{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/542j679s0v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Sloman, Rella Solski/Saul (1996)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1996-03-07 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Sloman, Rella (1928-2021) (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandy (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRella Sloman was interviewed by Sandy Berman on March 7, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRella Sloman nee Solski (sometimes spelled \"Solsky\") was born May 22, 1928 in Kovno, Lithuania. Just outside the city, her family owned a mill which was very profitable.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLithuania was occupied by the Russian in 1939 and then the Germans in 1941. When the Germans began their occupation, Rella and her family were moved into the Kovno ghetto where they stayed until 1944. In that year, the ghetto was evacuated, with most of the inhabitants were sent to one of two camps: Dachau or Stutthof. Rella and her family were hiding in a cellar when Rella, who became afraid they would run out of air and suffocate, began to cry, attracting the attention of the Nazis. Rella and her mother were sent to Stutthof. Her father, who blamed Rella for this discovery, she knever saw again; he perished in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRella and her mother survived work details in Stutthof and were later transferred to Thorn concentration camp. She survived the camps with her mother’s help and was taken to a hospital in Munich after liberation to be treated for tuberculosis. She went on to recuperate in Switzerland before she returned to Germany and married her husband, Bernard.Eventually, Rella and Bernard were allowed to move to the United States. They first came to New York before settling in Atlanta with relatives. There, they started a family together, eventually having three kids. Rella Sloman passed away on January 21, 2021 at the age of 92. NOTE: at some point the family's name was changed from Solski to Saul.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRella discusses her family prior to and following World War II, and the losses she experienced when the Germans overtook Lithuania. She recalls those of her family that survived until the Russians broke through the German lines, as well as those that were lost as the German occupation went on. She shares what happened after her family was moved from their home outside Kovno, Lithuania to a ghetto inside Kovno, when the Germans took control and instituted aktions which brought about death for many residents of the ghettos. She recalls events including being found by German soldiers while hiding in a cellar in the ghetto, the last words of her father, and surviving in concentration and work camps with her mother. Her liberation from a German labor camp, healing from extended illness with tuberculosis, and discussions of immigrating to the United States are shared as well.  \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28947"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Sloman, Rella (1928-2021) (personal name)","Doctor Cumber (personal name)","Kovno, Lithuania (geographic term)","Kovno Slobodka (geographic term)","Ninth Fort (Kovno, Lithuania) (geographic term)","Stutthof (Poland concentration camp) (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Gauting, Germany (geographic term)","Switzerland (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Solskibrauda (geographic term)","South Africa (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","Lithuania (geographic term)","Ghetto (geographic term)","World War II, 1939-1945 (topical term)","Jordan’s Schein (topical term)","Paper schein (topical term)","Children’s Aktion (topical term)","Shootings (topical term)","Labor camp (topical term)","Liberated (topical term)","Russians (topical term)","Concentration camp (topical term)","Marches (topical term)","Tuberculosis (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Lumber mill (topical term)","Aktion (topical term)","Religious faith (topical term)","Truman, Harry S. (1884-1972) (personal name)","SS man (topical term)","Crematorium (topical term)","Sanatorium (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRella Sloman was interviewed by Sandy Berman on March 7, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRella Sloman nee Solski (sometimes spelled \"Solsky\") was born May 22, 1928 in Kovno, Lithuania. Just outside the city, her family owned a mill which was very profitable.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLithuania was occupied by the Russian in 1939 and then the Germans in 1941. When the Germans began their occupation, Rella and her family were moved into the Kovno ghetto where they stayed until 1944. In that year, the ghetto was evacuated, with most of the inhabitants were sent to one of two camps: Dachau or Stutthof. Rella and her family were hiding in a cellar when Rella, who became afraid they would run out of air and suffocate, began to cry, attracting the attention of the Nazis. Rella and her mother were sent to Stutthof. Her father, who blamed Rella for this discovery, she knever saw again; he perished in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRella and her mother survived work details in Stutthof and were later transferred to Thorn concentration camp. She survived the camps with her mother\u0026rsquo;s help and was taken to a hospital in Munich after liberation to be treated for tuberculosis. She went on to recuperate in Switzerland before she returned to Germany and married her husband, Bernard.Eventually, Rella and Bernard were allowed to move to the United States. They first came to New York before settling in Atlanta with relatives. There, they started a family together, eventually having three kids. Rella Sloman passed away on January 21, 2021 at the age of 92. NOTE: at some point the family's name was changed from Solski to Saul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRella discusses her family prior to and following World War II, and the losses she experienced when the Germans overtook Lithuania. She recalls those of her family that survived until the Russians broke through the German lines, as well as those that were lost as the German occupation went on. She shares what happened after her family was moved from their home outside Kovno, Lithuania to a ghetto inside Kovno, when the Germans took control and instituted aktions which brought about death for many residents of the ghettos. She recalls events including being found by German soldiers while hiding in a cellar in the ghetto, the last words of her father, and surviving in concentration and work camps with her mother. Her liberation from a German labor camp, healing from extended illness with tuberculosis, and discussions of immigrating to the United States are shared as well. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/168/930/small/Sloman_Rella.mp4_1666494329.jpg?1666494330","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Sloman_Rella.mp4"]},"duration":1933.611,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/168/930/small/Sloman_Rella.mp4_1666494329.jpg?1666494330","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/168/930/original/Sloman_Rella.mp4?1666494327","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1933.611,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Sloman, Rella Solski/Saul (1996) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I'd like to have you begin by stating your name and then begin by\ntalking a little bit about your life in Kovno [Lithuania] before the war, your\nfamily, how many people were in your family, what your life was like before\nWorld War II started.\n\nSLOMAN: My name is Rella Sloman Solski in Lithuania. We were a big family. All\nlived in one place. Grandpa in the middle, and five brothers with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their families\nand one sister. All of them in one place, in one Kovno. We were happy all\ntogether and then came the horror. The ration came first. Then the German came\nand took us to the ghetto, Kovno Slobodka and then it started, the horror.\nLittle by little, they eliminate a lot of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from us. The first one was\n1,000 people, I think, young men. And it was 535. Then it was this small ghetto,\nit was with a breach, and they eliminated the small ghetto. Then they had the\nbig aktion [German: action], which was 10,000. Everybody talked about the got\nsom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper scheins. They call it, the Jordan's Scheins. Anybody will have that\nJordan Schein, will be alive and the rest who don't have the Jordan's Schein\nwill not live anymore. I was standing in a place where they used to give us\nbread in line and everybody talked about, \"Do you have a Jordan's Schein? Do you\nhave a Jordan's Schein?\" And I hear those people talk, came home and start\ncrying, \"I won't be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. I want to have, why my family hasn't got a Jordan's\nSchein?\" At the beginning, when they put us in one place, they did look for the\nJordan's Schein. But then when it got darker, they made left bad and right good,\nleft bad right good. Unfortunately, my family was gone one by one. That's why,\nthose who weren't left, were killed. --That night, we heard that whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night\n[indistinct: 2.32], those who shoots, \"tick, tick, tick, tick, tick\", we could\nhear a whole night that was going on. We really weren't sure if that's they\nkilling our families. But then when we saw nobody comes back, we knew something\nwas going on. It was on the ninth fort, they called it the ninth fort. As I\nunderstand it, they fixed at nine. Then we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had another aktion and that was the\nlittle children. They took away the little children, which my little brother was\nin at eight years old. Very smart little boy. That was the Ukrainians. There\nwere only the Ukrainians. They did that. There were no, we didn't see no Germans\nat all. With big dogs, they came in and took my mom, my aunt, and my little\nbrother. And all of a sudden, my mom and my aunt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came back and my little brother\ndidn't return. All the children took away. --I remember a man, it was not far\nfrom us, in the ghetto where we were living, was a big ditch. There in the ditch\nwas rocks and pieces and all of a sudden we saw him take his little boy, put\n[his son] in a sack and he starts screaming, \"I'd rather have him killed here as\nkilled from them!\" And threw him in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ditch. I don't know, we didn't see what\nhappened, but I'm sure that he was killed immediately. Few children were hidden,\nyou know, [by] their parents. But when we came in Stutthof in concentration\ncamp, those mothers that had their children went with them and they gas them\ntogether, the mothers and the children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--My father and the whole family of mine\nwas 35 people at a time in the house were hidden. We had like a basement covered\nup with, you open up the floor and you go down and another man from another\nhouse put a rug on it. We were there already two days, and I remember in school\nI learned if the candle doesn't burn, that means there's no oxygen. And I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start\ncrying, \"The candle doesn't even burn. We're going to choke!\" I start crying,\nand as soon as I start crying, the German came in to look for some people in the\nghetto. They opened and they [heard] screaming, and they opened up that place\nand everybody got hitting from them with sticks, and everybody had to go in the\nfront of the ghetto, on the big place. They said, \"-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women and children in the\nfront, and men in the back.\" And I remember my father's last word, \"You killed\nus. You made them hear that we here. Run! Anybody who can run, run back, run and\nhide!\" And Papa ran back and hide. There was my aunt in another place hidden\nwith my cousins. Somebody saw him the last time and he said, \"My daughter killed\nmy wife, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they already dead.\" And that was the last words of him and they\ndidn't see him anymore. My brother survived [unidentified word: 6:08] by gentile\npeople. When the war was over, he was running back to the ghetto because he was\nthinking, somebody must be alive. By us, in our house, was a dentist, a lady,\nand when she moved, she left that that big thing, on what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the chair is, you know\nthat iron thing? And he recognized the house because of that thing standing in\nthe corner. He digged and digged he said for 10 hours, he was hoping that\nsomebody under the ruins maybe is alive and he couldn't find nobody. Because it\ntook three weeks for the Russians to break through, [and] the Germans to go back\nfrom Lithuania. That's the reason he seems to think that so many people choked\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those places where they were hidden under the ruins. --Mama and me were in\nStutthof, three weeks they kept us in Stutthof, took everything, whatever we had\non ourselves, and gave us some striped clothes, before they send us 1200 people\nin the working concentration camp. We were digging ditches for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army. They\ngave us some clothes, one got that, one got that, I didn't have no shoes, just\nwooden sandals, that I was freezing to death when winter come. We were 1200\npeople in tents like the soldiers tents, twelve to a tent. My mother was very\nill. She couldn't have a bowel movement in ten days. And the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor, a lady, old\nlady doctor there was in that concentration camp that called Davidovich's\nconcentration camp, knew us from before the war. She fixed my finger when I was\nlittle girl. She said, \"Mrs. Solski, it's nothing I can help you with. The only\nthing what I'll give you is a bucket and tell everybody to get out from the tent\nand take it out with your hands.\" No water. No ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper. No nothing. And my mama\ndid that. My mama was a very neat person, very clean. but that's the way she\nsurvived, poor thing, with me. She survived better than I did. She kept on\nsaying that, \"We'll survive. God will help us.\" I used to cry terrible when Mama\nsaid it because it looked to me like she doesn't know what she's talking about.\nShe said, \"We have a big God.\" And I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Where is your God, that He lets us\nsuffer that way. What have He done in our lives?\" But my mama was very strong\nminded and because of my mom, I think I survived because walked out very ill,\nvery ill. I was for months and months, even two and a half years in Germany,\nMunich, in Gauting. --That's where I met my husband, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was there coming too. He\nwasn't as ill as I was and kept on saying, \"Let's get married, get married.\" The\ndoctor said, I'll never have any children, there is no way that. He said, \"You\nwill be my child. Let's get married.\" It looked funny because I was very ill. I\nwent to Switzerland first. My family from Atlanta [Georgia] and from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South\nAfrica sent me to Switzerland. It looks like when I came here to Atlanta, wanted\nto have a family.\n\nBERMAN: If we can backtrack for just a minute, to go back to the ghetto. After\nthe family was in the underground bunker, how did, you came out of the bunker\nand you were sent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof. If you could talk a little bit more about your\nexperiences at Stutthof and also about being liberated from there and about the,\num, the march.\n\nSLOMAN: I wasn't liberated from Stutthof, I was liberated from that place that\nwe went to dig ditches, that 1200 people. We came to Stutthof and they put us in\nline. People walked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in and didn't walk out. So, we saw that big thing from that\ncrematorium. We were sure that they crematorium us, they put us in the gas\nchamber. So everybody pushed themselves to be the last one, to be the last one.\nWhen we came in, finally, there they told us to undress completely. We were\nstanding naked and those Germans were passing by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looking at us. Lift,\nputting us on a table and checking us the vaginas. A lot of us were still girls,\nyoung girls. And everybody laughed and knocked with a stick and said, \"Look,\nlook.\" And we walked out and we were all alive. We couldn't believe it that we\nare alive because-- They put us in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big, big rooms. There were three beds, one on\nthe other. I always wanted to go on the highest one, because if they hit\nsomebody, they never hit in the top, they always hit in the bottom. So I pulled\nmy mama up on the top and there were three girls, three women on each of those\nsmall little bunk beds. We were there for three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. They gave us good to eat,\nthey gave us pieces of margarine. That's the first time in our life we had\nmargarine and it tasted so good. It was slices sorta, and bread, and once a day\nsoup. --A cousin of mine got twice. She stood in line twice and they caught her.\nShe was 25 years of age. She married a cousin of mine and his name was Label\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solski [sp]. There was a Polish man that was in charge in that concentration\ncamp, his name was Max. Did anybody mention Max? He put her on a chair, in the\nhot sun, and hit her, cut her hair off, and was right in the front of our\nwindow. She was standing there for 24 hours and each time he hit her and she\nfall dead. --Also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember it was that Doctor Cumber [sp], a lady doctor, that\nshe used to come in the schools. She was coming in the school where I was in\nschrabas gimnazija [unidentified phrase: 13:41] and she, I don't know how she\ngot through a shot, but she gave herself a shot and she was laying and and\nbreathing very hard and she passed away. I remember how she was not a young\nwoman, but she was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor, a lady doctor. Did anybody mention that Doctor\nCumber [sp]? I remember her. --They took away all the ones who had children and\nwomen, mothers, and they took them away. One night we know the crematorium was,\nthe smoke was coming out very heavy. They were killed at that time. --They took\nus and in 12 and we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"digging those ditches for the German's trenches. Until\none day they took us on a march. We marched for three days and three nights. A\nlot of women passed away at that time. We left them lying there, --they left us\nin a place where there was a wood framed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"framed like, rund [Lithuanian:\nround]--, how do you call that? Where, as I understand, Polish women board\nthere. It was terrible because there was a lot of lice and they put us in and it\nwas already late in the night. There we were, all of us and we didn't know that\nwe were left alone. The General left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us there and we were alone and we didn't\nknow what happened. I dreamed, it must have been a week before then, I dreamed\nthat -- There was two Germans, there, they were terrible. One of them was Cafke\n[sp], and one we called Schnabel. When they used to put us, in the morning, four\nin the line, and that Cafke [sp] used to have a big thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like you use for use\nanimals for in the circus, you know, those long things, and used to hit us over\nthe legs and say, \"Seven years fauler bandit [German: lazy bandit], I waited for\nyou. Seven year fauler bandit.\" That means lazy lazing bandit, that's like and\nJewish people lazy bandit. Well how can I explain in English? \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waited seven\nyears to do that and now I have you.\" And that was so not good to us -- but he\nleft before Christmas. It was right before Christmas, before that march. There\nwas left an old man that was also SS man. But he never hit us. He was quiet. His\nname was Paulhin [sp]. --And I got up one morning and I said, \"Mama, I had a\ndream. A white ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horse, Paulhin [sp] came on the white horse and the horse was\nstanding on two legs, and we were in a ditch and he said, 'Go, go!'\" And my mama\nsaid, \"You'll see, we'll free ourselves.\" --When they left us there alone, the\nGermans, women came. Ran out to look and they said, \"A white horse with a\nRussian soldier came, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he's standing up on the top of the hill, let's run out\nand see.\" It was a Jewish soldier, a Russian one. We start running, and he\nstarts shooting in the top because he was afraid he didn't know who we are. When\nhe find out, [who] we were, I think we were the first concentration camp to be\nalive. The 21st of January, that was I think the first time because you didn't\nsaw nobody alive, and he start crying, \"Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman! Jewish woman! Go back! Go\nback! Go back away from the from where --the shooting going on.\" We walked again\nin a march, and we walked again in a march to Poland. And we came to a city\nchahachinik, that's supposed to be, that was like, people who have arthritis, or\npeople who before the war used to come, the rich people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come for their bones.\n--They took us over there, and over there we were for quite a while, six months.\nThe Russians only had potatoes and little pieces of meat and looks like in no\ntime we gained so much weight, all of us. Unbelievable. I swear, I see that\nplace for my eyes. We were 900 women left and the Russians took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us back home\nthey said, back to Lithuania. That's where I find my brother, alive, we didn't\nknow he was alive, and we find him.\n\nBERMAN: When you got back to Lithuania, well, then you went to the hospital. Right?\n\nSLOMAN: No, I was in the hospital before then. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then again, when I came back\nfrom Lithuania again I was in the hospital. I was sick all the time. Fever, high\nfever. And they find out I have tuberculosis. For two and a half years I was in\nsanatoriums in Germany.\n\nBERMAN: And then you decided to immigrate to the United States?\n\nSLOMAN: Of course, we always wanted it, but when you're sick you couldn't\nimmigrate, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had to be completely well. So my family, my cousin came from\nFrance. He was stationed in France, and he find me in that hospital in Munich\nand he got ahold right away to his parents. What happened, they find us through\na newspaper here in the United States that my mom and I are alive. And he took a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jeep and came right away to find us. So he find me and my mom and my brother and\nthey said right away that they take me to Sveicarija [Lithuanian: Switzerland]\nand they did. I was in Switzerland two years, and then I came back to Germany.\nThey said I'm well, and we wanted always to immigrate, but it wasn't so easy at\nthat time. If Truman wouldn't have opened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the doors, we couldn't have come here\nat all.\n\nBERMAN: Again, if you could backtrack. Can you talk a little bit about your\nfamily? All the members in your family. And I know that they owned a factory,\nand --\n\nSLOMAN: Yeah. Yeah.\n\nBERMAN: --just a little bit more about school, and what you did and growing up?\n\nSLOMAN: We were a big family and all of us were together in the businesses.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandpa had farms and we had wood. Where you cut wood? How do you call that? A\nmill, where you, a lumber mill? A lumber mill, and oil mill, and flour mill\naltogether. I was not far from Kovno, 40 kilometers from Kovno, and the whole\nfamily was in that. That was the name, Solskibrauda, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farm. We lived very\nwell. In the summertime we used to be there, it was woods and we had summer\nhouses there, and it was about 280 people work there. The whole village was. --A\nmatter of fact my brother was hidden there by a schoolteacher, one of the\ndaughters was a schoolteacher and her father and brothers were working on that\nfactory. She hid my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother for three years up in the top in the attic. It was\nlike a door that was closed up, and only in the night she used to come up to him\nand bring him some food, and that's how he survived. The rest of the family was\nall killed. Everyone in the ghetto, one by one. There was in the 10,000, two of\nmy uncles, my grandpa, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandma, and their children, everybody was taken in\nthe 10,000 people. In the small aktion, my uncle and his family was taken too.\nWas only left from the whole family we were only left, six of us. One of them\nran away in Russia and he was in the army. My brother was hidden by the gentile\npeople and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mom was with me. And Mina, my cousin Mina Yugoslavia [sp] survived\nbecause she was in Paris, in the Sorbonne, in university, and she fell in love\nwith the Yugoslavian lawyer, and she survived. The rest of them, you have a\npicture from the whole family. Nobody survived anymore. Just the few of us. So\nmany memories, but when you think about it, you can think it's like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dream.\n\nBERMAN: When the Nazis first came to the ghetto, what were some of the early\nenactments and decrees? What did they do initially when you first were moved\ninto the ghetto?\n\nSLOMAN: There were two ghettos. There was like a small ghetto and a big ghetto\nmade with a bridge over it. They eliminated that small ghetto and took away that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bridge. We were left in the big ghetto. They made aktions, not the small aktion\nthat was in the small ghetto. Then there was the big aktion and then was the\nchildren's aktion. The last one was the children's aktion. That was the last one\nwhere they took away the children. But before the small ghetto aktion, they took\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away 1100 people, one of my uncles was in them, and 535 people, and they took\nthe rabbis one day on the Friday, and shoot them. --My uncle lived not far from\nthe fence where the ghetto was [indistinct: 25:25]. Two of the Lithuanians\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were betting who can shoot better, and he walked out accidentally in the\nbackyard and they shoot him. --They used to shoot every day, every day they used\nto shoot. Every day we saw carrying bodies, in the ghetto. What else? So many\nthings I can't place.\n\nBERMAN: And your cousins. They were buried alive in the, in the bunkers?\n\nSLOMAN: In the bunkers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, one of my cousins that her name was Raletta. She\nwas out, she was blond and she had blue eyes. As a matter of fact, the Germans\nused to catch her and look in her scalp that she's not Jewish. They kept on\nsaying, \"What are you doing here?\" They said that she looked Irish. One day she\ndecided to run away from the ghetto and she was hidden by a family, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents'\nfriends. She decided she don't want to stay alive without anybody. She just\ncan't take it anymore, she said, and she came back. Also was taking a chance to\nget [caught] going in the ghetto. If they caught her, they would have killed\nher. She got in the ghetto and she was choked with her mom and her brother, in\none of those bunkers when they spraying the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto. --My little cousin that was\ntaken from the small ghetto with her mother, and her grandpa, and grandma. They\nfind the little prayer book that she was holding in her hand. They toss from her\nhand, that they find in the driveway of her. That was, her name was also Rella.\nShe was younger than me, three years. She's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that picture that you have.\n\nBERMAN: Can you talk a little bit, you mentioned earlier about how your mother\nand her encouragement and her religious beliefs helped to keep you and her\nalive. Can you talk a little bit about that?\n\nSLOMAN: Mother? Mother, was very religious orthodox. When I used to cry, that I\nwant to leave, I don't want to die, Mama used to say, \"We'll survive. We'll\nsurvive.\" --My father also said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he wants to survive 5 minutes after he knows\nthat Hitler is gone. \"Just 5 minutes.\" --For my mom, in the concentration camp\nwhere it was so bad, no shoes and it was so cold, bitterly freezing, [I'd say,]\n\"Mama look, I'm freezing to death. I want to go back to Stutthof.\"--They used to\ntake portions of us every few months. They used to take those who are sick.\n--Mother and I and everybody used ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get some coffee. We had a path, each one of\nus had a path and we used to get a coffee for two people. One day momma used to\nwash her hair, one day I used to wash my hair with the coffee and mother used to\nundress me when we were in the trenches, when we were digging the trenches. She\nused to undress me completely in that cold and used to take off whatever it\nwasn't supposed to be. ..I used to say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Mom, how can you even think that we'll\nsurvive? Look what's happening to us.\" She said, \"We'll survive, mein kind\n[German: my child]. We'll survive, you'll see. Life will be still good for us\none day.\" And I used to start crying. I can't even think about her. Mom, she had\na lot of courage, Mom, and she really worked hard from concentration and she\nwasn't healed at all. I was the one healed terrible, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my teeth were moving and my\nwhole body was just a mess. I used to look at Mama. Mama used to look at me and\nskeletons. We looked at each other, it was like a skeleton. I didn't see myself.\nMother didn't see herself. But later we used to say, \"Mom, when I looked at you\nand, you said, 'We'll survive.' I looked at you and that skeleton, how could you\neven think about it?\" She said, \"Mein kind, I was seeing your, and I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking same thing. But I knew God has to help us. Somebody's got to tell what\nhappened to us. We were the chosen people to tell.\" What else? So many things\nthat I remember. --So, my brother [and] my father, I used to ran before my\nbrother left to see if they [the Germans were] grabbing again, men. Because as a\nyoung kid, I used to see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they grabbing, they [my brother and father] should\nnot go out from the house. When they [weren't], they used to go to work. --I\ndidn't have to go to work, so I used to work for my mom on the gardens in the\nghetto where they grew vegetables for the German, they used to [indistinct:\n30:47] a big garden. I used to go in my mama's name so she would be home, and\nevery time I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back home, I was hoping I'll find Mom again, because you never\ncould tell when they kept going in the houses and they take away people. What\ncan I tell ya --?\n\nBERMAN: Was there anything left of your family's home or businesses after the war?\n\nSLOMAN: Oh, yeah, everything is standing there. But the Lithuanians want us to\ncome and live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and be a citizen a year. I called a lawyer and ask about\nthat. In the meantime, they only let you come and they'll give you some of it,\nif you'll stay there and you'll be a citizen. No part, I want no part. No, I'm\nnot even anxious to see it again. I don't think I want to see it again.\n\nBERMAN: Is there anything else you'd like to add? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/transcript/40315/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you think for a moment.\n\nSLOMAN: Shall never happen again. Never again. As they say in Israel. What can I\nsay more?\n\nBERMAN: Okay. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1920.0,1950.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKovno (Yiddish: Kovne, Kovna, Kovni; Polish: Kowno; German: Kaunas and Kauen) is is a city in south-central Lithuania. Between 1920 and 1939, it was the country's capital and largest city. The history of the Kovno area of Lithuania is complicated. Between the two world wars the area was contested by both Poland and Lithuania and finally ended up as part of Lithuania. When the war started on September 1, 1939 Kovno was annexed by the Russians who then turned it back over to Lithuania. In 1940 the Russians re-occupied the area. They remained until June 24, 1941 when the Germans attacked the Soviet Union and took the area over. Prior to the Second World War, Kovno had a significant Jewish population of 35,000-40,000, about one-fourth of the city's total population. Kovno had a rich Jewish culture with almost 100 Jewish organizations, 40 synagogues, many Yiddish schools, 4 Hebrew high schools, a Jewish hospital, and scores of Jewish-owned businesses. On June 14, 1941, hundreds of Jewish families, among them factory owners, merchants, public figures, and Zionist activists and leaders, were rounded up and exiled to Siberia. At the end of nineteenth century, the city of Kovno was fortified, and by 1890 it was encircled by a series of fortifications. The construction of the Ninth Fort was begun in 1902 and was completed on the eve of the First World War. From 1924 on, the Ninth Fort was used as a prison. During the years of German occupation, the Ninth Fort was put to use as a place of mass murder. At least 5,000 Lithuanian Jews from Kovno were transported to the Ninth Fort and killed. In addition, Jews from as far as France, Austria and Germany were brought to Kovno during the course of Nazi occupation and executed in the Ninth Fort. In early July 1941, German Einsatzgruppe (mobile killing unit) detachments and their Lithuanian auxiliaries began systematic massacres of Jews in several of the forts around Kovno that had been constructed by the Russian tsars in the nineteenth century for the defense of the city. Thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were shot, primarily in the Ninth Fort, but also in the Fourth and Seventh forts. Within six months of the German occupation of the city, the Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators had murdered half of all Jews in Kovno. Immediately before and following the German occupation of the city on June 24, 1941, bands of Lithuanians went on bloody rampages against the Jews, attacking and brutally murdering hundreds of Jews in Kovno and the suburb of Slobodka. In July 1941, German authorities ordered the Jews in Kovno to relocate to a designated area. On August 15, 1941, the Jews of Kovno were forced into a ghetto in the suburb of Slobodka and it was closed encircling nearly 30,000 Jews. A poorer section of the city known as Slobodka in Yiddish or Vilijampolė in Lithuanian that was in the northern part of town and had previously housed only 8,000 people would now house approximately 35,000. For the first two months, the ghetto consisted of two separate areas: a “large” ghetto along the Neris River and a “small” ghetto to the west, connected by a wooden footbridge.The Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. Kovno’s Altestenrat was formed on August 8, 1941. They soon organized a ghetto police force and offices for health, labor, economics, food supply, housing, and welfare. The first action undertaken after the Kovno ghetto was sealed occurred on August 18, 1941 in what became known as the “Intellectuals Action.” The ghetto leaders were told to pick out five hundred men from the intelligentsia who were to be put to light, professional work in the city. As the selection of people for forced labor had become a norm by then, the order did not initially raise suspicion. In all, 534 young men were taken out of the ghetto under heavy guard and never returned. On September 15, 1941, work passes were distributed to 5,000 skilled Jews, together with their families, who would allegedly be spared because they could work. On October 4, 1941 the Small Ghetto was liquidated and some of the buildings were burned to the ground. Only those with work passes were spared. The rest of the Jews were taken to the Ninth Fort and murdered. In the “Great Aktion” of October 28, 1941, all the remaining Jews were told to assemble in the central square of the ghetto. There they were separated by the Germans and by the end of the day 9,200 Jews, about 30 percent of the ghetto, were taken to Ninth Fort and shot. Thereafter life in the ghetto for the remaining 17,500 Jews settled down somewhat and stumbled along until November 1943 when the ghetto was turned into a labor camp known as the Kauen concentration camp with a string of smaller camps attached to it, among them Kedainiai in Lithuania. More than 3,500 were sent to subcamps in Aleksotas, Mariampolė (Kapsukas), Keidan, and Shanciai. On October 26, 1943, 2,800 Jews were sent to labor camps in Estonia. On March 27, 1944, in the Children’s Aktion, the ghetto’s remaining children under the age of 12 were rounded up. During the two-day action German troops and Ukrainian auxiliaries went from house to house tearing the children from their parents’ arms. The 1,300 victims of the \"Children's Action\" were either shot at the Ninth Fort or deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were gassed. In the ghetto, all men aged 16 to 57 and women aged 17 to 46 performed forced labor in workshops established inside the ghetto or in construction sites outside the ghetto. One of the most notorious assignments was the Aleksotas airfield construction site, with almost 3,500 laborers in the spring of 1942. By the end of March 1943, there were around 16,000 Jews concentrated in the ghetto. Around 4,000 of them worked in 44 workshops inside the ghetto and another 6,000 worked in labor detachments outside the ghetto. Resistance in the Kovno ghetto focused less on preparing an uprising than on preparing the way into hiding for as many Jews as possible. In the summer of 1943, the underground established close ties with the resistance groups outside the ghetto, especially in the forests. Their network managed to help hundreds of Jews escape the ghetto. On July 8, 1944, the Kovno labor camp/Kauen concentration camp was liquidated as the Russians drew near and the remaining Jews were evacuated to the west. The women were sent to Stutthof concentration camp and the men went to Dachau and other camps in Germany. The ghetto was then razed to the ground with grenades and dynamite as the Germans flushed those who had attempted to evade the final transports to the west out of their hiding places by burning the ghetto down around them. As many as 2,000 people burned to death or were shot while trying to escape. They found and murdered about 1,500 Jews in the last hours and days of the occupation. Only about 90 Jews survived in the rubble undiscovered until liberation on August 1, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic States. Lithuania was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. Before World War II, the Jewish population was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. Nevertheless, in March of that year Germany annexed the Lithuanian territory of Memel-Klaipeda, a region with an ethnic German majority. The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940. By 1941, the Jewish population of Lithuania swelled by an influx of refugees from German-occupied Poland to reach about 250,000, or 10 percent of the population. The Lithuanians carried out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces in June 1941. Then on June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union and Soviet forces fled the country. In June and July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania. The persecution of Jews was not solely the result of German actions. In occupied territories like Lithuania, Nazi leaders required the help or cooperation of locals. Throughout their occupation of the country, the Germans continued to recruit auxiliaries for their police forces, military units, and civilian administrations. The police played an especially vital role in the consolidation of Nazi power and the brutal persecution and mass murder of Jews. Prior to the German invasion, Soviet occupation (1940-1941) had brought traumatic changes to Lithuania, which fueled later violence by nationalists. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalize farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. The Soviets sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). Although some Jews supported a version of socialism or communism, the majority did not. This fact did not prevent Lithuanian nationalists and others from claiming that Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews. In June and July 1941, detachments of German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Lithuanian auxiliaries, began murdering the Jews of Lithuania. By the time Lithuania was liberated, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays. (Plural: Aktionen.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFritz Jordan was the German administrator in the Kovno ghetto. He distributed 5,000 Scheine (work passes) to skilled workers. The passes came to be called “Jordan-scheine” after Jordan and were popularly called “Life Passes.” They were distributed by the Judenrat, forcing them to select those Jews who would live and those who would die. The competition for the passes was fierce. For a while the Germans honored them but eventually even those who held “Life Passes” were deported as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk (Poland)), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich, Germany is the capital of the German state of Bavaria, the 3rd largest city in Germany, and lies about 30 miles (50 km) north of the edge of the Alps and along the Isar River, which flows through the middle of the city.  In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their \"Capital of the Movement\". It was in Munich that Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi Party and became its leader.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGauting is a municipality in the district of Starnberg, in Bavaria, Germany. The abolition of the German Communist Party, immediately following the enabling act that gave the Nazi Party dictatorial powers, was one of the first administrative acts to be executed in Gauting in 1933. After the war, the special military hospital for tuberculosis, situated in a former barracks building, was used in 1945 for treating the survivors of the concentration camps by the US Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSwitzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in South-Central Europe. Switzerland is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. During WW2, the country remained independent of both the Axis and Allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sanatorium also sanitarium or sanitorium, are antiquated names for specialized hospitals, for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments and convalescence. Sanatoriums are often located in a healthy climate, usually in the countryside. The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoriums, especially at the end of the 19th- and early 20th centuries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman became the 33rd President of the United States following the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945. Truman led the country through the final months of World War II and the policies he enacted. On Dec. 22, 1945, Truman issued Article 225, a “Statement and Directive by the President on Immigration to the United States of Certain Displaced Persons and Refugees in Europe.” In the document, Truman advocated strong U.S. assistance in offering aid to Europeans whose homes and lives had been destroyed during World War II. Truman wrote, “To the extent that our present immigration laws permit, everything possible should be done at once to facilitate the entrance of some of these displaced persons and refugees into the United States. In this way we may do something to relieve human misery, and set an example to the other countries of the world which are able to receive some of these war sufferers.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/annotation_set/902/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolskibruda – Solski is the family name, ‘bruda’ is dirt in Lithuanian. Solskibruda is ‘Solski’s dirt’, or Solski’s land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=1290.0,1320.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Sloman, Rella Solski/Saul (1996) [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family and life as World War II started","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=7.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin by talking a little bit about your life in Kovno [Lithuania] before the war, your family, how many people were in your family, what your life was like before World War II started","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=7.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Aktions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jordan's Schein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno Slobodka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ninth fort","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paper schein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=7.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The children's aktion and family being split up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=178.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we had another aktion and that was the little children.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930#t=178.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80722/file/168930/index/51880/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children's Aktion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father's last words","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gauting, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding in the ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labor camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mama's faith","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof concentration 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