{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5717m0514j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gold, Michael"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-10-24 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Michael Gold (Interviewee)","Muriel Gold (Interviewee)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMichael and Muriel Gold were interviewed by Ruth Einstein on October 24, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMichael Gold was born to Miriam and Nachman Gold on February 20, 1919 in Bialystok, Poland. Michael attended a Jewish school. He had one older sister, Yetta (b. 1916), who married Mottel Weinstock.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Soviet Union occupied Bialystok in 1939, twenty year old Michael was drafted into the Red Army. After serving on the front lines, Michael travelled to Siberia. Despite many deprivations, Michael survived the remainder of the war working in a munitions factory.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAt war’s end, Michael fled the Soviet Union. Michael knew his parents and sister had died in the war, so he continued west through Czechoslovakia and eventually to Austria and Italy. Two of his father’s brothers who had immigrated before the war sponsored his immigration to the United States.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eOn January 19, 1949, Michael arrived in New York, New York aboard the SS Sobieski. Michael settled briefly in Cornelia, Georgia with an aunt and uncle. At a cousin’s prompting, he soon moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Michael went to work in a jewelry store in Atlanta for a few years before starting his own import business. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eOn January 18, 1953, Michael married Muriel Goldstein (1930-2022). Muriel had been born in London, England and immigrated to the United States in 1950. Muriel and Michael raised three children and were active members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Michael died on July 12, 2007. Muriel continued to live in the Atlanta area until her death in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMichael remembers his family and his education. He talks about being drafted into the Soviet Army after war began. He explains how he survived in Siberia. Michael discusses his family’s religious practices. He tells what he knew while the war was going on. Michael explains how he fled the Soviet Union after the war and eventually immigrated to the United States. He talks about settling in Atlanta, Georgia and starting a new life. Michael describes where he worked. His wife, Muriel, joins the interview to explain how they met. They talk about their children. Michael explains why he never wanted to return to Poland and what he told his children. Muriel shares her own experiences in England during the war. Michael talks about learning his family had not survived. They talk about what Judaism has meant in their lives. The interview closes with Muriel’s hopes for her children.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29058"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Michael Gold (personal name)","Yetta Gold (personal name)","Muriel Gold (personal name)","Sarah Hackman Gold (personal name)","Morris Gold (personal name)","Simon Fraley (personal name)","Lisa Gold (personal name)","Nathan Gold (personal name)","Anthony Gold (personal name)","Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","London Blitz (named event)","Eastern Front (topical term)","Gold's Department Store (corporate name)","Sphinx Import Company (corporate name)","Red Army (corporate name)","Polish Armed Forces in the East (corporate name)","AmericasMart (corporate name)","Atlanta Merchandise Mart (corporate name)","Atlanta Municipal Auditorium (corporate name)","Leb’s Restaurant (corporate name)","Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Piedmont Park (geographic term)","Bialystok, Poland (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Siberia (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Italy (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Cornelia, Georgia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Duluth, Georgia (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMichael and Muriel Gold were interviewed by Ruth Einstein on October 24, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMichael Gold was born to Miriam and Nachman Gold on February 20, 1919 in Bialystok, Poland. Michael attended a Jewish school. He had one older sister, Yetta (b. 1916), who married Mottel Weinstock.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Soviet Union occupied Bialystok in 1939, twenty year old Michael was drafted into the Red Army. After serving on the front lines, Michael travelled to Siberia. Despite many deprivations, Michael survived the remainder of the war working in a munitions factory.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAt war\u0026rsquo;s end, Michael fled the Soviet Union. Michael knew his parents and sister had died in the war, so he continued west through Czechoslovakia and eventually to Austria and Italy. Two of his father\u0026rsquo;s brothers who had immigrated before the war sponsored his immigration to the United States.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eOn January 19, 1949, Michael arrived in New York, New York aboard the SS Sobieski. Michael settled briefly in Cornelia, Georgia with an aunt and uncle. At a cousin\u0026rsquo;s prompting, he soon moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Michael went to work in a jewelry store in Atlanta for a few years before starting his own import business.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eOn January 18, 1953, Michael married Muriel Goldstein (1930-2022). Muriel had been born in London, England and immigrated to the United States in 1950. Muriel and Michael raised three children and were active members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Michael died on July 12, 2007. Muriel continued to live in the Atlanta area until her death in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMichael remembers his family and his education. He talks about being drafted into the Soviet Army after war began. He explains how he survived in Siberia. Michael discusses his family\u0026rsquo;s religious practices. He tells what he knew while the war was going on. Michael explains how he fled the Soviet Union after the war and eventually immigrated to the United States. He talks about settling in Atlanta, Georgia and starting a new life. Michael describes where he worked. His wife, Muriel, joins the interview to explain how they met. They talk about their children. Michael explains why he never wanted to return to Poland and what he told his children. Muriel shares her own experiences in England during the war. Michael talks about learning his family had not survived. They talk about what Judaism has meant in their lives. The interview closes with Muriel\u0026rsquo;s hopes for her children.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/175/202/small/Gold_Michael.mp4_1677192415.jpg?1677192416","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gold_Michael.mp4"]},"duration":2633.631,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/175/202/small/Gold_Michael.mp4_1677192415.jpg?1677192416","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/175/202/original/Gold_Michael.mp4?1677192413","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2633.631,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Michael Gold [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruth: We are with Michael Gold. Mr. Gold, what was your name when you were born?\n\nMichael: Michael.\n\nRuth: It was Michael?\n\nMichael: [Yes]\n\nRuth: Where were you born?\n\nMichael: Bialystok, Poland.\n\nRuth: What year?\n\nMichael: Nineteen-nineteen.\n\nRuth: Can you tell me a little bit about your family? What did your parents do?\n\nMichael: My father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to -- wood, where they made paper. He used to handle\nthis thing. My mother was a housewife.\n\nRuth: What were their names?\n\nMichael: Muriel.\n\nRuth: I am sorry, Mr. Gold, what was your mother's name again?\n\nMichael: Miriam.\n\nRuth: Your father?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nachman.\n\nRuth: Who else lived in your house with you?\n\nMichael: My sister.\n\nRuth: Her name?\n\nMichael: Yetta.\n\nRuth: Was she younger or older than you?\n\nMichael: She was older than me.\n\nRuth: Older. By how much?\n\nMichael: Three years.\n\nRuth: Three years older. Can you tell me a little bit about the life of your\nfamily? What do you remember from your childhood?\n\nMichael: I went to school. After the school, played around. That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all.\n\nRuth: Was it a cheder? Was it a Jewish school?\n\nMichael: It was a Jewish gymnasium.\n\nRuth: You had classes with non-Jews as well?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Just Jewish school?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What about the kids that you played with? Did you ever play with the non-Jewish?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: What was the relationship like in Bialystok between the Jews and non-Jews generally?\n\nMichael: I do not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. We did not like each other.\n\nRuth: Did you feel antisemitism?\n\nMichael: Sometimes.\n\nRuth: Did the Jews live in a specific area of town or did people live near each other?\n\nMichael: Been scattered around.\n\nRuth: As the war was starting in Germany, what did you hear about the war?\n\nMichael: We got ready to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight.\n\nRuth: Were you drafted into the army?\n\nMichael: I was drafted to the Russian army.\n\nRuth: Was that after Russia occupied Bialystok?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Was that before the ghetto was established or after?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: You never were never in the ghetto?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Okay. What did you hear from your parents when you left?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing.\n\nRuth: Nothing from your parents or your sister?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Did they all stay in Bialystok?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: They were put into the ghetto?\n\nMichael: I imagine so.\n\nRuth: You never heard anything more about them?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Tell me about what happened with you then, as you moved into the Russian army.\n\nMichael: I went into training and they sent us to the front lines.\n\nRuth: Which front?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Closer to Poland.\n\nRuth: The western front of Poland?\n\nMichael: [Yes.]\n\nRuth: What was it like being a Jew in the Russian army? Were you treated differently?\n\nMichael: No, the same thing.\n\nRuth: Were there are a lot of Jews in the Russian army?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: How did you feel about fighting for Russia?\n\nMichael: I could not help it.\n\nRuth: How did you feel about Poland at that time? That was your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fatherland of\nsorts. What were your feelings about Poland?\n\nMichael: Poland was practically gone then.\n\nRuth: Do you remember what happened during your army service? You went to the\nfront. What happened to you?\n\nMichael: We decided to organize a Polish brigade, to go and fight for Poland. In\nthe meantime, I said, \"Yeah. Why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not?\"\n\nRuth: What year was that?\n\nMichael: It was right after the war started.\n\nRuth: In the Russian army, there were enough Poles from Eastern Poland to form a\nRussian brigade?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth; You fought the Germans then?\n\nMichael: We did not fight yet. We went to Siberia, to organize and then to\ncome out to fight.\n\nRuth: Is that what happened?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Did you actually end up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting the Germans?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Why not?\n\nMichael: I did not feel like it.\n\nRuth: Is that because of the course that the war had taken or because you\nsettled in Siberia?\n\nMichael: I settled in Siberia. I went to the factory, got some work, and that is it.\n\nRuth: Were you released from the Russian army to work in the factory, or did you\nwork in the factory as a soldier in the Russian army?\n\nMichael: No, I was not a soldier then.\n\nRuth: How did you get out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army?\n\nMichael: I just got into factory. I told him my name, and what I know to do, and\nthat is it.\n\nRuth: What kind of factory was it?\n\nMichael: Machine.\n\nRuth: Did you have training before?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What kind of training did you have?\n\nMichael: I had the training in machines, a lathe operator, and that is all.\n\nRuth: Going back to Bialystok for a few minutes, can you tell me a little bit\nabout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your family's approach to Judaism? Were they Hasidic or traditional?\n\nMichael: Traditional.\n\nRuth: How would you how would you explain that? I mean, what kind of things were\nimportant to your family as far as their Jewish life was concerned?\n\nMichael: Go once a week to shul and that is all.\n\nRuth: And the holidays?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: How did they celebrate? Do you remember any specific ways that your\nparents would celebrate the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays?\n\nMichael: Celebrate like any other. Make a good meal; eat a big meal.\n\nRuth: Do you remember what your favorite thing to eat was that your mother used\nto make?\n\nMichael: Everything was good.\n\nRuth: You were in Siberia then, working in the factory, when the war was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over, right?\n\nMichael: When the war still was on.\n\nRuth: When the war was still on?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Did you continue to stay there throughout the rest of the war?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: In Siberia. Do you remember where in Siberia?\n\nMichael: Sverdlovsk.\n\nRuth: Sverdlovsk. How did you find out that the war had ended?\n\nMichael: We find out [from] people [that] came back from the army.\n\nRuth: How did you decide what to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next?\n\nMichael: I decided to go and look for my parents.\n\nRuth: How did you do that?\n\nMichael: I got permission to leave the country for a certain length of time to\nlook for my parents and come back with the parents to Russia.\n\nRuth: You went back to Bialystok?\n\nMichael: I did not go to Bialystok. There was no purpose to go.\n\nRuth: How did you know that from where you were?\n\nMichael: I met some people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the same city.\n\nRuth: Who had gone into Russia after the war or during the war?\n\nMichael: During the war.\n\nRuth: What kinds of things did you hear while you were in Russia about what was\nhappening in the rest of Europe?\n\nMichael: We heard that the Germans were pushing forward. We did not know what\nwill be.\n\nRuth: Do you remember your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents saying anything about whether they were\nworried about the situation or not?\n\nMichael: I was not there already.\n\nRuth: By the time you left, there really was not --\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Where did you end up going? If you did not go back to Bialystok, where did\nyou go?\n\nMichael: I went to the Polish border ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with --\n\nRuth: Poland or Czechoslovakia?\n\nMichael: Czechoslovakia.\n\nRuth: Was it Austria?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Czechoslovakia. How did you get there?\n\nMichael: A train.\n\nRuth: Were you by yourself?\n\nMichael: No, we got a whole bunch of us.\n\nRuth: All Jews?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: By that time, were people finding out what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had happened to their families?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: You were hearing more stories about --\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What did you think about that?\n\nMichael: What can I do? I cannot help it.\n\nRuth: Do you still think about it a lot?\n\nMichael: Occasionally.\n\nRuth: You went to the border of Czechoslovakia. Then what?\n\nMichael: Then a plane from over there to go to Israel. I contacted in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meantime, some family I had in America. They wrote back they want me to come to\nAmerica. I came here for a visit. Then, they made me stay.\n\nRuth: Why had you decided to go to Israel? Why Israel and not America, when you\nwere by yourself?\n\nMichael: I did not know if I could find any family there. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only place I could\ngo was where everybody else [was going].\n\nRuth: Did you grow up in a Zionist family?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Were they anti-Zionist?\n\nMichael: No, just not --\n\nRuth: Did you go anywhere before you went to America? Where did you end up in\nEurope, right after the war while you were waiting for your papers?\n\nMichael: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in a little town -- next to the border over there -- a kibbutz\nfor Jews to be going to Israel. I belonged to it. Until papers came, I\ntransferred to Austria. From there, I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America.\n\nRuth: Was the little town in Czechoslovakia or in Italy?\n\nMichael: In Italy.\n\nRuth: Was it a displaced persons camp?\n\nMichael: No, it was just a regular -- citizen.\n\nRuth: In northern Italy?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Were there American troops there--it was in the American zone--or was it\njust Italian?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was American and Italian mixture.\n\nRuth: Were you smuggled out of the Soviet Union? I know you said you had\npermission, which is --\n\nMichael: I had original permission to come back. I never came back.\n\nRuth: You just --\n\nMichael: Disappeared.\n\nRuth: You did not want to be part of Russia?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Did you not like it?\n\nMichael: No, I did not like it too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much.\n\nRuth: What did you not like about it?\n\nMichael: The system over there. That was all.\n\nRuth: You are in Italy. Then you want to get to America, so you put in papers.\nHow did you know where your family was?\n\nMichael: I find out -- Somebody wrote me a letter from America. A distant cousin\nwrote me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter, [found] me in Italy. He told me about the family, where the\nfamily lives. I wrote him a letter and that was [what] started [it].\n\nRuth: I wonder how your cousin found you in Italy. Was it through the Red Cross?\n\nMichael: I do not know how he found me. Somebody in New York knew me from Europe\nand he knew my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin. They got talking about it and he find me.\n\nRuth: Then you went to Austria?\n\nMichael: No, [from] Italy, I went straight America.\n\nRuth: Straight to America by boat?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What do you remember about the trip to America?\n\nMichael: Happy.\n\nRuth: Why were you happy?\n\nMichael: Because I was going to see another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world.\n\nRuth: What was in your mind as you went there?\n\nMichael: I was, in my mind, to be able to stay in America.\n\nRuth: What did you think of America before you got here? What had people told\nyou about America? Why did you want to go there?\n\nMichael: Because I had the only family there.\n\nRuth: You went to New York?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Where did you land In America?\n\nMichael: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America, I landed in New York.\n\nRuth: What do you remember about the day that you arrived here?\n\nMichael: Like any other day.\n\nRuth: It was like any other day?\n\nMichael: Like any other day.\n\nRuth: How did you feel about leaving Europe?\n\nMichael: I wanted to leave Europe. There was not that much left there.\n\nRuth: Did Europe mean anything to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you at that time? Did Poland mean anything?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Did you have any thought about it at all?\n\nMichael: [No.]\n\nRuth: Did you have any anger about what had happened?\n\nMichael: Listen, my family got killed out.\n\nRuth: Have you felt angry about that over the years?\n\nMichael: Sure.\n\nRuth: How have you dealt with that? How do you think about that?\n\nMichael: When I think -- I think about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nRuth: Did you stay in New York with your cousin?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Why not?\n\nMichael: Because my aunt from the South came over to meet me in New York and she\ntook me over to here.\n\nRuth: Here in Atlanta?\n\nMichael: No, Cornelia, Georgia.\n\nRuth: Cornelia? Really?\n\nMichael: [Yes.]\n\nRuth: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was your aunt's name?\n\nMichael: Sarah.\n\nRuth: Sarah what?\n\nMichael: Gold.\n\nRuth: Was your Gold your original name in Polish also?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Michael Gold in Polish, same thing?\n\nMichael: Same thing.\n\nRuth: What did your parents call you?\n\nMichael: Michas.\n\nRuth: You went to Cornelia, Georgia from Russia. What was that like?\n\nMichael: It was something.\n\nRuth: What did you think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it?\n\nMichael: Free world.\n\nRuth: What did you think you were going to do there? What did you want out of\nyour life?\n\nMichael: To settle down in America.\n\nRuth: And do what?\n\nMichael: To go to work someplace.\n\nRuth: Did you want to go back to a factory or did you have some other --\n\nMichael: I could go back to a factory. I did not mind.\n\nRuth: What was your aunt like? Was she married?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nRuth: Did they have a store in Cornelia?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What was the name of the store?\n\nMichael: Gold's Department store.\n\nRuth: Did you work in the store?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Why not?\n\nMichael: I did not --\n\nRuth: Not your thing.\n\nMichael: [No.]\n\nRuth: Where did you end up going to work?\n\nMichael: No place.\n\nRuth: You took a vacation?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: I guess you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably deserved one by that time.\n\nRuth: How much time did you spend in Cornelia?\n\nMichael: A few months.\n\nRuth: What did you think? Was it a nice place to live?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Why not?\n\nMichael: It is a small little town.\n\nRuth: Not too many Jews there.\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Not too many anybody there. You had family here in Atlanta?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who was here in Atlanta?\n\nMichael: My cousin, Morris Gold.\n\nRuth: How did you end up here?\n\nMichael: I came to visit my cousin and I stayed a little.\n\nRuth: Did you prefer Atlanta to Cornelia?\n\nMichael: Sure.\n\nRuth: What did you like about Atlanta when you came here for the first time?\n\nMichael: It is a big city and there is something to do.\n\nRuth: What did you end up doing here?\n\nMichael: I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work.\n\nRuth: Do you remember where?\n\nRuth: In any case, you got a job in a jewelry store?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMiriam: Fixing jewelry.\n\nRuth: Fixing jewelry?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: How did you know how to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nMichael: They taught me.\n\nRuth: They taught you how to do it?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: In the meantime, you speak Polish and Russian, and you come to America.\n\nMichael: I speak nothing.\n\nRuth: How did you make it?\n\nMichael: A little [Yiddish], a little Polish, a little --\n\nRuth: How did you learn English?\n\nMichael: I went to school.\n\nRuth: Where? Did you go to high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school or night school?\n\nMichael: Night school, I think.\n\nMuriel: He went to a school here for the immigrants to learn.\n\nRuth: This was a school for the immigrants?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Were there other survivors in that school?\n\nMichael: Sure.\n\nMuriel: Yes, most of the people.\n\nRuth: Did you start making friends with people when you got here?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Who were some of your friends?\n\nMichael: I do not remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore.\n\nRuth: Was it people who had the same story that you had, like Simon Fraley?\n\nMichael: [Yes.]\n\nRuth: Where did you live when you came here to Atlanta?\n\nMichael: I lived with my cousin.\n\nRuth: Do you remember where?\n\nMichael: Kentucky Avenue.\n\nRuth: You shared an apartment?\n\nMichael: No, I shared a room.\n\nRuth: You had a room?\n\nMichael: [Yes.]\n\nRuth: As time went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by, did you continue to work in the jewelry store or did you do\nsomething else?\n\nMichael: Yes, I worked in jewelry.\n\nRuth: How long?\n\nMichael: About a year or two years.\n\nRuth: Then what?\n\nMichael: Then, I met some partners and we got in business.\n\nRuth: What kind of business?\n\nMichael: Import business.\n\nRuth: What were you importing?\n\nMichael: All kinds of knickknacks, Chinaware.\n\nRuth: From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where?\n\nMichael: From Japan.\n\nRuth: Yes. What was the name of the business?\n\nMichael: Sphinx Import Company.\n\nRuth: How long did you own the company?\n\nMichael: About five or six years, maybe more.\n\nRuth: Did you continue to be in business after that time as well?\n\nMichael: Some, to a certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"degree.\n\nRuth: How did you meet your beautiful wife?\n\nMichael: She just came along to me.\n\nRuth: You are that lucky?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Did you meet here in Atlanta?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Where did you meet?\n\nMichael: Where did I meet you?\n\nMuriel: There was an auditorium here--that was probably before your time--where\nthey had gift shows going on. He was --being in imports --\n\nRuth: Actually, you know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what?\n\nRuth: Mr. Gold, can you tell us just a little bit more about life in Russia? We\nare going to go back just a little bit. Can you tell us some of the stories that\nwe were talking about, about the factory?\n\nMuriel: About the lice.\n\nMichael: The lice? What is there to tell?\n\nMuriel: Because people do not know that.\n\nRuth: Start from the beginning. Tell us the story about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lice, what\nhappened that day.\n\nMichael: What happened? I got disgusted. I went to the manager for the factory,\nI took off my shirt, and I put it on his desk.\n\nRuth: What happened when you put the shirt on the desk?\n\nMichael: She starts [saying,] \"Go away!\"\n\nRuth: What did he say?\n\nMichael: He was disgusted. He gave us some new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes.\n\nRuth: Tell about when you were wanting to go to shul.\n\nMuriel: That was Yontif. I think it was Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.\n\nMichael: Rosh Hashanah, I think. When Rosh Hashanah came along, I said, \"I am\nnot working today because it's a holiday.\" He said, \"You're working.\" I said,\n\"Well, do what you want, but I am not working,\" and I did not work. Then, he\nchanged his mind. He was Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"himself. He gave me some money to give some to\npoor ones.\n\nRuth: Mrs. Gold, we brought you in to tell us a little bit more about what you\nrecall about Michael's life. You said you had some --\n\nMuriel: Some of the stories that he told me. I do not think he remembers\neverything. Like when you were in Russia, he did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have anything to eat. When\nwas that?\n\nMichael: In Russia.\n\nMuriel: Not when you got to the factory.\n\nMichael: In factory.\n\nMuriel: No, you told me when you could not get any food, you used to get in\ngarbage cans, and take out potato peelings.\n\nMichael: That is the factory still.\n\nMuriel: In the factory?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMuriel: When they went outside, he had no shoes, and he bound his feet up with\npaper. Right?\n\nMuriel: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had boots one time. They stole them from you.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMuriel: They stole them from him. Then he had to wrap his feet of paper and go\nout. He said his ears were almost frozen off and his nose was frozen because it\nwas many degrees below zero. He really had a hard time there. I remember him\ntelling me the story. It was very rough. I mean, of course, it was not a\nconcentration camp, but it was pretty bad.\n\nRuth: Mr. Gold, how much did you talk about your experiences to your wife and\nyour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children?\n\nMichael: Once in a while.\n\nRuth: Did he talk about it much?\n\nMuriel: To me mostly. To the children, I do not know. They did not seem to have\ntoo much interest in it. Maybe if he had been in the Holocaust and he was\nactive, they may have been. They know he had a bad time, but they did not seem\nthat interested. But I remember most everything he told me.\n\nRuth: Tell us then about where you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met.\n\nMuriel: He was in the importing business. There was going to be a show at the --\n\nMichael: Merchandise Mart.\n\nMuriel: No, not the Merchandise Mart. It was called the Civic Auditorium,\ndowntown. That was before the Merchandise Mart was built. He displayed his\nmerchandise there. I was working for a jewelry store, wholesale jewelers. They\nwere setting up a booth at the auditorium, too. It was on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saturday. They said\nthey were setting up in the evenings, \"Why don't you come down and see how we\nare setting up and everything?\" I said, \"I don't know,\" because the show did not\nstart till Sunday. I had come here with a girlfriend and I wouldn't go by\nmyself. It was on Sunday. I said, \"Would you like to go?\" She took her time\ndeciding, but finally we went down to the auditorium. My boss was across from\nhis booth--from Michael's booth and his partners'. He introduced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We went --\nI think I did go down Saturday night with my boss. He said he saw me then. I did\nnot remember seeing him then.\n\nRuth: You noticed her, right?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMuriel: Then I came back Sunday with my girlfriend. Then we got to talking. He\nasked me out and one of his partners asked my girlfriend out. We went out. He\nwas having a grand opening of his importing business. They had shuttle service\nback and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth. He had quite a to do there. He had hor d'oeuvres [French:\nappetizers] and drinks. It was quite a party. His customers were coming back and\nforth in taxies. After that, we went out for dinner. That is when it started. A\nyear later -- No, more than a year later --\n\nMichael: A year later.\n\nMuriel: A year later, we were married.\n\nRuth: What was it about her that you noticed when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were at the Merchandise Mart?\n\nMuriel: He said he had seen me before, but --\n\nMichael: I saw.\n\nMuriel: You said you saw me in Leb's.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Was it important to you to find somebody Jewish to marry Mr. Gold?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Why was that important to you?\n\nMichael: Because I was raised this way. I would not marry a Gentile [non-Jewish] girl.\n\nRuth: You got married. What year was that?\n\nMuriel: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1953.\n\nRuth: Then children?\n\nMuriel: Yes, we have three children.\n\nRuth: Mr. Gold, how did you feel when you had your first child?\n\nMuriel: He does not remember, but he was ecstatic.\n\nRuth: Were you ecstatic? Do you remember?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What did it mean to you to have your own family? What does it mean to you\ntoday to have your own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, your own children and grandchildren?\n\nMichael: It means a lot. I got something to live for.\n\nRuth: That is good. Tell me a little bit more about America. You started these\nbusinesses. I guess you learned how to speak English somewhere along the way.\n\nMichael: A little broken English.\n\nRuth: Did it ever get you in trouble not knowing very much English?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nRuth: What were some of the challenges you faced when you came to America? Was\nanything difficult for you, particularly?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: How did you feel about raising your children here in America as opposed to\nbeing raised in Poland, for example?\n\nMichael: I would not raise them in Poland.\n\nRuth: No ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: How did you feel about them being American?\n\nMichael: I felt good.\n\nRuth: What are the names of your children?\n\nMuriel: Lisa is our firstborn. Nathan, who we call Nicky, is our middle son.\nTony, who is Anthony--we call him Tony--is our youngest.\n\nRuth: You said that they all live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in Atlanta?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMuriel: In the suburbs--Tony, he lives out in Duluth--but, yes.\n\nRuth: Greater Atlanta. You also have grandchildren?\n\nMuriel: We have four. Lisa has a daughter who is 16 now [and] driving. She was\ndivorced. Then, she remarried. She has a little boy of four-years-old [named]\nAlex, Alexander. My middle son is not married. That is Nick. My youngest son is\nmarried. He has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two sons. He has Dylan and Andrew. Andrew is now about 16 months\nold and Dylan is now four and a half.\n\nRuth: Mr. Gold, when you came here, did you join a synagogue?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Which? How did you decide which synagogue that you wanted to join?\n\nMichael: I just joined the synagogue because my cousin belonged to the synagogue.\n\nRuth: Which one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the synagogue?\n\nMichael: The big synagogue.\n\nMuriel: [No,] he started with Beth Jacob.\n\nMichael: Beth Jacob. That is right.\n\nRuth: Are you still --\n\nMuriel: No, we are members of Ahavath Achim.\n\nRuth: Did you remain friends with some of the other survivors? Did you make\nfriends mostly with Europeans, people from Poland, or Americans?\n\nMichael: Mostly with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a mixed crowd.\n\nRuth: Did you used to go to those outings at Piedmont Park? I know they used to\nhave some outings for survivors at Piedmont. Did you ever go to those?\n\nMichael: No, I never went to those.\n\nRuth: There might have been before actually. If you came in the 1950s, it might\nhave before then. I am not really sure. Have you ever been back to Poland?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Did you ever want to go back?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Why not?\n\nMichael: What is there to see?\n\nRuth: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nMuriel: Too many hurtful memories, too.\n\nRuth: Right. I know that you talked with your wife about your experiences. When\ndid you start to tell your children about your life?\n\nMichael: I never started --\n\nMuriel: As they were growing, he talked about bits and pieces to them.\n\nRuth: Do you feel any differently today than you did when your children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nyoung, when you were just after the war? Do you feel any different?\n\nMichael: Sure.\n\nRuth: How do you feel today?\n\nMichael: More settled. I feel more secure.\n\nRuth: Your education was pretty much cut off then. Did you go back? I mean, I\nknow that you went to school to learn English. Did you ever have to take any\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other courses or anything?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: What else do you remember about coming here to Atlanta? Did you ever face\nany kind of discrimination?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Never?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: Did you ever see anybody else that that faced any kind of discrimination here?\n\nMichael: I do not think so.\n\nRuth: You came here and you became part of the community at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth Jacob and\nstarted to build a life, right?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Did you ever look back or did you just look forward to your life here?\n\nMichael: Just look forward to life here.\n\nRuth: Did you become a citizen?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: When was that?\n\nMichael: When did I become a citizen?\n\nMuriel: That was before I did it.\n\nRuth: What did it feel like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become a citizen of this country?\n\nMichael: I am American.\n\nRuth: How do you feel these days with the uncertainty that there is in the world\nfor Jews, in Europe especially? How do you feel about all the antisemitism that\nis coming up for Jews in Europe, the Jews that are left?\n\nMichael: It does not feel too good.\n\nRuth: Reminds you of the time that you spent there?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nRuth: Did anybody help you to adjust to life here? Did you have any social\nservices? Did you have any help from anybody?\n\nMichael: No, just the family.\n\nRuth: How did they help you?\n\nMichael: Helped me to speak English.\n\nMuriel: Driving.\n\nRuth: They taught you how to drive?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMuriel: He bought a car before he could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drive.\n\nRuth: You had some real freedom.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: That is good. Where did you buy your first house?\n\nMichael: This is the first house.\n\nRuth: Okay, that is good. You have been here for a long time, then.\n\nMichael: Forty-five years.\n\nMuriel: Yes.\n\nRuth: The experience of living through that period of history, the Holocaust, as\nyou experienced it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Russia anyway, or losing your family, how did that impact\nyour life?\n\nMichael: We will have to forget about it. So many people got burnt and killed\nover there. What can we do?\n\nRuth: Did you try to teach your children any specific thing about the world\nbecause of that experience?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nRuth: Or about how they should behave or how they if they should be careful\nabout anything?\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: What kind of values did you try to teach them?\n\nMichael: What did you teach them?\n\nRuth: Were you working a lot? Is that why you say that?\n\nMuriel: Yes, he was working. I guess most of the teaching was up to me. I taught\nthem their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish heritage, and then made sure they were educated, and\nwell-mannered, and polite, and to honor other people's feelings.\n\nRuth: You were in London during the Blitz?\n\nMuriel: Yes, I was.\n\nRuth: How did that experience impact your life?\n\nMuriel: It was so scary. Even to this day, I still jump when a car backfires --\nFrom the bombing, yes.\n\nRuth: Did you teach your children anything about --\n\nMuriel: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taught them about my experiences. Yes, I did. I taught them all about\nit, but somehow, they do not comprehend, because you really have to be there to\nknow [about] living in air raid shelters. I was evacuated during the war twice.\nSecond time was with the Habonim. I went to Devonshire where they had a hostel.\nI went with my brother. He misbehaved there and they wanted to send him home,\nbut they did not want me to go because I was on the va'ad [Hebrew: council]\nthis, and the va'ad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, and the va'ad other. I was ten years old. They did not\nwant me to go, but my father said we both have to come home if he goes home. He\ncame and got us, and went back, and then we had to go to the air raid shelters\nevery night.\n\nRuth: Do you remember your father or your mother telling you anything about what\nwas happening to the Jewish communities of Europe during the war? Did you have\nnews of that?\n\nMuriel: In London? No.\n\nRuth: Of course, if you were ten, that might be a little young. But do you\nremember overhearing them talk about that at all?\n\nMuriel: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About the Jewish community? No.\n\nRuth: About what was happening during the Holocaust.\n\nMuriel: I do not think we know about it. I do not recall about it. I mean, we\nused to listen to the news on the wireless all the time, but it was just about\nthe bombings. About the Jews, no. We did not hear about it that I recall.\n\nRuth: What do you think it was about you that helped you survive such a terrible\ntime in Russia? How did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive?\n\nMichael: Just eat three times a day. That is all.\n\nRuth: It sounds like you did not have that much food. How did you have the will\nto live?\n\nMichael: If you did not have it, you do not have it.\n\nRuth: Why do you think you had it?\n\nMichael: I did not have it, same as anybody else.\n\nMuriel: She means a will.\n\nRuth: No, why did you want to survive those experiences? Why was it important\nfor you to live?\n\nMuriel: You wanted to find your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, did you not?\n\nMichael: No, I could not find any family.\n\nMuriel: But you did not know then that they were dead.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: When did you really know that they were gone?\n\nMichael: So many years passed, not a sound from them, and people telling so many\npeople got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burned in the oven.\n\nRuth: You already were hearing stories. Was that towards the end of the war or\nduring the war?\n\nMichael: During the war.\n\nRuth: During the war, people had escaped?\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: Did people escape from the Bialystok ghetto? I mean, did you hear about\nwhat happened during the ghetto and the Aktions?\n\nMichael: No, not so close.\n\nRuth: What does Judaism mean to you?\n\nMichael: What it means to me? I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am a Jew.\n\nRuth: Was it important to you for your children to grow up knowing about Judaism?\n\nMichael: Sure.\n\nRuth: Did you bring any of your family traditions from Poland, what you\nremembered, any special --\n\nMichael: No.\n\nRuth: What about you? Did you bring family traditions from your family?\n\nMuriel: Yes. I kept a kosher home for about 24 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, and taught the children\nthe same way, but none of them are kosher. I instilled in them that they have to\nlearn in Sunday school and Hebrew school. They all went and they all were very\naccomplished in those fields.\n\nRuth: Was it ever difficult for you when you were bringing up your children that\nthey did not have grandparents, did not have extended family, or hard for you\nbecause you did not have as much support?\n\nMichael: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did not know different.\n\nMuriel: Yes, they did. Then they knew they did not have grandparents because\nother children talked about their grandparents. I felt it very much. I guess\nthat is why we probably overindulge them. But, yes, I was at a loss for not\nhaving grandparents. Now, my father was alive in England and he had been here.\nHe did not see my boys. He met my daughter, Lisa.\n\nRuth: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you done other interviews? Is this something that you have ever talked?\n\nMichael: No, this is the first time.\n\nRuth: Are there any other memories that you have of those years, or of the early\nyears in Atlanta that come to you as we are sitting here talking about all these\nthings, or of your family, or anything that you want your children to have on\nthis tape? Can you think of anything about your parents or your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister? What was\nyour sister's name?\n\nMichael: Yetta.\n\nRuth: Is there anything that you would like to tell your children about them,\nabout what they were like as people?\n\nMichael: No, they do not have to know about it.\n\nMuriel: Was there something good?\n\nMichael: Even good, why do I have to bother them?\n\nMuriel: But you could tell them.\n\nRuth: What about anything else ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your life, and about how you lived here in\nAtlanta, and how you started your businesses? You came here with nothing.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: You had some guts.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nRuth: What do you want to tell them about that?\n\nMichael: They know about it.\n\nRuth: Do you have any words of advice? This is your chance [to share] words of\nadvice to your children or grandchildren about what it takes to make something\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yourself in a new country.\n\nMichael: They know about it. They know what it takes.\n\nRuth: Work hard.\n\nMichael: Yes.\n\nMuriel: Our children are all well established. They all do very well in their fields.\n\nRuth: Is there anything that that you would like to say to them while we have\nthe tape?\n\nMuriel: The children? Just to remember their heritage. Both my daughter and my\nson who have children are both very good parents. They are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/transcript/41911/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raising them\nbeautifully. I have no complaints. My middle son is not married. He is very well\nknown in the community and people think very highly of him. I am very proud of\nall of them.\n\nRuth: Good. I want to thank you both very much for agreeing to do this interview.\n\nMuriel: Thank you for doing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=2610.0,2640.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBialystok [Polish; Białystok] is a large industrial city in northeast Poland, about 118 miles (190 kilometers) northeast of Warsaw. Before World War II, around 45 percent of the city’s population of almost 100,000 were Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. Bialystok was within Soviet territory until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany occupied Bialystok in June 1941, a ghetto was established by August, about 50,000 Jews from the city and the surrounding areas were confined in a small, walled area of the city. Between 1941 and 1942, the ghetto operated as a forced labor camp. Twenty factories operated in the ghetto. The first major deportation to the Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka extermination camps began in February 1943. When the final liquidation of the ghetto began on August 16, 1943 the population had been reduced to around 30,000. Despite a brief uprising by the ghetto’s underground, deportations sent the majority of the Bialystok Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka. More than a hundred did manage to escape and join partisans in the area and a few survived in hiding outside the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polish Armed Forces in the East, also called the Polish Army in the USSR, were the Polish military forces established in the Soviet Union during World War II. Two armies were formed separately and at different times. In the second half of 1941, the Polish II Corps (unofficially known as “Ander’s Army” for its commander Wladyslaw Anders). It was loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and went on to serve alongside the Western allies in Italy. A second army, the Polish People’s Army, was formed in 1943 from Poles who remained in the Soviet Union. It developed into the Polish First Army (unofficially known as “Berling’s Army” for its commander General Berling). It fought under Soviet command on the Eastern Front and at the Battle of Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul \u003cbr\u003eis a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSverdlovsk is the former name of Yekaterinburg, a city in Siberia, some 875 miles (1,400 kilometers west of Moscow. From 1924 until 1991, the city was known as Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk. During World War II, more factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from Moscow and other cities affected by war. The city also became a headquarters that formed and oversaw more than 500 different military units and formations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Red Army liberated Bialystok on July 22, 1944. Only approximately 1,000 Bialystok Jews survived and returned after the war, but most soon emigrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: \"gathering,\" \"clustering\"\u003cbr\u003e‎\u003cbr\u003e] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. Some 35 training farms were established in post-war Germany and Austria. The kibbutzim/kibbutzes were agricultural training communities meant to prepare survivors for eventual immigration to what was still Palestine. A large majority of the survivors in Germany and Austria were under the age of 25 and, in many cases, had been active in Zionist movements before the war. For others, immigrating to Palestine was simply the most attractive option available to them. As Britain's stance of restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was a contentious issue for the DPs, some of the kibbutzim began training for conflict as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eItaly was not occupied after World War II. However, its northern neighbor, Austria, was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCornelia is a small town in northeast Georgia, about 75 miles (121 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSarah Gold (1902-1992) was born Sore Hackman in Latvia and came to the United States in 1921. In 1929, she married Charles Louis Gold (1889-1975), who was born Chone Gold in Bialystok, Poland and also immigrated in 1921. Sarah and Charles eventually joined his older brother, Meyer (1894-1946) in Cornelia, Georgia. Two other brothers, Nacham (Michael’s father) and Tevel, were killed in Poland during the Holocaust. Meyer had immigrated to the United States in 1912 and served with the U.S. Army in World War I. He was married to Esther Stein (1899-1943). In the 1930s, Meyer opened Gold’s Department Store, which Esther, Sarah, and Charles helped him operate. After Esther and Charles’ death, the store was sold. Sarah and Charles moved to Miami, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Mejer Gold (1909-1985) was the son of Tevel Gold, older brother of Michael’s father. Morris was also born in Bialystok, but immigrated to the United States before World War II and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he married Irene Ruth Kaminsky (1922-1979).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon Fraley (1919-2001) was a Polish Holocaust survivor. After escaping from forced labor in the Soviet Union, in 1943, Simon joined the First Polish Army. He fought from Belorussia to Warsaw, Poland. After the war, he met and married another Polish survivor, Pola Rusinek (1923-2013). Simon and Pola immigrated to the United States. They settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where they raised a family, operated a successful business, and were founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of Holocaust survivors. Simon and Pola’s testimonies are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKentucky Avenue is located in Atlanta’s Virginia-Highland neighborhood (often nicknamed \"VaHi\"). Virginia-Highland is an affluent neighborhood founded in the early 20th century as a streetcar suburb. It is named after the intersection of Virginia Avenue and North Highland Avenue, the heart of its trendy retail district at the center of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is famous for its bungalows and other historic houses from the 1910s to the 1930s. It has become a destination for people across Atlanta with its eclectic mix of restaurants, bars, and shops as well as for the Summerfest festival, annual Tour of Homes and other events.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuriel is referring to the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium. Originally known as the Auditorium and Armory, it opened in 1909 at Gilmer and Courtland Streets in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. In addition to being a concert hall complete with a pipe organ, the building briefly housed the 179th Field Artillery, which stored munitions there. The building was partially destroyed by fire in 1940, but was reopened in 1943. Over the years, the venue hosted various concerts, theater productions, operas, balls, professional wrestling matches, trade shows and high school graduations. The building was sold to Georgia State University in 1979 and now known as Alumni Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmericasMart Atlanta is a wholesale trade center located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1957 by architect and developer John C. Portman, Jr., AmericasMart began life as The Atlanta Merchandise Mart. The first market was staged in the garage of the Belle Isle Building on Pryor Street in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. In 1961, the first dedicated building opened. Today, AmericasMart is a three-building campus totaling more than seven million square feet, making it one of the largest permanent wholesale trade centers in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeb’s Restaurant was owned by Charlie Lebedin and was at the corner of Forsyth and Luckie Streets, across from the popular Rialto Theater, in downtown Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86921/file/175202/annotation_set/988/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Park is a 189-acre park located just north of downtown Atlanta. 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