{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/5717m04x5s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Storch, Marty"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["0000-00-00 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Marty Storch (Interviewee)","Erna Martino (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther \u0026amp; Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection","Children of Holocaust Survivors"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was interview by Erna Martino on unknown date in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was born Motek Sztorch in Ozorkow, Poland on January 6, 1924. He was one of four sons and two daughters born to Moishe and Miriam Storch. His mother died when he was young, and his father remarried. His father was a successful businessman. Marty grew up in a Conservative Jewish home and enjoyed a comfortable life until the rise of antisemitism in Poland during the 1930s. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the Jewish community of Ozorkow lived with many restrictions and suffered various abuses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, Marty was sent to help build the roads that were part of the German Reichsautobahn but returned home after several months. During the spring of 1942, Marty’s youngest sister was sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. The rest of his family was sent to the Lodz ghetto, where his father was killed. Marty worked for a short time as an electrician in the ghetto before being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At Auschwitz, Marty continued to work as an electrician where he had access to much of the camp and witnessed many of the atrocities going on. In 1944, Marty’s stepmother and other sister were sent to a concentration camp and two of his brothers were sent to Auschwitz. He was briefly united with his brothers Jack and Will while at Auschwitz before being sent to the Gorlitz labor camp. While at Gorlitz, he was liberated by the Russian army on May 5, 1945. He returned home to Ozorkow, Poland, and found he was not welcomed. Marty engaged in Black Market trading and at one point was arrested by the KGB. He was eventually reunited with only surviving brother, Jack and their cousin, Rudy Lansky. Marty, Dora, Jack and Rudy fled to Germany after Marty feared being arrested again for his Black Market trading activities.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty married Dora Gutman on October 10, 1945. Dora was also a survivor of the Holocaust. In 1949, Marty, Dora, their daughter Mary, Marty’s brother Jack and their cousin Rudy immigrated to the United States. They initially settled in Paterson, New Jersey but were late convinced by Marty’s aunt and uncle to move to Atlanta, Georgia. Marty worked for Lockheed but soon opened a bar and restaurant with Jack. The brothers also opened a grocery store. Marty and Dora had two more children, another daughter Rhonda, and a son Mark. In 1986, when the William Berman Jewish Heritage Museum began its Holocaust education program, Marty shared his story with numerous students and other groups. Marty died on February 11, 2007.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003e The interview focuses on Marty’s life growing up in Ozorkow, Poland, and his experience during the Holocaust. He discusses his family and what his father did for a living. He shares what his early childhood was like and what he wanted to do when he grew up. He recounts the antisemitism experienced by the Jewish community in the 1930s and how things grew worse when Adolph Hitler and the Nazis came to power. He talks about how he dealt with antisemitic treatment at school. Marty reflects on why his family did not leave Poland and moved to America before the war. He spoke about his father living in America after World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty recalls what happened when the Nazis arrived in his hometown in 1939 and his first encounters with the German soldiers. He discusses all the restrictions placed on the Jewish community and the forced labor the Jewish community suffered. Marty remembers being sent away in 1940 to work on German highways and his trip home after a few months. He remembers the liquidation of the Ozorkow and his sister being sent to Chelmno concentration camp. He details being sent to the Lodz ghetto, how the family struggled to survive and the horrible conditions that people lived under. He describes his father being killed by the Kripo. He recounts how he took his brother’s place and was sent to Czarnieckiego and then onto Auschwitz-Birkenau\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty discusses in detail his arrival at Auschwitz, the selection process for individuals and what he experienced when he first arrived. He recalls the struggles of daily life in the concentration camp. He spoke about his work as an electrician at Auschwitz. He recalls how lice was such a danger for the prisons and the steps he took to prevent getting infected. He remembers how the non-Jewish prisoners were treated differently and how he would steal food from them. Marty mentions that he was not aware of the experiments being conducted by Dr. Mengele and others. He shares how he became sick with dysentery and almost killed himself to end the suffering. He refuses to discuss what he saw working near the gas chambers. He recollects what it was like for him and other prisoners to interact with the prison guards. He spoke about a visit to Auschwitz from the top leaders of the Nazis in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty recounts the meeting with his brothers, Jack and Will, in Auschwitz for a short time before being sent to Gorlitz and what life was like at Gorlitz. He recalls being liberated and what happened after liberation. He recalls returning to Ozorkow after being liberated and describing how his family was gone and how he felt unwelcomed. He spoke about going into black market trading, meeting his wife Dora and being arrested and jailed by the KGB. He shares how his brother, Jack found out he was still alive and came to find him. He discusses how he, Dora, Jack and their cousin Rudy escaped to Czechoslovakia and settling in Germany and building a life there.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe remembers immigrating to the United States and initially settling in Paterson, New Jersey. He recalls being pursued by an aunt and uncle that lived in Atlanta, Georgia to moved there. Marty reflects on how he felt being persecuted for being Jewish and why he did seek reparations. He shares how he had dreams after liberation and how he deals with on-goin dreams and memories he has. He talks about how he and Dora, who was also a survivor do not discuss their experience. He shares why he believes the existence of the state of Israel is important and how he believes that if we can get to know each other there would be less hate in the world.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28919"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Storch, Marty (January 6, 1924-Feburary 11, 2007) (personal name)","Storch, Jack (abt 1927-September 24, 2001) (personal name)","Storch, Dora Gutman (December 7, 1923-January 6, 2009) (personal name)","Storch, Mary (personal name)","Storch, Will (personal name)","Storch, Eve (personal name)","Lansky, Rubin (1923-2005) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (April 20, 1889-April 30, 1945) (personal name)","Mengele, Josef (March 16, 1911-February 7, 1979) (personal name)","Goebbels, Joseph (October 29, 1897-May 1, 1945) (personal name)","Goering, Hermann (January 12, 1893-October 15, 1946) (personal name)","Ozorkow, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Paterson, New Jersey (geographic term)","Detroit, Michigan (geographic term)","Bamberg, Germany (geographic term)","Poznan, Poland (geographic term)","Walbrzych, Poland (geographic term)","Nuremberg, Germany (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Switzerland (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Auschwitz (Poland: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Birkenau (Poland: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Muhlhausen (Germany: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Gorlitz (Germany: labor camp) (geographic term)","Chelmno (Poland: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Final Solution (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Kriminalpolizei/Kripo (topical term)","Gestapo (topical term)","Sonderkommandos (topical term)","SS/Schutzstaffel (topical term)","SA/Sturmabteilung (topical term)","KGB (topical term)","United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (topical term)","Red Cross (topical term)","Autobahn (topical term)","Reichsautobahn (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Black Market (topical term)","Holocaust survivor (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","World War II, 1914-1918 (named event)","World War II, 1939-1945 (named event)","Holocaust, 1939-1945 (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was interview by Erna Martino on unknown date in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was born Motek Sztorch in Ozorkow, Poland on January 6, 1924. He was one of four sons and two daughters born to Moishe and Miriam Storch. His mother died when he was young, and his father remarried. His father was a successful businessman. Marty grew up in a Conservative Jewish home and enjoyed a comfortable life until the rise of antisemitism in Poland during the 1930s. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the Jewish community of Ozorkow lived with many restrictions and suffered various abuses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, Marty was sent to help build the roads that were part of the German Reichsautobahn but returned home after several months. During the spring of 1942, Marty\u0026rsquo;s youngest sister was sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. The rest of his family was sent to the Lodz ghetto, where his father was killed. Marty worked for a short time as an electrician in the ghetto before being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At Auschwitz, Marty continued to work as an electrician where he had access to much of the camp and witnessed many of the atrocities going on. In 1944, Marty\u0026rsquo;s stepmother and other sister were sent to a concentration camp and two of his brothers were sent to Auschwitz. He was briefly united with his brothers Jack and Will while at Auschwitz before being sent to the Gorlitz labor camp. While at Gorlitz, he was liberated by the Russian army on May 5, 1945. He returned home to Ozorkow, Poland, and found he was not welcomed. Marty engaged in Black Market trading and at one point was arrested by the KGB. He was eventually reunited with only surviving brother, Jack and their cousin, Rudy Lansky. Marty, Dora, Jack and Rudy fled to Germany after Marty feared being arrested again for his Black Market trading activities.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty married Dora Gutman on October 10, 1945. Dora was also a survivor of the Holocaust. In 1949, Marty, Dora, their daughter Mary, Marty\u0026rsquo;s brother Jack and their cousin Rudy immigrated to the United States. They initially settled in Paterson, New Jersey but were late convinced by Marty\u0026rsquo;s aunt and uncle to move to Atlanta, Georgia. Marty worked for Lockheed but soon opened a bar and restaurant with Jack. The brothers also opened a grocery store. Marty and Dora had two more children, another daughter Rhonda, and a son Mark. In 1986, when the William Berman Jewish Heritage Museum began its Holocaust education program, Marty shared his story with numerous students and other groups. Marty died on February 11, 2007.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The interview focuses on Marty\u0026rsquo;s life growing up in Ozorkow, Poland, and his experience during the Holocaust. He discusses his family and what his father did for a living. He shares what his early childhood was like and what he wanted to do when he grew up. He recounts the antisemitism experienced by the Jewish community in the 1930s and how things grew worse when Adolph Hitler and the Nazis came to power. He talks about how he dealt with antisemitic treatment at school. Marty reflects on why his family did not leave Poland and moved to America before the war. He spoke about his father living in America after World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty recalls what happened when the Nazis arrived in his hometown in 1939 and his first encounters with the German soldiers. He discusses all the restrictions placed on the Jewish community and the forced labor the Jewish community suffered. Marty remembers being sent away in 1940 to work on German highways and his trip home after a few months. He remembers the liquidation of the Ozorkow and his sister being sent to Chelmno concentration camp. He details being sent to the Lodz ghetto, how the family struggled to survive and the horrible conditions that people lived under. He describes his father being killed by the Kripo. He recounts how he took his brother\u0026rsquo;s place and was sent to Czarnieckiego and then onto Auschwitz-Birkenau\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty discusses in detail his arrival at Auschwitz, the selection process for individuals and what he experienced when he first arrived. He recalls the struggles of daily life in the concentration camp. He spoke about his work as an electrician at Auschwitz. He recalls how lice was such a danger for the prisons and the steps he took to prevent getting infected. He remembers how the non-Jewish prisoners were treated differently and how he would steal food from them. Marty mentions that he was not aware of the experiments being conducted by Dr. Mengele and others. He shares how he became sick with dysentery and almost killed himself to end the suffering. He refuses to discuss what he saw working near the gas chambers. He recollects what it was like for him and other prisoners to interact with the prison guards. He spoke about a visit to Auschwitz from the top leaders of the Nazis in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty recounts the meeting with his brothers, Jack and Will, in Auschwitz for a short time before being sent to Gorlitz and what life was like at Gorlitz. He recalls being liberated and what happened after liberation. He recalls returning to Ozorkow after being liberated and describing how his family was gone and how he felt unwelcomed. He spoke about going into black market trading, meeting his wife Dora and being arrested and jailed by the KGB. He shares how his brother, Jack found out he was still alive and came to find him. He discusses how he, Dora, Jack and their cousin Rudy escaped to Czechoslovakia and settling in Germany and building a life there.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe remembers immigrating to the United States and initially settling in Paterson, New Jersey. He recalls being pursued by an aunt and uncle that lived in Atlanta, Georgia to moved there. Marty reflects on how he felt being persecuted for being Jewish and why he did seek reparations. He shares how he had dreams after liberation and how he deals with on-goin dreams and memories he has. He talks about how he and Dora, who was also a survivor do not discuss their experience. He shares why he believes the existence of the state of Israel is important and how he believes that if we can get to know each other there would be less hate in the world.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/131/small/Storch_Marty.m4v_1663588454.jpg?1663588455","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Storch_Marty.m4v"]},"duration":7243.03,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/131/small/Storch_Marty.m4v_1663588454.jpg?1663588455","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/131/original/Storch_Marty.m4v?1663588444","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7243.03,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Marty Storch [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: I am interviewing Marty Storch at his home in Atlanta, Georgia, for\nthe Children of Holocaust survivors. Marty, when were you born?\n\nSTORCH: I was born January 6, 1924.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me where you were born.\n\nSTORCH: I was born in the city named Ozorkow [Polish: Ozorków] which was in\nPoland, 25 kilometers from the city of Lodz [Polish: Łódź] [Poland], which is\nwell known.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me something about your family who lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your house.\n\nSTORCH: Actually, we were a family of six kids, four brothers and two sisters.\nFour of the children were from the first marriage. My mother, which I have not\nknown. She died when I was at the age of barely three years. She had died from\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complications giving birth to my brother Jack [Storch]. The one and only brother\nwhich have survived living in Atlanta. After a short period of time, my father\nhad remarried. Our family have gained a brother and a sister, which we were very\ncomfortable, and we love one another, and we want a happy family.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What did your father do for a living?\n\nSTORCH: My father . . . had a mill on the water and was in a wholesale grocery business.\n\nMARTINO: What did you want to do?\n\nSTORCH: I've always had a desire, and I have learned a lot from my brother. My\noldest brother was an electrical engineer, and I have paid a lot of attention. I\nhave given a lot of attention to his work. I have learned a great deal from his profession.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What type of school did you go to?\n\nSTORCH: I have only six years, barely six years of education . . . that was the\npublic school.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me something about what Shabbat and Yom Tov. what holidays were\nlike in your house?\n\nSTORCH: If I would have to describe our family life, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative. But\nthe [life of the] Conservative living in Europe and Eastern Europe, I would\ncompare it with the Orthodox living in the United States or elsewhere. Shabbat,\ndefinitely. My father would not work, we observed the holidays. We went to the\nsynagogue, and we have our style of being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comfortable. I mean, being Conservative.\n\nMARTINO: Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nSTORCH: I had non-Jewish friends and Jewish friends. Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Was there a difference?\n\nSTORCH: It's difficult to describe . . . in the earlier years and the early\nyears of school days or school times. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We felt that we were close. It didn't make\nany difference. In the 1930's, 1934, 1935, 1934, 1935. The antisemitic movement\nhave spread terrible to Poland because we were living not far from the German\nborders. We could feel this thing and being deprived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and being disliked by our\nbest friends. We consider them as best friends . . . the non-Jewish friends, so\nwe could no longer remain friends among each other.\n\nMARTINO: Describe to me how else your life began to change with the coming of\nthe Nazi movement.\n\nSTORCH: I had at the time. When I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized this . . . the situation is\nvery, is in jeopardy. The Jewish situation living in Eastern Europe and\nespecially in Poland, because [Adolf] Hitler's first step was to invade Poland.\nI was listening in 1939. If my . . . if the dates are correct around April when\nHitler had read his speech which had lasted over two hours. I was listening. I\nlistened careful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he had not spoken, the future of the Jews of Eastern\nEurope. I have taken that deep under consideration. I could see the dark clouds coming.\n\nMARTINO: How old were you at the time?\n\nSTORCH: In 1939, I was barely 14 years old, but I was very much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware and\ngrowing. But it surprised me. It surprised me and still until now I don't have\nthe answer. But people were friends of my father gathered to listen to our radio\nat home. Which there were . . . very little convinced of that. They said the\nfire going to burn itself, that hot flames could burn itself out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and peace will\nremain, which I wasn't too optimistic about. Since then, I was very\nuncomfortable on daily basis, [that] this will happen. Why going to movies in\nEurope for entertainment. You don't have anything else but going to a movie. We\nhave seen before the films starts, actually the preview. We could have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen\nsometimes the military, the German military. They have shown the Luftwaffe,\nwhich is the air power which I have compared with the person-person body seeing\nthe Polish soldier. I said, \"There is no way that Poland has any chance to have\ntaken a position.\" That was deeply ingrained in me. That no one in Eastern\nEurope ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could put in a position of [stopping] the German army from invading\nEastern Europe, and this I could visualize like that when I was 14, barely 14\nyears old.\n\nMARTINO: You said that things change between you and your friend at that point .\n. .\n\nSTORCH: Very, very drastic. We have to . . . we were harassed, we start getting\nharassed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schools, in the streets, from friends, which we were so close. In\nwhich [it] was [certainly] real, how people can change in their attitude which\nthey have shown us. It was unbelievable. The only imposition we have to take,\nlike me for instance, for my brothers, we were not kids, but we have taken for\ngranted anybody will slap us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or push us around. We have to take the trouble to\nmy parents. Every child would have to take . . . their troubles and say . . . my\nfriend had beat me at the school. We have realized . . . that my father had\nenough problem in his business to cope with these people which he have done\nbusiness with the Polacks [Polish]. So we settled the matter right there. We\nwent off and we just have taken the resistance of not being harassed.\n\nMARTINO: You had to fight?\n\nSTORCH: We have to fight. There was no choice.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: At that time, did you or your family consider making any plans as the\nwar got closer?\n\nSTORCH: The way I had looked at life and what I have [heard] from my father, the\nstories. Because all the years, since I can go back to six-seven years of age,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where my father always told us most beautiful stories in life in America. How\nbeautiful he lived and the money he have made. We did not, in Europe. It was\ndifferent. You didn't want to ask a father, why have you done the move from\n[the] worse instead of remaining there? We wouldn't dare ask.\n\nMARTINO: Your father had come to America?\n\nSTORCH: My father came here when he was 16 years of age.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Which was when?\n\nSTORCH: This was after the First World War. He was here 11 years, lived in\nPaterson, New Jersey. Then he went off season when textile was slow in Paterson,\nNew Jersey. He moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he done business up there for\nsomebody. He was a hustler according to his friends, which still live in\nPaterson when I arrived here in 1949. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably dead now . . . They have\ntold me more about my father than I ever know. My father had made a lot of\nmoney, which definitely came back to Europe. He was 27, 28 years old, and went\nright to the business wholesale grocery store and mill on the water and have\ncommercial properties and others. It wasn't . . . nobody have given him. But the\nway I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not pinpoint was it the weakness of my father and men, which have\ntraveled the world all over. Been in France, Germany spoke six languages to\nperfection, correspond with the world especially with the American friends in\nNew Jersey. It wouldn't take much, just a piece of his assets and he could have\n[taken] his whole family to safety. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because I remember he had [corresponded]\nwith the American ambassador. He didn't sit still. He was writing to the whole\nworld. My father had a education. He had educate himself. As a matter of fact,\nhe was here in the city of Detroit, Michigan. He had finished his school before,\njust in time when he became citizen. They finished his school. I just couldn't .\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a 14 year old to ask my father questions, why not leaving? Which I have\nseen the dark clouds arriving every day, getting closer. That was a great\ndilemma in our family life, which we have paid it, for the consequences.\n\nMARTINO: At that time. What kind of orders were issued by the Nazis? Were there\nany kind of laws that were issued that changed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things where you were?\n\nSTORCH: I do remember they called the four post, which have arrive [in] our\nhometown, Ozorkow [Polish: Ozorków]. The four post is the first soldiers on the\nmotorcycles. My German language was probably better than the English.\n\nMARTINO: Those were advance men . . .\n\nSTORCH: Yes, with German neighbors and living not far from the German borders,\nmy German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to perfection. I have seen on all the telephone, electric poles,\nthe motorcycle, the soldiers who arrived which we call the first arrival. They\nhave put up posters in Polish and translated. I mean in German translate in\nPolish. I have read those, the behavior. There was no stipulation yet for the\nJews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two or three days later, everything quiet down. The occupation was almost\nfulfilled, and our business were open. High-ranking officers came in, which they\nspoke English, and my father had spoken with them, very friendly. Soldiers came\nthey took me with them early in the morning, the following day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took me as\na guinea pig to the fancy grocery stores, where they had deli, wines, and\ncheeses from the imported stores, very fancy stores. Anything they have loaded\non their trucks around their weddings. They gave me taste. I had tasted\nsardines. I tasted the cheeses. I had tasted champagne. When I got home, I was\nsick probably until next week.\n\nMARTINO: They were afraid of being poisoned?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Right, I have [tasted]. In home . . . they were very depressed, the\nwhole family, because they didn't know why they had taken me. They brought me\nback home at night, late after they have empty many stores which we have to load\nand being the guinea pigs for them. That was the first approach when I have\nlearned the German soldiers. As days went by, everything was normalized. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland\nwas occupied. The restrictions start coming alive under the spotlight, which the\nJew was pointed out. The rules . . . our time of limitation is 5:00. No Jew\nshould be seen in the streets. We have to wear the star of David on the left\nside and on the right back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we were recognized by that. Stronger\nrestriction came to our home, to our city, which it was perhaps all over Europe.\nWe could not walk at the sidewalks. The restrictions were just unbearable. The\nrations were beyond the normal, compared to the Poles [Polish].\n\nMARTINO: Rations?\n\nSTORCH: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then . . . it was very difficult. It was difficult even to stay in\nline if you have to depend on a loaf of bread because you were harassed by the\nPoles. Because we have been recognized, not only have the Poles recognized us by\nour looks, but by the Star of David. It was very depressing living as a Jew.\n\nMARTINO: You were discriminated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against not just by the Germans, but by the\nPoles as well.\n\nSTORCH: What I have skipped, we felt the discrimination from the Poles in the\n1930s when I went to school because we were deprived of grades. The most\nsubjects they have taught when our holidays and Saturdays, which we have six\ndays school. Our exams were to be . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in jeopardy and difficult because we\nweren't there. The teachers were antisemites. They didn't, they were just\noutspoken in showing [us] antisemitic feeling. We were deprived. We felt that we\nnever have freedom or that we are citizens of a country which we born and\nraised. We were deprived from breathing the air. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe that was a great\ndisappointment as I grew up. But the Poles, their behavior towards the Jews was\njust . . .\n\nMARTINO: It just got worse when the Germans came.\n\nSTORCH: Very. Yes. Yes.Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Now, after this, were you in the ghetto?\n\nSTORCH: Right in the beginning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1940, after we have already seen this, the\nharassment and taking us to work, to do all kind [of] dirty work. The\nzwangsarbeit [German: forced labor], which we were not paid for.\n\nMARTINO: Forced labor?\n\nSTORCH: Right, forced labor. I was sent out, the whole city. Actually, it was\nestablished a Jewish community center. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have elected, the Jews among\nthemselves, had elected their leader which is responsible, which be in contact\nwith the German leaders. If they need 100 Jews that man is responsible to bring\n100 Jews. For work, what have you. One morning, unexpected. We to have gather. A\nsmall city, just mouth by mouth, we were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notified that youngsters from 13 up\ninto the 20's, whatever, have to consecrate in the movie house and whoever go\ndisappear or won't come, their relatives or their mother and father be liable\nfor them and they'd be killed, what have you. What child would have take a risk\nto jeopardize the family? As we have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approached that movie house for the\nyoungsters. Most were in the age of 13, 19, and in their 20's. We were harassed\n[indistinct: 19:08: possibly 'right away' in German], beaten by the Gestapo and\nthe Sturmabteilung, which is the S.A. We have seen the reality of Hitler's\npromises. We immediately were loaded trucks and shipped out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a place called\n[German word: name of city: 19:33] West Germany on the Reichsautobahn . . . we\nhave supposed to be the builders of the German highways, which I have last up to\nabout three months. My homesickness have driven me home, it's almost crazy. I\nquit eating and I've done some crazy acts, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I said, \"Actually, it's\nworked.\" They send me home. I was one of the 11 or 12 fellows, which they sent\nto Lodz. There was one German leader, a Jewish fellow, which he had the order.\nHe was our . . . the observer. He had us under his wing to take back to Lodz.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we were released, everyone had gotten a sticker, the name, the number of\nthe prisoner. He should deliver us to Lodz city. When we approached the\nrailroad, he start collecting from everybody those individual passes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nreleases. My mine have worked very fast. I have not given him, I told him I had\nlost it. The only thing I have given is my name and my identity, which I have\nworn in the camp. Because I have realized that we are going to Lodz and Lodz is\na strange city for me. We don't go get a great welcome up there. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware, I\nwas well aware that the train is going through Ozorkow to Lodz. When the train\nslowed down after a night, all night, perhaps 11, 12 hours being on a train. It\nslowed down and I have recognized our station. It was late at night. I have\njumped the train. I have walked, must have been probably two or three kilometers\nfrom the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station to the city, small city. I didn't go home. I went straight to\nthe Gestapo's office with my release. Which I have presented my [pass], [I] tell\nhim that I was released from camp. The reason I have not given him. They were\nhalf asleep and they put a stamp on it. They were fooled by their own method.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From then on, I want to get home legally because I have realized when I knock on\nthe door and I go to scare my family to death. My father, I could not convince,\nI would not convince my father that I was released. He would be positive that I\nhave left . . . he [knew] my ways of . . . my behavior as a child. I have\nconvinced him by having this stamped in our city [by] the Gestapo leaders ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nthey were then relaxed. I was the only youngster in our city until the time came\nwhere we have . . . they liquidated our home, taken away from us, consecrate a\nghetto in our hometown. Then when they got tired of us, send us out, ship us out\nto Lodz.\n\nMARTINO: That's when you went to the ghetto in Lodz.\n\nSTORCH: That's right.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me, what year was it when you went to the ghetto in Lodz?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Well, let me get a step backwards. The tragic of the liquidation of our\ncity, which I had missed, which is . . . a very important point. Before the\nliquidation. This was one day before the liquidate our city, Ozorkow. They went\nthrough with a hanging procedure, which they had hung ten people. Among them was\none of an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle of mine, step-uncle, but we were very close and we loved him.\nThey've taken away the kids from our mothers. We have an appeal. We have to wait\ntwo or three hours until the Gestapo coming and does the inspection. We were not\naware this, they are going to take the kids away. I have tried to save my sister\nwhich she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was six years old, Eve [Storch]. My stepsister, but we did not make\nany [difference]. We loved her. They ripped all the kids out of their mothers'\nhands to load them on trucks, on open trucks, like animals. They took them all\nto Chelm [Poland] which is 70 kilometers away from our hometown. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was later\non, after the liberation, I went to find out what had happened to the kids. I\nhad find out from the Poles. They had put some clothes, some chemicals [on the]\nclothing, and they thrown kids alive [in] those graves in Chelm. Some Poles have\nmade remarks that grounds have vibrated for two days. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have visited that place,\nafter the liberation and the spot where they have buried all the kids. All the\nkids. Beautiful children. Some mothers would not give up the kids, so they went\nalong with them. It didn't take two or three hours, none [were] alive. Now\nsomebody who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a little breathing can . . . to better life. That was a\ntragedy. Then with the liquidation where they sent us out, where the families\nwere already cut in half and everybody's heart was broken to arrive in a place\nwhere, Lodz ghetto was known for starvation. You looked at the people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have\nreside in the ghetto.\n\nMARTINO: How did you get to the ghetto, to Lodz?\n\nSTORCH: We were by trains. We have arrived. We couldn't see the looks on those\nfaces that were just like skeletons. White. Very little food. The rations were\nunbearable to live on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We start living under the circumstances in the same way,\nwhich was very difficult.\n\nMARTINO: Where were you living in the ghetto? What kind of conditions?\n\nSTORCH: My father had a sister, which was an aunt of mine. We have helped them a\ngreat deal. They have given us a room. I have immediately gotten a job. My\nfather have connections with the leaders. He had done previous some business\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with them, which he have gotten a job. I got a job as an electrician, and worked\nin a big factory, which they had made clothing for the German army. There [was]\na big kitchen, which [had] fed. It had fed about five, 600 people which were\nworked in Lodz. I have done many tricks in the kitchen, so the light would be,\nwould go out and all kind of things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I can get up extra soup. Or probably half\na pound of bread so I can take home to my family so we can survive. Each and\neveryone including my brother and my sister have a job, so have my stepmother.\nWe have lived a very close life. We have shared, as many days went by. But I\njust lived on one soup and I took the 20 [indistinct: 28:30: possibly 'deco'],\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I don't, I probably would have compared to half a pound of bread when I\nhave worked four extra hours and five or six ounces of salami. I could barely\nwait until I got my portion to take it home so my father would have it. We were\ndevoted and I used to be sometimes, many times hungry. But we have tried. We\nhave tried.\n\nMARTINO: When you were in the ghetto. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you describe to me if there were\npeople functioning as doctors, nurses, the religious leadership, how life\nfunctioned under the circumstances?\n\nSTORCH: The way I have observed, religion was out of the question. There was no\ngathering. First of all, they were scared together. Number one, it was\nforbidden. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describing life . . . people have walked the streets without emotion,\nwithout any life. People have died walking in the streets. It was just such a\nstrange life. It just, it was horrible to watch. It was horrible. In the\nthousands, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousands have died daily.\n\nMARTINO: From starvation?\n\nSTORCH: From starvation.\n\nMARTINO: There was no treatment for illness?\n\nSTORCH: If there were to be a young man and would have complained of illness.\nThere was a place, the place which was called Czarnieckiego, where they have\nsend them up there to be sent out. There was no medication. The Germans have not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowed the Jewish leaders to have any hospitals or cure people of diseases.\nLet's get them out. The main point was Auschwitz. They have mixed the healthy\nones with the sick ones. But when they arrive in Birkenau at the point or at the\ngate from Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selection was very close with only ever taking\nthe sick one. But they have taken so many young ones and healthy ones.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When you were in the ghetto, did you already know about the existence\nof the death camps?\n\nSTORCH: No, I have not. I have not. The only thing, the scary place was\nCzarnieckiego, as I have mentioned before. A place which I know they consecrate\npeople, people which they commit a crime or stealing a potato or sickness have\ndriven them up there. They were arrested and put in Czarnieckiego. From there, I\nwas aware they were sent or shipped out. Where or what, I didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the\nslightest idea.\n\nMARTINO: Was there any help from non-Jewish people, from Poles?\n\nSTORCH: I did not have the experience or have I lived through that I have any\nhelping hand from any of the other nationalities which have been together. I did not.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me what happened then. Progression after you were in the ghetto a while.\n\nSTORCH: After the ghetto life, I wouldn't care even if they sent me to\nAuschwitz, which I was not aware of. I was not aware of Auschwitz. My father was\nkilled by the Kripo, which is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"division of the Gestapo. I felt that our family\ngot ripped apart now and we got [to] say goodbye to one another. They came after\nmy brother Jack, the Jewish police, because he worked in a place where they have\nliquidated everyone in the building industry. They came for my brother also.\n[loud sound makes memoirist difficult to hear] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had put not in a position with\nthe police and I thought it was for me to find with any kind hullabaloo. I am\ntaking my brother's place. I have taken my brother's place where I was sent to\nCzarnieckiego. From there, I must have spent four or five days. From there I was\nsent out to Auschwitz-Birkenau. When we have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived at Birkenau after a\nterrible, terrible ride in boxcars like animals without any facilities. It was,\nit would be horrible to describe.\n\nMARTINO: Can you describe it? Were you at that time alone with no from your family?\n\nSTORCH: No one from my family. My family have remain living in Lodz in the\nghetto. I want to go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father is gone and I have seen the liquidation is\ncoming slowly. So let me be the first one. Let me be a pioneer. If it's\nsurvival, fine, if it's not let me be the first one. I have doubt when I have\nsay goodbye to my relatives that I'll ever see anyone, brother or sister of\nmine. I didn't believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the reality came to the proof. Then when I have\narrived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 35:01: possibly 'in the evening' in German] in Birkenau.\nThere were so many trains ahead of ours to be unloaded to the Golden Gates.\nThere were outside working a few prisoners which had worn the outfit. The stripe\nuniforms, which I've never seen before. Hungarian fellows. Some of them have\nspoken, very little Yiddish. Some have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoken very little Polish, and they have\ndescribed what we have arrived because we arrive to the heaven. Look at you\ntwice in the mirror because you don't know in one hour after the train goes\nthrough the gate, that anyone be alive. We have arrived chilled, sitting up\nthere for quite some hours. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were crying. It just, you just can't describe.\nPeople were just numb . . . they didn't say nothing. You've could see they dead.\nIs she going where you don't know? We were not aware of an Auschwitz, of a\nBirkenau, gas chambers or what have you. As we have learned later on. But I was\nconvinced after we have . . . we got into the gate or through the gates ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the\nGestapo have opened every boxcar in the same, at the same second. The harassment\nand there must have been in the hundreds with machine guns in which they start\nthe selection, left and right. The selection was just, I wouldn't say luck, but\njust whoever they didn't like a child or a young man's looks, they just took a\nleft. There was no choice. Even right got it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cut off in the whole world. That\nwas the most horrible scenery of any human being have witnessed. That this can\nhappen. The outcry from mothers and fathers, the separation of brothers with one\nanother because they have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asthma already, they were beaten. It was, I don't\nbelieve that words can describe or there is a pen made could write the horrors\nwe went through in Auschwitz at the selection at Birkenau at the gates. Then the\none like myself, luckily, I didn't know left or right, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm between the right\nones or the left ones whether I'm going to the gas showers or I'm going to the\nregular shower. We were again harassed by cutting our hair. Our pride tested\nbecause of everything. We were shaved. That was embarrassing. That was . . .\n\nMARTINO: When you say shaved, in the face or on the body?\n\nSTORCH: Shaved the whole body. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very embarrassing as a youngster because\nthere were a woman and vis a versa.\n\nMARTINO: In other words, men and women together.\n\nSTORCH: We didn't have any feelings. But still, you still have some [remaining].\nYou couldn't kill our feelings overnight. But you still as a youngster you feel\nbeing embarrassed, that is, if you have any little left.\n\nMARTINO: The reason for this was, the shaving?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: We were . . . they [had] disinfect our bodies for any sickness they give\nus. We [took] a shower and walked out on the outside. We had to leave all our\nbelongings there. They checked your mouth. They checked . . . the mouth if you\nhave any gold caps. If you happened to be unfortunate to have a gold cap, they\nripped it out like they would rip a nail out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of . . . like they would a piece of\nwood, unmercifully. They took away every piece of jewelry or anything you have\npossessed. You came out through the shower and you've been right in the camp.\nAnd wait until everybody get through it until you get your blocks and have your\nplace where your four walls is supposed to be surrounded with 16 or 1700\ninmates. That was the arrival.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Can you describe to me what a day in the camp was like?\n\nSTORCH: Birkenau-Auschwitz is probably had never been described. It was no camp\nfor labor. It was a camp of exterminating, each and every one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the point.\nWhen I have done some electrical work, the following day we have took off the\nlines and put it around the ceiling, and next time we put it through the floor.\nOr they took some workers which they have construction work and have loaded 25\nor 30 bricks on the bodies, on weaklings, and took it to one place. In the\nthousands of people have taken bricks. Two or three days, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they took the bricks\nfrom the place where they have placed and put it back from where they have taken\nit two or three days ago. The arrivals were in the heavy thousands daily from\nall over the world because I had met all the nationalities there. The chimneys\nand the gas chambers were going around the clock. We were only the bystanders in\nany event. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If something would have happened to the arrival of any trains were to\nbreakdown, any bombing. They had enough reserve in Birkenau to get rid of it.\nThere would always probably, I would say, 14, 15 blocks always reserved in\nevent. But the purpose of being or doing any constructive thing for the Germans\nin Birkenau-Auschwitz, we didn't do anything which the Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have profited from.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me what the day consisted of when you woke up.\n\nSTORCH: The day consisted of the morning, 4:00, you have to be up and out for\nheadcount. If it didn't agree, the headcount, they had let you stay hours. It\ncould be 15 or 20 below zero. I've been through winters. The master which they\ncall the scharfuhrer [scharführer] or the blockalteste. He went in his quarters\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and waited, came back an hour later, count again. They didn't pay attention.\nThey know nobody can disappear in the electric wires of an Auschwitz. Maybe one\n. . . was probably miscounted or . . . it's 1650 and maybe 1651. Or maybe\nsomebody got confused and went to another block. Being confused or mentally\ndisturbed didn't take long to be up in Birkanau, even being a youngster. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That\nwas just the only punishment and give you the work up until they realized you\nwere Jew. Then around 7:00 between 7:00-7:30 you got little coffee. The coffee\nwas already ice cold because they had it out already 4:00 and you got your\nportion of bread. Which that was the main meal for the day. That was life on a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily basis. I have been there almost three years. But I have organized things.\nI have gotten befreundet [German: friendly] with Germans, which I don't believe\nthat anyone could get through with them, or I have delicately got through them.\nThey started liking me and I start getting a little help from them. Garbage cans\nto find a piece of bread or what have you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many other things I have done for\nsurvival. Actually, I [was] be sent out of Auschwitz three months before the\ntime have arrived. I was scheduled to be sent out, but I was lucky to meet my\ntwo brothers, my youngest brother, Willie[Storch] and Jack, the one that's\nliving in Atlanta which had survived. Willie had not survived, which was my\nstepbrother, the youngest. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, he had survived the camps. He was\nliberated, but he caught typhus. Jack took him to Paris [France] to hospital,\nand we could . . . he could not save his life.\n\nMARTINO: Were there any particular people in town that helped you that you could\ncount for things if you needed something? How did you know who you could count on?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: No, it would be, I believe, easy to describe, but hard to understand the\ncircumstances of each and every prisoner. After being there so long and there\nwere many of them, which there have been a period of a year, a year and a half.\nWe became silent. We became silent as we didn't [speak] with one another. We\ndidn't have anything in common. We didn't have anything to talk about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nactually, our behavior was just like animals in comparison. We have looked where\nwe can find a rotten potato or we can steal a piece of bread from one another.\nPeople in times . . . like that turn to be the animals do like animals. I have\nexperienced it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Really you did you do any kind of work in the camp?\n\nSTORCH: I have done, most was electrical work, which. . . I would say . . . was\nin demand. We have done which it was just non-constructive. But most of them,\nyes, I have done work for them.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How late in the evening did you work? When was your day finished?\n\nSTORCH: I have work sometimes later than five and sometimes six o'clock in the\nsummertime. I have worked later. There was no time limit [when] I have worked.\nIn most of the times which I have worked was near the camp, near the gates. We\nhave always put . . . isolate the wires and high tension wires when I was\nworking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my master.\n\nMARTINO: Were there ever any attempts at sabotage?\n\nSTORCH: For me to sabotage. I believe we were so busy with ourselves . . . to be\nselfish. Our main point was survival, where we get a piece of bread to survive\nthe next morning for the same thing. There was one thing everybody had in common\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is how we can steal from one another and nobody have anything to steal from. But\nthat was in our mind.\n\nMARTINO: What about in the evening after you came back to the block?\n\nSTORCH: You could see like walking the streets. None of the prisoners didn't\nknow the destination where he was walking. He walked up and down, if he still\nhave any strength. Most of them were sitting around behind the barracks and . .\n. you looked at them like, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just living . . .skeletons. Then another dilemma was\nwhen you dropped caring about yourself and about . . . you're clean. You're\ncleanness, it's understandable. That's very little blood we have possessed being\nin camp. We went dried out. But the worst thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was when somebody had let the\nlice get to you. To do something about it, they had finished most of the people.\nI'm sure America doesn't have any lice and its so hard to describe. It's not a\nbug, it's something getting in your skin and it just get the blood out of you. I\nhave a good friend of mine, which Schaffer, I have never met after the\nliberation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We both kept ourselves just like friends. We have organized\ntogether. We don't have any little act together. We got up in the morning about\nhalf hour before the appeal, the gathering. We went into the cold bathroom.\nRegardless, how cold the weather was, we always have hidden a couple of towels\nand kept them clean. We took a lime and washed our bodies in the cold, freezing\nweather. We had rubbed one another until we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still could see blood because we had\npossessed a little blood. We start getting red on the body and we didn't let the\nlice get to us. That was a great factor in survival because lice was one the\nbiggest enemy of ours, except the Germans.\n\nMARTINO: Because of the unsanitary conditions?\n\nSTORCH: Yes, the lice. The ones who have just bundled themselves up and felt\nsorry for themselves and sit at the barracks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Either he waits for a better day,\nwhich was far from it, or in miracles, which didn't happen. You have to help\nyourself and that was my priority. I believe that with a great deal of our survival.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ever have any personal contact with the SS?\n\nSTORCH: With the SS as far working concerns. Yes, with killers . . . as a matter\nof fact one have killed, cold blooded killers.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did they ever talk about what was happening to the Jews?\n\nSTORCH: If they would, I wouldn't dare open my mouth. I would have just felt. I\nwould only tell them that I'm child. I'm a youngster and I don't know politics.\nI would refuse to say anything because of my religion and my nationality.\n\nMARTINO: At Auschwitz-Birkenau was there a difference ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in treatment of Jews and\nnon-Jews, or were there any non-Jews?\n\nSTORCH: There were non-Jews. There were some Russians. There were Hungarian,\nnon-Jewish kids, which they were privileged. Matter of fact, this I have spent\nwith them quite a while. At night I used to slip into them and ask [for] their\nrazorblades and cut their food off, [Marty gestures to his waist indicating a\nbelt] which they have carried. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because all day those kids were privileged. They\ngotten as much food as they wanted, actually. They have carried loaves of bread\nand they have gotten meals, three meals daily. We have observed them. There were\nnon-Jewish kids and we have taken advantage of them. Yes, because will hunger\nbreak you. I'm not ashamed because anyone up there would have had the guts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\ntaken the chance what I have done probably would have survived to. But I hadn't\ntaken [from] anyone because they [was] not, the hungry man who have carried\naround little belonging or ration. We could barely wait in the morning, 4:00 to\neat it up and take 10 minutes everything was going. You couldn't find on any one\npiece of bread or anything to survive but the privileged. Yes, they did have.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you know anything about medical experiments that were carried out\nin the camp?\n\nSTORCH: I haven't seen what they have carried out, but I have worked around in\nthe lab where Dr. [Josef] Mengele, Kremer, Heidenreich, I knew them all. I seen\nthem on daily basis because I have worked outside. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have seen escorting some\nyoungsters, my age and younger to the lab. We were not aware, we were not aware\n[of] what they [were] doing. All those procedures, what they went through in all\nthose experiments I find out after the war. We couldn't get in that story\nbecause we busy with ourselves. We wouldn't dare get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be too nosey surrounded\nwith thousands of Gestapos. The worst killers, I believe, Germany had.\n\nMARTINO: Were you sick besides being starving? Did you ever get sick while you\nwere in the camps and how did you deal with it?\n\nSTORCH: In 1944. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was around Rosh HaShanah, Yom Kippur, those times. Because\nthere was a few days before we did not get any ration. Our block leader, the\nJewish leader, which was the leader over us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have told us that we will not get\nany food for 24 hours because it was Yom Kippur and we should fast. You can\nimagine, we couldn't sleep by the normal circumstances which have given us the\nlittle ration. Nevertheless, not giving at all, not even the little coffee or\nwhatever, you just have to go into the bathroom up there and get a little water\nout of [the] faucet. Whoever have survived have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived. A couple of weeks\nbefore the holidays because we didn't know the date of the month . . . Sunday,\nMonday. In Auschwitz, [we] have worked seven days a week. We didn't know the\n[difference]. We only [know] the day from night. I have gotten dysentery. My\nlips were eaten up. I couldn't hold a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drink of water. That is the first time I\nhave experienced my health have failed in my young life, in my young days. I've\ngiven up on food, been on three days. I could not stand up at the 4:00 appeal\nwhich they call the gathering. There's a couple of friends which they help me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nfelt this was the end of mine. I took a drink of water and I lost it. I have\nalready a long time experience what goes on in the flume and at the gas\nchambers. I worked in surrounding area. I have seen the barrels every [one]\nthrowing out from the windows, which many thousands, hundreds of thousand have\nnot seen, didn't have the access to the gas chamber area. They called it\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endlosung [endlösung][German: final solution]. I was pretty close. I was about\nthree feet and undecided [if] I [want to grab] the wires and give myself a\nchance. Maybe I feel better in another hour or so. I have snapped out. The only\nthing that have kept me. I probably would be gone but I have seen so many\ncoincidences. I have seen young lives. The bodies were beyond ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognition when\nthey touched the wires. They was just like charcoal. I just hesitate to doing\nthat to myself. On the other hand, I didn't want to go there in life,\nexperiencing the death of gas because I know what the feelings of that. But I\nsnapped out, I came from that to alive. An inch away.\n\nMARTINO: That was the lowest point?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: That was the lowest point in my life. When I have reached out, I was\ndeep in the gutter and just to touch the wire, but just came to my senses. The\nway I have seen many burnt, the body's burnt. It's kept me. I still was\nhesitating in doing it to myself.\n\nMARTINO: You said that you work at the gas chamber.\n\nSTORCH: Jawhol [German: Yes]\n\nMARTINO: Can you describe it to me, please?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: No, no, no. No, I really don't. No, I would like to keep that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Under the circumstances that you've described was it's possible. Did\nanyone observe any sort of religious ceremony at all in Auschwitz?\n\nSTORCH: Oh, that's for sure not. No, not whatsoever.\n\nMARTINO: It was impossible?\n\nSTORCH: Not whatsoever. Not in Birkenau. We were restricted even to walk three\nor four together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to get out of sight because there were the gangsters\neverywhere you have turn you see them. You want to avoid them because why, the\nrules and regulation when you see a soldier in a uniform, you have to say Guten\nTag [German: Good Day]. Take you hat off and say good morning or what have you.\nHave you said good morning, it wasn't good, you didn't, they called you. Then if\nhe, you said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it according to the regulation, he said comes to me Mr. Mein Freund\n[German: my friend] warum sagst du [German: why do you say] good morning. I\ncan't speak. It's mean . . . we don't know one another. Are you my friend? What\ndo you say good morning to me? He didn't give you a chance of explanation that\nyou have respect the German uniform and the swastika you wear in the\nregulations. The stipulation is that everybody got to say Guten Tag to a German\nsoldier. He could have beat somebody to death. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you hadn't said, well, the\nsame thing, [German, phrase: 1:00]. You want to get out of their sight, more or\nless than gathering. No, no, no. Just a little description. I have work near the\ncamp, and when I could see the barrels in the shower throwing out of the window,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zyklon B . . . short barrels. I just being hungry in probably comparison to\nanimal but still, I have dropped some tears. I still have some feelings, and I\nsaid, how many of our people. Short drums they start throwing out. From where I\nhave tears still to cry . . . because actually the mentality, you felt the\nmentality went, no one has any mentality working. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I have seen those empty\ncans throwing out and some of the ones which had our people taking throwing them\nout and yes, I have tears been dropping out of my cheeks and say how many kids,\nhow many other people have fallen asleep. It was a tragedy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: The people who, after they disposed of the people in the gas chamber,\nwhat happened to them?\n\nSTORCH: You mean after they were gassed, they were burned. I'm sure it's true.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to come, big trucks. We have not seen it. I have not seen it. There\nwere in the back, like loading docks also. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, which the ones\nwho came before me and worked around the kitchen and cremo [crematorium] have\nsaid that the bones are being sold by the tons to Germans are buying it to\nproduce soap. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And something else, combs, soap, and whatever. That was the . . .\nthat was the things which we used to hear. Evidently, I found out after the\nliberation, after the war that this was a soap marked Jude [German: Jew]. I've\nseen a piece of soap of that nature. White piece of soap like ivory, and\nengraved Jude. Those were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sold by the tons. The Germans had bought us. Trucks\nhad arrived, big trucks but I have not seen it.\n\nMARTINO: You said the fires were burning. So the crematorium, you knew what was\ngoing on.\n\nSTORCH: I was aware of. Not by being nosey, but what I have seen accidentally\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working around the premises as an electrician. As a matter of fact in 1944, it\nwas wintertime, that just was about when I have read that Hitler had visit the\nUkrainians when they start being in trouble. No, it was in the beginning, in\n1944, when they have trouble with the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he was visiting the\nUkrainians. There came a squadron of cars and limousines with swastikas and\nmotorcycles on the end. I would say probably 50 at least, escorted. I was far\naway, but I grant you Hitler was there and all the leaders. [Hermann] Goering\n[Göring], [Joseph] Goebbels, whoever because that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excursion which have taken\nplace around the cremo. They spent more than a half hour probably watching\nthrough the tinted glasses.\n\nMARTINO: Looking at the crematorium.\n\nSTORCH: I am sure, what else would they do. The offices were not in there, the\noffices were where their labs were. They spent more than a half hour. I have\nworked with my master. I couldn't see the faces, but I grant you Hitler was\nthere in watching the . . . how the Jews choking themselves to death through a\nlittle gas.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Were you ever in the Sonderkommandos?\n\nSTORCH: No, I have refused even being in the less camp. I refused to be any of\nthe matters because I want to stay away from the Germans as much as I can and to\nstick to my profession where I can organize a piece of bread or what have you. No.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What happened then? Did you stay in Auschwitz-Birkenau or what\nhappened? And when did this happen?\n\nSTORCH: You mean have I have stayed there. I stayed there end until almost the\nend of 1944, around October. I [was] supposed to be actually sent away earlier.\nThis would it be around April. Because why, I had met the two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brothers [in] 1944\naround April time, April, May.\n\nMARTINO: In Auschwitz?\n\nSTORCH: In Auschwitz, coincidentally, one in a million, I have met Will and my\nbrother Jake. We have come together when we did not recognize one another.\nEspecially me, that didn't recognize me because I don't know, no hair, outfit.\nEverything changed anyway. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a little sad, but we were tickled see to one\nanother, at least. Two, three days. We have met about two, three days until\nfinally block 16. It was a book written block 16. I spent more than a year and\nhalf in block 16. It's ready to be shipped out, the following morning. Me being\nup there for such a long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of time, I have observed who, the reason, the\ncircumstances of being ship out from Birkenau. Buyers use to come like buying\ncattles, a bit like the Texan. There was a selection, if you were sent out to\nwork or they sold some slaves to Germany. There was selection. They check your\nmentality, your physical abilities, and the language was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factor. When I have\ngotten the bread, my portion of bread to survive two days until we send out to\nFrance, Mulhausen [Mülhausen]. My friend and I told my brother, goodbye, my\nbrothers, goodbye. Sometimes the mentality you think and you see, you have the\nexperience what goes on, mentality is so getting weaker, doesn't click. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I told\nmy brothers that I am going to Mulhausen, France. I'll be shipped out tomorrow.\n\nMARTINO: They told you that is where you are going?\n\nSTORCH: Mulhausen, we already have Mulhausen vorne rechts [German: front right]\nand my number 57135. As I told my brothers this I'm leaving in the morning, not\ngoing to see me anymore and we said a final goodbye. I came to my senses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\ntold my friend, we haven't [gone] through a physical. We haven't gone through\nthe routine. We just go into like taking the whole bunch and we go nowhere. My\nfriend said, \"Yes.\" I said, \"We didn't lose nothing, at least we got our bread.\"\nI said, \"We're not going.\" We were in that camp, and that must have been May,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until October from one block to another. We have survived just on mercy,\nstealing, doing anything, chasing off the German shepherds, and take away\nsomething from them.\n\nMARTINO: This is now in Mulhausen?\n\nSTORCH: No, I did not go to Mulhausen. Mulhausen is gone. My friend and myself,\nwe are remaining in Birkenau. We did not go. They don't count. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They just\nliquidated in the morning, 4:00 in the morning. The trucks have arrived and\ntaken them to the train. We remain in Auschwitz, in Birkenau. At first, I have\nspent . . . with . . . some gypsies [were] still remaining up there, not many,\nbecause 1943 they got rid of the gypsies.\n\nMARTINO: You went to a different block.\n\nSTORCH: Different block, yes. I've been in block six where the kids were. I\nspent with them. It's come too hot because they start detecting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some thieves\nwere here cutting with razorblades belongings. We start getting hot, but we\ndidn't want to get dectected because that would be the end of us. We have to\nmove on so we moved, and block to block and we have survived. That wasn't easy,\nbut we done anything. Finally, we have seen what is going through the procedure\nfor the physical exam, and my friend and I, we just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cut between, them and we\njust passed. The destination was Gorlitz, where I have spent the rest of the\ntime until the liberation.\n\nMARTINO: Why were they taking people to Gorlitz?\n\nSTORCH: Gorlitz was a factory for ammunition. They need professional people,\nactually, they choose professional people. They ask your profession, when they\nask me what is my beruf [German: profession] I told them electrical repair, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm\nelectrician. It helped a lot you told them the background that you come from.\nThey ask what my father was, I told them my father was electrical repair. This\nwould give you mixed emotions, father was a businessman, electrician I told\nthem. Then [physical], I went through the [physical] exams and the German was\nadmired [I was] speaking well German and it was very easy. Got my rations. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\nmy brothers had, both the brothers . . . were still alive and were liberated. My\nbrother Jack, which he have better memory. I'm sure than I have, being younger,\nremember more than I do. He have . . . remember. He have a great memory. He have\na memory just beyond my comprehension. He [had] remember . . . I have told him\nthat I'm going to Mulhausen. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated in the beginning of 1945 by the\nFrench. In [indistinct: 1:12: possibly 'barn, barn'] was liberated before the\nRussian invasion in West Germany. He went to Mulhausen, France after he already\nburied his brother, Will, which he lost. He take another chance to look for me.\nAs he had [arrived] to Mulhausen. There was already a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committee and people\nlooking for one another in the committees, it was in most of the big cities. He\nwent and asked what happened to the people in the late 1944, which have arrived\nhere from Auschwitz, what had happen. They told them clear . . . that everyone\nbefore the arrival, like a few miles before the city, arrival to the city, they\nhave big holes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Auschwitz people arrived they got a machine gun by the\nGestapo. So my brother went up in that place and said Kaddish. Told my cousin\nRudy, when he met, \"Well I said Kaddish after Marty because Marty told me in\nAuschwitz. We have met before he left, that he's going to Mulhausen that his\ngrave and I've been up there and say goodbye to Marty.\" He had buried a brother,\nWillie, a couple of months before. Then he went to Mulhausen to say Kaddish\nafter me.\n\nMARTINO: He thought you were dead.\n\nSTORCH: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I told him I am going to Mulhausen, France.\n\nMARTINO: In the meantime, you were in Gorlitz.\n\nSTORCH: In meantime, I was in Gorlitz, well alive. I was working in the factory.\nThen I worked the sometimes three days out of the week, I worked inside the camp\nas electrician.\n\nMARTINO: The conditions there were better?\n\nSTORCH: Also, the field was a factor, the field. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumstances were about\nthe same. The concrete floor and the circumstances were not better, but some\nlittle food more. We were provided with the soup doing in the daytime, working\nin the factory. When I have worked in the camp, I was provided with a soup\nbecause I have worked. No, it wasn't much better, but you could have survived.\nYou could have survived. Yes, that was Gorlitz.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Were there any attempts at resistance there?\n\nSTORCH: No, no, not whatsoever. Not whatsoever.\n\nMARTINO: Was it possible?\n\nSTORCH: Perhaps. Yes, it would be possible if we would have outside\ncommunication. Yes, we would, because we didn't have anything to lose . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nwere not aware of what was going on in the outside world. To us already, I would\nnever have believed I stopped being, I was optimistic . . . everybody was\npessimistic. My mother would say, \"This is another day or another week. We\ncannot go on for too long living under the circumstances.\" We don't have any\nkind of communication with outside the world that we'd be liberated. The\nliberation came just as a surprise.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you think that you would survive the camp?\n\nSTORCH: If I were to tell you this, that my thinking was positive. No. I just\ncould have foreseen that we'd be. We would die slowly. We losing too many\nfellows, because from October until probably three, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four months, I believe we\nhave lost more than 2000 young fellas. Most Hungarian in Gorlitz. I didn't\nbelieve that we will survive. No.\n\nMARTINO: Dying from starvation?\n\nSTORCH: Dying from starvation, hunger in the field. The field was the biggest factor.\n\nMARTINO: Disease?\n\nSTORCH: Yes, disease\n\nMARTINO: At that time, were you getting any kind of news from the outside world?\n\nSTORCH: No, I have never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had in all the years. From [the] ghetto, the\nliquidation of our hometown, going through Lodz, and Auschwitz-Birkenau until\nthe day of liberation, we didn't have any kind of communication or any kind of a\npiece of paper, or [have] any kind of idea what goes on in the outside world.\nYou know, we did not.\n\nMARTINO: What were the first signs for you that the war might be coming to an end?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Unexpected. One morning we got up. We went, going back a couple of days,\nwhich it still didn't click. We were so pessimistic. We could see the Gestapo in\nGorlitz packing all the offices, all the papers, and all the files, and putting\non trucks. Some of them have said the Germans are leaving. We were not\nconvinced. We could hear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombardment very heavily, but we still, we just I don't\nknow. We pushed away the reality because we were so far deep with going that\nnothing could give us any encouragement . . . We got up in the morning and we\nlooked out, tanks surrounded the whole camp, and the gates are opened. We could\nsee Red Crosses and everybody insulated. I could hear the Russian, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russian\nlanguage, which is similar to the Polish. I could see this is not a German\nsoldat [German: soldier] we are liberated. At that point many of our inmates got\nuberwaltigt [überwältigt] [German: overwhelmed] and aufgeregt, [German:\nexcited] overwhelmed at being overwhelmed. [They had] been taken to hospital. I\ndidn't know the outcome if they survived or not. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From being overwhelmed and over\nsurprised without . . . just a surprise, just came as a surprise to each and\nevery one of it. Yes.\n\nMARTINO: When they liberated the camp. What happened to you?\n\nSTORCH: Well, first I could leave the gate immediately. But no, I want to be\nsure that they have put so much devotion with nurses and doctors to give us\nattention. I think it being so long, let me go through. And I've been through a physical.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: So they did bring medical people in.\n\nSTORCH: Yes, yes, yes.\n\nMARTINO: Were they Russians?\n\nSTORCH: They were Russians, yes, all the Russians. Many Jewish soldiers, which\nhave spoken Yiddish. I met one to and friendly. At those days, you wouldn't\nbelieve this, they were Russians. Their behavior towards us and soups and\neating. The treatment they have given us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was beyond my understanding. Just the\nway the Russians, I would not believe. Yes, they have proven together as people\njust wonderful.\n\nMARTINO: How long did you stay in the camp?\n\nSTORCH: Just a day.\n\nMARTINO: Then what would you do?\n\nSTORCH: Then I have a group of youngsters which they were close. Close with me.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must have about 15 boys, young ones. We went probably, I would say four or\nfive kilometers we have walked to a farm. We have taken over the farm.\n\nMARTINO: How old were those boys that you're talking about?\n\nSTORCH: My age, approximately. A year different.\n\nMARTINO: At that time you were how old?\n\nSTORCH: That was 1945. I was 19 years old. I had 17, 18 also, which they came to\nthe camp later. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All Polish, kids mostly from Lodz.\n\nMARTINO: Jewish?\n\nSTORCH: Sure. We spent in the farm about three days. I was the leader. I didn't\nlet them eat any kind of meat or any kind of milk. Nothing. I killed a bull with\nanother fellow. A bull . . . a blindfolded bull we took out the liver and the\nmilz [German: spleen]. I don't know if you know what milz is? We cooked it. Yes,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at those days. Well, I don't know. It probably wasn't outlawed. The fear of life\nand I couldn't probably look or watch anybody does any harm to an animal. We ate\nit, cooked on the water and we ate very, very dry food like cereal, in here. We\nhave survived and gained weight and swellness have disappeared. By leaving the\nfarm, the boys [had] still so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much hatred and in them [for] what had happen. The\nhatred came from probably too much frustration when they arrive home and they\nwon't meet anyone. The senses starts coming back. They want to burn the farm. I\nsaid, \"No, I wouldn't let them burn the farm.\" We have [started] traveling. Then\nthey say they go [indistinct: 1:21: possibly 'bunzaluer'] place where the bridge\nis. My patience wasn't there. I said, \"Boys, I will leave all in here.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We say\ngoodbye to one another and we have hope and pray that we'll see one another\nsometimes. Everybody wish everyone separately know that we find somebody, from\nour relatives, somebody who survived. That's was our wishes. I have traveled\nhome them left and behind.\n\nMARTINO: You went back to Poland?\n\nSTORCH: Yes, my desperation.\n\nMARTINO: How?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Through struggle, from train to train. Spend a day or two in\nPoznan[Poznań][Poland]. Then further, if I made it 40, 50 miles a day, it was a\nbig accomplishment for me. It took quite a while until I have arrived in Lodz.\nFrom Lodz, I took [indistinct: 1:22: possibly a German phrase] and came to\nOzorkow. But . . . when I have arrived in Ozorkow, there were a few Jewish\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have [come] back from the concentration camps. One was Jerry\nParson, he was a neighbor of mine, his wife. One Brumberg, which he lives in\nhere. An uncle of his was my landsman [Yiddish: someone from the same or nearby\nhometown] living in my hometown. I came in and I asked them whether they had\nseen anything or they had hear anything from my relatives, my oldest brother,\nwhich [was] running away to Russia. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's no, they didn't. I have said,\n\"Well, I'm taking over my home, where my parents, where we have lived, what had\nbelonged to us.\" I have run the Pole out, took it over. I could feel the hatred again.\n\nMARTINO: The Poles had been living at your parents' house?\n\nSTORCH: Yes, a friend of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine, which was supposed to be one of the friends, an\nold friend of mine, a Pole. He said maltic. You're still [indistinct: 1:24:\npossibly 'alive' in German].\n\nMARTINO: You're still alive.\n\nSTORCH: This means you still alive? I couldn't. I hear so many others that made\nsuch ugly comments about the Jews. That it's not, that just a handful, which\nwith the population was the tip of the town of the population that everybody\ngives you such an ugly welcome. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You felt you [did] not belong in here. You don't\nwant to stay in here. One choice I have . . . then they have carried out so many\nkilling on Jewish people. I figure we get four or five people in the city like\nOzorkow and our [lives] would be in jeopardy. Especially after I have taken over\nmy father's home. I got involved with the Russians and just felt like being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nRussian, politically. Start wearing a uniform and start getting papers, which it\nwas a mistake. But I start living with them.\n\nMARTINO: With the Russians.\n\nSTORCH: With the Russians. We start our own business. I used to take them with\nme to many places. One place was Walbrzych [Wałbrzych] [Poland]. It used to\nbelong to Poland. We used to bring all kind of black marketing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I use to sell. I\nsold it. I use to bring coal from the mines for the hospital. It's suppose to go\nto the hospital, I sold it on the black market. I made black market deal with\nall the soldiers.\n\nMARTINO: But you didn't find any one of your family? You were the only one left.\n\nSTORCH: Yes. Then after a while, I met my wife. She thought everything was fine.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She thought I [was] in the Russian army. But this is, I think, probably a couple\nof weeks later I tried to go to visit her because I was away from my hometown,\nprobably about 130 kilometers. I have a bodyguard with me. He made one mistake\nby shooting out of the train after the street cop. The KGB [Komitet\nGosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti] arrived arrested me and him and find false papers\nand a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish birth certificate. They could recognize my language. They\nimmediately could spot me, that's my Russian is not . . . the accent. I was put\nin solitary confinement for three weeks. In the meantime, spending the solitary\nconfinement in Lodz. My brother had [come] to Orozkow, Jack. How he came to\nOzorkow because he had met those same guys, which they were with me traveling on\ntrains. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He have introduced himself being Jack Storch. Some of the fellows knew\nmy name. And said, \"don't you have a brother who is a chubby fellow, an\nelectrician.\"Jack and Rudy Lansky, my cousin, they almost fainted. They stop the\ntrain and switch going to Europe. When they arrive they hear that I'm alive.\nWhen they came to Ozorkow while I was in solitary confinement by the Russians.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack find out that I am alive, that I am alive. I stood trial and I was\nreleased. I stood trial by a judge, which was a Jew. I made my representation,\nbeing a Jew, while I was involved. Luckily, about the same day. The same night,\nafter [being] release, we met in one hour. The following, yes, a night later we\nwent to Czechoslovakia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from then on we went back to Germany. I left Europe\nimmediately left everything behind.\n\nMARTINO: Your brother came with you?\n\nSTORCH: No, Jack went with me and Rudy Lansky, sure.\n\nMARTINO: And Dora [Gutman Storch]?\n\nSTORCH: That's right, yes. Her sister use to ask me is Dora going as your\nsecretary or whatever. I said, \"No.\" She said, \"Let's get married.\" I said, \"I\nhave to leave the country today.\" She said, \"There might be a Rabbi.\" So we have\na heck of a wedding. But anyway, and we left together, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jack and Dot and cousin\nRudy and myself. We left life in Czechoslovakia, but I was [fearful] that they\nwill pick me up the Russians, again. Want to see who I do associate [with]. I\nhad to get lost in Europe.\n\nMARTINO: Then from Czechoslovakia, where did you go?\n\nSTORCH: I came back to Germany, Bamberg, Germany.\n\nMARTINO: What happened their?\n\nSTORCH: Bamberg, Germany. My cousin have had a nice apartment and he was kind\nenough to let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us have it. Jack, had a nice, beautiful place in Konstaz\n[Germany]. It's on the Swiss border. He said, \"If you like to go with me, we\nwill live on the Swiss border. I got a place. Nice fixed up.\"\n\nMARTINO: How did they get a place? Wouldn't they have no money?\n\nSTORCH: They took it. So many German left. I said, \"I going to stick it out in\nBamberg.\" I like the city. It was 56 kilometers from Nuremberg [Germany]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ncould see a big city which is surrounded with so many American soldiers and\npeople from all walks of life. I say, \"I go make a living in here.\"\n\nMARTINO: You feel safe there?\n\nSTORCH: Oh, yes. Very much so. After a few days, I met with an American captain.\nCaptain Singer, and he happened to be . . . he was a provider for the American\nauthorities ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and uniforms, which they brought the families to Europe with their\nfamilies. He was in the housing, like the housing authority, to provide them\nwith nice quarters and homes which they were taken away from the Gestapo or the\nones that left the country. He was a real nice, liked me and my wife. We came\nhere with the little baby, Mary [Storch]. She was two years old. He put so much\ndevotion and so much care. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had provided us with a beautiful home among the\nAmerican families. One civilian, in which we were the civilian people, which we\nwere guarded 24 hours by the AMP [American Military Personnel]. We had a\nbeautiful home and we felt so comfortable. We will appreciate it. He was\nextremely nice. Then I have done my business and I've made a good living. I\npointed out, I have written in my manuscript what I have done for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a living. I\nhaven't killed anybody or harmed anybody. I don't like black marketing like\nanybody else. I didn't want to stay in the line or ask UNRRA [United Nations\nRelief and Rehabilitation Administration] or the American use to hand out some\nfree food, milk or whatever. I was too proud and too young. I [had] too much\nenergy in me to go ahead and sit back and become, again another recipient. I've\nbeen a recipient for five years to Germans. They hand me out packages. I figured\nI could stand up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do my own, which I had done and done it well.\n\nMARTINO: How long did you stay in Germany then?\n\nSTORCH: I stayed until the day I have left for the United States.\n\nMARTINO: You applied for visa?\n\nSTORCH: I applied. Going back as a child, under normal circumstances, my dreams\nin Europe, as a child was America. I just came under the circumstances which I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"haven't chosen. But my dreams were to come to the United States and under better\ncircumstances, because of my father's background and his stories. The beautiful\nstories he [told] about America.\n\nMARTINO: When did you come to the United States?\n\nSTORCH: I came in 1949, October. We settled in New Jersey. I didn't come here\nempty handed. We have bought an apartment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We picked out a beautiful television,\nwhich it was a novelty. We had never seen a television before, and I had more\njobs. If I could have [been] at three places at the same time. I had three\nbeautiful offers from my father's friends, which they were still alive. One was\nBlum and one [was[ Ronavitz.They came to my house, very friendly. Millionaires\nat those days, had possessed factories [in] Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey,\nall over the United States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They told me . . . about my father's life. My\nprofession, I told them I'm electrical engineer and I'm also in the textile\nindustry. I can work looms and I can work six looms. They both were so amazed. I\ntold them, \"I didn't come in here to put on you . . . any obligation. I'm young.\nI can do something. I can go work as an electrician.\" \"No,\" they said, \"they\nneed my profession.\" Which I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then convinced that I'm getting my monies . . .\nworth or they getting my monies, whatever they pay me. I put $8 [a hour for]\nwork, which was well paid. I make a damn good living. I was paid real good and I\nwas delighted.\n\nMARTINO: Did your brother come with you to the States at that time?\n\nSTORCH: Yes, we came together. Sure. Yes, we came together. We have relatives\nhere in Atlanta [Georgia], which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a brother of my stepmother, which my father\nwas always in contact with. He have [phoned] every night long distance. He\ndidn't leave us alone. He got a factory, a big one. He [said], \"I consider you\nas being my kids.\" All that . . . that wall of feelings. I told him, \"We brought\na little money. We don't need anything or anybody give us anything.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I explain,\n\"I have a good job.\" But the turn-on was they [had] a daughter and they find out\nthat Jack is single. That's the reason they got so warm-hearted. That's what I\ntold my uncle. Well, it didn't help. My aunt after two or three weeks later,\nthey couldn't convince me on the phone. She arrived in Paterson, New Jersey and\nshe spoke Yiddish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She just promised that to meet people in my caliber and the\nfactory even. I was frank with her, open-minded. I show her the checks I have\nmade. When people in Atlanta used to make 30, $40, I used to make $170 in\nPaterson, New Jersey. My wife couldn't spend even $30 if she wanted to. We could\nsee a future. We got freedom. Actually, that's the first experience we have\nliving free. In the work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and settled, finally, after so many years, you've got a\nfuture for your child. But she . . . convinced us that she would not leave\nPaterson, New Jersey until we packed everything up and we go with them. We\nbelong to the South. It was so difficult for me to face Mr. Blum and Mr.\nRonavitz. They were so nice. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To convince them that I'm leaving. There I have\narrived in here, they tried to show . . . the good side to be with me. I just\nfelt that I have an obligation to work there. Well, one day I finally asked Dot.\nShe said, \"Well, it's your relative, you have to make the decision.\" I said,\n\"How do you feel about it?\" She [said], \"Well, let's try.\" So she gave me a\nlittle upper hand to do so. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to meet with my boss when he was in town and\nI went to the office. I put it all on the table, that I have an uncle and he\nconvinces me that in the South. He was listening to me in Polish, he understood,\nYiddish he couldn't speak. When I explained him. He told me one thing I remember\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he said, \"You just came to America. You have run away from Hitlerism. To feel\nhatred in being deprived in the Polish living because you live there. You going\nto the South where there's . . .\" He mentioned the Ku Klux Klan [on] the rise\nhere and what was happening here, that we deprived of freedom in here. It took a\nchill over me, but I had to made the decision and almost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything packed. We\nhave brought from Germany three cases with crystal in [German word: 1:37]\nfigures. We have sent it to Atlanta. We give away everything, but what we\nhaven't given away disappeared, anyhow. We came down in here and we make the\ndecision. We stay with my uncle about week. I worked with him. It's came Friday.\nYou give me a check. I work with him from early in the morning until eight. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\ngive me 35, $40, something like that. Well, I forget it and figure I live,\nfigure this out, what the heck I got a little money. The second week the same\nthing. One day, I believe it was Friday or Saturday. I said, \"Uncle, let's take\na walk.\" He lived off Lincoln Street, off of Highland Avenue. Nice little home.\nI said, \"Uncle, Monday, I'm not going in with you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work.\" But we good friends,\nI said, \"Listen, I'm renting a place. I've already seen it. I'm going to move in\nand I don't want to live in your house. You know, it's too many people and I\ndon't want to have . . . any being obligated.\" Well, he started talking about .\n. . I said, \"Look, I'm not mad now.\" I showed Aunt Rose how much I'm making. We\nhave a nice place built. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She took me away, convinced me. I don't want nothing\nfrom you and we be good friends. \"What are you going to do?\" he said. \"I'm going\ninto business.\" He said, \"What are you going into business? You don't go so\nlong?\" That was the story, the continuation . . .\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you this. You were singled out for being a Jew, like so many\nother people were, that were in the Holocaust. How do you feel about that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Well, I didn't get quite . . . [understand] the question you have asked\nme to be singled out.\n\nMARTINO: Right. When you were young and the Holocaust began, you were singled\nout and your life was ripped apart because of being a Jew.\n\nSTORCH: Before the German occupation.\n\nMARTINO: Right. When the Germans came and they started to do what they did. What\nhappened to you? Happened to you because you were a Jew.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Correct, sure.\n\nMARTINO: How do you feel about that?\n\nSTORCH: How are I'm feeling now? I remember the feelings I had then. I was\nbetter of understanding because then religion came to my life from learning what\nI have learned. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to take another position, decide where I came from, from\nmy roots. What I have learned in our congregation and I was a believer [in] what\nthe Rabbi had told me. That we are the chosen people, we are God's kids. I was a\nbeliever, a strong believer, even in the Conservative wing. I was living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\njeopardy, actually, being hatred, every direction and everyone puts such a\nhatred to you. You could see. You could feel it. You could feel this thing.\nDefinitely. There's everywhere antisemitism. But people don't show, it's hidden.\nIf they don't like you, there'd be a smile. That was so obvious. If they could\nput a knife into you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do it. So were the Germans, so were the Poles. What\nyou felt being considered not a country and you were deprived of freedom was\nvery difficult. Even as a youngster, you could not understand because we were\nnot stateless. We were actually citizen, but what kind of citizen after you\nrealize you are a citizen, Polish citizen, born in the country. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which you are\ndeprived having a position in government. You couldn't even be a janitor in a\nPolish government position. You are deprived from all technical and professional\nfields in your life. They have driven the Jew to be a peddler or a poor\nbusinessman because you didn't have, doesn't matter, regardless, what kind of\nachievement or what you have achieved from your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge from your scholaring.\nYou didn't have any, you couldn't make any progress in life. It was a line\ndriven how far the Jew can go.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ever apply for and receive war reparations from the Germans?\n\nSTORCH: Serious subject. I did not receive any. Neither does my wife. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have\nlawyers which have represented me in Munich [Germany] while being in America. I\nwould not sign papers with what I had read. There are many stipulations there.\nLoss of relatives, no further claims. This goes all under one umbrella. Loss of\nyour belongings, which you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"claim in any kind of case or the statement that you\nhave lost prior to German, the Nazi occupation. Lack of schooling because you\nwere interrupted from education. But the point in time which you had been in a\nconcentration camp or whatever you have been, nothing have ever taken me. But I\nfelt if I have to sign, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't got a claim against the Germans every little\npoint. If there's 10 or 15 stipulations and I have to ok every stipulation, that\nGermans don't own me anything. I have spoken to my wife. I said the first of the\nmonth, I could picture we got big money coming. I opened the check. I'm going\nhave to cry. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because my feelings would have been that I sold my relatives for a\nlittle money, which would have buy probably for my kids a little sleep. No. I\nwas no millionaire. I wouldn't say this money wasn't affecting my life. But I\nrather it would work out. I would not want any blood money or sign a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"check or\nsign such claim with so many stipulations on my family and releasing all the\nclaims for money. No, I did not and neither would my wife. We did not appeal the case.\n\nMARTINO: Have you ever returned to Europe since the war?\n\nSTORCH: I have not, which I desperately look forward to go back with my son.\n\nMARTINO: You would want to go back?\n\nSTORCH: Definitely, I presume this year I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will go back. I'm planning to, not to\nretire, but giving up my business, which I'm right now for short period of time\nand take my son with me to the point, Auschwitz.\n\nMARTINO: You would go back to Auschwitz?\n\nSTORCH: Direct to Auschwitz, then to my hometown and want to show them the\nplaces like Chelm, and the rest where my relatives were massacred, which I every\npoint and every direction. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nMARTINO: When you go to an event or to a particular place, sometimes when you\nsleep, you'll have memories of your experiences in the war?\n\nSTORCH: I did have for a while. Yes, I did have a good while then it's released\nalmost completely, like released from it. Yes, I lived in the beginning very\ndifficult. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I use to get up three, four o'clock in the morning. I wish I would be\na man which would enjoy a drink, which I never have by myself. Probably if\nsomebody else along with me to have [as] company, I probably would enjoy a drink\nor two. But that was not my custom. Yes, I was very disturbed. Time went by when\nI started working in the food business, the time has not my time, the\nlimitation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As busy as I [was], it didn't allow me to get enough sleep into\ndream. I believe my tireless responsibility to my family, I believe they taken\nover and blocked off the little black box. There was periods I went through when\nI had given up the business and I find more leisure time and more relaxed and\nless work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I felt so much more occupied with my mind working again,\nspinning again because of my occupation. My time was limited daily for five\nhours a day in the necessity of working, but my dreams would have disappeared.\nBut recently, that's just a few months ago, and I have written the same day when\nI got up, I said, \"I'm not doing nothing after breakfast.\" I go to the office\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if I remember the things I have seen, I have to write. It came to me in my\ndream, the reality I couldn't touch with my hand. I've been in Auschwitz,\nsurrounded with electric wires. I could see the crematorium, and the washrooms.\nI read the poems. I have written poems which I have read, which they would never\nstrike me under normal circumstances. I have recognized a man's name, Heimliski.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which if not for the dream, I probably wouldn't. If Jack wouldn't say who he\nwas. I don't believe we would have. It would have take us a long time to\ncorrespond or to pinpoint who he was. I've written poems which I have read on\nthe walls. I have read that fellow, which I have recognized from my hometown,\nwhich he had died, working the crematorium and how desperate he was for\nsurvival. He had described on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his writing on the wall in the washroom. \"All I\npossess and all I can leave. It's the only little writing and the little pen\ndoesn't even belong to me or the pencil, but they don't give me a life.\" He\ncaught TB, he has written, he caught TB and cannot survive. He know this has\ncome, hours, and he cannot get any help. He have done anything possible for him.\nHe said the final goodbye, but then they have to carry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him to the crematorium, they will\nnever give me a life because he worked there. It was very disturbing. I had the\nfollowing day a terrible thing, which Dot asked me and I don't like to put\npressure on her. She is silent and I told her, \"I just have a bad night.\" She\nhad the message, we don't discuss any, anything. But I just told her I couldn't\nsleep. She could hear me walking the floors. I was very disturbed the following\nday too. In a long, long time, I didn't have a dream. But I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see Auschwitz.\nI just touched Auschwitz.\n\nMARTINO: You say you don't discuss your war experience with your wife. Ever?\n\nSTORCH: No, we do not. We do not watch pictures. She is . . . why I don't. I\nknow she hiding her experiences and she was in Auschwitz. She is getting\nirritated. I live on daily basis. My [brain] spins every day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a\ndepressing thing, but some touchy things are which depresses me every time I\nthink of them I probably drop a tear. Not talking only, but just thinking about\nsome little thing. Crematorium or where they buried the kids in Chelm. She hide.\nShe don't . . . she hides actually. She don't want to talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it but\nsometimes a film or whatever, right away she disappears. I don't want to put any\nburden on her because I know she is getting depressed, so I live with it and we\ndo not discuss much.\n\nMARTINO: Do you think that another Holocaust is possible?\n\nSTORCH: I hope not. There no nationality. I don't wish upon anyone. My biggest\nenemy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That any nationality or a human being should go through what I have lived\nthrough and experienced in my life. How destructive it can be in your life. It's\ngot you [living] a confused life. As long as, humanity hold up, will hold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in\nyour memories will still spin. It's a horrible way of living. No, I hope not.\nRegardless, I would hate to make a comment on that, but I hope not.\n\nMARTINO: How important is the existence of the state of Israel?\n\nSTORCH: Very important, I believe, to Jewish people, because when we were\nliberated, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we felt we were liberated to freedom. Still we were considered\nstateless. Going through what we went through, camps and discrimination and in\nsuch a downfall of our nationality. Of our roots being rooted out in Eastern\nEurope. In watching the displaced persons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at DP [Displaced Person] camps in Germany, the\ncircumstances of the survivors that live. I would not live that life. To me then\nas I had looked at life, it wouldn't be worth living through such a terrible war\nsuch a terrible experience and to live still in the way that you get a handout.\nI don't know maybe I was, I looked at the world different. I didn't want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any\nhandout, but people that still depend. They are still under the wires. There's\nstill gates, the depending to bring in the bread and the food. In the German\noutside world there's your enemy, still live in beautiful home, surrounded with\nflowers and with all it possible, beautiful life. The displaced person, you\ncould feel them, that you are stateless, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who want you. I have realized Poland\ndon't want me. I'm a citizen born there, where else. Who else want me. Yes, we\nfelt this we need a state. In those days, in the late forties when I had lived\nin Germany, perhaps even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beside the desperation. Put the desperation aside,\nbecause there were different circumstances for me, wanted to come to the United\nStates very desperate. But the picture have changed. If there would have be a\nIsrael, I feel I belong to Israel. Those are not the days when I was young and\nthought about my father's life. Life has changed. My father is gone, all those\ndreams. I have to build a future for my kids, where my kids[going] to have\nfreedom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and don't have to face the Holocaust like I have. That was my thinking.\nI would be definitely, I believe I would have would taken the step going to\nIsrael. But my application, everything was stopped before 1947, my physical and\neverything was proceeding, which I couldn't change and we set ourselves up for\nAmerica. Otherwise, yes, I would. I think I would probably be in Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freedom\nwas, we were looking actually for free, breathing free and not to be harassed\nfor what you stand for or for your nationality more than pride or gold in all\nthe corners. That was object for the future generation. For myself, I care very\nlittle. I've been through it and I can withhold it. But for my kids, I did want\nto build a freedom, breath free air which I didn't have it in my life.\n\nMARTINO: Is there anything else you might want to add that we haven't discussed?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STORCH: Well, there are, I doubt. We have discussed, I believe, the life\ncircumstances of living in Europe and under the Germans. I have many more other\nexperiences which the details would have probably . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have other experiences\nwith which I have written about which somebody. I don't care to hate. I don't\ncare to hate what was done to me because I could assume the good side. I have\nbeen in Gorlitz. I have worked for a German lady, which was a major of Gestapo,\nhigh ranking Gestapo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After she had learned me. She had lived in a house where\nthey have marched the kids in the morning to work in the hundred and thousands\nwith the Holland shoe. She was always standing by the window in the morning and\nlooking out and cried and cried because she see young kids under the machine\nguns. But the German [Der] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sturmer [Stürmer]. The propaganda was always in the\ncity of Gorlitz, that the kids you see marching here in the streets, are\nEuropean kids we're picking from Eastern Europe, Hungary, and Poland and other\nplaces. Their families, fathers, mothers and brothers have committed crimes\nagainst the German people in the street. We have impounded the kids and we're\nmaking the slave. That release your guilt from those which you see the\nsuffering. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The propaganda was strong. Which Dr. Alfred have written [in the]\nStrumer. That woman have told me all about it. When I worked for her two days,\nshe got with me as close as could be. She had allowed me to take a shower and\nshe asked me [if] I'm Jewish. I couldn't convince her that I'm Jewish because\nshe had never seen a Jew. The only way she had described. She could picture a\nJew, the ones she seen pictured in the Sturmer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the German propaganda paper.\nThe Jew with the long clothing and with the beard and filthy and what have you.\nShe had met somebody which doesn't resemble a Jew, according to her knowledge,\nand who spoke the German. She had asked me from what I do, speak such nice\nGerman, whatever. But anyhow, she had open her heart and you could see that she\ncan, even if she was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enemy of mine before she knew me. She became so\nfriendly. You can change people. Instead of working in her house probably eight\nto ten days I work for weeks. She had sent an accommodation letter to my\nsuperior in Gorlitz of the beautiful work I have done and she needs more work\nand she has extend. Being a major wife, she could have done anything. She had, I\nbelieve in the weeks I have worked for her give me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more vitamins and so much to\nmy survival. You learn people individually, you get a different opinion. It's\njust like two Soviet state, the Russian and American. If they were to shake\nhands, we get to know one another. They were to share probably the same\ncigarette instead of being enemy, killed one another, not knowing each other.\nThis I feel about life and about the world. If you get know one another, it's\ncompletely different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ballgame.\n\nMARTINO: Well Marty, I want to thank you for your time.\n\nSTORCH: Well, it was my pleasure. I just wish I could say something nice.\n\nMARTINO: Well, we recognize how difficult the subject is, and it's very\nimportant for us to have this recording.\n\nSTORCH: It is. I hope this recording shall remain for many, many generations,\ngenerations to come. And such a horrible thing should never happen in our kids\nor grandkids. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/transcript/40053/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The generations to come should never have live in my place.\nBeliefs or not beliefs.\n\nMARTINO: Thank you.\n\nSTORCH: My pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=7230.0,7260.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before the ghetto was set up Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940 almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. There were three well-known synagogues in Lodz. The orthodox synagogue, the Alte Shul [Polish: Old Town] or the Stara [Polish: old] synagogue, was a tall, very beautiful wooden structure that opened in 1860. The Great Synagogue [Polish: Wielka Synagoga; often referred to as ‘The Temple’) was a reform synagogue that opened in 1881. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city. A third synagogue, the Vilker Shul, was opened in 1899. All three were completely burned and demolished on November 14-15, 1939 during the German invasion of Lodz. The Great Synagogue of Łódź [Polish: Wielka Synagoga w Łodzi) was built for the reform congregation in 1881 with funds from wealthy local industrialists including I.K. Posnanski. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city. It was known as the ‘Great Synagogue’ but often referred to as ‘The Temple,’ or the Schnaydershul [Yiddish: tailor’s synagogue], the Shustershul [Yiddish: cobbler’s synagogue] and as the Synagogue of the Tailors and the Cobblers. It was completely burned down on November 14-15, 1939. Established in 1892, the Lodz Jewish Cemetery (also known as the “New Jewish Cemetery” and commonly referred to as the “cemetery at Marysin”) was once the largest Jewish cemetery in Poland and one of the largest in the world. It was enclosed in the western portion of the ghetto. The cemetery remained in use during the ghetto’s existence and largely survived the war. A second, smaller cemetery was also enclosed in the eastern portion of the ghetto. The Old Jewish Cemetery had been established in 1811 but few people were buried there after the New Jewish Cemetery had been established. During the war, some of the headstones were pulled down and, by the 1960s, it had been entirely covered over by developers. On December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. Chaim Rumkowski, an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the Judenrat. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and toadie. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000. Of the over 41,000 Jews who were also consolidated in the Lodz ghetto from the fall of 1941: 2,900 came from the Kujawy region; 18,000 to 18,500 came from localities near Lodz; and 19,954 arrived from Prague, Vienna, Luxembourg, Berlin, Dusseldorf, Emden, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Cologne. West European Jews, in particular, found adjusting to the ghetto’s economic realities difficult. About half never found jobs. West European Jews were also overrepresented among the tens of thousands who died in the ghetto from starvation and disease. About 50 percent of the deaths between October 1941 and May 1942 were West European Jews. Despite grim living conditions, the Lodz ghetto sustained a variety of cultural activities. Religious observance continued until September 1942. Poets, writers and musicians presented works in soup kitchens and at a cultural hall. The cultural events enabled individuals to forget their isolation, hunger, and despair for a time. Until October 1941, an Education Department operated within the ghetto. About 14,800 students attended more than 40 schools. While the classrooms were overcrowded and ill equipped, the schools managed to provide an important environment of normalcy for the children who attended them. At school, the children also received one meal a day, which often meant the difference between life and death. After the fall of 1941, the schools ceased to exist, and their buildings were occupied by the influx of people brought into the already overcrowded ghetto. From then on, education was conducted partly in secret and partly under the guise of professional training for workers. Children as young as ten went to work in the ghetto’s workshops, which became new schools for vocational training, Yiddish, arithmetic, and a little general education. Until the September 1942 deportations, health services in the ghetto functioned relatively normally with seven hospitals and multiple pharmacies, clinics and emergency rooms. Some 2,306 children were born in the Lodz ghetto during its existence. Approximately 13,000 people were sent to 160 forced labor camps from Lodz. In the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals. In October 1940, authorities began to develop workshops in the ghetto. By July 1942, there were 74 ghetto workshops. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Over 53,000 workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops. In October 1940, the Lodz ghetto’s Central Prison was established in on Czarnieckiego Street. The prison consisted of several brick and wooden buildings surrounded by a wall and a wire fence. The prison was managed by the Jewish police force and housed Jews who were suspected of crime such as theft or bribery. Poles caught trading goods illegally or smuggling food to the ghetto were occasionally sent to the prison. The Kripo also sent Jews to the prison who were found smuggling or escaping. The location was also an assembly point for people destined for the Nazi labor and death camps. The first deportation began in December 1940 where about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. From January to May 1942 another wave of deportations took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to Chelmno death camp and murdered. On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion, three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto—Lagiewnicka, Drenowska and Wesola Streets—were surrounded and brutally emptied by the Germans. The children’s hospital on Lagiewnicka Street was four stories tall and the Germans, rather than walking up and down the stairs with the children, just threw them out the window to the street below. Even as they emptied the hospitals, the Germans surrounded the ghetto streets and brutally dragged another 16,000 Jews from their homes. After that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Approximately 13,000 people were sent from Lodz to 160 forced labor camps, established mainly near Poznan, to construct the Autobahn to Frankfurt an der Oder. During the war, the parish house of the St. Mary Assumption’s Church was the location of the German police criminal unit, called the Kripo. The inhabitants of the ghetto called that particular police station \"The Red House\" (\"Rote Haus\"), in reference to the red bricks it was made of and what it represented, a place of torture. The German Kripo post was appointed on May 19, 1940. Initially, the Kripo was to fight smuggling and to watch that no one entered or left the ghetto without permission. However, detecting and confiscating property hidden by the ghetto inhabitants gradually became its main task. The Kripo also had a network of Jewish informers that provided information on who might have hidden valuables. A Jewish police unit, which guarded the jail, was housed on the ground floor. There was one isolated cell that held one person, and six other cells. The Kripo had the authority to carry out searches at any time, day or night. They routinely beat and tortured their victims to get people to talk. In the ghetto, the “Red House\" was tantamount to a torture chamber. Upon entering, a person was typically left dead or disabled. More often than not, the family would receive information about the sudden death of an arrestee. In 1943, the Kripo was structurally connected to the Gestapo and started to prosecute political offences as well. This police station operated in the ghetto until the end of the war. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. After the major Aktion in September 1942, the Lodz ghetto was turned into a work camp. By August 1942, there were almost 100 factories within the ghetto. The major factories produced textiles. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops and received only meager food rations from their employers. By August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Chaim Rumkowski and his family went on the August 30, 1944 transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he was murdered. His gamble that some Jews could survive through work did not take into account the Germans desire to kill all the Jews, even if they could work. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorkow [Polish: Ozorków] was a textile manufacturing community in central Poland, 16 miles (26 km) north of Lodz. Before World War II, Ozorkow was less than 95 miles (150 km) east of the German border. At the outbreak of World War II, the town had about 15,000 inhabitants, including just over 5,000 Jews and the rest being about equal parts German and Polish. Before the war, Jews were prominent as owners and workers. Aside from several large factory owners, a significant portion of the Jews worked in home-based weaving. In the 1930s, Meir Fogel operated Szelser enterprises, the largest factory in Ozorkow. This factory employed more than 3,000 employees, including 150 Jews. In addition to the two large synagogues, the Great Synagogue and the Bet ha-Midrash, there were shtieblach (ḥasidic houses of prayer) in Ozorkow. The last rabbi of the community was Rabbi David Behr. In the 1930s the Jews were the target of much antisemitism as the Poles blamed them for the general economic situation, which was bad. In 1935 and 1936, the synagogue and Jewish cemetery were vandalized and damaged. After the German occupation in September 1939, the Polish and German populations in Orzokow turned openly against the Jews. World War II began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Fierce battles over Ozorkow took place and many residents—including Jews—were killed. Initially the Germans were forced to retreat, but finally took the city on September 5 or 7, 1939. A Judenrat was established in Ozorkow shortly after the German occupation began in September 1939. A Jewish police force was established in Ozorkow in the winter of 1940-1941. An open ghetto was established in Ozorkow in the summer of 1941. About half of the Jews in Ozorkow lived in the ghetto while the rest were able to continue living elsewhere in town until the end of 1941. The ghetto was in the Wiatraki suburb of Ozorkow along what are now as Partyzantow, Polna and Krasicki and Streets. Meanwhile, Jews from the surrounding areas, including the towns of Piatk and Parczew, were being resettled and concentrated in Ozorkow. By early 1942, there were around 5,000 Jews living there. Over 1,000 Jews worked outside the ghetto in a German factory. In 1941 many Jews from Ozorkow were sent to labor camps in Poznan (Poland) and the surrounding area. In the spring of 1941, several hundred young Jews mostly between the ages of 17 and 21 were rounded up and sent to forced labor camps near Gdansk and Poznan. On April 25, 1942, the Germans ordered that 8 or 10 Jews be publicly hanged on the market square, forcing the Jewish Police to participate in the executions. The same day, armed Gendarmes and SS men sorted the Jews in the Orzokow ghetto into two groups. About half of the ghetto population—mostly young children and adolescents—were sent on trucks to the Chelmno extermination camp. Between May 21 and 23, 1942, about 2,000 Jews were deported to the Chelmno death camp and murdered. On May 21-22, 1942, 1,387 Jews were sent to Lodz as laborers. A final selection took place in August 1942, when 1,800 Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto to work and all the others were killed. When the Germans occupied Ozorkow in 1939, a local man named Israel Frydman and his nephew, Tobias Drajhorn, hid their synagogue’s Torah in the attic of a small prayer house. Frydman did not survive the Holocaust, but Drajhorn returned to Ozorkow after the war and retrieved the Torah. In 1975, Rubin Lansky (a survivor who came from Ozorkow) and his wife Lola (a survivor from the same area) learned about the Torah and made arrangements for it to be brought to the United States. In August 1977, the Torah was dedicated at the Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Storch was a brother of Marty Storch. He was born in Ozorkow, Poland about 1927 and survived the concentration camps at Auschwitz and Birkenau. He immigrated with his brother, Marty to the United States in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Jack and Marty opened and grocery store together. He later built apartment buildings. Jack and his wife Janine had two children, Dominique and Rael. He passed away on September 24, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Tov is Hebrew for the Jewish holidays or Jewish festivals that are observed in Judaism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorkow [Polish: Ozorków] was a textile manufacturing community in central Poland, 16 miles (26 km) north of Lodz. Before World War II, Ozorkow was less than 95 miles (150 km) east of the German border. At the outbreak of World War II, the town had about 15,000 inhabitants, including just over 5,000 Jews and the rest being about equal parts German and Polish. Before the war, Jews were prominent as owners and workers. Aside from several large factory owners, a significant portion of the Jews worked in home-based weaving. In the 1930s, Meir Fogel operated Szelser enterprises, the largest factory in Ozorkow. This factory employed more than 3,000 employees, including 150 Jews. In addition to the two large synagogues, the Great Synagogue and the Bet ha-Midrash, there were shtieblach (ḥasidic houses of prayer) in Ozorkow. The last rabbi of the community was Rabbi David Behr. In the 1930s the Jews were the target of much antisemitism as the Poles blamed them for the general economic situation, which was bad. In 1935 and 1936, the synagogue and Jewish cemetery were vandalized and damaged. After the German occupation in September 1939, the Polish and German populations in Orzokow turned openly against the Jews. World War II began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Fierce battles over Ozorkow took place and many residents—including Jews—were killed. Initially the Germans were forced to retreat, but finally took the city on September 5 or 7, 1939. A Judenrat was established in Ozorkow shortly after the German occupation began in September 1939. A Jewish police force was established in Ozorkow in the winter of 1940-1941. An open ghetto was established in Ozorkow in the summer of 1941. About half of the Jews in Ozorkow lived in the ghetto while the rest were able to continue living elsewhere in town until the end of 1941. The ghetto was in the Wiatraki suburb of Ozorkow along what are now as Partyzantow, Polna and Krasicki and Streets. Meanwhile, Jews from the surrounding areas, including the towns of Piatk and Parczew, were being resettled and concentrated in Ozorkow. By early 1942, there were around 5,000 Jews living there. Over 1,000 Jews worked outside the ghetto in a German factory. In 1941 many Jews from Ozorkow were sent to labor camps in Poznan (Poland) and the surrounding area. In the spring of 1941, several hundred young Jews mostly between the ages of 17 and 21 were rounded up and sent to forced labor camps near Gdansk and Poznan. On April 25, 1942, the Germans ordered that 8 or 10 Jews be publicly hanged on the market square, forcing the Jewish Police to participate in the executions. The same day, armed Gendarmes and SS men sorted the Jews in the Orzokow ghetto into two groups. About half of the ghetto population—mostly young children and adolescents—were sent on trucks to the Chelmno extermination camp. Between May 21 and 23, 1942, about 2,000 Jews were deported to the Chelmno death camp and murdered. On May 21-22, 1942, 1,387 Jews were sent to Lodz as laborers. A final selection took place in August 1942, when 1,800 Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto to work and all the others were killed. When the Germans occupied Ozorkow in 1939, a local man named Israel Frydman and his nephew, Tobias Drajhorn, hid their synagogue’s Torah in the attic of a small prayer house. Frydman did not survive the Holocaust, but Drajhorn returned to Ozorkow after the war and retrieved the Torah. In 1975, Rubin Lansky (a survivor who came from Ozorkow) and his wife Lola (a survivor from the same area) learned about the Torah and made arrangements for it to be brought to the United States. In August 1977, the Torah was dedicated at the Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a country in central Europe. In September 1939, the German and Soviet Union invasion of Poland marked the start of World War II. After the capital Warsaw fell, the country was divided into two zones, one German occupied and the other occupied the Soviet Union. The Nazi forces set up six concentration camps within Poland and millions of Jews were transported to the camps and killed in the camps. After WWII, Poland came under the influence of the Soviet Union and operated under a communist government. In 1989, the Solidarity movement lead to the collapse of the communist government in Poland and influence much of the eastern Europe communist governments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003eAdolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003cbr\u003eHitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003eHitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Luftwaffe was the part of the German military responsible for the air defense during World War II. It was formally created in 1935. The Treaty of Versailles, signed after World War I, banned Germany from possessing warplanes. Much of the work on the Luftwaffe was carried out by civilian aircraft and private paramilitary groups. By the start of World War II, the Luftwaffe was considered one of the best air forces in the world. Herman Göring was the commander of the Luftwaffe. Over three million men served in the Luftwaffe’s air force, air defense, and paratrooper units from 1939 to 1945. In 1946, after the victory of the Allied powers, the Luftwaffe was disbanded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaterson, New Jersey is the county seat of Passaic County and the third largest city in the state of New Jersey. It is located on the Passaic River. It is also known as the “Silk City” for its role in silk production during the 19th century. During World War II, Paterson played an important role in the aircraft engine industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDetroit, Michigan is the largest city in the state of Michigan and the county seat of Wayne county Michigan. Detroit is known for it’s contribution to the automotive industry, music, art and architecture. The city is a major port on the Detroit River and largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe four post refers to the vanguard or advance guard that are part of an advancing military. They were generally responsible for seeking out the enemy or securing ground for the advancing main force.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sturmabteilung, also known as the “Storm Troopers,” “Brown Shirts,” or “SA,” was the paramilitary of the Nazi Party commanded by Ernst Röhm and responsible for helping Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s. By 1934, tensions within the party saw Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel) replace Rohm and the Sturmabteilung’s position as the dominant organization within the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reichsautobahn system was the beginning of the German autobahns which were built under the Nazi Germany. The plans for the autobahns dated to the 1920s with initial construction started in 1929. When Adolph Hitler came to power, he claimed the program has his own and embraced the construction of the highway network. In 1933, construction began simultaneously at multiple sites throughout Germany. The first stretch between Frankfurt and Darmstadt opened in May 1935 with the first 620 miles completed by September 1936. When worked ceased in 1941 due to World War II 2373.5 miles had been completed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChelmno was the first death camp in Poland. It was opened in December 1941. It was an experiment to see if bringing the Jews to a site was more efficient that sending the Einsatzgruppen to find them, one community at a time. It was. The Jews were brought to the village of Chelmno to a manor house, where they were told to take off their clothes and leave their belongings. Then they were loaded onto trucks about 50 to 70 at a time. The trucks were specially modified so that the exhaust gas didn’t go out the tailpipe but was directed up into the sealed cargo area where the Jews were loaded. As the truck drove from the village to the camp site where the mass graves were the Jews died of carbon monoxide poisoning or suffocation. When the truck arrived at the forest camp the bodies were unloaded, thrown into the mass graves and then the truck returned for more. It took about 20 minutes to make the one-way trip. Many of the Jews murdered there came from Lodz, which was about 60 miles away as well as many other small Jewish communities in the area. In March 1943, it was closed and the graves dug up, the bodies burned, and the ashes returned to the pits. Then in April 1944 it was opened again briefly to receive and murder the last Jews from Lodz. Altogether, at least 125,000 Jews were murdered there although the number is probably higher. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzarnieckiego Prison was located in the Lodz ghetto. Chaim Rumkowski, the head of the Jewish Council of Elders in Lodz ghetto, ordered it be built in October 1940 for Jewish prisoners. The prison was managed by the Jewish police force and individuals were imprisoned here for all types of charges. Some prisoners temporarily taken by the Kripo and Gestapo were held here. The prison was also an assembly point for people being sent to the Nazi concentration camps. The prison was torn down after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKriminalpolizei, often abbreviated as Kripo was the German name for the criminal investigation department under the Nazis. The Kripo consisted of the Reich Criminal Police Department and in 1939 became Department V of the Reich Security Main Office. They mostly consisted of plainclothes detectives and agents and worked in conjunction with the Gestapo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Arbeit Macht Frei” is a German phrase meaning “work makes [you] free.” The slogan is known for having been placed over the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps, including most infamously Auschwitz I, where it was made by prisoners with metalwork skills and erected by order of the Nazis in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSelection (German: Selektion) is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt was common practice in concentration camps for gold teeth and gold fillings to be removed from victims before their bodies were cremated or buried. Along with other gold valuables such as jewelry, the gold would then be melted down and reused by the German Reich. Allied soldiers found piles of teeth and fillings when they liberated many of the camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eScharfuhrer/ scharführer was a title or rank in the Germany military. The term can be traced to World War I and later became most recognizable as a rank of the SS and a title of the Sturmabteilung (SA). Scharführer initially it was associated with shock troopers and other special force soldiers. Between 1925-1945 it was more widely used by the Nazi Party paramilitary organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe blockalteste refers to the block elder or inmate responsible for a single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a disease spread by lice, fleas or mites. During World War II, typhus epidemics killed many individuals in POW camps, ghettos and in concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information can be found on a Dr. Heidenreich or Heidenreich related to Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information can be found on a Dr. Kremer or Kremer related to Auschwitz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German SS officer and physician during World War II. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes bloody diarrhea. It usually caused by a parasite or bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika, which means “good fortune” or “well-being” It first appears to have been used in Eurasia, as early as 7000 years ago. The symbol experienced a resurgence in the 19th century due to growing interest in Europe for the ancient civilizations of Near East and India. The symbol was later taken up by racist groups as a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. The Nazi Party was not the only party to use the symbol in Germany. The swastika has become associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZyklon B was originally used in Germany before and during World War II for disinfection and pest extermination in ships, buildings and machinery. After the end of August 1941, Zyklon B was used in Auschwitz, first experimentally, and then routinely, as an agent of mass annihilation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRumors that the Nazis produced soap from the bodies of concentration camp inmates circulated widely during the war. Germany suffered a shortage of fats during World War II, and the production of soap was put under government control. The human soap rumors may have originated from the bars of soap being marked with the initials “RIF,” which was interpreted by some as meaning “Reich-Juden-Fett” (“State Jewish Fat”). In German the \"i\" and \"j\" are often used interchangeably. In fact, “RIF” stood for “Reichsstelle für Industrielle Fettversorgung” (“National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning,” the German government agency responsible for wartime production and distribution of soap and washing products). RIF soap was a poor-quality substitute product that contained no fat at all, human or otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Goebbels was the Propaganda Minister in the Third Reich. He committed suicide with his entire family in the Hitler bunker on May 19, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHermann Goering [German: Göring] (1893-1946) was a German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi party (NSDAP). A member of the Nazi Party from its early days, Goering was one of Hitler’s inner circle during the Nazi years. Goering was wounded in 1923, during the failed coup known as the “Beer Hall Putsch.” He became permanently addicted to morphine after being treated with the drug for his injuries. After helping Hitler take power in 1933, he became the second-most powerful man in Germany. He founded the Gestapo (German secret police) in 1933, and later gave command of it to Heinrich Himmler. In 1935, he became commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe (German air force) but fell from grace when the German air force was decimated by the Allied forces. He was also responsible for the economy in the buildup to World War II. Goering was known for his acquisition of property and artwork stolen from Jewish victims of the Holocaust. In 1941 Hitler had appointed Goering as his successor, but after his fall from grace, in the last days of the Third Reich, Hitler selected Admiral Karl Doenitz (German: Dönitz) instead. Goering was captured, put on trial in the Nuremberg in 1946, convicted, and sentenced to be hung. Goering, however, had managed to smuggle a cyanide capsule into the prison, which he took, committing suicide before he could be hung. Goering’s first wife was Carin Fock. She was already married to Baron Niels Gustav von Kantzow when they met. She divorced Kantzow and married Goering in 1923. She died in 1931. Goering made a shrine to her in their home, Carinhall. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSonderkommando [German: special command or detail] refers to several types of special units during World War II. The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish Sonderkommando units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhlhausen [German: Mühlhausen] was part of the Buchenwald group of sub-camps. The prisoners worked in the Geratbau GmbH, a subsidiary of the clock making firm Thiel, Ruhla, which manufactured timers and precision instruments, and the Junkers aircraft company, which produced detonators and precision instruments. The camp was located in northwest Germany about 75 miles (120 km) west of Leipzig, near the town of Muhlhausen. The factory had originally utilized Polish forced laborers, who were housed in the so-called Camp B. Camp B was about 1.6 miles (2.5 km) away from the factory, on the edge of the Muhlhausen city forest. As the war drug on, Polish workers became scarcer. Following a private discussion between a representative of Geratbau and the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, the establishment of a sub-camp for 500 female employees was agreed upon. The camp opened at the beginning of September 1944. Muhlhausen was under the command of SS-Sturmführer Otto Baus. Twenty-three women were selected from Geratbau’s staff as guards and trained at Ravensbruck concentration camp in August and September 1944. An advance detachment of guards from Buchenwald arrived in Muhlhausen in August along with 12 guards recruited from the SS and Wehrmacht. The first 8 female guards arrived in early September and were soon followed by the remainder from Ravensbruck. The female overseer (Oberaufseherin) was a transport leader named Bassler. In early September 1944, 300 Hungarian Jews from the Lodz ghetto arrived in Muhlhausen. On October 30, 1944, another 200 young Hungarian and Polish women who had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau from different ghettos arrived at Muhlhausen. Only a few of the female prisoners remained in the camp to work: the camp elder, Sara Feldman; 17 women in charge of the food, kitchen and storeroom; 8 women in charge of cleaning the barracks; and 3 nurses who assisted an SS medical orderly in the infirmary. The remainder of the women worked in 12-hour shifts and had to march to the factory from Camp B, where the barracks were. In addition to long hours at work and catastrophic hygiene conditions, the women had to endure the daily walk to and from the factory in freezing cold weather in completely inadequate clothing. Even the camp leader, Baus, complained to Buchenwald that the women could not work efficiently without shoes and underwear. In February 1945 the women were evacuated to Celle, Germany, and driven on foot the 9 miles (15 km) to Bergen-Belsen. Bergen-Belsen was liberated on April 15, 1945 at which time 80% of the women who had been sent there from Muhlhausen had died. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. The biggest group of those deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau was Jews from more than 20 European countries. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with a letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” is a racial slur often used to refer to Roma, [singular Rom; also called Romany]. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri family groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. As a traditionally nomadic group, Roma have often been viewed as outsiders. For centuries, Roma were scorned and persecuted across Europe. Among the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti, and Lalleri (Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews. Some 23,000 Roma in the Greater German Reich were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At least 19,000 died there. Uniquely, entire families were housed together in a special compound that was called the \"Gypsy family camp.\" In the spring of 1944, camp leadership decided to murder the inhabitants of the Gypsy compound. After transferring as many as 3,000 Roma capable of work to Auschwitz I and other concentration camps, the SS killed the remaining inmates on August 2, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGorlitz [German: Görlitz] was a Jewish forced labor camp also known as “Biesnitzer Grund.” It was located in Biesnitz, a village southwest of Görlitz, which is a town in present-day eastern Germany, on the Polish border. The camp was under the control of Organisation Schmelt from May 1943 to January 1944. In August 1944, the camp had become a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen and 225 Jewish prisoners were sent to Gorlitz from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Between 500 and 800 Jews from the dissolved Lodz ghetto arrived in the camp via Auschwitz-Birkenau on September 5, 1944. By December 1944, approximately 1,500 male and female prisoners were in the camp. Some of the prisoners made armored vehicles and others worked in a brick-making factory. The living and food conditions were terrible, and the death rate was very high. The camp was forcibly evacuated on February 18, 1945 as the Russian army advanced. The march took three weeks and wound through the villages of Kunnerwitz, Friedersdorf, Sohland, and Alterndorf to Rennersdorf. When they arrived at Rennersdorf the Germans decided they wanted all the prisoners back at Gorlitz and they were marched back. The Russians liberated the camp on May 8, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the war, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was not allowed into concentration camps like Dachau. However, the German Red Cross was. While the ICRC tried to work with the German Red Cross to help camp prisoners, the German Red Cross itself was under Nazi control and obstructed many attempts of the ICRC to help concentration camp inmates. In the last days of the war, ICRC delegates were able to take advantage of the chaos within the Nazi regime and were able to go inside the camps at Turckheim, Dachau, and Mauthausen for the first time, but by then could only offer limited help to the survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoznan (Poznań), Poland is located in west-central Poland and the fifth-largest city and one of the oldest cities in Poland. During the German occupation from 1939-1945, the city was incorporated into the Nazi Germany as the capital of Reichsgau Wartheland. The Jewish population prior to World War II was about 2000 with most murdered in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalbrzych (Wałbrzych) Poland is located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwest Poland. It is about 30 kilometres (19 miles) from the Czech border. It was once a major coal mining and industrial center. The city was left undamaged after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlack markets emerged after World War II amid the shortages experienced due to the war and Holocaust. Although illegal, people used the black market to purchase necessary food and other items illegally. It provided opportunities for people to enrich themselves buy selling items on the black market.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe KGB was the main security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954-1991. It was the chief government agency responsible for carrying out internal security, foreign intelligence, counter-intelligence and secret police functions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRubin Lansky (1923-2005) was a Polish Holocaust survivor who had a successful career as a real estate owner and manager in Atlanta, Georgia. He and his wife, Lola Borkowska, (also a Holocaust survivor) were very active in the Atlanta Jewish community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938, which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDora Gutman Storch (1923-2009) and Marty Storch (1924-2007). Dora married Marty Storch in 1945. Both were Polish survivors who immigrated to the United States in 1949, where they opened a grocery store with Marty’s brother, Jack (also a survivor). Dora and Marty were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. The Storch family’s testimonies are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBamberg, Germany is located in Upper Franconia, Germany. The city dates back to the 9th century and its name was derived from the nearby Babenberch castle. After World War II, the city was an important base for the Bavarian, Germany and American military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg is the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria. The city was very significant during the Nazi Germany era. The Nazi Party chose it to hold the huge Nazi Party conventions or the Nuremberg rallies in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933-1938. During World War II the city was an important site for German military production. It also housed a subcamp of the Flossenburg concentration camp. In 1945, the Allies bombed about 90% of the city center and the city fell to Allied forces in April 1945. Between 1945 and 1946, the city was the site of the Nuremberg trials.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKonstanz, Germany is located in south Germany on the western end of Lake Constance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary Storch is one of three children born to Dora Gutman Storch (1923-2009) and Marty Storch (1924-2007). Dora and Marty were both Polish survivors who immigrated to the United States in 1949, where they opened a grocery store with Marty’s brother, Jack (also a survivor). Dora and Marty were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. The Storch family’s testimonies are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta, Georgia is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. During the American Civil War it was a strategically important city for the Confederacy until it was captured in 1864. The city was almost entirely burnt to the ground during General William Sherman’s March to the Sea. After the war, the city rebounded and became a national industrial center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich, Germany is the capital of the largest city of the German state of Bavaria. Munich was known as the “Capital” of the Nazi movement. The first Nazi Party rally took place in Munich in 1923. Munich is also where Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party led a failed coup d’etat in 1923 that became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. When Hitler and the Nazi Party later took power, Munich became a special place in the narrative of the Nazi movement and German state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/annotation_set/881/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6780.0,6810.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Marty Storch [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marty talks about being born in Ozorkow and his family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=11.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, we were a family of six kids, four brothers and two sisters.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=11.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=11.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describes what his father did for a living and what he wanted to do when he grew up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=93.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father . . . had a mill on the water and was in a wholesale grocery business.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=93.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Electrical Engineer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grocery Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=93.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describes his education, family life and religious life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=123.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father would not work, we observed the holidays. We went to the synagogue, and we have our style of being comfortable. I mean, being Conservative.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=123.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Tov","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=123.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses his friends and the rise of antisemitic movement in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=191.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The antisemitic movement have spread terrible to Poland because we were living not far from the German borders.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=191.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=191.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses how people denied the coming war and how they were discriminated against","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=325.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They said the fire going to burn itself, that hot flames could burn itself out and peace will remain, which I wasn't too optimistic about.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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Military","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=325.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses his father's time in America and why they did not immigrate to the United States prior to World War II starting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=513.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't want to ask a father, why have you done the move from [the] worse instead of remaining there? We wouldn't dare ask.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=513.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Ambassador","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Businessman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Detroit, Michigan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paterson, New Jersey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wholesale Grocery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=513.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How life changed once the Nazis invaded Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=720.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to wear the star of David on the left side and on the right back, which we were recognized by that. Strongerrestriction came to our home, to our city, which it was perhaps all over Europe.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=720.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curfew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discrimiation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Invasion of Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=720.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses forced labor and being shipped out to work on the Reichsautobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1045.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have elected, the Jews among themselves, had elected their leader which is responsible, which be in contact with the German leaders. If they need 100 Jews that man is responsible to bring 100 Jews. For work, what have you. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1045.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hilter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish leaders","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichsautobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sturmabteilung","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1045.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning home from working on the Reichsautobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1186.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My homesickness have driven me home, it's almost crazy. I quit eating and I've done some crazy acts, which I said, \"Actually, it's\nworked.\" They send me home.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1186.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Homesickness","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichsautobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Train","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1186.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to the ghetto in Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=1390.0,1595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before the liquidation. This was one day before the liquidate our city, Ozorkow. 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My father have connections with the leaders. He had done previous some business with them, which he have gotten a job. 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I did not receive any. Neither does my wife. I have lawyers which have represented me in Munich [Germany] while being in America. 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I use to get up three, four o'clock in the morning. 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My biggest enemy.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6674.0,6738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Enemy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Humanity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nationality","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6674.0,6738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Importance of the state of Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131#t=6738.0,6970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79143/file/167131/index/51852/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very important, I believe, to Jewish people, because when we were liberated, we felt we were liberated to freedom. 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