{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5717m0560p/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Homburger, Kurt"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kurt Homberger (Interviewee)","Paula Gris (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003ePaula Gris interviews Kurt Homberger in Atlanta, Georgia on February 7, 2001\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eKurt Homberger was born on January 26, 1909 in Gedern, Germany. He was one of nine children born to a Jewish watchmaker, Michel, and his wife, Mathilde. At fourteen, Kurt left school to apprentice with a banker. As an adult, he moved to Frankfurt, Germany, where he worked on the stock exchange. After the Nazis came to power, Kurt’s father was forced to sell his store and later died. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eBy 1937, Kurt was no longer allowed to practice his profession and decided to leave Germany. In May 1938, Kurt arrived in New York City, where his twin brother and an older half-brother had already settled. By 1940, Kurt’s mother and a sister also had come to New York and his other siblings all managed to leave Germany.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter working a series of jobs in New York, Kurt jumped at an opportunity to head south. In November 1938, he arrived in Atlanta, Georgia. He soon found a job as an accountant. In 1943, Kurt was inducted into the army and granted citizenship. He spent the rest of the war serving in England. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the war, Kurt returned to Atlanta, where he worked as an auditor, accountant and bookkeeper for many companies, until he retired in 1990. In 1948, Kurt married Harriette Vitner (1909-1990). After her death, Kurt married Mildred Kingloff (1909-1998). Following Mildred’s death, he enjoyed the companionship of Jerre Askenazie (1926-2022). Kurt never had children.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eKurt was a longtime member of Ahavith Achim Synagogue, where he served on the board for many years and was a regular part of the daily minyan. Kurt enjoyed supporting Jewish education and was a generous philanthropist. He was also the first in Atlanta to sell Israel Bonds, which he continued to do until his death in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eKurt talks about the history of his family and the Jewish community of Gedern, Germany. He recalls his schooling, apprenticeship and early career. Kurt talks about leaving Germany after the Nazis came to power. He explains what happened to his parents and siblings. Kurt describes his first few months in the United States. He talks about settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Kurt recalls his different jobs. He details his service in the army during World War II. Kurt remembers his first airplane flight. He talks about the Atlanta Jewish community. Kurt talks about selling Israel Bonds. He introduces his second and first wives. Kurt compares the German and American Jewish communities. He talks about his faith and his commitment to charity. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29153"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Gedern, Germany (geographic)","Frankfurt am Main, Germany (geographic)","Schutzjude (topical term)","Wimpel (topical term)","Pidyon haben (topical term)","Bris (topical term)","Brit Milah (topical term)","Hebrew (other)","Chazzan (topical term)","synagogue (topical term)","shul (topical term)","apprentice (topical term)","Nazi (corporate name)","boycott (topical term)","immigration (topical term)","Basel, Switzerland (geographic)","New York City, New York (geographic)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic)","Columbus, Georgia (geographic)","Long Island, New York (geographic)","Kurt Holland (personal name)","Ed Kahn (personal name)","Rabbi David Marx (personal name)","Marvin Goldstein (personal name)","Irving Goldstein (personal name)","Shmuel Yamkel Goldstein (personal name)","Ida Levitas (personal name)","Rabbi Harry Epstein (personal name)","Otto Orkin (personal name)","Ahavath Achim (corporate name)","Jewish Federation (other)","Pesach (named event)","National Linen Service (corporate name)","National Service Industries (corporate name)","World War II (named event)","Pearl Harbor (topical term)","United States Army (corporate name)","England (geographic term)","Isle of Man (geographic)","Internment (topical term)","refugee (topical term)","Fort McPherson (corporate name)","Fort Benjamin Harrison (corporate name)","New World Club (corporate name)","Progressive Club (corporate name)","Israel Bonds (corporate name)","Mildred Kingloff (personal name)","Hadassah (corporate name)","Harriet Vitner (personal name)","Jerre Ashkenazie (personal name)","World War I (named event)","Harlau, Romania (geographic)","Rabbi Alvin Sugarman (personal name)","Rosh HaShanah (named event)","Daven (topical term)","Minyan (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Rabbi Emanual Feldman (personal name)","Jacob Greenfield (personal name)","Greenfield Hebrew Academy (corporate name)","Kosher (topical term)","Bar mitzvah (named event)","Haftarah (topical term)","Camp Ramah Darom (corporate name)","Selig Center (corporate name)","tzedakah (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003ePaula Gris interviews Kurt Homberger in Atlanta, Georgia on February 7, 2001\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKurt Homberger was born on January 26, 1909 in Gedern, Germany. He was one of nine children born to a Jewish watchmaker, Michel, and his wife, Mathilde. At fourteen, Kurt left school to apprentice with a banker. As an adult, he moved to Frankfurt, Germany, where he worked on the stock exchange. After the Nazis came to power, Kurt\u0026rsquo;s father was forced to sell his store and later died.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eBy 1937, Kurt was no longer allowed to practice his profession and decided to leave Germany. In May 1938, Kurt arrived in New York City, where his twin brother and an older half-brother had already settled. By 1940, Kurt\u0026rsquo;s mother and a sister also had come to New York and his other siblings all managed to leave Germany.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter working a series of jobs in New York, Kurt jumped at an opportunity to head south. In November 1938, he arrived in Atlanta, Georgia. He soon found a job as an accountant. In 1943, Kurt was inducted into the army and granted citizenship. He spent the rest of the war serving in England.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the war, Kurt returned to Atlanta, where he worked as an auditor, accountant and bookkeeper for many companies, until he retired in 1990. In 1948, Kurt married Harriette Vitner (1909-1990). After her death, Kurt married Mildred Kingloff (1909-1998). Following Mildred\u0026rsquo;s death, he enjoyed the companionship of Jerre Askenazie (1926-2022). Kurt never had children.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKurt was a longtime member of Ahavith Achim Synagogue, where he served on the board for many years and was a regular part of the daily minyan. Kurt enjoyed supporting Jewish education and was a generous philanthropist. He was also the first in Atlanta to sell Israel Bonds, which he continued to do until his death in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKurt talks about the history of his family and the Jewish community of Gedern, Germany. He recalls his schooling, apprenticeship and early career. Kurt talks about leaving Germany after the Nazis came to power. He explains what happened to his parents and siblings. Kurt describes his first few months in the United States. He talks about settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Kurt recalls his different jobs. He details his service in the army during World War II. Kurt remembers his first airplane flight. He talks about the Atlanta Jewish community. Kurt talks about selling Israel Bonds. He introduces his second and first wives. Kurt compares the German and American Jewish communities. He talks about his faith and his commitment to charity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/198/130/small/Homberger_Kurt.mp4_1689455679.jpg?1689455680","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Homberger_Kurt.mp4"]},"duration":6227.822,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/198/130/small/Homberger_Kurt.mp4_1689455679.jpg?1689455680","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/198/130/original/Homberger_Kurt.mp4?1689455676","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6227.822,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kurt Homberger [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paula: We are speaking to Mr. Kurt Homburger, K-U-R-T H-O-M-B-U-R-G-R.\n\nKurt: G-E-R.\n\nPaula: G-E-R, excuse me. H-O-M-B-U-R-G-E-R. This is February the 7th, 2001. Good\nafternoon, Mr. Homburger.\n\nKurt: Good afternoon, ladies.\n\nPaula: We are doing an interview for the Legacy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Project, which is a special\nproject for the Atlanta Jewish Heritage Museum. It will focus on people who came\nto Atlanta from Europe and established themselves here. I would like for you to\nstart by you telling us: where were you born?\n\nKurt: I was born in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small town, 2,300 inhabitants. We were 35 Jewish families.\nThere was a synagogue and we had a teacher, a Lehrer [German: male teacher]. He\ntaught the children of Gedern [Germany] and three nearby towns where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\npeople used to reside. He also was the [unintelligible; 0:1:42] in the synagogue.\n\nPaula: Meaning? What is the [unintelligible; 0:1:45]?\n\nKurt: The Chazzan.\n\nPaula: The Chazzan, the cantor.\n\nKurt: The cantor, yes. The rabbi was the district rabbi who came once or twice a\nyear to visit the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community.\n\nPaula: Alright. Would you slowly tell me the name of the city, the town, and\nwhere it was located?\n\nKurt: The name of the town is Gedern, G-E-D-E-R-N, in [the state of] Hessen,\nH-E-S-S-E-N, 35 miles north of Frankfurt am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Main [Germany].\n\nPaula: Was there a relationship between the Jews of Gedern and the Jews of\nFrankfurt am Main?\n\nKurt: Yes, there was a relationship, but no major relationship. People knew each other.\n\nPaula: [Yes.] How old a community of Jews was it in Gedern? What was the history?\n\nKurt: I have records that Michel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Homburger was a Schutzjude [German: protected\nJew] in Gedern in 1810.\n\nPaula: Who was Michel?\n\nKurt: Michel Homburger was the grandfather of my grandfather, Loeb Homburger.\n\nPaula: Okay. Would you explain what was a Schutzjude?\n\nKurt: A Schutzjude was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter which said that, \"Michel Homburger has the\nprotection of the city, of the town, if he pays 24 Gulden [German: gold coins] a year.\"\n\nPaula: Who pays?\n\nKurt: Michel Homburger.\n\nPaula: This was when? What was the [year]?\n\nKurt: Eighteen ten.\n\nPaula: Eighteen ten. Twenty-four Gulden?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gulden, G-U-L-D-E-N, guilders [German: gold coins].\n\nPaula: Right. He paid that to the government?\n\nKurt: He had to pay that to live there. I have records of the Jewish community\n400 years old.\n\nPaula: In Gedern?\n\nKurt: In Gedern. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always -- The cemetery records show 400 years now.\nThe [head] stones are still there. I have also a record of Torah wrappers,\nwimple, of 193 boys [who] were taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the shul [Yiddish: synagogue]. Their\nwimpels were made from clothes that was used for the boys. The ladies made the wimpels.\n\nPaula: Right. They made it for the occasion of their bris?\n\nKurt: For their -- What was it called?\n\nPaula: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Circumcision?\n\nKurt: No, circumcision was first. After a year, a boy was taken to shul and --\n\nPaula: Pidyon haben?\n\nKurt: Pidyon haben, yes.\n\nPaula: Then they presented the wimple to the synagogue?\n\nKurt: Yes. There were 193 wimples in the basement of the synagogue. Mine is\nthere, too, [or] was there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too.\n\nPaula: Yes?\n\nKurt: Yes. I have a record and the [Jewish] Federation has a copy of the record,\nthe museum has a copy of the record of the whole community.\n\nPaula: Did the community come from Frankfurt am Main? Did they live there?\n\nKurt: No. The community -- As I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, I have a forefather in 1810. Eighteen ten\nis only 200 years. The community is 400 years [old]. We do not know when our\npeople first came there. We know only that they adopted -- They all had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\nnames, like Gavriel ben Michel, which is my name. In 1812, they had to adopt\ncommon names. That name, Homburger, comes from a town where they came from\noriginally. That home town is Homberg am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Main, on the river Main. That town has\nenormous history of Jewish people. Twice in olden times, Jews were driven out of\nthat town.\n\nPaula: Of Homburg?\n\nKurt: Homburg. Twice, they were driven out of town. We do not know how long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our\nforefathers traveled to get to Gedern, but they got there because those towns\nwanted some income. They wanted income, so for 24 Gulden, they could settle there.\n\nPaula: Was that a lot of money?\n\nKurt: Sure. That must have been a lot of money in 1810, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure.\n\nPaula: When were you born? What year?\n\nKurt: I was born on January 26, 1909 and my twin brother was born on January 27, 1909.\n\nPaula: You must have been born close to midnight?\n\nKurt: Fourteen years difference. Excuse me, fourteen hours difference.\n\nPaula: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wow.\n\nKurt: Fourteen hours difference. My mother could not get to the hospital, which\nwas about 50 miles away, or 30 miles away, so we were born in Gedern.\n\nPaula: What were you named in Hebrew?\n\nKurt: Gavriel ben Michel.\n\nPaula: Whom were you named after?\n\nKurt: After my [great] grandfather, Gavriel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loeb.\n\nPaula: Great grandfather?\n\nKurt: Great grandfather, Gavriel Loeb [who lived] also in Gedern.\n\nPaula: Did you get all of your education in Gedern?\n\nKurt: I went to school for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four years, preparatory school, and went for three\nyears to high school. I left school. I was just 14 years of age and went as an\napprentice in the banking business in Gedern.\n\nPaula: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have relatives who were in that business?\n\nKurt: No. It was a little community bank. No, my father -- was a watchmaker.\n[He] made business [in] gold, silver, optic, bicycles. My brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned\nwatchmaking and I was supposed to go as an apprentice to a textile company in\nanother city. My father was in the railroad [on a train] with the banker of\nGedern, coming from Frankfurt. They corresponded. They talked about the boys.\nWhen my father told him that it cost him a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money to put me as an\napprentice there, the banker said, \"I can take him in.\" He took me as an\napprentice. I was three years an apprentice and about eight months, I was a\nclerk. Then, through a brother-in-law of mine, there was a broker with Trifles\nand Company. Have you heard that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name? He secured a job for me in Frankfurt. I\nworked 12 years with a small banking firm on the exchange in Frankfurt.\n\nPaula: What happened then?\n\nKurt: Till 1937, I was -- After I was working for six, eight months, I received\na license that I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal on the exchange. I was the youngest ever got a\nlicense to deal on the exchange. We had license through 1937. In 1938, we had no\npermits to deal on the exchange anymore.\n\nPaula: Would you explain that?\n\nKurt: Because of Nazism.\n\nPaula: What happened? How did you find out what was what? How did the news come\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nKurt: We knew that it is coming.\n\nPaula: You were, at that time, living in Frankfurt?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Tell me what you saw, what you heard.\n\nKurt: When we did not get the permit to deal in the exchange, I had made\narrangements to go to America. My twin brother came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in January 1935. In\nJanuary 1935, my twin brother, the watchmaker [immigrated], but I had a brother\nin the United States since 1914, a half-brother.\n\nPaula: A half-brother?\n\nKurt: Yes, he came as a 15 year old boy when the First World War broke out.\n\nPaula: He was the child of your --\n\nKurt: My father's first marriage.\n\nPaula: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see, so altogether, you had your twin brother and the half-brother who\nlived in America since 1914?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: And his name was?\n\nKurt: My twin brother's name is Simon. It is Paul, [but] his Hebrew name is\nSimon ben Gavriel. My oldest brother was Ernst. His name was Mosher.\n\nPaula: Also Homburger?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nPaula: In 1937, your two other brothers were already living in America?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: What was the procedure? How did you make arrangements? What did you have\nto do?\n\nKurt: My brother Paul sent me a visa that I could come to the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. I\ncame to the United States. I had arrangements with the Hamburg America line. I\ndeposited a thousand marks for the ship fare, but it got so bad in Frankfurt\nwith the Nazis--extremely bad--I decided, \"Never mind about my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deposit. I'm\ngetting out of here.\" I knew wherever I would go that I would have someone who\nwould help me.\n\nPaula: How did you know that?\n\nKurt: I had friends in Switzerland, in England, in France.\n\nPaula: Friends from Gedern?\n\nKurt: No, they were friends. In Switzerland, I had a banker who worked parttime\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. In England, I had a friend who worked in Frankfurt when I was on the\nexchange. In France, I had a friend whose birthday would be tomorrow, February\n8. He does not live anymore. I had packed 12 tailormade suits in two valises. I\ntook them to the railroad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station at about noon for getting on the train at\nnight. Between 12 noon and the afternoon, the Nazis were so wild, so bad, that I\ndecided I will not go on the railroad station in Frankfurt, because I was afraid\nthey would stop me. I took a taxi for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"22 marks, and took the railway station in\nDarmstadt [Germany]. [At] the next stop, I took the railroad. The next morning,\nI was in Basel, or Bale [French: Bâle], Switzerland. When I was in Bale,\nSwitzerland. I had on one side a little travel typewriter and the other side,\njust a little bag with my cosmetics. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"valises did not come to Bale. Gone. I\ncalled a friend. He knew the situation. I told him that I [am] here. He says,\n\"2:30 this afternoon in my office.\" Alright. When I walked on the main street in\nfrom the railroad station, on the main street, here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes my friend Emil. He\nopened his wallet and gave me 50 Francs. He knew that I was running away [and] I\nwould not have any money. I said, \"Emil, you do not get away with me 50 Francs.\"\n[He said,] \"2:30 in my office.\" By 4:00, I had a visa to go three days later, on\nthe ship to the United States.\n\nPaula: What was the date?\n\nKurt: What?\n\nPaula: When? What was the date ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then?\n\nKurt: Early May. It was around the 20th of May.\n\nPaula: Nineteen hundred and thirty --\n\nKurt: Eight, yes. He got me the visa. He paid for my ticket. I was on the 31st\nof May in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York [City, New York].\n\nPaula: Can I interrupt you just a minute? Tell me, who were the Nazis in Gedern?\nWere they outside Nazis, or were they the people you knew? Who were these Nazis?\n\nKurt: In Gedern, locals and outsiders. They were locals.\n\nPaula: Did you know these locals?\n\nKurt: I went to school with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\n\nPaula: They wore Nazi uniforms?\n\nKurt: They were rowdies, beating up the people, yes. But that was -- I lived in\nFrankfurt and in Frankfurt, it was the same. In Gedern, it was earlier. In small\ntowns, it was earlier.\n\nPaula: Like when earlier? Nineteen thirty --\n\nKurt: Thirty-five, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1936. In Frankfurt, 1937, 1938, 1939.\n\nPaula: What happened to your parents?\n\nKurt: My parents? My father had a business. You have seen the picture in the\nmuseum. When my brother left in early 1935, I had to liquidate my father's\nbusiness. I helped him to liquidate. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advertised. We advertised in all kinds\nof papers. After a year or a year and a half, someone came and bought the business.\n\nPaula: A German?\n\nKurt: Yes, a German. We were the first one in the town who sold a business. A\nyoung fellow came from a different section of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany and he bought the\nbusiness. When he bought the business, he also bought the house, so I could move\nmy parents to Frankfurt.\n\nPaula: Okay.\n\nKurt: That was all in 1937, yes.\n\nPaula: Did you leave any relatives behind in Gedern?\n\nKurt: Yes, we had relatives [left] behind, sure. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatives. We were\nthe first who got out of it.\n\nPaula: Because you urged them?\n\nKurt: I urged them and I continued to advertise to sell the business.\n\nPaula: What was your mother's attitude?\n\nKurt: My mother's attitude [was], \"Out, out, out!\"\n\nPaula: Yes?\n\nKurt: Yes, sure, my mother was a business woman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to get them out. You do\nnot know what that was all about. [It was] unbelievable how people suffered. My\nfamily -- My father had a big store in those days. He was in -- He had enough\nmerchandise to sell and to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live, but they were textile merchants. They had\nnothing. They were rich people once, but they had nothing. People lost\neverything. People was poor, very bad.\n\nPaula: They lost everything because they gave it away or because it was taken away?\n\nKurt: No, there was no business left. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sold what I could sell, but I could not\ndo business any more, could not make money.\n\nPaula: You could not do business anymore --\n\nKurt: No.\n\nPaula: -- because the Germans would not trade with you?\n\nKurt: That is right.\n\nPaula: They refused to trade with you?\n\nKurt: They refused to trade, yes.\n\nPaula: The laws were enforced that they were not allowed --\n\nKurt: That is right. The laws were enforced and they boycotted everybody.\n\nPaula: Okay. What happened to your parents when they came to Frankfurt? Did they\ncome with you on the ship?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, my parents came to Frankfurt and I placed them in an apartment. My\nfather passed away two weeks after I left, because I was the last one who was\nthere for them. My mother, with a half-sister of mine--[an] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older\nhalf-sister--lived in Frankfurt till 1940. They came in 1940 to the United States.\n\nPaula: You brought them?\n\nKurt: My brother brought them. I had -- I was away from New York. I did not have\nmuch to do with it. My brother [brought them] here. She had money. My mother had\nsome money.\n\nPaula: Your mother and half-sister came to New York in 1940?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Your brother established them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there?\n\nKurt: Yes. I had another sister in New York--a younger sister--and my mother\nlived with my younger sister.\n\nPaula: Altogether, how many siblings were there in your family?\n\nKurt: We were nine.\n\nPaula: Really?\n\nKurt: We were nine: five of the first marriage of my father and four of the\nsecond marriage.\n\nPaula: All nine got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out?\n\nKurt: All got out.\n\nPaula: All nine got out. By 1940, none of your immediate family was left in Gedern?\n\nKurt: Correct.\n\nPaula: How did you happen to come to Atlanta?\n\nKurt: For me, what my profession was, as a broker, was very poor in New York\nCity. They offered $10 a week in those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days. I said, \"That is not for me.\" I\ncould not get it. I had a relative. A cousin of my mother was in the banking\nbusiness. He could not help me, so I did all kinds of odd jobs. One day, a\nbrother of my mother, who was in the States since early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1900, was in the\ndelicatessen business. He got me a job in a delicatessen store.\n\nPaula: In New York?\n\nKurt: On Broadway and 78th Street.\n\nPaula: I got married on Broadway in 72nd Street.\n\nKurt: Broadway and 78th Street. Antonia's Delicatessen. The job was from three\nin the afternoon to three in the morning, twelve ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours. I lived in Long Island\nwith my brother. Sometimes, I got on 72nd Street in the subway to transfer on\n42nd to get to Queens [New York City, New York]. Sometimes, I was asleep and I\nwas on 34th Street. Then I moved. When I decided I wanted to move out of New\nYork, I moved in a room on 79th ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Street. A man--there was Jewish men working\nthere--they said, \"There's a Jewish man coming in every afternoon at 5:00. We'll\nlet you talk to him.\" Mr. Rosenfeld came in every afternoon at 5:00 and I talked\nto him every afternoon. That gentleman told me, \"Learn English. Learn English.\nI'll get you out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\" I learned a little English. How much? Nothing.\n\nPaula: How did you learn English?\n\nKurt: I tried to read a paper and just in the family a little bit. In New York,\nI worked in an American delicatessen. One day, I was ready to go. I told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, \"I\nam ready to go,\" maybe after two months. He sent me to Columbus. He says he will\nsend me to Columbus.\n\nPaula: Columbus, Georgia?\n\nKurt: \"Columbus?\" I said. I went to the Woolworth's store. On 79th Street was a\nWoolworth's. I bought for 20 cents an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atlas. I still have it. I found Columbus\nin Ohio, 600 miles distance. When I come one night -- The gentleman told me,\n\"You come down,\" that night and, \"My apartment on the 15th floor, on the corner\nof Amsterdam Avenue. I'll give you some recommendations.\"\n\nPaula: This was Mr. Rosenthal?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. When I come there, he had two daughters living with him in their\nfifties. He probably was 75, 80 years old. He made his money in Columbus, in the\nluggage business in Columbus. In our conversation, I said, \"I looked and it is\n600 miles.\" Those ladies jumped up and said, \"It's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand miles!\" I said, \"I\nlooked at it in the atlas, 600.\" [They said,] \"That is Columbus, Georgia!\" They\ngave H-E-L-L to their father, [asking,] \"How can you send a young man to the\nSchvartzer [Yiddish slang: black people]?\" But nothing bothered me. I wanted to\nget out of New York. He gave me three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letters: one for Rabbi [David] Marx\nhere--you do not know [him] anymore--and two letters for Columbus, which I still have.\n\nPaula: And?\n\nKurt: I bought a Greyhound ticket for $13 and a few pennies to Columbus,\nGeorgia. I packed my three things I had and went on the bus.\n\nPaula: How old were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then?\n\nKurt: What?\n\nPaula: How old were you then?\n\nKurt: Twenty-nine.\n\nPaula: You were 29 at that time?\n\nKurt: Sure. I left New York, went to -- I got a bus and stopped in Richmond\n[Virginia], in Washington [D.C.]. [I traveled through] Washington, Richmond, and\nCharlotte [North Carolina]. [It took] a day and a night. The next stop ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nAtlanta, Georgia, where I came at 8:00 in the morning. There was a station where\nDavis' Garage is. There was a station. I locked up my little valise I had. I\nwalked up Carnegie Way to Peachtree [Street] and there was life. Eight o'clock\nin the morning, there were people walking, life. I walked Peachtree down to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whitehall [Street], north on Peachtree. I had a cup of coffee in Thompson's. You\ndo not know those places. How long have you been here?\n\nPaula: Not that long.\n\nKurt: Yes. There was a Thompson's restaurant. I had a cup of coffee and walked\nback again. I had some traveler's checks in my pocket. That gave me entry to\nAmerican Express Company, which was at 64 Broad Street. I went in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and I\ntold the man that I just came this morning. I told him that I had some\ntraveler's checks. I did not want anything. The men was very nice. [He was] a\nGerman Swiss fellow. From there, I went to the Chamber of Commerce. I wanted to\nknow what kind of business is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. They gave me a list of 29 companies. They\ntold me, \"We have a good friend here, which probably, maybe he can help you, Mr.\nSam Rasbush.\" Mr. Sam Rasbush was a Jewish real estate man. He could talk faster\nthan the railroad runs. [He was] an unbelievable fast talker, very interesting\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. He sent me to another one by the name Kurt Holland. He came from Germany a\nfew years earlier. That guy told me, \"You can't live here without seeing the\nFederation. You have to go to the Federation.\" The next morning, I checked in.\nThe hotel was a Jewish hotel on Pryor Street. I checked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in for two nights. I\nchecked in, and next morning, I went to the Federation and Mr. [Ed] Khan in the\nFederation thought -- He wanted to know things I did not want to answer him.\n\nPaula: Was that Ed Khan?\n\nKurt: Yes. You have heard of him?\n\nPaula: I knew him.\n\nKurt: You knew him? He wanted to -- He thought I am -- I told him. I say, \"I\nhave money in my pocket.\" I say, \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not ask for anything. I only came here\nbecause Kurt Holland sent me here.\" I say, \"I only want to learn English and I\nwant to find a room where I can live.\" He called Miss Goldstein in and asked her\nif her father has a room. Her father had a room for me on 410 Washington Street.\n\nPaula: Who was her father?\n\nKurt: You knew Marvin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goldstein? Marvin's grandfather. [I asked,] \"When can I go\nthere?\" [They answered,] \"On Shabbos when the shul is out,\" I can see Mr.\n[Shmuel Yankel] Goldstein. I went there on Shabbos when the shul was out. Mr.\nGoldstein was a man with a white beard to [his chest], very distinguished\nlooking man, [with a] clean, white beard to [his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chest]. He looked me over. [He\ncalled me] a 'Deutscher.' I was a 'Deutscher,' a German. He does not trust a\n'Deutscher.' He was a Polish man. He asked all kinds of questions. Then he asked\nme, \"What's your name?\" When I answered him right, \"Gavriel ben Michel,\"\n[unintelligible; 35:32], then he knew I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. I tell all children, \"Never\nforget your name. Your Hebrew name is very important.\" Gavriel ben Michel got me\nin for five years.\n\nPaula: You lived with Mr. Goldstein?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: What was his first name?\n\nKurt: Shmuel Yankel.\n\nPaula: Shmuel Yankel Goldstein?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: He was Dr. Goldstein--\n\nKurt: The grandfather of Marvin and Irving Goldstein.\n\nPaula: They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your firsthand --\n\nKurt: Two fifty. A room was $2.50 a week.\n\nPaula: Were they running a rooming house?\n\nKurt: No. He had a big house. There were big houses on 410 Washington Street in\nthose days. He had another one and me, two [rented] rooms in that [house].\n\nPaula: Did you eat with them, too?\n\nKurt: They-- There was -- Do you know Ida ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Levitas?\n\nPaula: [Yes.]\n\nKurt: That was a daughter, Ida Levitis. Yes, they were alright to me. At least,\nI did not have a room there; I had a whole house. I had a whole house with the\nold man. The old man was sick sometimes and I had all kinds of trouble with him.\n[He had] a stroke here, a stroke there.\n\nPaula: You took care of him?\n\nKurt: Yes, I took care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him.\n\nPaula: He took care of you and you took care of him.\n\nKurt: Yes, I could eat with him if I go to shul. If I go to shul on Friday\nnight, I could eat with him.\n\nPaula: Which shul?\n\nKurt: AA [Ahavath Achim].\n\nPaula: Who was the rabbi there?\n\nKurt: [Harry] Epstein. I knew Epstein from the first week I was here.\n\nPaula: Which was 1940? You came here --\n\nKurt: In May 1938.\n\nPaula: In May 1938, you came to Atlanta?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, in November 1938, I came to Atlanta. I met Epstein the first Friday\nnight, when he went to shul. I still see him from time to time. I see Epstein.\n\nPaula: He does not see many people.\n\nKurt: No, but I see him every four or five, six weeks. That is the way I came to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. [There were] no jobs. I knocked on every door possible for jobs. Then,\nI come to Deigler Process. It was a printing company. There was a Mr. Schwartz.\nWhen I come there and look for a job, he told me, \"I heard about you. Do you\nwant a job? I got no jobs, but you come on Monday morning and I'll get you a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job.\" I was there on time on Monday. He put me in the car and drives downtown.\nWhen he crossed -- You know where the Southern Railway buildings are? He crossed\nthere. I said, \"Where are you going?\" [He said,] \"To New Broad.\" I said, \"I was\nin New Broad. They got no jobs.\" [He said,] \"I'll get you a job.\" He talked\nthose people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into just giving me a job.\n\nPaula: Who?\n\nKurt: New Broad.\n\nPaula: Yes, but who was this person who --\n\nKurt: Mr. Schwartz from Deigler Process. He helped me to get a job.\n\nPaula: Just because he wanted to help you?\n\nKurt: That is right.\n\nPaula: Or, was it the Jewish community?\n\nKurt: He wanted to help me, sure. He talked those people into giving me a job.\n\nPaula: What was your job?\n\nKurt: Office work, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good. It was just office work, mail. They had a\nmail order business in hair grease to straighten the hair of the Schvartzer.\nThat was a very big business in those days. You never heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of hair grease?\nThere were four or five Jewish families lived on it, in the city here, and they\ndisappeared. The Schvartzer do not have that curly hair anymore. I worked there.\nThe worst thing for me was when I worked there the first week. When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week was\nover, they give me an envelope with my pay in it [for] $0.25 an hour, $10 for 40\nhours, less three cents tax. That was the worst for me: when I heard that I had\nto work by the hour. I had still money in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pocket, but to work by the hour? I\ndid not know what that is. I was there a little over a year. They recognized\nthat I had knowledge. They gave me all kind of work. After four months, I had a\npayroll for the office, with about six, eight people on it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, they had me\ntaking cost accounting. It was a family affair. I told them, \"That it is wrong,\"\nand, \"That it is wrong.\" The lady who was in charge of billing--one of the\nfamily women--I saw that she did not know what she was doing in taxes. There was\na cosmetic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tax in those days. I corrected her a few times. When they sent me to\nthe factory to check, I found out they had paid double taxes. They had paid\ndouble taxes.\n\nPaula: You did?\n\nKurt: Sure.\n\nPaula: How was that?\n\nKurt: They charged tax on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the little bills of $7, but the cosmetic tax was\nalready paid on the drum of chemicals which came in. The tax was already paid. I\nknew too much and I knew they would fire me. When they fired a girl, we always\nhad to clean out the desk. I told the girls, \"When I get fired, my desk is\nclean. You don't have to do anything.\" I could not walk out because I needed the\n$7.50 a week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unemployment. I needed that.\n\nPaula: You figured all this out?\n\nKurt: Sure. I did not quit until they fired me. Then, I got two weeks\nunemployment and I got a job.\n\nPaula: They fired you because you had figured out that there were some\nirregularities in the business?\n\nKurt: Yes, I knew too much about the business. I knew it would come. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People do\nnot want to believe -- Then, there came the state of Alabama and checked the\ntaxes. I told them that they are not correct in the taxes. The state of Alabama\nwants to check the taxes. They called everybody together. They said, \"Nobody\ntalks to those officers who come in.\" I was strictly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forbidden to talk to\nofficers. I could not talk to them, but when they went to lunch, I went in\nthere. They had already a list of invoice numbers listed. I knew what the\ntrouble was. I had to go. But I did alright.\n\nPaula: You never went to Columbus?\n\nKurt: Nine years later, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend of mine got married and I went to Columbus.\n\nPaula: Did you regret not having stayed on the Greyhound bus to go to Columbus?\n\nKurt: No, there was only a chance. There was a letter I had for the rabbi and a\nletter for a merchant. There was no chance. I probably could have done well as\ntime went on because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army's camps around Columbus. There was business.\nBut here, the city was better.\n\nPaula: Right. Once you got established with your job, you left that job. I\npresume you --\n\nKurt: I left the job. That was in the spring. One day, Sunshine Delicatessen\ncalled me. That was before Pesach. Sunshine had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big mail order business for\nPesach. [They asked] if I could help them, so I went there and helped them. [I]\nworked there in Sunshine Delicatessen. While I was there, Mr. [Otto] Orkin\nlooked for help. You have heard of Mr. Orkin? He came to the Federation and\nasked the Federation for help. The Federation called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I went to Mr. Orkin and\nI got a job there right away, but I say, \"I cannot work right away.\" I say, \"I\ngot to give Mr. Sunshine two weeks' notice.\" I said, \"I do not want to walk out\non him.\" There were nice to me. [I gave] my notice. [Mr. Sunshine] said, \"Can\nyou work at night?\" He had an accountant there who was a drunkard. He worked at\nnight, so I worked at night for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two weeks until I came there. I worked always\nsmall jobs. It was not big payment ever. Then, I got a better job in National\nLinen Service, National Service Industries. I got a job there on the first of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"December 1941. On the 7th of December, the war broke out. I could not travel. I\nwas not a citizen. They hired me as a traveling auditor.\n\nPaula: Could you explain that, please? You had to travel from where to where?\n\nKurt: I traveled [to] all the branches.\n\nPaula: Where? All around Georgia?\n\nKurt: All to California, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"southeast.\n\nPaula: Around the city?\n\nKurt: Southeast up to California.\n\nPaula: What were the limitations that were on you?\n\nKurt: Anyone who was not a citizen could not travel on the railroad. Any\nnon-citizen could not travel in the railroad because of the war.\n\nPaula: When you bought your ticket, you had to show your --\n\nKurt: I had to get a permit. Anyhow, I got there the first of December. I could\nnot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travel. They were all Jewish people there. Mr. [Joseph] Jacobs said, \"You go\nhere in the Atlanta branch, and we'll get you on the road, and we'll get you out\nof here.\" I went in the Atlanta branch and worked there. A few weeks later, I\ngot a permit. The permit [stated] that I have to report the train I leave on and\nthe train I come back on. In every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, I had to report to the post office my movements.\n\nPaula: What did they do? Did they stamp your permit?\n\nKurt: They stamped it there, yes.\n\nPaula: Every time when you went?\n\nKurt: When I arrived in Clearwater, Florida, the first thing, I had to go to the\npost office. When I left Clearwater, Florida, the last thing, I had to go to the\npost office. [It was] the same the next place and the next place. I got\ntraveled. It worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alright. I went to everything. Then, I was single and I felt\nI should do something. Because I was single, I volunteered for service. They\nrejected me. The service did not want me.\n\nPaula: Why?\n\nKurt: I was already 33, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"34 years old. I traveled. One day, I come home at night\nin the Hotel Baker in Dallas, Texas. There was a letter that said I can apply\nfor induction in the army. When I came home, I applied for induction in the\narmy. That was when I was taken into the army.\n\nPaula: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date?\n\nKurt: I was 29 months in service. That was in early 1934 till the end of 1945.\n\nPaula: You mean 1943?\n\nKurt: Nineteen forty-three.\n\nPaula: Forty-three to 1945?\n\nKurt: Yes, 29 months.\n\nPaula: What did you do? What branch of service?\n\nKurt: First, they wanted me for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligence. I said I did not want to fool\naround with the Germans.\n\nPaula: They wanted you for intelligence because you spoke German?\n\nKurt: Yes, but I did not take it. I was six weeks in Fort McPherson out here.\nThen, they sent me to a finance school in Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis\n[Indiana]. I was in finance school and was not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizen. Before they shipped me\noverseas to England, they gave me citizenship in Indianapolis. I was four and a\nhalf years here. They gave me citizenship and I could go with this, in the\nfinance department.\n\nPaula: You were stationed in England?\n\nKurt: I was stationed in the Midlands in England, near Birmingham.\n\nPaula: The whole 29 months?\n\nKurt: Yes. No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 24 or 25 months. When the war was over, they liquidated the\nunit. I was not fortunate [enough] that I could go home. They sent me to a\nhospital in the northern part of England. It was December the fifth before I\ncame home.\n\nPaula: Why did they send you to a hospital?\n\nKurt: They had two of us. We were nine men or 11 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men. Two of us, the captain\nsent to another place.\n\nSpeaker 3 What kind of work did you do in the Midlands?\n\nKurt: Payroll work.\n\nSpeaker 3 For the army?\n\nKurt: Yes, payroll work for the army.\n\nPaula: Did you see any refugees? Did you have contact with any refugees when you\nwere --\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: They came from Germany?\n\nKurt: Yes, there was a boy in the in the laundry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"department and others, too. In\nthe post, there was a fellow in the laundry department and I met others.\n\nPaula: Some of the refugees from Germany were interned in internment camps on\nthe Isle of Man during the war.\n\nKurt: Alright.\n\nPaula: Do you know anything about that?\n\nKurt: No, but when I worked in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"northern England, when they sent me to the\nhospital, I went to the Isle of Man, too.\n\nPaula: Yes?\n\nKurt: I travelled. Every time I had a day off, I travelled.\n\nPaula: You went just for a holiday?\n\nKurt: Yes, [to the] Isle of Man.\n\nPaula: What happened when you returned? When you were coming back to the United\nStates you decided --\n\nKurt: When I came back to the United States, National Industries -- They paid me\na few dollars while I was in service. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paid every employee who got in\nservice a few dollars. Fifteen dollars a month, I think I got.\n\nPaula: They kept you as their employee?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: You decided to come back to Atlanta?\n\nKurt: Sure. When I came back, I had my job.\n\nPaula: Then what happened?\n\nKurt: I worked for them quite a -- I do not know how many years. I do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nremember how many years. I traveled from Roanoke, Virginia, to San Francisco\n[California]. There was also a thing that you could not fly, so I never flew. I\ncame in -- [During the war] they said we could not travel: no train travel, no\nflying travel with an airplane.\n\nPaula: But after you came out of the service, you already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had --\n\nKurt: After, I was a citizen already.\n\nPaula: Then you could --\n\nKurt: But, I never was in an airplane -- One day, I worked in Richmond,\nVirginia. They called me and say, \"You have to report to an outfit in San\nFrancisco [California], and we want you to go there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and integrate their\naccounting with ours. We have a ticket for you for Thursday afternoon.\" I think,\n\"Golly, I never was in an airplane.\" I took at night an airplane from Richmond\nto Atlanta. It was alright.\n\nPaula: That was the first time?\n\nKurt: The first time, yes. That was a trip to San Francisco by airplane in those\nyears. [You had to fly] to Dallas, from Dallas to El ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paso [Texas], from El Paso\nto Los Angeles [California], and from Los Angeles to San Francisco. That was the\ntravel in the air when the airplanes began.\n\nPaula: Were you nervous?\n\nKurt: No, I was already that one night, so I know what an airplane was. I was experienced.\n\nPaula: Yes. Were you at all involved in the Jewish community here while all of\nthis was going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on after you got back from the army?\n\nKurt: Yes, I was involved in the Jewish community for learning English.\n\nPaula: Where was that?\n\nKurt: In the Federation.\n\nPaula: In the Federation building?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Where was it located?\n\nKurt: On Peachtree, where there was --\n\nPaula: That same Peachtree Street --\n\nKurt: By then already, the Peachtree Street [location] was built. First, when I\ncame, it was on Capital Avenue.\n\nPaula: Capital Avenue?\n\nKurt: When I first came, but my English was all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in up there.\n\nPaula: On Peachtree Street, they had --\n\nKurt: Peachtree Street.\n\nPaula: Did you belong to the New American Club?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Tell me a little bit about that. What did you do there? Who was there?\nWho were the other members?\n\nKurt: Lots of them do not live anymore. Yes, I was a member of the New American\nClub, sure.\n\nPaula: How often did you go?\n\nKurt: I guess whenever they had a meeting, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went in those days, sure.\n\nPaula: Once a month? Once a week? Often?\n\nKurt: At least once a month. Then, maybe a dinner. Somewhere together we had a\ndinner. That was very good, I think. People had a place where they could go, yes.\n\nPaula: You want to explain the New American Club for those --\n\nKurt: The New American Club, I cannot tell you too much about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. We were a\ngroup of people who helped each other.\n\nPaula: It was an immigrant society --\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Young people, who --\n\nKurt: It existed maybe for four or five years. Maybe it existed longer. I do not\nremember that.\n\nPaula: I think it existed longer.\n\nKurt: Yes, that was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good.\n\nPaula: I think it was called the New World Club?\n\nKurt: New World Club, yes. There were some people, they really helped us. There\nwere some restaurant people. They had it in a restaurant. Where the Federal\nReserve Bank [was] built on Peachtree and Tenth Street, there was a Jewish man\n[that] had a Jewish restaurant. We were in there all the time. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was good,\nbut people got away from it, they moved away and died out, and so they liquidated.\n\nPaula: Yes. What about your connection with the shul, with Ahavith Achim?\n\nKurt: I was a member of Ahavith Achim. I may have been here six months or eight months.\n\nPaula: You started paying membership dues?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Did you ever hold office there?\n\nKurt: Yes, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the board for ten, 12 years. I was cemetery -- I was once\n[on the] Board of Religious Services, Chairman of Religious Services, and I was\nChairman of the Cemetery Committee. I still work with them, with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cemetery. I\nwas always interested in that. I have a letter here from a professor in\nCalifornia. One day, Rabbi Epstein called me and said, \"I have a letter here\nfrom somebody in California and I don't know how to go about it.\" I read the\nletter. I told Rabbi Epstein, \"When are you in the cemetery?\" He said, \"I am\nthere next week,\" on that day. I said, \"Alright, I'll be there. I'll help you.\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Someone whose family moved out in 1923, out of Atlanta, and they died in 1930.\nThe professor in California wanted to know about his parents' graves. I helped\nRabbi Epstein on that. I, still to this day, do a lot of work for them, for the\ncemetery. I am the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one who sold Israel Bonds in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nPaula: We are going to stop now because she has to change tapes.\n\nPaula: Can you tell me about that? What year was that?\n\nKurt: Israel Bonds are now 51 years old. Fifty-one years ago, Israel came out\nwith bonds. People felt it is another donation. I came out of the banking\nbusiness and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"If Israel borrows money, they will pay it back. They will\npay the interest. They will pay it back.\" I preached to people. [It was] very\nhard work. On Sunday afternoon [at] some affair in the old Progressive Club, I\nsold the first hundred dollar bonds. People thought, \"No, give away.\" From there\non ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, I worked for Israel Bonds till today.\n\nPaula: Did you work for Israel Bonds because you thought it was a good\ninvestment or because you are a Zionist?\n\nKurt: I worked for Israel Bonds because if the state of Israel cannot exist, we\nJews in the world cannot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exist. If we do not have a state, we have no home\nanywhere. We thought we had a home in Europe. We did not have it. We think we\nhave a home here--I hope we have it--but we have a state of Israel. That is the\nbasic, our home. That is my philosophy. If ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you go to the record of Israel Bonds,\nyou will see that I never faltered up till today. When the Prime Minister's club\ncame out with the $25,000 bond, within a month or so, I bought a $25,000 bond.\nIt is due next year. I solicited Israel Bonds from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews and from goyim [Yiddish:\nnon-Jews]. I had one very nice affair. You know Frank? What is his name? In the\ncamera business.\n\nPaula: Larry Frank?\n\nKurt: Larry Frank. That is a very good example. His mother always bought $200,\n$300 bonds. I worked on [unintelligible; 1:03:03] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boulevard. On lunch hour, I\nwas out for bonds. I come to this place and the mother bought a $200 bond. That\nwas satisfying for me. That was -- She says, \"Go in there and sell those two\nfellows some bonds,\" to Larry on his partner. I knocked on the door and I came\nin. I finally sold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Larry a $100 bond. His partner, no. Larry Frank, from there\non out, got very big in bonds till he got in little bit of trouble. He was very\nbig in bonds, a big bond buyer. He is still interested today in Israeli bonds.\nThat is one of them. I sold -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Golly, if I would go on the record, I would count\na thousand people I sold bonds to.\n\nPaula: You are very proud of your work for Israel Bonds.\n\nKurt: Why should I not? The state of Israel pays everything. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got married\nthe second time, I married a lady by the name of Mildred Kingloff. Did you know\nher, or you did not know? Mildred Kingloff was a very rich lady ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and very little\nJewishness in the family. [They were] Temple people, very little Jewish. She\ngave money to her nieces and nephews every year, or started to give. Anyhow,\nfirst of all, I knew her and I once gave her a tip. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day, my niece, Laurel\nWeiner -- You knew Laurel Weiner? Laurel Weiner called me and said, \"Mildred,\ngave us $1,000,000,\" [to] Hadassah. She gave away three million dollars\naltogether. [I thought,] \"Golly, finally!\" After maybe four weeks, I thought, \"I\nwill call Mildred.\" I called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mildred. I say, \" I want to congratulate you.\" [She\nasked,] \"What? What?\" [I said,] \"I want to congratulate you that you came to\nsense.\" [She asked,] \"What do you mean?\" I said, \"Yes, you came to sense. You\ntook care of some of your money.\"\n\nPaula: This was before you married?\n\nKurt: Yes, before I married her, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mildred. We talked and talk. I said, \"What\nabout going to supper together one night?\" She gave me a date two weeks later.\nWhen we went to supper, all she wanted to know [was] if my finances were in\norder. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That woman went to dinner and that woman fell in love with me. She had\nall chances of getting married, but she did not want to support anyone. When she\nfound that my finances [were in order], she wanted to get married. I postponed\nit. We finally got married and she had all that money. On the first night we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met, she says she has lots of cash money, hundreds of thousands. I give her -- I\nsaid, \"The next night, tomorrow night, I will give you a list what to do with\nyour money.\" She bought stocks. Her money mostly consists of tax free bonds. She\ntold me on that telephone conversation--she told me when I told her--she says,\n\"You are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly responsible.\" I said, \"What do you mean?\" [She said,] \"You told\nme what to do with my money.\" I said, \"What?\" [She said,] \"Yes, when I was in\nyour house at the --\" She was in the Hadassah meeting and I told her what she\nshould do with the money. That lady accumulated $10 million [in] tax free bonds.\n[It was in] tax free ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bonds, so you can figure out how much interest she had and\n[she] paid no tax on it. That was my tip. I got her in stocks. Then, she added\n-- I begged her to be sure to give money away. She gave money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away to the heirs,\nsisters, brothers, nieces, nephews. She gave them cash money. We wrote the\nletter. She signed it and I signed it to the nieces and nephews that, \"You have\nthat money here,\" and they should buy some Israel Bonds. Nobody did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, so I\ntold Mildred, \"I will not write a check to anyone. If you want to give them\nmoney, you give them Israel Bonds and that's the end of it.\" In six years, we\nbought three million Israel Bonds.\n\nPaula: Then gave it away?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ten thousand dollars to each. That is what --\n\nPaula: You are looking very good. You are looking excellent. Mildred would fall\nin love with you all over again.\n\nKurt: We bought bonds. I, myself, out of my estate, I did the same thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the\nlast five years. I still bought this year $140,000 Israel Bonds.\n\nPaula: It is very important.\n\nKurt: Nobody has to tell me.\n\nPaula: Yes.\n\nKurt: I have all the recognitions Israel Bonds gave away.\n\nPaula: I am sure.\n\nKurt: They are all up there [on a wall off camera].\n\nPaula: I am proud to know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. I am.\n\nKurt: I am still the biggest Israel bond buyer in the section here, in the\nsouthern section.\n\nPaula: That is very wonderful. What year did you and Mildred get married?\n\nKurt: We got married in 1992 and she passed away in 1998. We were married for\nsix years.\n\nPaula: When did you first get married? Your first marriage was to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whom?\n\nKurt: To Harriet Vitner.\n\nPaula: From Atlanta?\n\nKurt: Yes, a Romanian girl.\n\nPaula: A Romanian girl?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: From what city in Romania?\n\nKurt: From northern Romanian, in Harlau, H-A-R-L-A-U.\n\nPaula: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did you get married?\n\nKurt: In 1948.\n\nPaula: Here in Atlanta?\n\nKurt: Yes. She died in 1990.\n\nPaula: Did you have children?\n\nKurt: No, we both --\n\nPaula: Did she come from a large family?\n\nKurt: She came -- She had one, two, three -- There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were four sisters and a brother.\n\nPaula: Do you have a relationship with --\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: How did you and Harriet Vitner meet? Where did you meet and how did you meet?\n\nKurt: How did I meet [her]? I lived ten years in Atlanta. I had friends living\non ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boulevard. Every time I came to the friends, they told me about two girls\nacross the street in the building. [They said] I should meet those two girls. It\nwas fun -- Every time they opened the window, they said, \"Here are the two girls\nyou should meet.\" It was Harriet and her sister. I did not meet them. Then, one\nday, [it was] very funny. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in the cafeteria and there was a lady by the\n[name of] Lily -- What was her name? I do not know. She was in the cafeteria. [I\nasked,] \"Where are you going?\" I remember she was walking home. I said, \"I'll\nwalk your home,\" to the Boulevard. In front of her house, the next house, were\nfriends of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine lived there. They came, dressed out, two fellows and a sister,\nall singles. They said, \"Come in the car. We'll take you home. Come in the car.\"\nThey had a car. I had no car. [They said,] \"Come home.\" I got in the car. They\nturned around and picked up those two girls. When they came in the car, I said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Oi, oi. You are the ones I was supposed to meet a very long time ago.\" It was a\nvery nice evening. If that young lady had told me when the evening was over she\nwants to marry me, I would have asked her, \"When?\"\n\nPaula: You fell in love right away?\n\nKurt: Right there.\n\nPaula: Right there.\n\nKurt: Right there. I said, \"Alright, here it is.\" I would have asked her when.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got married.\n\nPaula: Where did you get married?\n\nKurt: In the Progressive Club. In those days --\n\nPaula: Who married you?\n\nKurt: Rabbi Epstein. Yes.\n\nPaula: Where did you live afterwards?\n\nKurt: We had no home. I was traveling and she traveled with me. We traveled\ntogether for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year. When she came home, she lived with her sister when she did\nnot travel with me. But she traveled with me most of the time. Then, we became\n-- There was a Jewish hotel on Ponce de Leon. We stayed in the hotel there.\nAfter maybe two years or about a year and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half, we bought a house.\n\nPaula: Where?\n\nKurt: Thirteen seventy Pasadena Avenue. You know where it is? It is not --\nAcross the street from you. You live there on --\n\nPaula: Not far from there.\n\nKurt: Yes, 1370 Pasadena. We bought a house for $18,000, before it was complete.\n\nPaula: Brand new?\n\nKurt: Brand new, yes. We were married for two years or a year and a half. Two\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years? Yes, two years. We traveled. We had no home.\n\nPaula: You said Harriet was from Romania. She was not born in America either?\n\nKurt: No, born in Romania.\n\nPaula: She came after the war?\n\nKurt: They came in 1920, I think, after the First World War.\n\nPaula: She spoke German also?\n\nKurt: No, by then I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was [speaking] English.\n\nPaula: You spoke English at home?\n\nKurt: Yes, by then, I was here for ten years. Yes.\n\nPaula: Was she involved with you in the Israel bond effort?\n\nKurt: Yes, she was. She was very hard working for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hadassah. I know all the\nHadassah hot shots in New York, in England, Israel.\n\nPaula: You went with her to conventions?\n\nKurt: Sure, buy donations, support.\n\nPaula: Yes. Tell me, your mother came to America in 1940, did she come to your wedding?\n\nKurt: She came to my wedding, yes.\n\nPaula: Yes?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, also my brother, my mother, sister-in-law all came.\n\nPaula: They all came?\n\nKurt: Yes, sure. I told you about working with National Service, National Linen.\nI worked for Otto Orkin, too. After I came out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, the payments, wages,\nwere very poor. I could not make hardly a living in National Service. The wages\nwere so poor that while I traveled, I had a travel expense, but when they wanted\nme to work here in the office, I did not have enough money to live. They paid\n[for] me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hotel in Atlanta. [The pay was] that poor. That was before I got\nmarried. Then, I worked for Otto Orkin. I did the same work for him, traveling.\nI worked there until their trouble came. They had a lot of trouble, that family.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I walked out on a $20,000 job in February 1953. [I] walked out. I did not want\nto be killed. I mean, the family had trouble. You do not know.\n\nPaula: I think it was an internal sort of --\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: I heard rumors about it.\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. I also was the guy who exploded that. The son-in-law wanted to crap\nthe company and I exploded. It was miserable. I got up all the way. My desk was\nin Mr. Otto Orkin's office. I had to protect him from all the hoodlums around\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. When it got too bad, people got fired. I told my wife that morning, \"Honey,\nif it is happening, it is today.\" At 9:00, I was home. On a $20,000 job in those\ndays, that was a nerve to walk out.\n\nPaula: Yes.\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, but I did alright.\n\nPaula: Do you consider Atlanta to be your home?\n\nKurt: Sure, Atlanta is my home for the last 62 [or] 63 years.\n\nPaula: Sixty three, 62 years.\n\nKurt: Yes, always.\n\nPaula: Have you have you seen any changes in the Jewish community in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time?\n\nKurt: Changes? Unlimited.\n\nPaula: Tell me. What do you see as the major changes?\n\nKurt: I came from Germany and the German Jews, the Temple Jews, they thought I\nam a nothing because I lived on Washington Street. They told me, \"How can you\nlive on Washington Street?\" I told them I have a home there, another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. The\nexperience for me, from the first time I came, was very bad with the Temple. My\nTemple experience was very bad.\n\nPaula: Discriminatory?\n\nKurt: Yes. I came here in November. On New Year's Day 1939, I walked from 410\nWashington Street to the Temple on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peachtree. [The] weather [was] like yesterday\nhere, beautiful day. I walked on Washington Street to the Temple, delivered a\nletter I had for Rabbi Marx. Rabbi Marx -- I do not know if you knew him. You\nmissed nothing. Rabbi Marx wanted to make -- He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Jew. We wanted to make\neverybody a goy [Yiddish: non-Jew]. He was terrible.\n\nPaula: How did --\n\nKurt: I had a letter from that gentleman in New York. He said, 'Yes,' he knew\nthe gentleman, but he asked me more or less, 'What do you want in Atlanta?' He\ndid not want to have any Jews coming to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. He asked me plain what I [am]\ndoing in Atlanta. I said, \"I came here, and I found a little job, and that is\nwhere I work.\" He was so cold, you cannot imagine it. I made my mind up, never\nagain to put my foot in the Temple until about 25 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. A girl got\nmarried and I was invited. I came to the temple. By then, there was already a\nnew rabbi. It got a little better, but it only got better--the Temple--since --\n\nPaula: Sugarman?\n\nKurt: Sugarman. What was his first name?\n\nPaula: The rabbi?\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Alvin.\n\nKurt: Alvin. When Alvin got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rabbi [position] that Temple was right. He is a\nvery nice young. [He] used to be a young man. I knew him when he was a boy. I\nknew his father, his aunt, his uncle, all of them. That Temple was a terrible\ncongregation, Reformed. [It was] Reformed to the end degree. You have heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nPaula: You did not experience that kind of Reform in Germany?\n\nKurt: No. There was a Reform congregation in Frankfurt, but I did not belong to\nit, so I did not circle it in those crisis. The company I worked for in\nFrankfurt, their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was a Kaufmann. Kaufmann was a Jewish bukh [Yiddish:\nbook], book --\n\nPaula: Book dealer?\n\nKurt: Yes. They had printed Hebrew on everything. They were very religious. That\nwas the mother of my boss. When they needed money--we were in the bank\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business--they came to us and wanted money, but they did not take the money\nright there. Before, my boss had to sign a letter about the interest. Then, they\ntook the money. That is how religious there were.\n\nPaula: Tell me. What does that mean? You had to sign a letter that he would not\ncharge --\n\nKurt: Interest, yes. Religious.\n\nPaula: Tell me more about some of the changes that you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observed in the\nAtlanta Jewish community. You told me a little bit about the Temple.\n\nKurt: The Jewish community, like Ahavath Achim used to be in those days, was in\nthe style like in Frankfurt. Frankfurt was called kehillah kodesh [Hebrew:\nsacred congregation]. You heard that, too?\n\nPaula: [Yes.]\n\nKurt: They were very religious people in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt.\n\nPaula: You found when you came here that --\n\nKurt: Conservative was about the style.\n\nPaula: Has that changed?\n\nKurt: Yes, that has changed the wrong way. The Conservatives today want to get\nto the Reform and Reform is more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative. Changes today.\n\nPaula: Interesting.\n\nKurt: I am a member of Ahavath Achim. I daven [Yiddish: pray] there and I daven\nfor the minyan on weekdays, too. I play the Chazzan up there on Rosh HaShanah especially.\n\nPaula: You do?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure. I came to [unintelligible; 1:28:36] in the shul on Shabbos last\nweek. There comes a man and told Jerre Ashkenazie--she was with me--says, \"He's\nthe best davener you ever heard!\"\n\nPaula: Oh! Tell me something. What was it like being a Jew in the South when you\ncame here as compared to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now?\n\nKurt: I think it was better than today. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody bothered you. It was -- a good\nlife. [It was] not as big as today. People lived on a lower ground.\n\nPaula: Yes.\n\nKurt: People were less rich as they are today. But there was enough Jewish life\naround here. Ahavath Achim was the biggest congregation, then [there] was\nShearith Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then came Beth Jacob. I know the day when the rabbi came to\nBeth Jacob, Rabbi [Emanuel] Feldman.\n\nPaula: You do know that?\n\nKurt: Sure. I knew him when he was swimming in the pool in Miami, where I met\nhim before he got married.\n\nPaula: He was a young man when he came here.\n\nKurt: A young man, yes. I know him. I know his father, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, I knew a lot\nof people in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nPaula: You surely did. I think that listening to your story, it seems to me that\nyou are a big success story because you are a self-made man. You had help, but\nyou went out and you found people to help you. They did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not go looking for you\nand you stepped up each time.\n\nKurt: I was self-made man, yes.\n\nPaula: You are a self-made man.\n\nKurt: I still -- My charity business I brought along from Europe.\n\nPaula: How so?\n\nKurt: What?\n\nPaula: Explain that.\n\nKurt: We lived a small community of Gedern, with 35 [Jewish] families. There\ncame constantly Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, Schnorrer [Yiddish: beggars]. You know what a\nSchnorrer is? Wandering people. Polish people came constantly when they needed\nsupport. There was -- The Jewish community created a mutual association.\nEverybody paid in. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father was the controller. He wrote everyone a note for\nfive marks. They had to go to the other men who had the cash and they got their\nfive dollars. That is what I seen.\n\nPaula: That was your upbringing.\n\nKurt: The next thing I have seen, my mother--from her household money--put a\nmark or another mark in a coffee cup. On ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friday, two or three women came and\nwanted to buy a challah. They wanted to buy the flour for baking the challah and\nthey got the money. There [is where] I have seen it. Another one came from\nanother small town and give you a gift. You want something. That was a constant\nthing. There were people they had nothing.\n\nPaula: Where? They came from Poland?\n\nKurt: They came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. They wandered from one town to the other.\n\nPaula: Because they were very poor in Poland?\n\nKurt: Sure.\n\nPaula: You had --\n\nKurt: Every town in Germany had some poor people, too, and they had to be\nsupported. It was a constant thing.\n\nPaula: Yes. Your parents were religious, observant people?\n\nKurt: My parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were Conservative, I would say.\n\nPaula: They kept Shabbos?\n\nKurt: Yes, we kept Shabbos.\n\nPaula: They kept kosher?\n\nKurt: That was no question. That was no question for anyone in Gedern.\n\nPaula: Everybody kept kosher?\n\nKurt: Everybody kept kosher.\n\nPaula: They went to shul on Shabbos?\n\nKurt: Sure. When my brother and me got bar mitzvahed, they had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two more men to\ngo to service in the weekdays. You know what they did? There was a man who\nknocked on the windows [at] 6:00 in the morning or 7:00. [He said,] \"Get up.\" We\ngot up. We go to shul.\n\nPaula: Every morning or just Shabbos morning?\n\nKurt: Every morning, when they needed a minyan.\n\nPaula: You went on not just Shabbos?\n\nKurt: Sure, yes, they called you. Sure, it was understood for us boys [that]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we [got] bar mitzvahed, we have to go to shul every day. Not like here.\nPeople go, \"Bar mitzvah? What's a bar mitzvah?\" It is an affair. People believe\nit is necessary that to fill. They are not aware. Only in the [Greenfield\nHebrew] Academy there is a good service. I go there, too, for service.\n\nPaula: Good for you.\n\nKurt: You seen my name in the Academy?\n\nPaula: Sure.\n\nKurt: I go there for service. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there last Thursday. Last Thursday, I was\nthere. [I go] not often, here and there. The children are glad to see me there,\nthat someone is coming. I daven [unintelligible; 1:35:21]. For the first time,\nlast Rosh HaShanah, I said the Haftarah in AA. Everybody thought it is\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful. I still have a European nigun [Hebrew: melody].\n\nPaula: You have a different [unintelligible; 1:35:40].\n\nKurt: Yes, nothing to it.\n\nPaula: Because it is inside of you.\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: If you were to sum up your life, your 62 years living in Atlanta, what\nwould you consider to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be the major points, the major achievements, your major\nachievements of your life?\n\nKurt: My major achievement is said that I always was independent, I always did\nwhat was right, and that I had enough foresight to invest the few dollars I had,\nwhich [was] without any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advice from anyone else, and it worked alright.\n\nPaula: Thank G-d.\n\nKurt: I already. My when my first wife was sick--she had Alzheimer's for seven\nyears--I knew it was a matter of time. I already set up a trust in her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name and\nput half our fortunes in it. That was very good. When she got more sick, I\nwanted to do something. I went to the Academy and -- What is her name, the woman\nin the Academy?\n\nPaula: Coleen.\n\nKurt: Coleen. When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came, they are still in the old place on --\n\nPaula: North Druid Hills.\n\nKurt: Yes. Coleen and Frankel was there. [They asked,] \"What do you want to do?\nWhat do you want to give us? Ten thousand dollars? Twenty thousand dollars?\" I\nsaid, \"No, more.\" We said, \"What do you have? What do you want to do? What do\nyou have left?\" She told us, \"We have the synagogue and the common room ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left.\"\nShe said she never thought I would go there. I said, \"How much is it?\" [She\nsaid,] \"$250,000.\" We talked and talked. I said, \"How long will you keep it\nopen?\" [She said,] \"I'll keep it open for you as long as you want to. Nobody\nwants to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\" After a few weeks, I decided we will buy the synagogue and the\ncommon room over ten years. I paid it in nine years. That was -- Mr. [Jacob]\nGreenfield was the only one and I was the next one. With all the rich people\naround, I was the next one. Now, when you go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there [it says] 'Greenfield,\nKingloff, and then Homburger. My wife--she was so sick--she said, \"How can you\npay that? How can you pay that? How can you pay that?\"\n\nPaula: It was a very worthwhile decision to make.\n\nKurt: I made it now Camp Ramah Darom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made it. I gave them $250,000 over five years.\n\nPaula: A little immigrant boy came to Atlanta with --\n\nKurt: With nothing. I had a few dollars here. When my brother left in 1935, he\nhad to have money to come in. I had 10,000 marks already saved. He took the\n10,000 marks along. That is why I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$2,700 when I came to Atlanta, to the\nUnited States.\n\nPaula: I think it is a wonderful testament to somebody who came and --\n\nKurt: With nothing.\n\nPaula: You enriched the community. You made a big impact.\n\nKurt: I never played a big shot. You have not seen me playing big shot, have you?\n\nPaula: No. What advice would you give to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish young people now?\n\nKurt: To Jewish young people? I would advise Jewish young people to learn Jewish\nlife, live a Jewish life as much as possible, support the state of Israel to the\nend degree, and remember that we are only guests here. We are only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guests here.\nThat is all. Four hundred years people lived in Gedern and out. And so many\nhundred years before, they lived in Homburg, that little town. Twice they were\nthrown out.\n\nPaula: You have learned from history?\n\nKurt: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure. It is a pity. My nephew was accountant and I met -- When I was in\nhis office, I met one of his clients there, millionaires, big business\nmillionaires. I want to sell them some Israel Bonds. This goes on for a year. He\nsaid, \"Can't do anything. You can't do anything with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\"\n\nPaula: He does not see it.\n\nKurt: He do not see it. They do not see it. You can tell them, \"You could have\ngotten seven percent. Every six months, you get your interest.\"\n\nPaula: They have other ideas.\n\nKurt: Yes.\n\nPaula: Do you attach importance to the work that museums--the Selig Center or\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust museums in general--do?\n\nKurt: Yes, I think it is a very good thing to have shown the people what\nhappened to former generations. The children here do not know what happened, but\nthey make it to the museum and they see what happened, they can read and see\nwhat we people went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through.\n\nPaula: We are happy that you are now going to be part of that record because you\nhad some very important things to say. If I could pick out some of the things,\nthe messages that you gave, they are very important messages. What you learned\nat home about tzedakah, what you learned in your life, what you think is\nimportant in the future, I think those are very important things.\n\nKurt: I want a copy of it.\n\nPaula: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/transcript/47160/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will give you a copy.\n\nKurt: Yes, you send me two copies when you send it, please.\n\nPaula: Thank you very much. Is there anything that you wish to add before we conclude?\n\nKurt: I want to show you the stuff I have here so you have an idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6210.0,6240.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGedern is a central German town in the state of Hesse. The first Jews settled in Gedern during the latter half of the 17th century. In 1933, there were 118 Jewish families in Gedern, which was about 5.5 percent of the town’s population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan or cantor is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. In 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchutzjude\u003cbr\u003e [German: protected Jew] refers to a Jew who held a letter of protection. The status was granted to Jews by imperial, princely or royal courts in exchange for a regular fee. The letter of protection gave Jews certain rights of trade and residence. The practice of granting Schutzjuden began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1236 and continued to be granted until full emancipation was granted to German Jews in 1871.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA wimpel [German: banner; Hebrew: mappah; Yiddish: vimpel] is a long cloth made from the clothes worn by a male baby at his brit milah [circumcision]. The cloth is then decorated with the infant's name, his date of birth, genealogical information, scenes from Jewish life, biblical scenes and often Biblical quotations and put away for safekeeping. In the German Ashkenazi tradition, on the Shabbat after the child's third birthday, the child is carried to the synagogue by his father [a custom called shulentragen], where the wimpel is wrapped around the Torah. This symbolizes traditions being handed down to the child from his parents and binds him to the Torah. The wimpel is then saved for use in major events of the child’s life, such as his bar mitzvah or marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the “brit milah” [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision] involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal. It is a tradition that dates back the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe pidyon haben, or redemption of the first-born son, is a mitzvah in Judaism whereby a Jewish firstborn son is “redeemed” by use of silver coins from his birth-state of sanctity. By giving five silver coins to a Kohen (a patrilineal descendant of the priestly family of Aaron), redemption is attained. In the Hebrew Bible the laws concerning the redemption of the first-born male are referred to in Exodus, Numbers and Leviticus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHomburg [German: Homburg am Main] is a city on the Main River in southern Germany, located 112 miles (180 kilometers) southwest of Gedern and 80 miles (129 kilometers) southwest of Frankfurt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews began settling in Homburg at the beginning of the 16th century. The first Jews to settle in Homburg were Sephardic Jews who came from the Netherlands after fleeing persecution in Portugal and Spain. They were heavily taxed, but on the whole, enjoyed favorable conditions in Homburg. They were soon joined by a large influx of Ashkenazi or German Jews, which created friction within the Jewish community and with the city’s Christian leadership. In 1649, the Ashkenazi Jews were expelled from the city—although the Sephardic Jews were allowed to stay—but were later allowed to return.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft, known in English as the Hamburg America Line, was a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, Germany in 1847.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWithin just two months of Hitler becoming Chancellor of Germany, the Jews in Gedern were terrorized by local members of the SA. Many Jewish men were severely beaten on several occasions and the Jewish cemetery was desecrated. The persecution was so brutal, many of Gedern’s Jews left early, with the last leaving in 1937. Some managed to immigrate to Palestine, the United States and South Africa, but the majority fled to other towns in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 1, 1933—less than three months after coming to power—the Nazis carried out the first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a boycott. It was presented to the German people as both a reprisal and an act of revenge for the bad international press against Germany and Adolf Hitler. On the day of the boycott, Storm Troopers (Sturmabteilung; SA) blocked the entrances of Jewish-owned businesses and the offices of Jewish professionals, shouting and holding signs with antisemitic slogans, as well as painting the Star of David across thousands of doors and windows. Police intervened rarely as acts of violence against Jews and Jewish property occurred. The boycott only lasted one day and was ignored by many individual Germans, but it marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign against Jews that culminated in the Holocaust. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country, and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe F. W. Woolworth Company was a retail company founded in 1879. It was among the most successful American and international five-and-dime businesses, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. It ceased operation in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Kurt Holland (1904-1979) was also known as J. Kurt Holland. He was born in Eberfiled, Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1923. He relocated in Atlanta, Georgia where he became an attorney. He was a president of The Temple, and was active in Atlanta Jewish organizations such as the Standard Club, B’nai B’rith Gate City Lodge, and the Jewish Home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Marvin Clarence Goldstein (1917-1997) was a prominent dentist and businessman in Atlanta. He was a graduate of Boys’ High School in Atlanta, had with a combined undergraduate and master’s degree in dentistry from Emory University in Atlanta, and trained in orthodontic dentistry at Columbia University and the University of Michigan. He served as a dental surgeon for the United States Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. He and his brother, Irving Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961. Marvin was international president of the Alpha Omega Dental Fraternity, editor of the American Journal of Orthodontics, president of the Georgia Society of Orthodontists, trustee for the American Fund for Dental Health, honorary fellow in the American College of Dentists and International College of Dentists, and chief of staff of the Ben Massell Dental Clinic. He was a president of Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Atlanta Jewish Federation, ORT Atlanta men’s chapter, Tichon Atlanta, B’nai Brith’s Atlanta chapter; vice-president of the American Jewish Committee; and a vice-chairman of the board of trustees for the Martin Luther King Center for Non-violent Social Change.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat\u003cbr\u003e (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Jacob Goldstein (1858-1951), also known by his Yiddish name Shmuel Yankel, was born in Lomza, Poland and resided in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a founding member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and a board member for the United Hebrew School for 40 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Irving Herschel Goldstein (1905-1979) was a prominent dentist and businessman in the Atlanta area. He and his brother Marvin C. Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Goldstein Levitas (1897-1987) was born in in the town of Zabludow (near Bialystok), Poland and grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. During the First World War and before marrying her husband Louis J. Levitas, she was a social worker for the Jewish Educational Alliance in Atlanta. Her son Elliott Levitas was a United States Congressman from 1975 to 1985 and her son Ted Levitas was a prominent pediatric dentist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach \u003cbr\u003e[Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOtto Orkin (1885-1968) was born to a Jewish family in Latvia that immigrated to Pennsylvania when he was three years old. In 1901, at the age of 14, he founded his own pest control company, Orkin The Rat Man. He continued growing and expanding the business and in 1925 moved his headquarters to Atlanta, Georgia, renaming the business to Orkin Exterminating Company. By 1950, the company had over 1000 employees operating in 20 states. In 1960, Otto sold his shares of the company and in 1964 it was sold to Rollins Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNational Service Industries, Inc. was founded in 1962 with the merger of two established Atlanta companies, National Linen Service and ZEP Manufacturing Company. National Linen Service had begun as the Atlanta Linen Supply Company, founded in 1919. ZEP Manufacturing Company, which manufactured industrial cleaning products, was founded in 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Benjamin Jacobs (1887 – 1965) was born and educated in Atlanta, GA. He became a prominent businessman in the linen industry, joining National Linen Service as Executive Vice-President in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Baker Hotel was a former grand hotel located in the heart of downtown, Dallas, Texas. Built in 1925, it was demolished in 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison was a U.S. Army post located in suburban Lawrence Township, northeast of Indianapolis, Indiana between 1906 and 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort McPherson was a U.S. Army military base located in East Point, Georgia, on the southwest edge of Atlanta, Georgia. During World War II, Fort McPherson served as a general depot, where thousands of men were processed for entry in the army. Fort McPherson was closed down in 2011. The property is now owned by actor/producer Tyler Perry, who redeveloped the site into Tyler Perry Studios.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Ireland. At \u003cbr\u003ethe outbreak of World War II, thousands of male Germans, Austrians and Italians living in Great Britain—some of whom were British citizens—were rounded up and sent to internment camps for fear they might be spies. The majority were interned on the Isle of Man, where internment camps had also been set up in World War One. More than 7,000 internees were deported, the majority to Canada, some to Australia. By 1941, all but about 5,000 had been released due to an outcry in Parliament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New World Club was a support group formed by German Jews who immigrated to Atlanta immediately prior to the outbreak of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, Ahavith Achim congregation purchased a small section in Atlanta’s historic Oakland Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael Bonds/Bonds for Israel is also known as Development Corporation for Israel (DCI). DCI is the United States underwriter of debt securities issued by the State of Israel. In the 1951, the Israeli government began issuing bonds that could be purchased by investors to help the newly formed state of Israel. The American Jewish community was initially some of the biggest investors in the program because they were looking for ways to support Israel’s fledging economy. Over time the program has grown, and numerous private and institutional investors have come to participate in the program. Between 1951 and 2022 the total sale of bonds worldwide has exceeded $48 billion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaurel Weiner (1928-1996) was an Atlanta resident and former national vice president of Hadassah. She was a native of Brooklyn, New York and attended the University of Georgia. She devoted most of her spare time to volunteer work for civic organizations and the cause of Zionism. She was a delegate to three World Zionist Congresses and a leader in many national, regional and local Jewish groups. She was on the board of the Atlanta Community Council and the Community Planning Council. She was also a former president of the Southeast Region of Hadassah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarlau [Romanian: Hârlău] is a town in northeastern Romania, about 25 miles (40 kilometers) west of Moldova.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1950s, a number of changes in Orkin Exterminating Company’s management occurred. Otto struggled with his sons, Sanford and William, and son-in-law, Perry Kaye, over control of the company. Many executives, including Otto’s other son-in-law, Petty Bregman, either quit or were fired by Kaye or one of Otto's sons. Sanford, William, and Perry began publicly circulating rumors about Otto’s competency and in 1960, managed to have Otto institutionalized and declared legally incompetent. Otto successfully fought to have his competency restored and soon sold his remaining shares in the company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Rabbi David Marx retired, Rabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) took the pulpit at the Temple. He served as rabbi from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Alvin M. Sugarman (b. 1938) is the Rabbi Emeritus of the Temple in Atlanta and currently serves with life tenure. He began his rabbinate at the Temple in 1971 and in 1974 was named senior rabbi. A native of Atlanta, Rabbi Sugarman's family were members of the Temple, where he was also confirmed. He received his BBA from Emory University and was ordained by Hebrew Union College. In 1988 he received his PhD in Theological Studies from Emory University. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeraldine “Jerre” Friedman Ashkenazie (1926-2022) was born in Iowa and moved to Atlanta, where she worked for Ahavith Achim for 39 years, retiring as Executive Director in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools, and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought published by the RCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan. A minyan is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or Shabbat services, reading from the Torah and haftarah portions in synagogue, and saying Kaddish, among other things.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in Atlanta in 1953, the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA), originally known as The Hebrew Academy, was the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2014, GHA merged with Yeshiva Atlanta high school to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe haftarah is a series of selections from the books of Nevi'im (“Prophets”) of the Hebrew Bible (Tanach) that is publicly read in synagogue as part of Jewish religious practice. The haftarah reading follows the Torah reading on each Sabbath and on Jewish festivals and fast days. On Sabbath days, the haftarah is selected because it relates to the day’s Torah portion. On holidays and special Sabbaths, the haftarah is selected to coincide with the calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamah Darom (Ramah of the South) is a Jewish overnight camp and retreat center in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Clayton, Georgia. It opened in 1997. The camp is affiliated with the National Ramah Commission, the national parent organization that oversees all Ramah overnight camps, day camps, and Israel programs. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, a main hub for Conservative Judaism, sponsors Camp Ramah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Selig Center is located at the corner of 18th Street and Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The building houses the Breman Jewish Heritage Museum and the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130/annotation_set/1088/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTzedakah [Hebrew: philanthropy and charity] is an ethical obligation that the Torah mandates, also known as a mitzvah. Many Jews give tzedakah before Shabbat and festivals (such as Purim and Shavuot). Its intention is to show the Jewish people's determination to improve the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/99946/file/198130#t=6180.0,6210.0"}]}]}]}