to Marvin?\n\nLEVITAS: No, not really.\n\nGOZANSKY: Those are separate families?\n\nLEVITAS: Those are separate families. A. J. Weinberg-- who was related to\nMarvin, a relation of mine-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his daughter married Elliott Goldstein who was Max\nGoldstein's son. So a lot of people thought there was a kinship there, but there\nwasn't. But the perception, I don't think, made Elliott Goldstein very happy.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter) So your civic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activities outside of the Jewish community\nare a little more participatory and less leadership-oriented? Is that a fair--\n\nLEVITAS: I think that's a fair statement, although I was pretty actively\ninvolved in committee chairmanships, and activities of that sort, in the younger\nlawyer section and in the Bar. But in terms of wanting to be President of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"State Bar or going up that ladder, I never really did that.\n\nGOZANSKY: Now, let's take this period and let's have some children.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes.\n\nGOZANSKY: Take me through that private part of yours' and Barbara's life, and at\nthe same time let's end up with the decision. Help me understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you decide\nto seek a position in the [Georgia] General Assembly, which is a part of your\ncareer that we forget, because you were a congressman so long. We tend not to\nremember those years.\n\nLEVITAS: That was very important, very important. During this period of time, we\nhad gotten back from the Air Force, got our apartment, [we were] getting\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"re-involved again with the family, and so forth here. The following year we had\nour first child. We had really been looking forward to that. Our first born was\na girl named Karen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then shortly thereafter our second child came, Susan. It\nwas about a year and a half or two years, almost two years later, that the third\nchild, Kevin, arrived. So, in a relatively short period of time we had two\nchildren and then the third. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we had just moved into our new home about\nthe time Susan was born. We moved out of the apartment into a new home four\nblocks away.\n\nGOZANSKY: Here in Victoria Estates?\n\nLEVITAS: No, on Jody Lane. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were a lot of friends of ours who lived in that\narea at the time, on those streets. We had just added on a new room to our house\nwhen Kevin was born, because I think we had his bris in that new add-on\nplayroom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was taking up a lot of our time, Barbara's more than mine, as a\nconsequence of the fact that the practice that I was then engaged in involved a\nlot of travel, both for litigation and other reasons. But, being father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nsomething that... I really enjoyed the kids. It was a time where, particularly\nas they got older-- I wasn't that great with little kids, infants, but-- once\nthey got above infancy, I really liked it.\n\nGOZANSKY: Is this an admission on tape that you did not change a lot of diapers?\nIs that what you're saying?\n\nLEVITAS: Not one.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: That was part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the prenuptial agreement.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is the moderate side of Elliott Levitas. (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: We took the kids to the parks, we took them on outings and things like\nthat, did a lot of those types of things.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're doing well enough professionally for Barbara to work fulltime\nwith the children instead of teaching at school?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, that's right, she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fulltime, and that was because we felt it\nwas important. I was not making so much money that it was not something we had\nto be aware of, but I was making enough that we were able to do those types of\nthings without too much strain. We still had one car. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a few years later\nthat we got the second car, used car. I was riding the bus to town, not only for\neconomic reasons but also, I just found it more of a convenience. I early on\nbecame an advocate of public transportation. We were pretty much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family-involved\nduring that period of time. I [was focused on] building this practice that I was\nengaged in, which at first was divided between litigation and commercial, and\nthen later became more litigation and copyright ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and intellectual property\ngenerally, and then acting as counsel in many cases. But it was during this\nperiod also, that I was still involved in Democratic party politics. I mentioned\ngoing to the Democratic Convention in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1964. I was involved in both county and\nstate level politics. Carl Sanders's campaign, very actively involved in Carl\nSanders' campaign. It was the first campaign that I remember in which the Jewish\ncommunity was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very visible. Not just a few people who were close to the\ncandidate but in a much more broadly-based way. I always thought it was ironic\nthat, one of the first campaign functions for Carl Sanders--\n\nwhich was nominally hosted in part by Irving Kaler, who was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyer and also\nvery active in Democratic party politics in Georgia-- was given at the Piedmont\nDriving Club.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh. (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: I always thought there was some irony there, given the exclusionary\nrestrictive discrimination of the Piedmont Driving Club. But Jews were very\nactive and prominent in that campaign and not just, as I say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people \"close to\nthe king\".\n\nGOZANSKY: Had something happened, that you could put your finger on, that would\nexplain why the Jewish community became more involved?\n\nLEVITAS: Well, this was the first big election after the county unit system is\nover. We were also-- and I think that's the main thing-- also there were more\nJews who had become economically well-off ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Atlanta. There were more Jews in\nAtlanta who were participating in various communal activities. It was [also]\nduring the civil rights era. . .\n\nGOZANSKY: ...so Jews had taken a couple of public shots and survived...\n\nLEVITAS: ...that's right...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...with incentives to stay discreet members.\n\nLEVITAS: It became an environment in which you felt that you could do this and\nmake a contribution. The idea of having to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit on the sidelines and keep your\nmouth shut no longer existed. It was also during this period that the various\nlitigation around the country on legislative redistricting was taking place.\nAgain, I got involved in that mostly as a lawyer, but [I was] also speaking out,\nparticipating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in forums, taking a very public position on that. I felt that, not\nonly, was it important to get rid of the county unit system, but now we needed\nto get a legislature that was able to represent urban interests which had not\nbeen done in the past. So, I was very involved in that. Then, when the\nredistricting decision came down for Georgia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember how happy I was, how\nfulfilled I felt, having worked on this for a number of years. But at that\nmoment, [I] did not think that I was going to be one of them. But a lot of the\npeople who I had been working with on these matters said, \"Ok, now you've got to\nrun.\" DeKalb county had gone from three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representatives-- one of whom was Jamie\nMackey, who had always been viewed as liberal, moderate, certainly for the last\nten to fifteen years prior to that, and who was about to run for Congress-- had\ngone from three to fifteen. There were going to be a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representatives\nelected from DeKalb county and a number of people were sort of pushing me to do\nthat. One afternoon a group of us got together over at my brother's house, as I\nrecall, to talk about it-- \"What do you think?\". ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember my brother was\nthere, Barbara was there, and I think Leon Eplan was there. Leon had been very\nactive with me in the Sanders campaign. That had gotten us really juiced up on\npolitics. I think Miles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may have been there, too. We thought maybe it was a good idea.\n\nGOZANSKY: This was a meeting of Jewish people exclusively?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, I think that's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: It's Miles, your contemporary, Leon...\n\nLEVITAS: ...Leon, my brother...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...Leon lives in the City of Atlanta?\n\nLEVITAS: He lives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in City of Atlanta.\n\nGOZANSKY: Miles was living in Buckhead at the time?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, he was not living in DeKalb county, I don't think. No, I take that\nback. He was living over near me on Holly Lane, or one of those.\n\nGOZANSKY: Okay, so he's in the district we're talking about.\n\nLEVITAS: Right. Elaine may have been there, too.\n\nGOZANSKY: Where is Ted living at this point?\n\nLEVITAS: He's living in this area, right off Briarcliff, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right next door to\nRabbi Feldman, as a matter of fact. I forget the name of the street.\n\nGOZANSKY: But, we're in the district, and we get together...\n\nLEVITAS: ...and we think that maybe we ought to take a crack at it. If we do,\nwe're going to need somebody to run the campaign. Leon said that he had worked\nwith this woman on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charlie Weltner's campaign, and if she was available that she\nwould be a good person to work with. He called her up and she was available and\nwe talked for a few minutes and it sounded interesting to me. So, we made\narrangements to get together. This was a woman named Mary Ann Summers and she\nbecame my campaign manager. We were basically together for a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years--\n[with a] hiatus after I didn't need a campaign manager anymore-- but came back\nwhen I ran for Congress and was ultimately my administrative assistant during\nthe time that I was in Congress. So, it went, back to that. We sort of took it\nas given that if I were elected, which we weren't so sure I could be, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I'd\nmake a good representative. But we weren't so sure I could get elected. Again,\nthe districts at that time were relatively large. I was going to have to run for\na post in a four-member district, which is larger than state senatorial\ndistricts. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black and Jewish constituency in that district was virtually\nnonexistent. It would be statistically inconsequential. It was basically white\nProtestant. I had never run for public office before and really didn't know what\nit entailed. While I was sort of a gregarious, friendly, outgoing person I had\nnever walked up to a stranger and asked him to vote for me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we thought we\ncould take a try and maybe, if I got in a runoff, I could maybe make it in that\nfashion. Three people were running for the post that I was running for in this\ndistrict. One of them came from a very prominent DeKalb family-- in fact, the\npeople who developed Victoria Estates. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other one was a person who had been\ninvolved politically in DeKalb county running for office previously. I think the\nother guy had run maybe once. The second person was very active in the\nShrine[rs] and the [Free] Masons and things like that, and sort of well known.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was more of a \"good old boy\". The other guy was more of a socially prominent family.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, there was good reason not to be overly confident.\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, there was every reason in the world not to be overly confident. We\ndecided that-- I decided that-- the most important campaign that I would ever\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run would be this campaign, and that it meant going all out.\n\nGOZANSKY: You're how old at this point?\n\nLEVITAS: This is 1965, so I am thirty-four years old. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I knew this would be\nthe most important campaign I would ever run. We went all out in terms of\ncommitment of time. In those days, state legislative races were not run with\nnecessarily even campaign headquarters. But we opened up a campaign\nheadquarters. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did bumper stickers. We did things that were not being done in\nthose days. We took a leaf out of the congressional races of Weltner and Mackey\nand did these neighborhood coffee klatch things, again, which were not done\nbefore this. Then I went out and hit the pavement.\n\nI'll never forget-- the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first person that I had never met before in my life--\nand I just walked up to a total stranger in a shopping center and said, \"My name\nis Elliott Levitas and I'm running for the state legislature. Would you please\nvote for me?\" Let me tell you, that was one hell of an obstacle to get over, and\none big \"Rubicon\" to cross. To just walk up to a total stranger and give him my\nname, which was not Jones or Smith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say, \"Would you vote for me?\" and hand\nhim a fingernail file or a piece of literature or a card. His reaction maybe\nmade my political career, because he said, \"You're the first person who's ever\nasked me to vote for him. You've got my vote. I'll make a note of this.\"\n\nWe developed a few techniques that had not been done before about how to get\npeople involved. Miles didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I could win because, if I had the name\n\"Alexander\" I could win, but the name \"Levitas\" was too strange, and foreign.\nNot that it was necessarily Jewish, maybe Greek, but it was different. But we\nreally ran a pretty good campaign and close to the end I thought I had a shot at\nthe runoff. When the election came around, I had won the election ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without the\nprimary, without a runoff.\n\nGOZANSKY: Do you have any sense of how much money you spent?\n\nLEVITAS: I would say, this is rough, this is sort of a \"guestimate\", but it\nwould probably be between $7,000 and $10,000.\n\nGOZANSKY: Which was a lot of money.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes. We had a campaign headquarters. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly not the\nestablishment candidate, by the way. Jim Cherry, who was the Superintendent of\nSchools in the county at that time-- and was one of the powerbrokers and\nking-makers-- I know he was not supporting me. He was supporting the socially\nprominent guy. But we had a campaign headquarters. Mr. Rosenbaum's old building\non West Ponce de Leon across from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chevrolet dealership which became my\ncampaign headquarters for future elections. We had volunteers who came in and\ndid the yard signs and the whole thing. But we had printed material, brochures.\nI think one of the legislative campaigns and bumper stickers is over there, and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"posters (gestures to shelf in the room). We really ran a good campaign. A lot of\nhard work, a lot of people involved.\n\nGOZANSKY: Not exclusively Jewish, I presume.\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, no, very much so. We had really reached out and brought in other\npeople. Barbara was pregnant with Kevin at the time, I remember, but she was out\ncampaigning. There were a lot of [members of] the Emory community. There was a\nfellow, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a man who's now deceased, who was very helpful. He was a pharmacologist\nat the [Emory] Medical School named Harry Williams. He would spend every weekend\nwith us out campaigning. We developed, in addition to the coffee klatch\ntechnique, and the innovation-- for state legislative ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"races-- of giving little\nrulers or fingernail files or whatever, we also developed the technique of the\nshopping center balloon brigade, which I used from that point forward. Because\nby bringing balloons, you attracted kids who attracted parents. No kid got a\nballoon without an adult present. [So] we'd get out into the mall and into the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood and we were able to do something different. We ran a good campaign.\n[We] had non-Jews very much involved in the coffee klatches, in the balloon\nbrigades, and towards the end, in the little fundraising that we were doing at\nthat time. I would guess that most of my money came from friends and relatives\nat the beginning. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only later on did we get a broader base. In those days, $15,\n$25 was considered to be a very generous campaign contribution.\n\nGOZANSKY: Who's your mentor in this first political step forward? Is the\nGovernor [Arnall] still an influence, or have you moved into...\n\nLEVITAS: He is, but not so much in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nuts and bolts stuff. That was coming\nfrom myself, because I did that for other candidates. I had been in campaigns\nbefore-- Charlie Weltner, Jamie Mackey, Carl Sanders. At the risk of being\nimmodest, I always thought I was my best campaign manager. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Eplan was quite\nhelpful. Barbara was very good at this, had good instincts. Elaine Alexander\nalso. That was sort of the hard core.\n\nGOZANSKY: That was the brain trust.\n\nLEVITAS: Mary Ann Summers, who I mentioned earlier, she brought a lot of her\ncrowd in and was just a tireless person, total political animal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were the\npeople who were doing most of the strategy, techniques, and implementation.\n\nGOZANSKY: The firm is comfortable with this, obviously.\n\nLEVITAS: Arnall was happy with it. Golden, I'm not so sure at this time, but it\nwas Arnall that I had cleared it with. I'm not even sure I told Sol Golden. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nalways had the feeling that if I had told him first, he would have probably\nobjected and I didn't want to have to...\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: ...do it over his objection. But I knew I was committed to it.\n\nGOZANSKY: This changes things, because this is what, about two months out of\nevery year...\n\nLEVITAS: ...changed a lot of things...\n\nGOZANSKY:... that you're fulltime consumed.\n\nLEVITAS: You've got to remember; I think at the time there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one Jew in the\nlegislature who was elected from a small town in south Georgia. It was that type\nof thing.\n\nGOZANSKY: So you're the second Jew to go into the Georgia General Assembly.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, that's right. First Jewish person elected to any office\nin DeKalb county.\n\nGOZANSKY: First Jew elected to any office...\n\nLEVITAS: ...in DeKalb county. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first Atlanta Jewish person elected to the\nlegislature. I think there had been one or two Jews from small towns, but as you\nknow, that's sort of a different phenomenon.\n\nGOZANSKY: Right.\n\nLEVITAS: So that changed a lot of things. It meant that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had more visibility,\nresponsibility, than I would have had fifteen or twenty years later, when Jews\nhad been elected. It wasn't precedent setting, there were other Jews there.\n\nGOZANSKY: Sidney Marcus is after you?\n\nLEVITAS: He's after me. He comes in after me in large measure because of my\nbeing there. Sidney and I were good friends.\n\nGOZANSKY: And Sam Massell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has not risen on the political scene at this point.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, you're the first, because you and Sidney and Sam are all close in age.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right, and Sam had already been on the City Council, Vice Mayor,\nand he was in the process of doing the Mayor business.\n\nGOZANSKY: Okay, so Sam's political stature--\n\nLEVITAS: ...he's already there...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...is emerging, but he's an Atlanta Jew and you're a DeKalb county\nJew. Sidney is...\n\nLEVITAS: ...Sidney is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"active in Sam's campaign, but he has not emerged himself\nin his own right.\n\nGOZANSKY: LeAnne Levitan is not on the scene yet?\n\nLEVITAS: No, she's not on the scene yet. I'm trying to think... the only other\nJewish person who had done political stuff around here was a cousin of mine who\nnever was successful in getting elected. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His name is Ben Rice and I think he had\nrun for either commission or board of education or something. He lived over in\nChalmette. I'm not sure there had been any other Jewish candidates in DeKalb\ncounty. There may have been, but I'm not right now aware of it. This was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1965--\n[a] special election [in 1965].\n\nGOZANSKY: How long of a term were you elected for?\n\nLEVITAS: One term. The day that I get sworn in, which is January 10, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1966, my\nfather and mother and family were up in the galleria, very important to me.\nBarbara was there. A very big day in my life. It was also the day that Julian\nBond was to take the oath of office.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Immediately after I was sworn in, the next item of business was the\ntrial of Julian Bond. It went on all day long. Things had been building up over\nthe weekend preceding the convening of the legislature. I still have the suit I\nwore that day-- it's interesting, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked at it the other day. Until late in\nthe evening the debate continued, and then when the time came to vote, I voted\nto seat Julian Bond. One of a handful of white guys who did that. I thought to\nmyself, I had a brilliant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but brief political career...\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: ...because there was no question in my mind that I was not voting the\nway I believed a majority of people in my district would have voted. I knew, at\nleast I believed that to be the case. But I also knew that I was voting, not\nonly what I believed, but what was right. Again, I learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a quick lesson early\non. I always ask this question every time I make a speech that has any political\nrelationship to elective office. How do you vote? Do you vote the way your\nconstituents want or the way you want? I learned a lesson that day. The answer\nis, it depends. On most issues that you vote on, your constituents don't give a\ndamn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one way or the other how you vote. They don't even know what the issues\nare, or relate to. When I was in Congress, most of my constituents didn't know\nor care about how I voted on soy bean quotas or things of that sort. About 80\npercent, 85 percent of the votes are that sort. Ten percent of the votes, or\nmaybe a few more, are votes in which your constituents feel very strongly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nyou know what their feelings are and you should represent them and cast their\nvote, as it were, on those issues. That's about 10 percent or 15 percent of the\nvotes you cast. Then there's another group that you vote because you are elected\nto be the representative and this is a republic. You do it because you either\nhave more information or you have a sense that it is the right--\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constitutionally, morally-- the right vote, and you do it. Then it's your\nresponsibility either to persuade your constituents that you were right, or they\nought to re-elect you not withstanding that, because of other reasons, because\nyou were otherwise a good representative. But when I voted for Julian Bond, I\nknew in my own mind that I was not casting the vote of my constituents, and that\nI would pay a price for it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I prepared my statement as to why I did it. I got\nall the hate calls. My mother got hate and threat calls, threatening not just my\nlife, [but] her life. Threatening my life to my mother.\n\nGOZANSKY: These people understood they were calling your mother?\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, yes. \"Tell your son we're going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kill him.\"\n\nGOZANSKY: That's pretty clear.\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, they knew. Or, \"We're gonna get that Jew,\" that came out. I\nremember handbills were distributed with my name on them, associating me with\nthe Black Panthers and things like that. So, my first vote ever, first time I\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever casting a vote, it was on whether to seat Julian Bond or not (laughter).\n\nA lot of people, close friends of mine, said that must have been a very\ndifficult decision to make, knowing how unpopular it was. I told them the truth.\nIt was not a difficult decision at all. It was one of the easiest decisions I\never made politically because I knew, instinctively, as well as based upon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nexperience as a lawyer and as a student, scholar of history, that Julian Bond--\nor anybody else who got elected by people-- had a right to represent them. Just\nbecause what he stood for was highly unpopular, was no reason not to. In fact,\nhe had all the more reason to be seated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never had any question as to the\noutcome of the litigation that would ensue, because it was so basic. It was not\na hard decision, but it was a decision that I realized at the time, had\nconsequences attached to it. It turned out, not political consequences, they\nwere personal consequences, and that passed. But again, I learned the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lesson, or\ngot it reconfirmed, something I said earlier. That if you stand for something,\nand stand up for what you believe in, people may violently or seriously disagree\nwith you, but at least they respect your taking a position and standing up for\nit. I never had any regrets about that.\n\nGOZANSKY: Were you surprised at how few voted to seat Bond at that point?\n\nLEVITAS: No, not really. I suspected that would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be the case. Remember that it\nwas at the height of the Viet Nam War. We weren't losing the war yet. And the\nStudent Non-Violent Coordinating Committee that had adopted the resolution that\nBond got associated with, was sort of intemperate in its words or cues that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans were being involved in murder. That wasn't \"de rigueur\" politics at\nthe time. Coming from a group which had other baggage to carry-- justifiably\ncarrying other baggage-- the baggage was justifiably on their shoulders because\nof their activities in the civil rights area. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not just the fact that\nJulian was Black, by any means.\n\nGOZANSKY: There was more than the race issue.\n\nLEVITAS: That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: So that begins how many years of service in the [Georgia] General Assembly?\n\nLEVITAS: Nine years, five terms.\n\nGOZANSKY: First term being one year.\n\nLEVITAS: First term being one year.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, you find out quickly how forgiving the voters are, that you voted\nagainst their preference on the Bond issue.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: Without being tongue in cheek, I would say, how perceptive the voters\nwere and how amenable to receiving information and dealing with it. Something\nthat, for the most part, I had reinforced over the years. I think my explanation\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of why I voted the way I had voted was accepted, and the fact that I gave an\nexplanation and didn't just cavalierly deal with it, was important.\n\nGOZANSKY: So, you were campaigning, in a sense, almost from the second you were\nsworn in...\n\nLEVITAS: Oh sure.\n\nGOZANSKY:... because you had to explain the Bond vote, your instincts told you,\nand you had to get ready. How did the second [election]...?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: I'm trying to remember, I'm not even sure I had opposition. Or if I\ndid, it was only nominal opposition the second time. I was fortunate that the\ndistrict I represented was-- probably, certainly from my point of view--\npolitically and personally the best district that I could have represented. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nmean, anywhere. It was moderate to liberal on racial matters. You had Emory\nUniversity in the middle of the district. You had Agnes Scott College. You had\nColumbia Theological Seminary. You had a lot of academic--\n\nGOZANSKY: ...you had a high level of education...\n\nLEVITAS: ...very high level of education, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle class.\n\nGOZANSKY: The Jewish community is growing...\n\nLEVITAS: ...but it was still not significant. Still not significant. That never\nwas a significant factor. It became a helpful factor because it provided some\ncampaign people to work with, but it was never, in terms of vote, a significant factor.\n\nBut from that time forward it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became pretty easy. That's why I knew that that\n\nfirst election was important, because it is not easy to run against an incumbent\nfor an office that doesn't have a high visibility. In those days, incumbency was\na plus, not a minus.\n\nGOZANSKY: I see, so, you instinctively made the right call and set yourself up.\n\nLEVITAS: Absolutely. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nGOZANSKY: This is the third, and possibly final, interview of Elliott Levitas,\nbeing conducted by Nat Gozansky on October 26, 1992.\n\nGOZANSKY: Elliott, when we met last time you had just gotten elected to the\nstate legislature. You voted to seat Julian Bond and a year later your district\nsent you back for what would be an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"additional four two-year terms. So, your\nfirst experience with taking a controversial stand, but doing what you believed\nto be the right thing, was confirmed by your constituents who respected that\njudgement. Let's talk a little bit about the nine years' experiences being one\nof, I guess, just a few Jews that served in the state legislature.\n\nLEVITAS: Well, it was, to me, a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rewarding experience and a very\nenlightening experience. Because for the first time, I had an opportunity to\nassociate with, and deal with, a cross-section of people in this state. From\nsemi-literate people to very bright people, from very smart people to some who\nwere not, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from those who were impeccably clean when it came to their legislative\nethics, to some who were not. Also, I had the opportunity to associate with\npeople who basically had never associated with a Jewish person before,\nparticularly having to deal with that type of person on an equal footing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the\nlegislature. By and large, I was very visibly Jewish in the sense there was\nnever any question about that. Frequently there were comments made, but nothing\never made in a negative way, at least not in my hearing. To a certain extent I\nthink there were occasions when people would go out of their way to help me, to\nbe friendly, to cooperate, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they knew I was Jewish. It was more of an\nimpediment to be an Atlanta-based lawyer than it was to be Jewish, by a wide\nmargin. I became, from the very beginning, very activist in every area--\nenvironmental, consumer protection, rights of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"privacy. Active in nuts and bolts\njudiciary committee work, particularly in reformulating the State Constitution\nand re-codifying the Georgia code and the corporate code, in particular. When\nJimmy Carter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became governor-- although I had not supported him in that race for\ngovernor-- I did play an important and key role as one of his floor leaders and\nspent a lot of time on state governmental reorganization.\n\nGOZANSKY: You wouldn't attribute any of that ability to get positions of\ninfluence or [to get] on committees you preferred, to the fact that you were\nJewish or non-Jewish, or [that] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being a lawyer might have affected some of those committees.\n\nLEVITAS: I don't think so. I don't think being Jewish had anything to do with\nthose opportunities. I think that the issue of being an urban legislator was a\nmore significant factor. Because we were in a very significant transition period\nbetween ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rurally dominated, recently post-county unit system, legislative body,\nto one that was moving in the other direction. Therefore, that became a much\nmore critical issue, as far as I was concerned. As one of the leaders of what we\nformed to be the urban caucus, I became heavily involved in those issues. And\nthose were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that played out with other legislators, both in achieving\nresults and in forming coalitions. We realized that there were things we\ncouldn't do without the support of our rural brethren, and they likewise. So, we\nbegan to make these bridges and coalitions. But again, it was pretty clear that\nI was Jewish. To me, one of the most important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiences was getting to know\npeople who were not Jewish, who came from very rural areas of the state, and\nbecoming very good friends, social friends. Going out to have dinner, to drink\nwith them, to play cards with them, to be invited to go on hunting trips with\nthem, to go down to a fishing camp and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fish and play cards and eat and things of\nthat sort. Very important. It also gave me the opportunity, subsequently, to\nintroduce others who came in after me, such as Sidney Marcus. I would begin to\ntake him to these events and as a result he began to form similar friendships\nand coalitions. So, that was an extremely important experience.\n\nGOZANSKY: But you weren't the first Jew to ever be elected to the state [legislature]--\n\nLEVITAS: --no, there had been some way back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, as I said, when I was\nelected there was one person who was Jewish in the legislature at the time, but\n[he was] from a remote part of the state.\n\nGOZANSKY: And then Sidney...\n\nLEVITAS: ...Sidney was the next...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...was the next.\n\nLEVITAS: That's correct. I think there may have been one or two people in the\nlegislature, in fact I know there were one or two, who were not Jewish, or would\nnot appear to be Jewish, but who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would whisper in my ear that they were Jewish.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: I was very much surprised that they were, or claimed to be, Jewish. In\nany event, one of the things that I did early on which had a Jewish\nrelationship, although ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that wasn't necessarily my motivation, is one of the\nfirst bills I introduced and got passed. [It] was a law, making it a specific\ncrime to desecrate a house of worship-- a church or synagogue or any other house\nof worship-- by defacing it or otherwise desecrating it.\n\nThere had been one or two incidences of that sort involving both ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\nsynagogues as well as Christian churches. There was some significance in terms\nof focusing attention on it. But I had another purpose, because some of the\nnewly elected Republicans, particularly from DeKalb county, were coming up with\nthese motherhood bills, outlawing communists in the education department, or\nthings of that sort. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were forcing people to vote on these things even when\nthey didn't make good legislative sense. I wanted to put them in a position of\nvoting for a bill that they couldn't oppose on the same grounds. So, there was\nsome politics involved there. Also, success breeds success. Once you've got the\nreputation of being able to pass legislation, it makes it easier the next time.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I was given responsibilities quite early on by the governor, speaker, and by\nmy colleagues, [other] chairmen. One of my closest friends was a relatively\nsenior representative chairman with the judiciary committee, Robin Harris. He\nand I became very close friends. He gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunities to do things, as did\nboth the speakers and the governors, of course, with the exception of Lester\nMaddox. I had vigorously opposed [him] when he was running for governor, and my\nonly cordial relationship was that, when he was trying to push one of his more\npopulist ideas, I was one of the people who would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be prepared to step out front\nand support those things. For example, in the area of housing, one of the things\nI did was take a very strong lead in the housing field. Georgia became one of\nthe first states to pass a residential finance agency, which is today the model\nfor the whole country. It's been economically successful. It's provided new\nhousing for moderate- and low-income people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A friend of mine whom I worked with\non a lot of legislative ideas, I mentioned earlier, Leon Eplan, also worked with\nme as an outside consultant in putting that legislation together. That was done\nwhile Maddox was governor and it had an appeal to his more populist ideas.\nAnother thing during the Maddox administration, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coincidentally there was one of\nthe major Arab-Israeli wars. I think the 1967 war would have occurred during\nMaddox's tenure. It became very important to get support across the country. I\nwas contacted, I forget by which groups in town, to set up a meeting with Maddox\nto get a proclamation from the governor and the statement of support for the\nIsraelis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that also played a role. Another very significant occurrence, at\nleast to me and I think in other ways, [was that] the legislative session starts\neach day with a chaplain's prayer. Some of them are very Christian\nfundamentalist in nature. I decided that the time had come to have my rabbi,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Epstein, give an invocation. He did, and it was a beautiful invocation. It\nwas printed in the Journal of the House of [Representatives] and it is one that\nI still refer to. But it also made a real impact on friends of mine who were not\nJewish, who saw a Jewish rabbi who was obviously ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very tuned in and articulate\nand was speaking to something that was relevant. By virtue of my being in the\nlegislature and having the access to the leadership, I was able to do that,\nwhich I think is a significant step in terms of Jewish awareness in the state.\n\nGOZANSKY: What is the single biggest accomplishment of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elliott Levitas in the\nnine years in the General Assembly?\n\nLEVITAS: It really is hard to say because, fortunately, I was able to do a lot\nof things and to rank them is not that easy. I mentioned the Residential Housing\nFinance Agency. That clearly was one. A number of the consumer protection,\nsecond home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protection, legislation against the practices that were going on at\nthe time. But for me personally, I suppose, legislatively the biggest\naccomplishment was to pass the Georgia Right of Privacy Act. I've always been\nconvinced that individualism and the right of privacy, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essence of an\nindividual, can be destroyed by invasions of that person's privacy. It's always\nbeen important to me. I was able to get legislation passed-- one of the\nstrongest laws in the country, even today-- prohibiting electronic surveillance\nand other types of unwarranted invasions of privacy. In a sense, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was\nimportant to me and what my sense is of the worth and the central nature of the\nindividual, I guess that was the case, that was it. In another sense, I suppose\nthat the greatest single overall matter of importance was my ability to become\nfriends with people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were not previously types of people I associated with or\nvice versa. One of my closest friends in the legislature, who became a very\nstaunch supporter and actively worked to help me run for a leadership position,\nhappened to be a Lebanese American from Blackshear, Georgia which is in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way-far-off southeast Georgia.\n\nGOZANSKY: Big Lebanese community, I guess. (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, I'm sure. (laughter) But it was that, I suppose, in a way [that]\nbecame even more important than specific legislative accomplishments of which\nthere were many...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...many...\n\nLEVITAS: ...because it opened my eyes. It opened my world and it enabled me, as\nI went on to other things, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take those experiences and transfer them as I was\ndealing in the U.S. Congress. So, legislatively, I would say it's the Right to\nPrivacy Act. Overall, I would say it was the ability to broaden my personal\nperspective ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11970.0,12000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find, and give, acceptance to others.\n\nGOZANSKY: Biggest disappointment, nine years. What--\n\nLEVITAS: --I suppose legislatively my biggest disappointment was the failure to\npass what was later enacted, what they called the Little FTC Law, major consumer\nprotection. We had passed several consumer protection bills but that one was\nlobbied ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12000.0,12030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the ground by those interests who would have been adversely\naffected by it. I spent a couple of years on that.\n\nAlso, a slight disappointment, we had passed some major land use, land planning,\nand state planning legislation and I had become chairman of the State Planning\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12030.0,12060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community Affairs Committee and had created certain state agencies for the\nfirst time to do those things. We had passed the Chattahoochee Protection bill.\nThat too, was a major accomplishment in those days-- first multi-jurisdictional\nland use legislation in Georgia history-- against the most incredible opposition\nas you might imagine, because it went against the county rights and so forth.\nThat too would fall into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"category of major accomplishments. But the failure\nto pass the Little FTC, the comprehensive statewide land use planning and, I\nsuppose, the failure to be elected into the leadership-- which I came very close\nto doing-- were disappointments. They were matters that I accepted, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think,\nwithout any rancor and just viewed that I would go on and try again or do other\nthings. But I left the Georgia legislature before I had a chance to recycle\nthose few disappointments.\n\nGOZANSKY: Well, let's go to that. Your former law partner, Ben Blackburn, is the\nRepublican representing the 4th District. By your own description, you're having\na very fulfilling experience in the state legislature; some disappointments, but\na lot of wonderful accomplishments. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What caused you to decide to take up the Democratic mantel and take on\nBen Blackburn and go to Congress?\n\nLEVITAS: There were a number of factors. First of all, Blackburn progressively\nmoved to the far right and became more and more, in my opinion, out of touch\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12150.0,12180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the mainstream of the congressional district I lived in. [And he] became, I\nthought, increasingly acerbic and bitter and mean and arrogant. It just got to\nme, frankly. So, I had that motivation. Secondly, I had come to the conclusion\nthat five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms in the state legislature was fine. I couldn't solve all the\nproblems in the world, I found out. Although, I could make a difference, I made\na big difference. But I couldn't change it all. I was reaching a point of\ndiminishing return in terms of what it took to get things done. I felt the time\nhad come to move on one way or the other. Either get out-- and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be out of\npolitics for a while, or at least electoral politics-- or to go on to something\nelse. That race-- while there was not much indication that it was a winable race\nat that time-- I felt was an opportunity, if nothing else, to make Blackburn\nhave a serious challenge, which he had not had in a while. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To let him know that\nhe had to modify his political behavior or else he was going to get kicked off.\nSo I knew I could do that. I felt this was an honorable way to-- instead of\nsimply saying, \"I'm not going to run again,\"-- an honorable way to end my\nlegislative service one way or the other. A number of people were either\nencouraging me or goading me to make that race. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manuel Maloof, who was a very\nactive local politician at the time, was goading me. And other friends were\nencouraging me, so I jumped in. Basically, it was impulsive. I had discussed it\nwith some people, but it was basically deciding the time had come. I'm not sure\nI had discussed it fully ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12300.0,12330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all of my law partners, for example, and that was\na major move because it meant leaving the law firm. I did not discuss it as much\nas I should have even with my own family. But I just felt... it was compulsive,\nand I decided damn it, I was going to do it, and that's how I got into it. One\ninteresting thing is, shortly after I got into that race, I began to pull\ntogether some of the people who helped me when I ran for the legislature. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned Mary Ann Summers earlier, and Miles, and we put together-- and my\nbrother was very much involved-- we put together a campaign committee. Went out\nand tried to engage professionals to do some of the things that needed to be\ndone such as polling, such as media, such as campaign materials...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12360.0,12390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: ...more sophisticated than ten years earlier?\n\nLEVITAS: Much more sophisticated.\n\nGOZANSKY: A new constituency, encompassing the old, but needing to reach folks\nthat had not been your...\n\nLEVITAS: ...that's right. It was a much larger constituency, probably four to\nfive times as large a constituency. I was fortunate in getting some really good\npeople. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was in 1974. Obviously, the Watergate world had an impact on it, but\nours was still a very conservative district. I remember we had a good\nadvertising firm, [that] came up with very patriotic kind of stuff. I was trying\nto cast myself, not as an ideological purest, but someone who knew how to deal\nwith problems, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had principles, and would fight for them regardless of party\nlabels, and things like that. I wanted to appeal to people who had voted\nRepublican before, because they had demonstrated having voted for a Republican\ncongressman, so I wanted to appeal to them. I recognized that during my first\nterm in office it would be the bicentennial of the American Revolution. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we\nadopted as our campaign slogan, \"Vote for Elliott Levitas. It's a declaration of\nindependence.\" It became a very popular theme for the election because it\nidentified patriotism, principle, and independence, which was appealing. Ran a\nvery, very, hard grassroots campaign. Organized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down into neighborhoods. Things\nwhich, by today's politics you accept and take for granted and almost are boring\nclichés, were not in those days. The coffee klatch approach had just been in\nfor a few years. The emphasis on door-to-door canvasing and using volunteers to\nextend out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the constituency, those were things that we were pioneering. I\nhad started as a campaign idea, to further the idea of citizen contact. One of\nthe issues that I had raised was that Blackburn had lost contact. He had gotten\na serious case of \"Potomac Fever\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12540.0,12570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and lost contact with his people. So I wanted\nto show that I was out among the people. I got a recreational vehicle, like a\nWinnebago, and would take the campaign-- campaign workers, posters, balloons,\nand the whole thing, and myself-- into neighborhoods and shopping centers. We\ncontinued the concept that balloons were a key feature in political campaigning,\nand we would take this caravan out into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12570.0,12600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the neighborhoods and to the shopping\ncenters. The idea struck me that if that was a way of outreaching during a\ncampaign, it would work if, and when, I got elected to Congress. I made a\ncommitment to have an office that would go out into the neighborhoods, a mobile\noffice, and that was a very innovative approach. It was both substantive, but it\nwas also very symbolic, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it tried to show that the incumbent, you never\nsaw him, or you saw him very infrequently. In fact, one of my television\ncommercials showed a picture of what appeared to be a congressional office with\nan empty seat and a telephone that kept ringing and ringing and was never\nanswered. That was part of the campaign. Also, Blackburn's undying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support for\n[Richard] Nixon, even as the disclosures began to come out during the campaign,\nduring the Watergate period; we hit him hard on that. Also, the fact that he had\nmoved too far to the right. There were a whole host of issues such as energy\npolicy-- the need to do something about the skyrocketing energy prices, and the\nshortage of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12660.0,12690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gasoline at the service stations, and the need for a national energy\npolicy. Those were some of the things that I was using in the campaign. When the\nelection came around, I really-- until the last two weeks-- didn't think that I\nwas going to win. I thought I was going to do well, but I didn't think we'd win.\nBut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12690.0,12720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards the last part of the campaign I knew that we had a real shot at it.\nOne of the interesting things that we did early in our polling was-- and we did\nsome good polling-- [discerning] what issues played, what didn't play, what\nvulnerabilities were perceived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12720.0,12750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blackburn's service. I had pretty high\nvisibility, I was a very visible state legislator...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...right...\n\nLEVITAS: ...unusually so. I had a relatively high degree of personal name\nrecognition. But one of the questions we wanted to find out was, would people in\nthis district vote for a Jewish person for Congress?\n\nGOZANSKY: Now your district goes what, up into Stone Mountain, right?\n\nLEVITAS: Oh, into all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12750.0,12780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DeKalb county. Stone Mountain, all of Rockdale county.\n\nGOZANSKY: You've lost that intellectual base of Emory University where one would accept...\n\nLEVITAS: --we now had blue-collar; we had more Blacks. But still, even then,\nwhen I say minority-- Catholics, Greeks, Blacks, Chinese, Koreans, Jews-- all\ntogether they weren't 12 or 14 percent. It was very still white, Protestant, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but\nmore blue-collar than before. So, we needed to know. The numbers came back and\nabout 25 to 28 percent of the people said, \"No, they wouldn't vote for a Jewish\nperson.\" That was the question. I thought that was a pretty significant number.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we did cross relationships in the polling, however, we found out a couple of\nthings. That number, a large majority of those people, would have voted against\nme if I weren't Jewish, because of the positions I took on issues. So, these\nwere people who weren't going to vote for me anyway. Then there were a number of\npeople, percentagewise, not a large number but a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12840.0,12870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant number, who weren't\nsure what was meant when we said, \"Would you vote for a Jewish person?\" They\nweren't quite sure what that was. But 28 percent of the people, nevertheless,\nsaid, no, they wouldn't vote for a Jewish person. I thought that was\nsignificant, although it translated less into electoral significance, because of\nthe other issues that were involved. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got elected to Congress in 1974. I got\nsworn in... this is an interesting story. My mother came up to Washington along\nwith Barbara and the kids, [for my swearing in]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tickets to the gallery are very\nhard to get, because of the ceremonial nature of the event. By this time, I had\ngotten to know Ed Koch, who was a congressman from New York, a senior\ncongressman. He had been very helpful to me during the transition, moving in,\nand we became friends. He had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sworn in [on] a number of occasions and he\nstill got his allotment of tickets. I'd given him, at one point, a box of my\nmother's cookies. She made a chocolate mandel bread...\n\nGOZANSKY: Ahh...\n\nLEVITAS: ...it was world famous...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...the infamous \"mandel bread strategy.\" (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: ...and Koch knew that. So, when I asked him for tickets to the gallery\nfor the family, my mother and others, he agreed only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on condition my mother made\nhim some chocolate mandel bread. (laughter) So, we bartered mandel bread for\ngallery tickets. Anyway, I started in Congress, I got the committee assignments\nbasically that I wanted to get, public works and transportation; because of the\nimportance of transportation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issues to Georgia, and because of the importance,\nat that time, of the economy-- we were in somewhat of a recession at the time--\nand because of rapid transit and other issues that were very\nconstituency-oriented. Then the other area was government operations, which\nappealed to my reformist activities and also it gave me the opportunity to get\ninvolved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in national security issues. I wanted to be on the National Security\nSubcommittee which I ultimately became involved with, along with two other major\ninternational activities. I was a member of the Congressional Delegation to the\nNorth Atlantic Assembly which was the parliamentary arm of NATO and a member of\nthe American Congressional Delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union which\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13050.0,13080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave me opportunities to get heavily involved in international matters. One\ninteresting event that relates to Jewish life in the Congress... there were\nprobably 20, maybe 25, Jewish members of the House at that time, ranging from\nBella Abzug ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13080.0,13110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Eddie Koch to Sid Yates, Bill Layman from Florida, Steve Solars,\na number of others. The Congress, on most occasions, took into account Jewish\nholidays. So, there wouldn't be votes or sessions on Jewish holidays. But I\nthink it was in my first or second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year, for whatever reason, the Congress was\nin session during Passover on the first seder. That made a number of us really\nupset, because they could have scheduled around it. We went to the speaker, Carl\nAlbert, at the time, and said, \"Look, this was a bad schedule you put on us. We\nwant to have a seder. That means we don't want to have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13140.0,13170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"votes between six\no'clock and eight o'clock.\" It was an evening session that night, and about 12\nor 14 of us went over to a local restaurant on Capitol Hill, got a long table,\ngot some matzah and had a seder. There was a big argument as to whether Koch or\nAbzug was going to preside.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: Abzug muscled her way in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13170.0,13200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eddie Koch never liked Bella Abzug, and that\nsimply added to his attitudes about her. Steve Solars asked the four questions;\nhe was the youngest there...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...the youngest at the table.\n\nLEVITAS: So, during this session of Congress, at a restaurant called the\nRotunda-- which was a very popular restaurant on Capitol Hill-- Jewish members\nconducted a Seder. I thought that was significant at the time. Also, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13200.0,13230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while there\nis no formal Jewish caucus, the senior Jewish member would, on occasions of\nimportance, convene meetings-- informal meetings-- of the members of Congress\nwho were Jewish. Both Republican and Democratic. We would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13230.0,13260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk about issues.\nThere was no block of voting for or against foreign aid or issues of that sort.\nBut if there was a major issue that clearly had overtones of concern about\nfundamental issues involving Israel and had been made into a national issue such\nas arms sales, for example, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13260.0,13290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the outbreak of a war, we would be convened.\nFrequently we'd meet with the Israeli ambassador who would come over to the hill\nto meet with the Jewish members and answer questions and explain what was going\non. When the Israeli Prime Ministers or Foreign Ministers would come to\nWashington, they would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13290.0,13320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always arrange for a meeting with Jewish members of\nCongress. [It was] usually at Blair House, where they would stay, or they might\nhave a reception of some sort at the Israeli embassy. But they always made it a\npoint of wanting [us] to stay in touch with Israeli issues, that [those issues]\nwould be communicated directly to members of Congress. As a result, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got to\nmeet the entire panoply of Jewish leadership from Israel, as they would come to\nthe United States, both ambassadors and other ministers. I got heavily involved\nin just knowing what was going on in the Middle East.\n\nGOZANSKY: How did that play back home in your district, which was not a\npredominantly Jewish district-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, those issues wouldn't be first and foremost?\n\nLEVITAS: By and large, my district was opposed to all foreign aid. It wasn't\njust to Israel. That was more a result of conservatism than any xenophobia. I\ndon't think that was what was driving it. I voted against a number of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appropriation bills, foreign assistance appropriations bills, which I thought\nwere excessive and [not] the proper targeting of the foreign assistance-- and\nI'm not talking about Israel, although, in some instances I thought that that\nfunding was excessive. I felt that our foreign aid programs were not working as\nwell as they should and were somewhat overly generous on many occasions. I voted\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against them. That was interpreted-- particularly by some of my Jewish\nconstituents-- as a vote against Israel, which was just as absurd as-- had I\nvoted the other way-- being a vote for Israel. I just, again, had to explain to\nthose people what the votes were. It was interesting that probably the most\nintolerant group of people I ever dealt with-- other than the ultimate dealings\nwith the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13440.0,13470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moral Majority-- were the AIPAC, American Israel Political Action\nCommittee, who I came to regard as the lobbyist thugs in Washington. They had a\nlitmus test that was about as purist as the gun lobby and the anti-abortion\nlobby. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was a very strong, outspoken, supporter of Israel both in my\ndistrict and in Washington; and in my district, on the basis that Israel was a\nbastion of democracy in the Middle East. It was the only democracy. It was a\nvery important, strategic ally for the United States, and we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13500.0,13530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both practical\nand moral reasons to support the state of Israel. I never made any bones about\nthat. Although, it was also interesting... when the civil war in Lebanon broke\nout in the mid 1970's, I was the first member of Congress-- of any faith-- to\ntake the floor to speak out against the oppression of the Lebanese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people by the\nSyrians, and the slaughter that was going on. [I said] that the United States\ncould not just simply stand idly by and see the Lebanese suffer under this type\nof civil disorder and civil strife and Syrian aggression. It was only later that\nother members of Congress began to pick up that theme. So, I had concerns about\nthat whole region and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13560.0,13590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt that instability in that region was one of Israel's\ngreatest threats. Therefore-- getting out of chronological sync now-- one of the\nmost memorable experiences was to be in Congress and in Washington as the Camp\nDavid Accords were reached. Having the opportunity to meet not only with\n[Menachem] Begin but also with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13590.0,13620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Anwar] Sadat, and to again, gain a broader\ninsight into the dynamics of war and peace and survival in the Middle East. I\ncame to the conclusion that Isreal had to have peace. That it could not survive,\nno matter how strong it was militarily, in a world that was surrounding it that\nwould be forever hostile. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While it could survive for ten, fifteen, twenty, maybe\na hundred years, its long-term survival was based upon a relatively peaceful and\nstable region. That had a lot to do with my view of international politics in\nthe Middle East from that point forward.\n\nGOZANSKY: Your Jewish nexus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Congress is not a problem back home because\nyou're able to stay philosophically in tune with your constituency on the\nforeign aid issue. It frustrates the Jewish political action community a little\nbit, because they can't get you to just be their rubber stamp, but those who are\nwilling to listen are able to hear what the real issues are in your mind.\n\nLEVITAS: That's correct.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13680.0,13710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: Part of being a Jew in Congress at this particular time is the ability\nto really understand the Mid-East issues and dynamics while you're busy with the\nmore secular, domestic, issues of Congress. You come back every two years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13710.0,13740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How\ndoes that go, that process of re-election, when you're there?\n\nLEVITAS: Well, first of all, let me just close the loop on the other part of the\npolitical dynamics of being Jewish and still having disputes with the Israeli\nlobby political ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activist group. What had happened in the past [was], Jewish\nmembers of Congress basically got elected from Jewish constituencies. For Steve\nSolars or Mel Levine or Sid Yates or Ed Koch to be very strongly supporting\nIsrael without critical assessment-- although I'm not suggesting they weren't\ncritical when it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13770.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became necessary-- but for them to toe the line, was a clear\nconstituency-appealing issue. Now you're having congressmen being elected from\nAtlanta and from Birmingham and from Wichita and from places where their\nconstituency interests were quite different. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13800.0,13830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the things that I\nbegan, and others began, to say very up front to the AIPAC people and other\ngroups of that sort, that we have to represent our constituency.\n\nGOZANSKY: And you weren't being elected because you were Jewish, and arguably...\n\nLEVITAS: ...that's right...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...Koch in New York, in part, is getting elected because he's Jewish...\n\nLEVITAS: ...just as Blacks were being elected from predominantly Black\nconstituents. Koch, and Solars, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Ted Weiss, and Bella, and people of that\nsort, were being elected from Jewish constituencies. Now, having said that, let\nme get to your last question about the re-election process. The one thing I knew\nwas that you don't campaign for elections in the two or three months before the\nelection. You have to be campaigning from the very beginning. That meant staying\nin touch. The two things that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13860.0,13890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt were critical to being elected were to be a\ngood congressman, be effective, stay in touch with constituents; and take care\nof their needs as a member of Congress and be concerned about it. Thirdly, to\nmake certain that you didn't lose touch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13890.0,13920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the political sentiments. I always\nfelt that if a poll told me something that I didn't already know, I was in\ntrouble. [I felt] that one of the talents-- if there are talents that\npoliticians have-- is the ability to know, to feel, to sense the attitudes of\ntheir political constituency. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To be able to sniff the air and know how your\nconstituents feel about issues. That you don't vote based on what the poll says.\nYou vote based upon what you either think is right, or what you-- more\nfrequently-- know that your constituencies feel about issues; to represent them.\nThat meant staying very close in touch. I did town hall meetings. I did\nmail-outs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13950.0,13980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with return ballots coming in from constituents. I actively pursued my\nmobile office and I spent a lot of time out in my constituency speaking to\ngroups, going to neighborhoods, and doing things that kept me constantly in tune\nand in touch. That would be accompanied by a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13980.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vigorous campaign using the same\ntypes of techniques that we had used in the first campaign, which were\ngrassroots-oriented, involving volunteers, and getting out amongst the\nconstituency. Debating with my opponent, Blackburn, I don't think he and I\ndebated each other except maybe on one occasion. On one of the occasions we were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14010.0,14040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to debate, he was having, what turned out to be, an illegal fundraiser\nin a House office building. Illegal, because you can't raise political campaign\nfunds in a House office building. I wanted to debate any opponent that wanted to\ndebate me. Again, part of that staying in touch, letting your constituents know\nthat just because you had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14040.0,14070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work in the nation's capital to be a congressman,\nthat you were really still a person of that district. That's what I worked on.\n[We] basically kept the same campaign team together, brought in a few new\npeople. The part that was the most difficult for me was the fundraising, which\nyou had to do. I found it to be both ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14070.0,14100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distasteful and demanding of time which I\nwish I could have devoted to other pursuits. But if you didn't have the\nresources, you couldn't run political campaigns, which was one of the reasons\nthat I, very early on, became a supporter of public financing for congressional\ncampaigns. It's interesting, because you would think that the people who could\nraise the most money would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14100.0,14130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incumbents, which is true, because of their\nincumbency. I, as an incumbent, wanted to have public financing even if it meant\nmy opponent got the same amount of money I did. I would be freed from the time\nand other constraints that political fundraising places upon you, or at least\nlargely free of [it]. But you had to do it and I did it. I had a lot of people\nwho were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very helpful in assisting me doing what I did not do well, which was\nfundraising, and who were generous. Obviously, most of my fundraising was not\namongst the Jewish community, because there wasn't that much of a Jewish\nconstituency. Therefore, it came from people who were small contributors. Ten\ndollars, $15, $25, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14160.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$50 from average citizens, and larger gifts from\ncontributions from the general business community.\n\nGOZANSKY: You've got this district that, during the period you're serving, is\nculturally diverse. You've got the Virginia Highland upwardly mobile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14190.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young\nprofessional group. You've got the academic community in the Druid Hills area\nwhere you live. A professional population that is there, moving out to the rural\ncounties in Stone Mountain and Rockdale, where you move to blue collar. Growth\nin the Black population in the southern part of your district, I guess?\n\nLEVITAS: Yes, that began to get larger.\n\nGOZANSKY: Not a dramatic growth in your Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population, because while DeKalb\ncounty increases its Jewish population, the great growth in the Jewish\npopulation tends to be out on the perimeter, Sandy Springs.\n\nLEVITAS: There was some growth in the Jewish population as new synagogues\nopened, as more Jewish people began to move closer to their synagogue. But it\nnever, at [any] point, was a significant number ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14250.0,14280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people or voters.\n\nGOZANSKY: Not, perceptively to you, an issue in the minds of the DeKalb county\nvoters. That is, they don't go to the polls thinking about the fact that Elliott\nLevitas is Jewish.\n\nLEVITAS: No.\n\nGOZANSKY: They're concerned about your fiscal policy, your foreign policy, and\nthe service you're giving them. On fiscal policy and foreign policy, you, and\nthose you represent, have a comfortable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14280.0,14310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coalescence. There's no tension here\nwhere you're debating between what you prefer and what you know your\nconstituents want.\n\nLEVITAS: I was very much in tune with my constituency on fiscal policies, and on\nforeign relations, and military policies, which were the most important things.\nThen the fact that I was perceived as being a very effective, respected, member\nof the Congress. Very visible in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the national scene, not only for aviation\nactivities but for a lot of the international stuff and environmental areas.\nHaving been primarily responsible for saving the environmental programs when the\nRegan administration came in. Bringing about the resignation of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14340.0,14370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anne Gorsuch\nBurford who, as head of the Environmental Protection Agency, really began to\nreverse-- oh, it wasn't her doing, it was the White House's doing-- the progress\nwe had made in that area. That environmental issues are very important in this\narea as well.\n\nGOZANSKY: You had good relations with the Georgia Congressional Delegation, I\nwould assume?\n\nLEVITAS: Very good, with the possible exception of Larry McDonald.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOZANSKY: Larry McDonald is to the north of you. Wyche Fowler and then John Lewis?\n\nLEVITAS: Well, first it was Andy Young, then Wyche, and then John, and then to\nthe northwest, was Larry McDonald. Then there was Phil Landrum, followed by Ed\nJenkins to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14400.0,14430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the north and northeast.\n\nGOZANSKY: [To] Larry McDonald you must have been, like the rest of the\ncongressional delegation from Georgia, rabid liberals.\n\nLEVITAS: Larry was not good. It was not just that he was a John Birch\nright-winger. I don't think he was a very good person. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14430.0,14460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him and the\nBirch Society and others and they were very active throughout my entire period\nin Congress. They're not active at all as much now, but they were very active.\nThey would publish a monthly scorecard of my votes which they generally\ndisagreed with very badly, very fundamentally, for which I was glad.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVITAS: I think you're more defined by your opponents than you are by your\nfriends, and I was very glad to number them among my enemies. I remember that\nwhen the first request for AIDS research funding came in, it was, I think $10M,\nand I supported it. That was viewed by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Larry McDonald and his crowd as joining\nleague with the devil, that these people were just paying for their sins. As I\nsay, I don't think he was a very good person. But I had excellent relations. I\nultimately became the Dean of the Georgia delegation, its leader. Ironically\nenough, when McDonald went down in the Korean Airline 707 crash-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14520.0,14550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the shootdown\nby the Soviet Air Force-- I was the person who led the delegation officially to\nhis memorial service in Cobb county, Marietta. I was fortunate in having a very\nproductive career in Congress on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issues that were, I thought, important. [I] had\na profound effect in changing a lot of the government operational activities\nwith sunset legislation, with congressional review required of regulatory\nactions, a whole series of things of that sort. [I] became very involved in\ninternational matters. In NATO, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately becoming the chairman of the NATO\nCommittee, and speaking in different parts of the world on these issues from\nHolland and Denmark to Japan. Let me relate two stories because they are\nJewish-related ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were a result of the fact that I had become, not just a\nmember of Congress, but an influential and effective member of Congress. Tip\nO'Neal used to decry the fact that he and I had political differences on issues.\nHe was much more liberal than I was, and I thought his political time had\npassed, although I liked him as an individual. He used to complain that I was\nalways able to get 40-50 votes on any issue, just because I voted for it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's\na significant number. It's almost 25 percent of a majority of the House. So, he\nand the others had to deal with me, which they didn't like. That made it easier\nfor me to get some things done because the perception of power is even more\nimportant than power, in a body of that sort; maybe in any endeavor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it\nclearly is in Congress. Anyway, two very important events. One of the groups\nthat asked me to help them early on were two organizations having to do with\nSoviet Jewry. Not too long after I got elected to Congress, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contacted\nabout one. I spoke out on the issue generically, but there was one Soviet\ncitizen whose name was Boris Levitas who was one of the more prominent\nrefuseniks. Because he had refused military service [he] was also under the\ncloud of criminal action, criminal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prosecution and incarceration. I worked very\nhard to try to get Boris released, by writing to the Soviet leadership, by\nmaking speeches on his behalf, by contacting the Soviet embassy and doing other\nthings. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14760.0,14790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1976 I got a telegram from Boris, from Vienna, that they had finally\nreleased him. There's no question, the Soviets told me it was a result of the\nactivity that I had engaged in, in cooperation with these two groups of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet\nJewry activists. That was an awesome feeling, to have played a part in the\nescape from oppression to freedom, of an individual. Now clearly, the\nassociation of name had something to do with it, from beginning to end. But\nnevertheless, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this young man-- I think he was maybe 26 years old when he finally\ngot out-- and I knew that his life would be changed for the better, forever. As\na result of some dealings that I had with these Soviet Jewry activists, we\narranged to bring Boris to Washington. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met him for the first time in a ceremony...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...oh, how sweet...\n\nLEVITAS: ...that we put on, that took place on the floor of the House of\nRepresentatives. He had come to Washington under the auspices of this group. I\nput together some people from Washington, and before the House opened for\nbusiness one morning, we embraced. It was a very touching moment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He went on to\nIsrael-- where he now lives-- got married, got an advanced degree at the\nTechnion in Haifa. I still hear from him from time to time. He has made a new\nlife for himself. That had a great deal of significance for me. Another thing\nthat grew out of that, is that I made a trip to the Soviet Union ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14910.0,14940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a time when\nit was still a very oppressive regime and made it a point of visiting with\nvarious dissident groups; not necessarily all Jewish. I also made a point of\nmeeting with refuseniks both in Leningrad, now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14940.0,14970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"St. Petersburg, and in Moscow. It\nwas very courageous, on their part, to meet with me publicly. But it also gave\nthem more security, because the Russians who were spying on them and me, knew\nthat I was in touch with them and that they had somebody on the outside. I\nbrought tefillin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and taleisim to these people, and it was just before Passover\nand I also brought matzah to them, which the Russians didn't like, the Soviets\ndidn't like. But they weren't going to do a hell of a lot about it at that\nparticular point. It was at a time when relations between the United States and\nthe Soviet Union were very tense because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet invasion of Afghanistan\nand imposing martial law in Poland. But it was important for me to meet with\nthese people, some of whom had been refuseniks for fifteen years. I also, as I\nsay, met with some dissidents and met with [Yuri] Orlov's wife in Leningrad, who\npassed me a secret memorandum that he had written in his cell-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15030.0,15060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solitary\nconfinement-- which I got out. His wife was Jewish, by the way. That was\nimportant to me, in addition to what I was doing over there. One of the meetings\nI had with a group of refuseniks in Leningrad was amusing because we were\ntalking in a room at the hotel, and this was on a Saturday afternoon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15060.0,15090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had made\na comment about something which was very controversial, having to do with\nwhether or not the Helsinki Accords ratified the status quo, territorial status\nquo, in the post-World War II period. I said, \"If the Soviets don't deliver on\ntheir side of the agreement to provide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15090.0,15120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"human rights, then the question of\nterritorial agreement, if there was one, had to be reopened and revisited.\" On\nMonday I was in Moscow in a meeting with the [Alexei G.] Arbatov's group,\nU.S.-Canadian special group, and I got an answer to my question in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15120.0,15150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow\nwithout ever asking it. They had taped and bugged the entire meeting and that\nquestion came up, so they wanted to answer it, even though it meant showing the\nfact that I was under surveillance. So that was a very significant event. One\nlast thing I want to [mention]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15150.0,15180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the period of the Israeli military action\nin Lebanon-- when Begin was still Prime Minister, [Ariel] Sharon was the\nMilitary Defense Minister-- a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15180.0,15210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group approached the speaker, Tip O'Neal at this\ntime. They wanted to go visit the Middle East. The group was made up of people\nwho were very supportive of the Arab position. O'Neal said that he would\nauthorize a trip, but only if there was somebody else in there for balance. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15210.0,15240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nasked me if I would consider going on the trip, and I consented to do so. This\nwas 1982 we're talking about, summer of 1982. In the group were, as I say,\nmembers of Congress who were generally supportive of the Arab position and not\nsupportive of the Israeli position. I remember some of the people in the group,\nNick Joe Rahall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15240.0,15270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of these were friends of mine, by the way, these were not\nadversaries. I had learned the ability to be friends with people with whom I had\nvery deep political differences. But Rahall, Mary Rose Oakar, Pete McCloskey,\nMervyn Dymally, David Bonior, and myself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15270.0,15300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We flew from Washington into Damascus.\nFirst meetings were with the Syrians. Had a two-hour meeting with [Hafez\nal]-Assad in which he engaged in, not just anti-Israeli rhetoric, but gutter\nantisemitism, gutter antisemitism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He and I took on each other. I went at him as\nhard as he went at me. For example, he kept raising the question of dual\nloyalties and the fact that America was working against its own interests.\nAmerican Jews were overly influential in government and by supporting Israel, as\nopposed to the Arabs, they were hurting America. Not just in oil, but in other\nissues. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15330.0,15360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That Americans were under the domination of a Jewish protocol-- the\nElders of Zion type of idea-- world domination. I came back at him in the\nmeeting, that he had just been involved with the slaughter of 10,000 of his own\ncitizens, in a city called Hama. I raised ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15360.0,15390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that question with him and he became\nvery angry about that. I also pointed out that if he was concerned about the\nPalestinians, why, during the 19 years that the West Bank and Gaza were under\nArab control, he didn't insist at that time on rights for Palestinians. So, we\nreally went at it. It was interesting, he had a map in his office, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15390.0,15420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on that\nmap of the Middle East and Syria, not only did Israel not exist on that map, but\nLebanon did not exist on that map. So, we got into that. To their credit, my\nAmerican colleagues were very supportive of me in this encounter, particularly\nonce he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15420.0,15450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became viciously antisemitic and moved away from the typical\nanti-Zionism, anti-Israel, into gutter, dual-loyalty type of rhetoric. Went from\nthere to Lebanon through the north. Came down through several of the Palestinian\nrefugee camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15450.0,15480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Came into Beirut from the north. I remember on Sunday, as we came\nthrough the resort town of Jounieh, you could look across the bay to Beirut\nitself. And it was so psychedelic to see people lounging on the beach in\nbikinis, playing with their kids with beach balls and rafts, and actually\nwatching the shells explode ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15480.0,15510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Beirut.\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh my--\n\nLEVITAS: People being killed, hearing the gunfire, as you looked across the\nbeach of people who could have been on the Riviera. [In] the meetings, again,\nI'm with this more supportive-of-the-Arab-cause group. Pete McCloskey, by this\ntime, had become vitriolically opposed to Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15510.0,15540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and very outspoken on the\nissue. In Beirut we met with the leadership of the Sunni, the Druze, Christians.\nI met with the [Amine] Gemayel family and the others, with [Walid] Jumblatt,\nwith [Nabih] Berri, the Sunni leader. The day we met with Berri ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15540.0,15570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Jumblatt,\nI'll never forget, they gave us five minutes each of very vigorous anti-Israeli,\nanti-American rhetoric because of the American support for Israel. At the end of\nfive minutes they said, \"Now, let us tell you who we really hate. It's the\nMaronite Christians. Those are the worst people in the world.\" In the middle of\nthis meeting, the doors come open and some gunmen walk into the room. This is\noccurring in the Lebanese Parliament, and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15570.0,15600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"Yasar Arafat is ready to\nsee you.\" He was holed up in West Beirut. They said, \"If you come now you can\nmeet with him.\" I said, \"I'm not going. I don't think it's right for us to go.\nYou guys do what you want to do. I'm not going. This is a set-up. I'm going back\nto the embassy.\" I went back to the embassy and they left. Sure enough, it was a\nset-up, because before they came back, I got a call from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15600.0,15630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the news\nservices that Arafat had given McCloskey a written declaration that the PLO was\nnow prepared to accept [UN resolutions] 242 and 338. Therefore, the recognition\nof Israel had occurred. He had given it to this American Congressional\nDelegation. They really wanted me there for that stunt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15630.0,15660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reporter said, \"What\ndo you think about this?\" I said, \"I haven't seen it, so I can't comment, but I\nwould doubt it. I don't think we ought to buy it.\" But it's already now out all\nover the world. By the time they get back I look at it and sure enough-- I still\nhave a copy of it-- it said 242, 338, and all other resolutions relating to\nIsrael, which included Zionism as racism, etc., etc., etc. It was nothing new,\nbut had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15660.0,15690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presented to an American Congressional Delegation fortunately, that\ndidn't have a Jewish member of Congress there. It had gone all around the world.\nFor the next several days we are engaged in press conferences and interviews.\nSeveral very interesting experiences between Beirut and Israel which I don't\nhave time to get into now. Fascinating experiences with these people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15690.0,15720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get to\nIsrael late at night, drive into Israel, check into the King David Hotel at\nabout 10:30, and are contacted by Nightline. Would McCloskey and I go on\nNightline and talk about this event because it had gotten worldwide? I said\nthere's nothing to it, McCloskey says it's the great breakthrough. I realized,\nthe next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15720.0,15750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day we were going to meet with [Ariel] Sharon and [Yitzhak] Shamir and\n[Menachem] Begin and so forth. To do the Nightline show it would be like 3:00 or\n4:00 in the morning, and we were tired from the day. But I realized this was a\nvery, very, important event-- on worldwide television-- to take on Arafat and\nMcCloskey and put a lie to this setup. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15750.0,15780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had not been in Jerusalem for many\nyears. I'd made one visit there when I was still a student at Oxford. I agreed\nto the interview, to the [Ted] Koppel program, knew I had a long time to kill.\nWhen I was in Israel the first time, Jerusalem was still a divided city.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15780.0,15810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"McCloskey's top aid was Jewish and we had had a number of conversations. While\nshe was supportive of McCloskey, she knew what my views were and was supportive\nof me. She had made many trips to Jerusalem. I'm trying to remember her name...\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15810.0,15840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amber something or other. Very bright woman. We were all going to go over to the\nstudio to tape this program and she asked me-- I had my driver and my aid and so\nforth-- she asked me, had I ever been to The Wall? I hadn't been. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15840.0,15870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said,\n\"Would you like to go? We've got some hours and I've got to get over there,\ntoo.\" I said, \"Yes, I sure would. I think I would.\" I didn't know if I would\nhave a chance the next day. So we get in our cars and we go over to the wall.\nI'd never been there. It's now 2:00 o'clock in the morning, illuminated,\nrelatively empty. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15870.0,15900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sort of standing towards the rear of the area. Somebody\napproaches me, someone-- a relatively young man-- in his forties I would say. He\nsaid, \"We need someone for a minyan, would you join us?\" I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15900.0,15930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'd be happy\nto, it would be a privilege.\" I walked forward with him and I said, \"You're\nobviously an American.\" He says, \"Yes, and you are. Where are you from?\" I said,\n\"Atlanta.\" He said, \"Do you know Ben Rubinowitz? Ben Rubinowitz is a friend of\nmine from Atlanta...\"\n\nGOZANSKY: Oh my goodness...\n\nLEVITAS: \"...He's very active.\" He and Ben were very close friends, as it turns\nout. Anyway, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15930.0,15960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I get closer to this wall-- which has such important historical\nsignificance, religious significance-- I reached out and I touched the wall.\nI'll never forget this. I have never directly experienced the divine presence,\nbut if I ever came close, it was at that moment. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15960.0,15990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something electric\nthat happened as I touched that wall. I knew that there was some destiny\ninvolved, a lot of destiny involved, that I should be at that wall before...\n\nGOZANSKY: ...being on the show...\n\nLEVITAS: ...this Koppel experience, where it would make a lot of difference how\nit played out. I took part in the minyan, and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=15990.0,16020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"McCloskey's aid knew how to\nget to where we were going. We made it and I got on the Koppel show and hit a\ndouble homerun. The next day, Ben came to me and said, \"What happened in putting\nthe lie to this move, and [saying] that it was no breakthrough, and until\nIsrael's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16020.0,16050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right to exist was unconditionally accepted, and terrorism--\" So forth\nand so on. He said it was very important, and that there would always be a debt\nof gratitude, because that was a critical moment in time. I just thought I'd\ntell you that story...\n\nGOZANSKY: I'm delighted to have it.\n\nLEVITAS: ...because of so many other overtones to it.\n\nGOZANSKY: We're just about out of time. Just [really] quickly, the far right\ndecided it was time for you to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16050.0,16080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something else.\n\nLEVITAS: (laughter) That's right.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter) Quick comment on that.\n\nLEVITAS: Well, it was a classic. It has, in fact, become a subject of study all\nacross the country, that particular campaign. A political science professor I\nran into recently heard my name and said he teaches my election in his class. It\nwas a result of several factors, not the least of which was redistricting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16080.0,16110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\ndistrict had been reapportioned. The few Blacks that I had in my district were\nbasically taken out, and they were tending to vote for me. A whole new area was\nadded in the northern part of the district which was predominantly Republican.\nPeople who had not known me, newcomers, had a big turnover. There had been a\ncoalition between Blacks and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16110.0,16140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Republicans nationally to redistrict in a fashion\nwhich would make it easier for Republicans to get elected in suburban districts\nand Blacks in central, city districts. That was a major, major problem. New\nconstituents, more conservative, more Republican, and less of my democratic\nbase. Plus, the fact there was a campaign that was launched [by the] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16140.0,16170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moral\nMajority, church-based, with a candidate to whom truth meant nothing. It was a\ndeliberate assault upon me, not only because I was liberal, but I was liberal\nand Jewish. In fact, one of the ads that was run against me used Geraldine\nFerraro, who was running ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16170.0,16200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that year for vice-president, and Walter Mondale. By\nthe way, that didn't help either.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro in my district, that being the\nhead of my ticket, and Jesse Jackson, coming to Atlanta to be on television once\na week to speak to the Blacks in the South-- all of those things contributed.\nBut that commercial said, \"Elliott Levitas voted the same way ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16200.0,16230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geraldine Ferraro\nvoted 75 percent of the time and she is a New York liberal.\" Then there was a\npause, fill in the word, \"congressman.\" There was a clear effort. Campaign\nliterature was put out talking about, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16230.0,16260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It's time,\" literally, \"that we have a\nChristian representing us in Congress.\" Clergy would have meetings and write\nletters to their parishioners saying, \"We need to have a Christian representing\nus.\" Church parking lots were leafleted with my views on Biblical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16260.0,16290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matters. I was\ninterviewed by a panel of Moral Majority people and the first question I was\nasked was, \"Do you believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ?\" Now first of all,\nto ask that question. But to ask that question of a person in a political\ncampaign, knowing I'm Jewish. It was a flavor. Phone banks would call people the\nweekend before the election, \"Do you know that Elliott Levitas is Jewish?\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16290.0,16320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canvassers would knock on doors. One canvasser knocked on this fellow's door...\nthey would make it a point not to go to homes or apartments that had Jewish\nsounding names on them. But this guy was named McCoy. These two canvassers came\nby and knocked on his door and said, \"You're not going to vote for Elliott\nLevitas, are you?\" He said, \"Yes, I voted for him in the past and I think I will\nin the future.\" \"Did you know he was Jewish?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16320.0,16350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at which point, Mr. McCoy decked\nthe guy.\n\nGOZANSKY: (laughter)\n\nLEVITAS: It was not altogether subtle. There were some subtle things, but they\nwere not altogether subtle. Therefore, for the first time in my political\ncareer, my Jewishness had become an issue. It did make a difference, although I\ndo not believe that it was the only reason I lost the election, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16350.0,16380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it made\na difference. It provided a church-based volunteer group of believers to my\nopponent, who was lying about other parts of my political record and voting\nrecord and things like that. It gave a volunteer ideological base to a campaign\nthat would not have been as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16380.0,16410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful-- my opponent's campaign-- had it not\nbeen there. It was clearly a blatantly antisemitism campaign. His wife, the\ncandidate's wife, had written a letter, supposedly by hand, which she sent out.\nIt was mass mailed by the Republican National Committee, in which it made the\ndistinction between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16410.0,16440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him and me. She pointed out, \"You shouldn't vote for Elliott\nLevitas, he is not one of us.\" So, it did play out. It was not the only reason.\nIt was probably, almost certainly, not the main reason that I lost that\nelection. But it clearly was a factor, and for the first time, played out in a\npolitical campaign in which I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16440.0,16470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/transcript/22204/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved.\n\nGOZANSKY: Elliott, I can't thank you enough for all this time. I know you've got\nto run and we appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=16470.0,16500.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Elliott Levitas [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis J. Levitas was a long-time Atlanta resident and active participant in the Jewish Educational Alliance and numerous other Jewish community organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Eastern European Jew” refers to descendants of the Ashkenazi ethnic group, formed in the Holy Roman Empire in the early 1000’s. They established communities in Central and Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrish nationalism is an ideology which asserts that the Irish people are a cohesive people. The movement ultimately lead to most of the island seceding from the United Kingdom in 1921.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “teaching”, Torah is a general term that covers all Jewish law, including those recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdelaide Road Synagogue in Dublin, Ireland, was an Ashkenazi Orthodox congregation founded in 1822. The building was closed in 1999 and services were moved to the Terenure Hebrew Congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Briscoe was an Irish politician who served in the Irish parliament from 1927 to 1965 and was active in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Sinn Féin. In 1956, he became the first Jewish Lord Mayor of Dublin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lord Mayor of Dublin is the honorific title of the chairman of Dublin City Council, which is the local government body for the city of Dublin, the capital of Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold Hirsch began practicing law in Atlanta in 1904 and, for more than thirty years, represented the Coca-Cola Company.  In 1936 he was instrumental in establishing the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism emphasizes the evolving nature of the faith, the superiority of ethical aspects over ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism strictly follows the written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hartsfield served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“The Alliance” refers to the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world and is committed to combating antisemitism and bigotry and supporting the security and continuity of the Jewish people and of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue, located in Atlanta, is one of the oldest Conservative synagogues in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted, and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution.  Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the ‘Knights of Mary Phagan.’ They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell, and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center (AJCC) was located in Midtown Atlanta and offered programs, events, and classes for Jewish families. The AJCC was replaced by the Marcus Jewish Community Center which is currently the primary Jewish community center in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA doyen is the most respected or prominent person in a particular field.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/annotation_set/419/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Alexander, Jr. was an architect—principally a designer of commercial structures—best known for his work “shaping the skyline of Atlanta”. 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Who is it, generationally, who came to Atlanta? Were they grandparents, what families? 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December of 1930.\nNat:\tYou’re the second child?\nElliott: I’m the second child.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2447.0,4596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AZA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boys High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clark Howell Elementary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gene Asher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Progressive Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhodes Scholarship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=2447.0,4596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting his wife, Barbara [Hillman], finishing law school, Air Force Service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4596.0,6705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elliott: It was funny. I wasn’t sure what the hell I wanted to do when I got out of college. I was having a good time and I was going with Barbara at the time. She was at Agnes Scott [College].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4596.0,6705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agnes Scott College","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barbara Levitas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hillman family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oxford University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ROTC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=4596.0,6705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving back to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6705.0,8312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we came back to Atlanta, and Barbara got a job teaching at Techwood School. [Then she taught] at Moreland Avenue near Little Five Points. So she taught first in sort of a low income area and then in a very low, poor income, public housing area. And I started practicing law.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6705.0,8312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ACLU","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arnall Golden Gregory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AZA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DeKalb County","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish lawyers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"law practice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=6705.0,8312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early civic involvement, community life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8312.0,9370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were you doing outside of the Jewish community at this same time, career-wise? Where were you visible civically?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8312.0,9370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1964 Democratic Convention","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia Bar Accociation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piedmont Driving Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=8312.0,9370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Running for public office","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9370.0,11041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We sort of took it as given that if I were elected, which we weren’t so sure I could be, that I’d make a good representative. But we weren’t so sure I could get elected.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9370.0,11041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia General Assembly","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia House of Representatives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julian Bond","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political campaign","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public office","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"race","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SNCC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state legislature","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=9370.0,11041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences as a Jewish legislator","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11041.0,12163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elliott, when we met last time you had just gotten elected to the state legislature. You voted to seat Julian Bond and a year later your district sent you back for what would be an additional four two-year terms. So your first experience with taking a controversial stand, but doing what you believed to be the right thing, was confirmed by your constituents who respected that judgement. Let’s talk a little bit about the nine years’ experiences being one of, I guess, just a few Jews that served in the state legislature.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11041.0,12163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish legislator","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public office","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=11041.0,12163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Running for congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12163.0,13031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let’s go to that. Your former law partner, Ben Blackburn, is the Republican representing the 4th District. By your own description, you’re having a very fulfilling experience in the state legislature; some disappointments, but a lot of wonderful accomplishments. What caused you to decide to take up the Democratic mantel and take on Ben Blackburn and go to Congress?\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12163.0,13031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"4th congressional district","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben Blackburn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ed Koch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GA 4","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia District 4","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house of representatives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary Ann Summers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=12163.0,13031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congressional office","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13031.0,14596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, I started in Congress, I got the committee assignments basically that I wanted to get, public works and transportation; because of the importance of transportation issues to Georgia, and because of the importance, at that time, of the economy—","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13031.0,14596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Israel Political Action Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bella Abzug","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ed Koch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GA District 4","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"House of Representatives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Middle East","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moral Majority","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Security Subcommittee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steve Solars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=13031.0,14596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025#t=14596.0,16102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30057/file/98025/index/47248/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was fortunate in having a very productive career in Congress on issues that were, I thought, important. [I] had a profound effect in changing a lot of the government operational activities with sunset legislation, with congressional review required of regulatory actions, a whole series of things of that sort. 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Just real quickly, the far right decided it was time for you to do something else. \nElliott:\t(laughter) That’s right.\nNat:\t(laughter) Quick comment on that. 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