{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/542j679769/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Popowski, Paula Kornblum"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-02-27 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003ePaula Kornblum Popowski was interviewed by Enoch David Goodfriend on February 23, 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003ePaula introduces her family and childhood in Kaluszyn, Poland. She recalls the antisemitism she encountered as a child and how life changed when World War II began. Paula talks about restrictions put in place by the Germans and being confined to a ghetto. She explains why she and her sister volunteered to go to a labor camp. Paula recounts the liquidation of the ghetto and learning her family had been killed. She details life in the ghetto and the labor camp. Paula outlines how she and her sister escaped to Warsaw, acquired false papers, and found a place to stay with the help of friendly Poles. She relates the stress of living in hiding. Paula details the move to Czestochowa, pretending to be Catholic, and finding shelter with nuns. She reminisces about the glass factory owner who gave the sisters a job and helped them hide. Paula recalls the chaos at liberation and returning to Kaluszyn. She explains the unsuccessful attempt to reclaim the flourmill and decision to go to Lodz. Paula outlines how she then moved to Berlin, Germany and finally settled in a DP camp in Landshut. She recalls contacting her distant family and registering to go to United States. Paula discusses meeting her husband in the DP camp, marrying, and having first child. She talks about their immigration to Charleston, South Carolina. Paula shares her thoughts on reparations and how she applied to have the factory owner recognized as a Righteous Gentile.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28374"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Paula Kornblum Popowski (personal name)","Henry 'Chaim' Popowski (personal name)","Mark Popowski (personal name)","David Popowski (personal name)","Moshe Kornblum (personal name)","Sara Kornblum (personal name)","Hanna Kornblum (personal name)","Gershon Kornblum (personal name)","Mieczyslaw Rylski (personal name)","Mother Superior, Sister Vita (Jozefa Pawlowska) (personal name)","Joseph Zucker (personal name)","Rachel Zucker (personal name)","Adam Kamienny (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) (corporate name)","Central Committee of the Liberated Jews (corporate name)","World Jewish Congress (corporate name)","International Committee of the Red Cross (corporate name)","Kaluszyn, Poland (geographic term)","Czestochowa, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Litzmannstadt, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw,  Poland (geographic term)","Lublin, Poland (geographic term)","Vistula River (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Landshut, Germany (geographic term)","Charleston, South Carolina (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Kaluszyn Ghetto (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Mauthausen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Treblinka Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Schlachtensee Displaced Persons Camp (Duppel Center) (geographic term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) (topical term)","Judenrat (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Resistance (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Identification Papers (topical term)","Soviet Army (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","The Righteous Gentiles Program (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Jewish Holidays (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","World War II (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003ePaula Kornblum Popowski was interviewed by Enoch David Goodfriend on February 23, 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaula introduces her family and childhood in Kaluszyn, Poland. She recalls the antisemitism she encountered as a child and how life changed when World War II began. Paula talks about restrictions put in place by the Germans and being confined to a ghetto. She explains why she and her sister volunteered to go to a labor camp. Paula recounts the liquidation of the ghetto and learning her family had been killed. She details life in the ghetto and the labor camp. Paula outlines how she and her sister escaped to Warsaw, acquired false papers, and found a place to stay with the help of friendly Poles. She relates the stress of living in hiding. Paula details the move to Czestochowa, pretending to be Catholic, and finding shelter with nuns. She reminisces about the glass factory owner who gave the sisters a job and helped them hide. Paula recalls the chaos at liberation and returning to Kaluszyn. She explains the unsuccessful attempt to reclaim the flourmill and decision to go to Lodz. Paula outlines how she then moved to Berlin, Germany and finally settled in a DP camp in Landshut. She recalls contacting her distant family and registering to go to United States. Paula discusses meeting her husband in the DP camp, marrying, and having first child. She talks about their immigration to Charleston, South Carolina. Paula shares her thoughts on reparations and how she applied to have the factory owner recognized as a Righteous Gentile.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/846/small/Paula_Popowski.png?1619302233","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Popowski_Paula.mp4"]},"duration":6620.457,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/104/846/small/Paula_Popowski.png?1619302233","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/104/846/original/Popowski_Paula.mp4?1611682376","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6620.457,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Popowski, Paula [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: Today is February 27, 1983. My name is Enoch David Goodfriend. We\nare doing this interview in Atlanta, Georgia. Could you please tell me your full name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Paula Kornblum Popowski.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you have a Yiddish name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Perel.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your current address, please?\n\nPOPOWSKI: 166 Bull Street, Charleston, South ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carolina.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your date of birth?\n\nPOPOWSKI: January 29, 1923.\n\nGOODFRIEND: About how old were you at the time of liberation?\n\nPOPOWSKI: At the time of the liberation I was 22.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Before the wear, did you have a perspective profession? Did you have\nsomething that you wanted to do before the war broke out?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, not exactly. I was very interested in embroidery and sewing after\nschool, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at that time in Europe, they didn't . . . girls for professions as such.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Presently, what is your occupation?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I am co-owner of a furniture store with my husband.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where were you born? What city and country?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Kaluszyn, Poland. That is middle Poland.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was this a city or rural?\n\nPOPOWSKI: It was a city. It was a city with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a mayor, with a city hall.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you tell me about your family? Who lived in your household?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We had a family business. In other words, my grandfather built the\nflourmill and after that, when his children started to get married, they all\ncame into the flourmill. Finally, it winds up my father and two uncles operated\nthe mill. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had our own house where my grandmother lived with us--my\ngrandfather at that time had already passed away. My grandmother lived\ndownstairs with her two unmarried children, and we lived upstairs in the house.\nMy aunt lived on the one side and we lived on the other side. All of this was on\nthe property of the mill.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you give us the names of the people that lived in your household?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In our immediate household, there was only my brother, Gershon, and my\nsister, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hanna.\n\nGOODFRIEND: And your parents?\n\nPOPOWSKI: And my parents.\n\nGOODFRIEND: And their names?\n\nPOPOWSKI: My parents names, Sara and Moshe Kornblum.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your social status? Were you upper class, middle class, or\nlower class?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In Kaluszyn, we were considered upper class, if not to brag about it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your educational orientation? Did you go to a cheder or to\na religious school?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Polish public school one part of the day and the second part\nI went to Beth Jacob. That was a religious girls' school, which wasn't religious\nin itself, but it was called already . . . In other words, I went to school to a\nPolish public school and then for the Jewish education, I went to Beth Jacob.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your family's religious orientation? Were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Strict Orthodox.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were your contacts with non-Jews like before the war?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We had . . . Most of our workers were non-Jews. We had about ten\nworkers in the mill. Otherwise, socially we never . . . We didn't have any\nsocial contact. We had non-Jewish neighbors, but socially to come to each\nother's houses, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practically non-existent.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you experience any anti-Semitism before the war?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Oh, yes, we did, especially at the school. We had one school building.\nNow, I want to describe a little bit about how our school operated. They divided\nthe school between . . . They had number one and number two. Number two was only\nfor Jewish children because in Poland there was no such thing separation from\nreligion and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state. In other words, the Polish children had to have their\nreligious instructions given by a Catholic priest in school. The city fathers\ndecided to separate both religions so the Jewish children could go separately to\nschool and the Gentile children separately. The Jewish children also had to get\noff on the Jewish holidays as well as on the Catholic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays. They used to go\nfrom eight o'clock till one. We used to go from one o'clock till seven o'clock\nat night. We used one building. Between they getting out of school and we\ngetting in, we used to hear about anti-Semitic slurs.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were your first memories of the war and how old were you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was sixteen years old. It wasn't . . . for about a couple months\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia and he started to make the moves on the\nPolish Corridor.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Excuse me, what year was this?\n\nPOPOWSKI: He invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938. In 1939, in the beginning, we all .\n. . Everybody thought--I mostly listened to the grown ups--that maybe war could\nbe avoided, that maybe the English and the French wouldn't let this happen.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, by August and maybe even before July, we knew that the wear was about to\nhappen. That's when we first had the war jitters.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did changes, which came with the Nazis, affect you? For example,\nthe Nuremberg Laws, the Civil Service . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: Right away, as soon as they stepped foot in. By the way, Kaluszyn was\ninvaded by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans and I remember distinctly it was twelve days . . . They\ninvaded Poland September the first. September the twelfth, they were already in\nKaluszyn. We had a horrible experience. They burned out ninety percent of the\ncity. We had a thousand Jewish casualties right as soon as they came in. Then,\ncame and questioned the flourmill. That was on of the biggest industries in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn. We tried to hold onto it. We did hold on for a couple of months. Right\naway, as soon as the Germans came in, they start to catch people on the streets\nfor work, doing the most dirty work. They started right away with cutting the\nJewish beards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all kinds of restrictions. They not as severe as later--we\nweren't closed in in a ghetto yet--but, all kinds of restrictions. And, of\ncourse, we had to wear the armband with the Star of David on it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When did the war personally affect you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Right from the start of it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was the occasion?\n\nPOPOWSKI: As the Germans came in; the whole city was burned down. Our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house\ndidn't burned down and the mill was still standing there, but the misery already\nstarted. It effected personally in a way that . . . Of course, there was not\nenough food--even for money. There was not enough to eat. Everything was . . .\nThere was not enough clothes. Then we had all those people who were left\nhomeless and we had to take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them into our houses. People used to sleep on the floors.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What year was this?\n\nPOPOWSKI: 1939. Right in the beginning.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did your non-Jewish neighbors do? Did they help you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Very little. In the beginning, they were more or less in the same\npredicament what we were. There were a lot of non-Jewish homeless people. But\nKaluszyn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was about eighty percent Jewish people. Most of the Polish people lived\nin the outskirts of the city so they weren't as affected by the fire as we were.\n\nGOODFRIEND: As the war became closer and more apparent to you, what options were\navailable to you and your family?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I don't think there were any options because, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course, America was\nclosed. Then there was the psychological point that nobody believed what was\nreally going to happen. Nobody would believe that. We thought, \"Okay, they're\ngoing to make all kinds of restrictions on us, but not take the life.\" Then, the\ncloseness of the family unit . . . Nobody wanted to just go away by themselves\nand just leave the family there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine we couldn't go because the British\nwouldn't let us in.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you in a ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: They formed a ghetto in Kaluszyn, not with a wall or barbed wire but\nwhat the Germans used to call the \"Judenviertel\" . . . the Jewish Quarters that\nat a certain point you couldn't get out from. After they caught you at a certain\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point in the city, they used to shoot you. It was just a sign, \"Here ends the\nJewish Quarters.\" But the Polish people lived still with us.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were you told when the ghetto was formed?\n\nPOPOWSKI: That you've got to stay in a certain area.\n\nGOODFRIEND: By who?\n\nPOPOWSKI: By the German authorities. Then of course they formed the Judenrat.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judenrat is that council of the Jewish people that the Germans formed for social\npurposes and also to be in the ghetto as . . . like Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elders.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Can you tell me a little about the daily routine in the ghetto? How\nwas business carried out?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The business they took away. The daily routine in the ghetto was\nalways the thought if you could have enough food for the next meal. Schools were\nclosed. Even younger children couldn't go to school. If by any chance . . . I\nknow . . . It just so happened a cousin of mine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she was about twelve years old\nand wanted to get some kind of education. It was all underground education for\npeople who could afford to hire a tutor and to teach the children. Otherwise, it\nwas just a matter of survival day to day in the ghetto.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you describe a day in the ghetto for me from the time you woke\nup in the morning?\n\nPOPOWSKI: All it was was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"revolved around being with the family and to go and to\nsee, to hunt for food, where you can get it. If we found out somebody's selling\non the Black Market or something and you had a little bit of money, you went to\nget it. I remember when they took away our mill and my father didn't have\nanything. To him, it was torture because he was a very busy man before the wear\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he didn't really . . . He didn't say for us . . . just wait from one week to\nthe next. Then come eight o'clock it was curfew. You couldn't get out on the\nstreet and do anything, so we just used to get together in the house and sit.\nThen they brought in a lot on top of this, which we had a lot of homeless people\nof our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own. They brought in from the part where the German Reich are next to the\nPolish part, where they are next to Lodz . . . they brought in refugees from\nthere. The misery was terrible, especially for the refugees.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was your family able to stay together?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, we stayed together.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When were you separated?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Until then, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"September 1942.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Can you describe the separation and how it took place?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes. The separation . . . We already knew about Treblinka. We knew\nabout Auschwitz-Birkenau. What the Germans did . . . We had two neighboring\ncities. They took all the Jews from those neighboring cities. They left our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city--the Jews were still there--with a special purpose. They knew whoever was\nhiding would come to the city where there were still some Jews left. We didn't\nknow what to do. My father was at that time already in his fifties. I had a good\nfriend from Lodz--\"Litzmannstadt\" is what the Germans called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--and she already\nhad experienced running away from the Germans. She came up to me and she said,\n\"You know, there's a labor camp not too far from here. Maybe if we go in that\nlabor camp, maybe we will survive a little longer.\" That was the days between\nYom Kippur and Sukkot, four days. I didn't know what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. I went to my father.\nI remember this distinctly like it would be now. My father was sitting on the\nsofa. I said to him, \"You know, my friend from Lodz came up and she said her\nfather's sending her to the labor camp.\" Of course, you needed to have a from\nthe German authorities ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you could cross out form the ghetto to go to the\nlabor camp. You had to have a permission. She said that she got such a\npermission and she could get a few more girls and a few boys. I asked my father.\nI remember he said, \"You know, it came a time that I don't know what to tell\nyou.\" Then my mother came and I said to her the same thing. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"You go.\"\nI remember I had a pair of ski shoes. She said, \"You take your ski shoes and\nthen take one coat.\" I was wearing a spring coat. She said, \"Take your winter\ncoat on top of it.\" She took a sack and she put in a loaf of bread and a few\napples. I already had my money with me in my dress. She said, \"Go.\" We came to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the point where the Jewish Quarters were ending. There was waiting for us a\nhorse and buggy--the group what we were supposed to go to that labor camp. Let\nme remember how many people there were . . . about eight people. When I came to\nthat point, the man who was supposed to be in charge of it said, \"You know, I\ndon't see your name on it. I don't think you can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go.\" I told him, I said, \"You\nknow, I left already home. I am not going back.\" I see a little space between\ntwo names. You squeeze in my name in it. Like I said, my sister already had\ntalked to a Pole who was coming to our house. He was from a neighboring city.\nShe already talked about it to go on the Polish side. I thought she was going\nthere. That was two days ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before they took out all the Jews from Kaluszyn to go\nto Treblinka. As I was standing waiting for the group to get together, I saw my\nsister coming with my father. My father gave me a last kiss and he said, \"I want\nyou to know that we see each other the last time.\" He didn't walk away. He just\nturned away like he didn't want to look at me anymore. My sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"You know\nwhere I am going.\" That was when they took us to the camp. As they took us to\nthe camp . . . The following day . . . That was on a Wednesday. On Thursday, we\nheard all kinds of stories. On Friday morning, they came--the Germans with the\nPolish police--and they surrounded our camp. We were in the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people\ngot scared and said there were nearby woods. We could run to the woods and hide.\nLittle did they know, the people they found in the woods, they took with them.\nThe train station as about three miles from the camp. At the train station,\nthere was already all the Jews from Kaluszyn on the wagons to go to Treblinka.\nThey people who were inside the camp, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they left us. The people who they found\noutside, they took with them. My family, they had a hiding place in our house.\nBy already knowing from people who already run away from Treblinka and knew\neverything, they said they not going there. They prepared some food, whatever\nthey could, and some water. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were hiding in the house. They put a chifforobe\nin the front of the door. There was my grandmother there, my parents, a couple\nof aunts, cousins. I think eighteen people altogether. A week later, they found\nthem. The Germans put in a trustee in the flourmill. After he thought everybody\nwas gone, he went into the house and start looking for everything what he can\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grab. He found the hiding place. They took them out in the cemetery and they\nshot them all in the cemetery in Kaluszyn eight days later. I found that out\nwhile I was in the labor camp. A Pole came and he said, \"They just took out the\npeople from the flourmill.\" That's why I know exactly when their death\nanniversaries, their yahrzeits . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in that camp. A week later, there was\nanother labor camp not too far away, which was a big estate. I found out my\nsister's there. And in a third, I found out my brother's there. On Sundays, we\ndidn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. Somehow the Germans were a little bit more lenient. They said,\n\"Okay. If you wanted to go from one camp to the other to see who is there,\nbecause you're not working . . .\" With a German guard, they let us march to the\nother camp. That was when I was reunited with my sister. I remember when she was\nstanding. She said, \"You know, we don't have anybody anymore.\" She told me the\nreason why she couldn't go with the Polish man on the Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side. She ran away\nfrom the city almost at the same time they surrounded the city to take out all\nthe Jews. She didn't have any choice. That Pole came two hours later but she was\nalready gone. She told me, \"I'll go to him because we are not under barbed wire.\nThe first occasion that's going to arise, I'll run ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away.\"\n\nGOODFRIEND: I'd like to go back to the ghetto for a moment. Was there any\nresistance in the ghetto that you're aware of?\n\nPOPOWSKI: It was a little resistance in the beginning. But how could people\nresist when for almost three years they lived . . . they were hungry, people\nwere dying from diseases--especially typhoid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fever--and they . . . If any\nresistance . . . If a Jew would kill one German, they would take fifty Jews and\nkill them right away. Nobody wanted to take that responsibility.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Not so much violent resistance. What about art, or music, or\nnewspaper, or editorial . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: Like I said, they had a little bit an underground ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Former\nteaches from the school, they used to teach some of the children. There was\nsocial work going on. They put a soup kitchen. The people who had a little bit\nmore shared with the other ones.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did messages ever get out of the ghetto? Were you able to send\nmessages ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In Poland? Yes, we could write letters to Warsaw because my father,\nhis family was, his father, and his sisters, and brothers . . . Yes, we could\nwrite. We even sent packages because Warsaw ghetto was worse than Kaluszyn ghetto.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were people such as doctors, nurses, rabbis and other professionals\nable to carry on their professions in the ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Not Jewish people. They did carry on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"privately just person-to-person,\nbut we were even restricted even to call a non-Jewish doctor. We weren't allowed\nto go and buy any medicines. They put up . . . Especially in our city, we had\none drug store. They used to call in Europe an \"Apothecary.\" They put up near\nthe door a little window where it says ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Nur fur Juden,\" for Jews only. In other\nwords, you couldn't walk in the Apothecary, but you had to stay at the window\nand wait until the lady--it was run by a lady--she would come over to you. Most\nof the time she said, \"I don't have that medicine.\" You could stay for hours\nsometimes. I remember my father and mother were sick. What we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did, we just had\nto ask a Pole who was a good neighbor of ours to go to buy the medicine because\nshe could walk in the drug store and get it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You mentioned the leadership in the ghetto before. How was that\norganized and how did that organization affect you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The Germans wanted always to deal with the leadership. They used to\nput all kinds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restrictions. They wanted bribes like diamonds and furs\npromising that they could be a little more lenient. They had to have somebody to\ndeal with the . . . They put it up. The Germans put up the Jewish leadership.\nBut, of course, the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"privileges they had--the leadership--is they could walk\nthe streets sometimes after curfew. There were a couple of rotten apples between\nthe leadership, too.\n\nGOODFRIEND: We discussed a moment ago that Jews were transported from the ghetto\nto the camps. How did you know about that or what did you know about that?\n\nPOPOWSKI: About the extermination camps? It so happened a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbor of ours, he\nwas in a camp. He was in the neighboring city, which they took out before. I\nthink he was there. But I know for sure that he jumped from a running train.\nThen all kinds of people used to come and tell us that . . . We knew about\nTreblinka because the first Warsaw Jews they took out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they took to Treblinka.\nThe train station was about three miles from us. People used to see them\ntransporting thorough the train station.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did you deal with that knowledge? How did the people deal with\nknowing that was going on?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We felt like hunted animals. We didn't know how to deal with it. We\njust . . . People became motionless. They didn't know what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. Like I\nmentioned before, my father had his whole family in Warsaw. I remember\ndistinctly the day when they started to take the Jews out of Warsaw, it was the\nShabbat. He came up and he put his hands over his head, \"I don't think I have\nanybody . . .\" We couldn't get in touch with anybody. Every day they had taken\nout the Jews from Warsaw. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Germans were so tricky. They always said, \"Oh, the\nsmall cities they will leave alone.\" And always somebody somehow managed to\nescape from being near Treblinka even seen the smokes of Treblinka near it. They\nwould come and spread the word about it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: We talked about what you would do if you were sick in the ghetto. Do\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember any babies being born in the ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Very few.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Of the ones that you remember, who assisted with the birth?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Midwives or the family. If you wanted to know, I could tell you a\nlittle story. I mentioned before that we had some refugees from the parts where\nthe Germans are next to the German Reich. There was a refugee woman who was\npregnant. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took from our town . . . We had a big warehouse where they used\nto keep the grain. It was the wintertime of 1940, February or January. It was a\nvery severe winter. They put the people there in the warehouse. One woman in\nparticular used to come over to my grandmother's house and ask for a little bit\nof warm water. She was wearing such baggy clothes we didn't realize she was\npregnant. She came in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one day and sat down on the sofa and she start giving\nbirth to the child. I had an uncle who was a single man, never married. He saw\nwhat's coming. He took us and he delivered the baby. Of course, my grandmother\ndidn't let her go. She said, \"You're not going to that warehouse. You can sit\nhere until you get well enough.\" But he delivered the baby. I don't know how\nthey separated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the umbilical cord. This I never know, but I know that he\ndelivered the baby. So, how they deliver the babies? There was a midwife there.\nIt was a pity because the mothers couldn't nurse the babies. They didn't have\nthemselves enough nourishment. You would see very tragic scenes. Babies cried\nfor food and they couldn't nurse them.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you remember a bris, circumcision?\n\nPOPOWSKI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, there was single but not too many babies were born during that\ntime. There were a few weddings, too. Life was a little bit going on but it\nwasn't . . . If somebody got married, he moved in in a corner, put another bed\nin, moved in, and they moved in a corner someplace.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about religious ceremonies?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In the beginning, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940, they made a minion for the High Holy Days.\nOur family organized a minyan. They had somebody come in and daven for us. Then\nmy father had to say Kaddish. His mother passed away right in the beginning of\nthe war, so we had a minyan in our house. When they were davening, they used to\ntell the children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go outside to look if no Germans are coming. One time, the\nGermans came up. The Jew didn't have time to take off his tallit and tefillin.\nThey took him down from our house--this I remember--and paraded him all over the\nstreet with his tallit and teffilin. Like I said, my parents were very religious\nso my father davened every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. But it stuck to my memory as the last year . . .\nMust have been 1941, came winter storm, because there wasn't enough food, there\nwasn't enough . . . but they had a Torah in my grandmother's house. Just a\nminyan --ten people, ten men--got together and they walked around with the Torah\nin that little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room just for tradition. All the children stood guard to see if\nnobody's coming to see it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did your religious beliefs change during this period, or did they?\n\nPOPOWSKI: While I was home, they didn't change.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Just this period.\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, that didn't change.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know of any help that came to the Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from non-Jews outside\nof the ghetto?\n\nPOPOWSKI: If it came, it came very little. Some Jews had very good friends. They\ntried to help a little bit, but it wasn't organized help.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's go on. Were you in a concentration camp or a labor camp?\n\nPOPOWSKI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A labor camp.\n\nGOODFRIEND: We talked about it a little bit before about the situation that led\nto you being there. Could you tell us a little bit about the labor camp you were\nin and how long you were there?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was six weeks there. That labor camp consisted of a couple of barracks.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where was this?\n\nPOPOWSKI: It was near Kaluszyn. It was about five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"miles from Kaluszyn. The work\nconsisted of digging ditches to drain the fields. One barrack was strictly for\nwomen, and about four barracks for men, and one barrack was a kitchen. We had\nsome bunk beds . . . just a few boards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put together. That was the bunk beds.\nEvery morning about six o'clock in the morning, they used to wake us up and give\nus a piece of molded bread, and take us out to the fields. The men used to dig\nthe ditches and the women used to spread the sand what came up from the ditches.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was about a mile away from the camp, but it also was the same story. A few\npeople like myself--I had money with me--the Polish people used to come up who\nlived nearby. For a little money, they used to sell you a piece of bread, an egg\nsometimes. We used to make a little field fire because it was cold--September,\nOctober it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold over there--and cooked a little the eggs. Then when you used\nto return to the camp, there was a little bit soup. They used to put one line\nthe women and one line the men. They used to give the women first little bit\nsoup, a little water and cabbage.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any attempts at resistance or escape?\n\nPOPOWSKI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the camp? No, people wanted to come into the camp, not to escape\nfrom the camp because they thought the camp was going to be a haven for them. A\nlot of people wondered in the woods or fields that jumped from the trains, came\nfrom Treblinka. They wanted to come in the camps. They didn't let them come into\nthe camps. As a matter of fact, they gave us little registration cards. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nused to take us out. There was a little square there. They used to gather us\ntogether and they used to check if everybody got their registration cards. There\nwere some children there, which they didn't have the right to be there. But\nthere were some parents with children there. They used to hide them a whole day\nin the field and at night smuggle them in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. I had one experience I'll\nnever . . . I told this one to the German authorities when they had some trial\ngoing on for a German. Being in that camp, like I said, we had the registration\ncards and the children didn't have a right. One Sunday, they took us all out in\nthat square and somehow they found a little boy in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"field. They took that boy\nand they who that boy belongs to. The mother and the father didn't want to admit\nit was there boy. They thought somehow they could save him, but if they find out\nits their boy they would kill the boy and the parents. They start hiding behind\nother people's backs, the parents--so the boy wouldn't run to them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About three\nor four year old, the child. The German commandeer--we had a commandeer\nthere--said, \"How about maybe some guardian will step out and take this child?\"\nWas thinking if he say a guardian maybe the mother will come forward or the\nfather. Nobody stepped forward. He took the child a few steps away and in view\nof everybody, gave him a bullet in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head. After that, he checked everybody\nwho had a registration. There were a few people, like I said, who tried to get\ninto the camp and they didn't have the registration. They took them out in the\nwoods and they shot about eight or nine people that time. So, it was not a\nquestion of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaping. I got out from that camp. My sister, she was already in\nWarsaw. She got in touch with that Pole who wanted to originally take her to the\nPolish side. He was already . . . She was there. She sent him for me. He knew my\nparents. He was a little bit also . . . He was from the Socialist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Party, was a\nworker. He came to the camp on a Sunday, when we didn't work. I told him, I\nsaid, \"You know, on Sunday, I can't get away from the camp because everybody's\noff and the Germans are all around us. I just can't.\" I told him at that time, I\nsaid, \"You know, my sister's there. Let her save herself.\" But he persisted and\nhe came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back a couple days . . . After he left, I had a good friend of mine\nthere, which I went to camp with her. I said, \"You know, why didn't I go with\nhim? All right, if they would catch us, okay. But I had a chance.\" But he\npersisted. He came back. I told him, \"If you had come in the middle of the week\ninstead of going back to the barracks from the field where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're working, I'll\njust walk off with you.\" He came back in the middle of the week and I walked\naway with him. Took me to his house. He had a wife and two children. Took me to\nhis house that was about ten miles from us. The following morning, on the train,\ntook me to Warsaw, where I was reunited with . . . to his brother's house.\nThat's where my sister was staying. I was reunited with my sister. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in\nNovember 1942.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I'm going to repeat a question. During this time, did your religious\nbeliefs pretty much stay the same?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I didn't think of religious belief at that time. I put very little\nthought about religious belief.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Why?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Because things were happening so tragically I just . . . We didn't\neven think of it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think I thought of any religious belief. First of all,\nI was young. I sincerely say I never thought of religious belief at that time. I\ndid ask question of why it was happening to us, but I didn't think of any\nreligious . . . I don't believe so.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did this place have a name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The place was called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jeziorek. I don't know what happened to it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long were you there altogether?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Six weeks.\n\nGOODFRIEND: If you had false papers, how did you get them?\n\nPOPOWSKI: When I was in Warsaw, the administrator from the house . . . Of\ncourse, we knew we had to get false papers. The Polish people, they got it about\na year before. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1941, I think, they had an order that all Polish people should\nget those identification papers. But Jews weren't allowed to get it, so of\ncourse, who didn't have one was a Jew. When we were in that place where we\nstayed in Warsaw, the administrator from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house, he told us that he can get\nit for us for a certain price and he did. In Warsaw was an order that whoever\nlived in a certain house had to be registered with that administrator. That's\nwhy he was able to get us those papers.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was your identity, your name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Apolonia Borkowska.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where did you live and what was your routine?\n\nPOPOWSKI: We were living in hiding. By the way, if Mark would be here, he got\npictures of the place where we were hiding. When he was in Warsaw, he went\nthere. He took pictures of it. We lived in that room. The man, his name was\nWojciech. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He worked on the railroad. He used to shovel the coal in the engines.\nThe whole day, we just looked out the window, didn't go out any place. In the\nwinter nights in Poland, about three or four o'clock used to be already dark, so\nwe used to go out for fresh air. Then we had some more Jews come in. That same\nman who took me out from the camp, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who took my sister, he went back, and he took\ntwo more Jewish people out. We all were in one little room. That same man who\nmade that false paper we stay at the house, he said, \"For a price, the other\npeople I can put up with some other families.\" It was just like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an underground\nnetwork to find a place where to stay. He put up the other people. Each of one\nof us knew where the other one was staying. We had all kinds of . . . When we\nused to go out at night, we used to go and visit somebody and we had special\nsignals to knock on the door. If it was three knocks, for instance, she knew\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's us and then she opened the door.\n\nGOODFRIEND: If you were discovered, what were the circumstances? In other words,\ndid they have house-to-house checks? What would happen?\n\nPOPOWSKI: They didn't go from house-to-house checks but mostly through\nrecognition and mostly through Polish people.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What would happen to you if you were discovered?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I would be shot in place, or taken to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a police station or wherever and\nbeen shot. Just like that. Or they would question me how did I get the papers,\nwho did I pay for, in order to get other people, too, who were involved in\ngetting me the papers.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What kinds of papers were issued to you by the Nazis?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The Nazis issued only . . . The camp identification papers I got it\nthrough, and I always had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to carry it with me. The Nazis didn't issue any papers\nto me. That was in Warsaw. I stayed in Warsaw at that particular place until\nafter Christmas because I remember they celebrated Christmas. Then it started to\nget a little bit too complicated. We thought that maybe a neighbor talks. That\nwas the biggest thing--that a neighbor got suspicious, \"Why don't they get out\nfrom the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house?\" So we moved to another place not too far away. We stayed there\nand then we got into trouble. Somebody--I don't know--discovered that we had\nsome money, we had some ruble gold pieces, which my father earned in the First\nWorld War that was given to us. One morning, two men came up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and told the owner\nof the apartment, \"I think you are hiding Jewish girls.\" The owner claimed that\nthey were Jews, blackmailers. We got scared. We had in a little box the money.\nWe hid it under the chifferobe. They were trying to tell all kinds of things the\nGestapo is standing outside the gate and we will have to go with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. But once\nthey noticed the money and they grabbed the money, we never saw them again. They\njust left. That's why the owner, the Polish lady who hid us, she claimed that\nthey were Jewish people, which we never knew who they were. Then we knew we\ncouldn't stay there any longer. We went to another place. Like I said, through\nthe network of people who for a certain price . . . For ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instance, if she would\nrent that place for 50 zlotys, she charged us 600. We were there at the third\nplace till April 1943. That's when the uprising in Warsaw ghetto braked out. We\nwere sleeping on a double sofa bed. All of a sudden, we heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shots. We said to\nthe lady--she was a widow--I said, \"Please go down. Find out what's happening.\"\nShe came up. She said, \"You know, the ghetto is burning and they saying the Jews\nmade an uprising in the ghetto.\" Then we felt like it wouldn't be good for us to\nstay there any longer but we didn't have anywhere to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. By May . . . The\nuprising broke out on April 19, 1943. In the beginning of May, when the ghetto\nuprising was still going on, she made a suggestion. She said, \"You know, I had\none time a girl living with me from Czestochowa. I know her name but I don't\nhave her address. But I know what her father-in-law . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She married somebody\nand I know her father-in-law used to make coaches. Czestochowa would be a good\nplace to go because there is a big shrine where the Black Madonna is and a lot\nof pilgrims come in there. So, we will have a good excuse for going there.\" She\nwent to the main train station, which was about two streets away from where we\nlived. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bought tickets. We asked her, \"Will you go with us? We'll pay you for\nit.\" Everything was for money, but with the money she risked her life, too. She\nsaid, \"Okay, I'll go with you, but I don't want you to go with me together to\nthe train station. I'll go and buy the tickets. I'll bring you a ticket and for\nyour sister a ticket. Then I'll step in first and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll go in after me, like we\ndon't know each other.\" We came to that city, that Czestochowa. It was a pretty\nbig city. The first thing, we said, \"Let's go in in a restaurant and eat\nsomething.\" We were terribly hungry. We asked the waiter. We told him the story\nthat we came on a pilgrimage to the monastery ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where you can stay overnight.\nHe said, \"You know, there are two private nuns, which are not connected with any\nmonastery. They have a boarding house. You can go over there to stay.\" Okay. We\nwent there. He went with us. He showed us where the place is. We stayed there\nand she stayed with us. Then about two days later, she said she's going down to\nWarsaw. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were two nuns only. They had a little garden and a few rooms just\nto rent out for the pilgrims. One, she was a real . . . She somehow recognized\nthat we are not Gentile, wee are not Catholic girls. It was funny. We went the\nfirst time to the famous monastery in Czestochowa. We'd never been to a mass. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know what to do. We saw people walking up to take the communion. We\nthought we were supposed to go there, too. That lady pulled our hand. She said,\n\"You better sit right here. You can't go to take the communion.\" Then she left\nafter a couple of days. That nun, she was mean, that is true, but she was smart,\ntoo. She called us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one day and she said, \"Listen, you're not going to fool\nme. You are Jewish girls. Tell me.\" We start shivering. We said, \"Okay, we are.\"\nShe said, \"I can keep you here.\" She said, \"You got any means to live on?\" We\nsaid, \"We've got a little but not much.\" We didn't want to divulge what we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had.\nShe said, \"You know, I have a friend who has a glass factory here. He hires\npeople. If he's going to hire you and you can go every day to work, you might be\nable to stay here.\" There was a little boy there, about twelve or thirteen years\nold. They had goats. He used to go in on the pasture and tend to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goats. But\nthat boy looked to us very intelligent. His name was Addis. Why? Because when we\ncame, he said, \"Are you from Warsaw?\" \"Yes.\" \"Do you have any books to read?\" It\nwas strange to us. A boy who tends goats would like to read a book? We said,\n\"No, we don't have any books.\" But we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit something to read. Then\nthat man came who had the factory. That nun called us. The rooms were upstairs\nand she called us downstairs to the kitchen. He introduced himself. He said,\n\"I'm Mr. Rylski.\" He was with his wife. \"And I have a glass factory, which is\napproved by the Germans,\" because they worked part time for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the. \"If you wanted\nto come to work,\" he gave us the address, \"you can come to work.\" We didn't know\nthat he knows that we are Jewish girls. And we didn't know that that little boy\nwas Jewish. Later, we found out that that little boy was put up with those nuns\nby that man who owned the factory. He had a friend--a Jewish friend, who I don't\nknow if he went to school with him--who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very well off. When they took the\nJews out of Czestochowa, that little boy came to Mr. Rylski. He escaped somehow\nor his parents . . . This I don't remember. His parents told him to go there. He\nwanted to save him, so he put him up with the nuns, and he made him as the boy\nwho tends the goats. He slept in the same room with the goats. He paid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money for\nit. He used to come visit the boy. The first few weeks, before we found out that\nMr. Rylski knew that we are Jewish girls, we were always surprised that whenever\nhe comes, he talks to that boy, to Addis. One day, that nun . . . what's going\non. Okay, we were already secure a little bit. We went every morning to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. At\nseven o'clock in the morning, we had to go to the factory. We learned a trade,\nlittle by little. He used to make little bottles for pills and we learned what\nto have to do. Then about three, four weeks later the Russians bombarded Warsaw.\nWe thought they came to bombard the ghetto, to help the Jews, but it wasn't the\ncase. I mentioned to Mr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rylski, I said, \"You know, I'm glad I'm not in Warsaw\nanymore.\" He said, \"Don't you worry.\" He said, \"You're on my wagon now.\" I said\nto my sister on the way home, \"Ah ha. He knows that we are Jewish.\" Then I asked\nhim why is he doing it, what motivates him. He said, \"You know, I've got two\ndaughters. If they would be in any trouble, I would like people to help them,\ntoo.\" It was lucky that we got that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job because after a while, the money started\nrunning out. We were paid by him considering, pretty good. Now, that place where\nwe stayed . . . That nun, one day she called me. She said, \"You know, I know you\ngot some money. But where you keep it?\" We were naïve. We thought maybe . . .\nShe tried to tell us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"In case somebody will come and look for it, make a\nsearch, I'll know how to hide it.\" That was in summertime. We told her, \"You\nsee, we have some ski shoes and we hide it in the inner soles,\" taken out and\nput in a few gold pieces. One day, we had to exchange it in order to . . .\nexchange it for Polish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. I told my sister, I said, \"You know, I'm going\ndown to the store, buy something and you take it out.\" We had somebody also\nthrough Mr. Rylski who advised us. He said, \"You know some people will do\nit--exchange the gold pieces for Polish gold.\" I said to my sister, \"You take\nout the gold piece from the ski shoes.\" When I came up, she was laying on the\nbed and crying terribly. She said, \"You know, somebody robbed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.\" They took out\nthe gold piece and put in a Polish coin that was worthless. At that time, we\nthought the world was coming to an end. If we wouldn't have money . . . Whatever\nwe earned wasn't enough to keep us alive and nobody will take us in if we\nwouldn't pay them a little bit more. That night, Mr. Rylski came with his wife\nto visit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Addis. We told him. I said, \"You know . . .\" And that nun didn't admit\nit. She said, \"Oh, somebody . . . You probably did it. Maybe you forgot.\" We\nsaid, \"No, we did not! We know that it was there.\" But we didn't want to accuse\nher because we were afraid maybe she could be an informer. So, Mr. Rylski . . .\nWe decided . . . We said maybe we should go and register to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany to go\nto work as Polish girls. They were hiring, taking Polish girls to work in German\nfactories. At least maybe we could be more safer. Mr. Rylski said, \"No. You're\nnot going there. I going to put you to work where you will earn more money.\nInstead of piecework, you could do day work, which is more money. You could earn\nmore money and you stay here.\" I remember exact his words. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"There is no\nsituation without a solution. Stay here.\" Okay, we stayed. One day, we came back\nfrom work. That was about September in 1943. The nun said, \"The neighbors start\ntalking in the yard that you are Jewish girls and you can't stay any longer.\" We\ndidn't know what to do. Again, our savior was that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boss from the factory, Mr.\nRylski. \"What can we do?' He said, \"I have a good friend who's a priest. He is a\nsponsor for two homes for old age people. They have a few young people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. He\nwill help you but you got to tell him the truth that you are Jewish girls.\" I\nsaid, \"How can I go there? I don't know him.\" He said, \"Leave it to me. I'll\nfind out his address and you tell him that you're coming from me.\" So help us .\n. . I remember, I thought . . . He said, \"I'll let you go during work hours.\nI'll excuse you go over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Nobody could be any suspicious that you've got\nbusiness.\" I went myself. He said, \"Don't you go both together. You go by\nyourself.\" I introduced myself and I told him that Mr. Rylski sent me. I said,\n\"First of all, I want to tell you right away we are Jewish girls, two sisters.\nWe need help--not financial help; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moral help. You'll help us? We are in a\nsituation. We don't have no place to stay. Mr. Rylski told us that you are\nsponsor of two old age homes.\" He sat, and looked at me, and said, \"Wait a\nminute.\" He put on his coat and said, \"Come with me.\" We went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that old age\nhome. It wasn't for convalescent people, but people old age who didn't have no\nplace to stay. He asked the Mother Superior there to take us in. She was\nskeptical, frightened, skeptical. She said, \"Okay, you can come tomorrow.\" Okay.\nAfter work, we went there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After we came there, after she already agreed, she\nsaid, \"Come on. Let me give you some supper.\" Then after supper, she said, \"I\ndon't think you can stay here. I'm afraid.\" We started crying and said, \"Where\nare we going? It's after curfew already. We can't go any place else.\" She said,\n\"Okay. I let you sleep overnight. Tomorrow morning, you go in to work and after\nwork, you come back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\" We came back there after work. She didn't want to let\nus sleep there. I said, \"Where are we going now?\" She said, \"You know, the other\nnurse . . . the old age home that that particular priest sponsored, they have\nalso part of that old age home, people can stay overnight there. Go there and\ntell them that you wanted to stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overnight there.\" That was about an hour\nbefore the curfew started. Now, possessions we didn't have many. Everything\nwould fit in one shopping bag. We said, \"What have we got to lose? We will go\nthere.\" I remember we knocked on the door. They opened a little door. In the\ndoor, there was a little door to open. They said, \"Who are you?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We said, \"We\nwanted to sleep here overnight. The first thing every place where you went, they\nasked you first, \"Do you have documents?\" We showed them our documents. They\ncalled the Mother Superior and they let us in. The first thing, they took us to\nthe office. When I took a look, there was a big boarded up . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". The Mother\nSuperior looked so serene and so nice. She gave us a bed and said we could stay\nthere only one night. After, in the morning when we got up and went to work--we\nhad to get up at 6 o'clock in the morning because it was about 45 minutes to\nwalk--she gave us breakfast. There was about ten nuns. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Big house. It was pretty\nmuch modern improvements like bathrooms inside and running waters in the . . .\nnice house . . . in back. When we went to work, we met her in the hall. She\nsaid, \"God be with you.\" When we came to work, Mr. Rylski told me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How did it\nwork out?\" I told him what happened the night before. I said, \"You know, we\nwould like to stay there and I have a feeling that that Mother Superior will\ntake us in.\" He said, \"Give it a try. But the same thing I've got to tell you:\nIf you want to stay there, you've got to tell the Mother Superior the whole\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"truth.\" We came home. Of course, the first agreement we had, we were supposed to\nleave after we came back from work. But I met the Mother Superior before she\nwent into the chapel. I said, \"Mother Superior, we wanted to talk to you. My\nsister and myself, we wanted to talk to you, but it's got to be confidential.\"\nShe said, \"Let's go into the office.\" There was a girl ironing. I remember\ndistinctly she was ironing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. She said, \"You get out.\" She sat down with\nus. She said, \"What you wanted to tell me?\" I said, \"Sister . . . Mother\nSuperior, we want you to take us under your wings.\" She said, \"What you mean?\"\nWe said, \"Sister, we are Jewish girls. We got a job. We have all identification\npapers. But we don't have where to put our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heads down at night.\" She looked at\nus and smiled. She said, \"Where would I let you go now? I think you can stay\nhere.\" Then we said, \"We can pay you.\" She said, \"How much you earn?\" We told\nher how much we earn a week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we told her, \"We give you all the money what we\nearn.\" She said, \"No, you're not. You are young girls. You need some money for\nyourself, too.\" We stayed till we were liberated. As a matter of fact, after we\nwere liberated, when the Polish government came in, and we didn't have enough\nmoney to exchange it, they even gave us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money for the trip to go back to\nKaluszyn. Now, it was all kinds of near misses all during the time, but we\nstayed with Mr. Rylski and stayed with the nuns.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You have your papers here with you today?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Right.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I wonder if we can . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: Now, that was my identification. That was the top of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: If you could just describe what we are seeing.\n\nPOPOWSKI: This part was my name, where I was born, what I am doing, and that I\nam a Catholic girl--my religion. The other part, the middle part, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is my picture,\nfingerprints, and official stamps with the swastika on it. The third part is\nwhere I used to live. Every time when I moved from place to place, I had to\nregister where I was staying. There is the streets where I lived first in\nWarsaw, then Czestochowa. That is one document. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we also had to have a\ndocument that I am employed so in case somebody wants to catch me in the middle\nof the day for work in Germany that I can show that I am employed. That was\ngiven to me by the firm where I worked. Mr. Rylski, that's his signature right\nhere. That is the picture in it with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my signature on it. I also was given in\ncase . . . That was like a health insurance. In case I was sick or had to have\nsome medicine, I had to have some health insurance. That was given by Mr.\nRylski. I had to signed whenever I went to the doctor, which there's a signature\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someplace. I think I saw it someplace. The Doctor had to . . . That's where the\ndoctor . . . I developed a skin disease and he signed it for me. I went to the\ndoctor. I didn't have to pay for it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I was employed and I had that\ninsurance. That is a picture of my sister, myself, and a friend on the way to\nchurch, to the monastery. That was taken there. That was taken in 1943.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Thank you very much, Paula. After this experience, what were the\nfirst signs for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you that the war may be coming to an end?\n\nPOPOWSKI: When the Russians approached, when they started offensive, we heard\nabout it. We used to buy every day a Polish paper. It was, of course, censored\nby the Germans, but we could sense that the war was going real badly for them.\nThey had all kinds of tricks. They said in order to . . . for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strategic reasons,\nwe had to shorten the front, so we moved a little bit closer. Then we heard it\nthat they established a Polish government in Lublin. That was on the east part\nof the Vistula. Poland is divided by the Vistula east and west. We were on the\nwest side of the Vistula. Anyhow, about August, they approached the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vistula.\nThen the Polish people made an uprising in Warsaw. Instead of the Russians to\nadvance, they stopped. They let the Germans slaughter the Polish people and\ndestroy Warsaw completely. We thought at that time that the Russians going to\nadvance and we could be liberated. As a matter of fact, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met a Pole who we\nknew very well. He told us, \"Why don't you go across the Vistula on the east\nside, so you could be liberated?\" But it was too far from us. Anyhow, they\nstayed there. Then we heard about in the beginning of January, that the Russians\nstarted offensive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. That started coming fast. In the morning, we went to\nwork. We saw a commotion on the street. The Germans were running back and forth.\nOur factory was across from the railway station. The station was full of\npeople--German soldiers. In the middle of the day, the lights went out, the\nmachinery stopped, and we heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shots. The Russians were already in town. They\nwere in hand-to-hand combat in the city and we were stuck in the factory.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was the date?\n\nPOPOWSKI: The date was January 12, 1945. We were stuck in the factory. We didn't\nknow what to do. We cried. All people cried. We saw wounded soldiers. Then after\na couple hours, there was a girl also worked with us, lived not too far from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.\nWe said, \"Let's go. We'll go.\" It took us a long time. On one side was the\nGerman soldiers; other side Russian soldiers. Some Russian soldier says, \"Hide.\nDon't go,\" because glass was falling. Somehow we managed to get back to home.\nWhen we came to the house, the Mother Superior saw us. She started crossing\nherself. \"You made it. I was so worried because I knew you were in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory.\"\nShe said, \"First thing, sit down and I'll give you food.\" She whispered to our\nears, \"You are almost free.\" That was the . . . But the Germans came back. They\ndidn't come back on land, but they had some dogfights in the air, so we had to\nhide in the cellars for about five more days. On January the seventeenth, we\nwent out on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"streets and the Polish people. The Germans were gone for good.\nBut we still didn't tell anybody besides those people who already knew that we\nwere Jewish girls because we didn't know what was going on yet. The war was\nstill going on. We didn't know what going to happen. Anyhow, we stayed there. Of\ncourse, a lot of people took advantage, started opening the stores what was only\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans. They tried to get the blankets and shoes. Not too far there was a\nhouse that the Germans took over for an officer's club. We went up there, my\nsister and myself. We found a toothbrush with toothpaste on it. They didn't have\nenough time to brush their teeth. On one sink, we found a gold wedding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"band. My\nsister said, \"You know, let's take the gold wedding band and give it as an\noffering to the sisters, to the nuns.\" We took it and gave. The nuns said . . .\nOf course, the factory stopped working. It was a very chaotic time. The Russians\ntook a lot of Germans because they were caught by surprise, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of them. They\nused to march them around the streets. One thing they didn't let . . . The first\nday, they let a little bit take revenge, but after that, they didn't let nobody\napproach them.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Who did?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Because there was Jews working in Czestochowa. I didn't mention that\nbefore. There was a factory who used to make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ammunition. They had slave Jewish\nlaborers there. We knew about them from the Poles. Also, sometimes they used to\ntake them from one place to the other. As we used to walk on the sidewalks, they\nused to have the Jews walk in the middle of the street with the . . . Most of\nthose Jews were from the . . . We wore armbands with the Star of David, where\nthose Jews wore ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yellow stars on the back and front. So we knew there was a\nJewish slave labor camp. It wasn't a camp. It was an ammunition factory. The\nJews came out and they tried to take a little bit of revenge, but they didn't\nlet them. Now, we didn't know what was happening in our hometown, who survived,\nwho was there, but there was one friend of ours who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is presently in Israel, who\nwas on the Polish side with us in Warsaw. While there was an uprising in Warsaw\nby the Poles, he as a Pole enlisted in the Red Cross. He was going, taking a\ntransport of Poles through Czestochowa. We told him at one point where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are.\nHe came to see us. We made a who's going to be first liberated, to let the other\nknow about it. He wrote us in a postcard for New Years and Christmas, \"Keep your\nheads high. I don't think its . . . We're going to see each other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soon.\" That\nwas in January. The whole January we were in Czestochowa. The beginning of\nFebruary, we thought maybe the factory going to start working again. We didn't\nwant to tell our Polish friends--the friends who we worked together--that we are\nJewish. We heard all kinds . . . That the Russians were still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far from Berlin.\nOne time, I came to the factory just to find out if they going to start working.\nThe secretary told me, she said, \"You know, there was a letter for you, a\nregistered letter. The postman didn't want to leave it.\" We figured out . . . My\nsister said to me, \"I bet that's from Adam,\" because he's the only one who knew\nwhere we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. He was engaged one time to a cousin of mine. He looked real\nPolish, real handsome. We told her, I said, \"Please, when the postman's going to\ncome tomorrow, we going to be here and we're going to get the letter.\" We asked\nher what time and she gave us a time when he usually comes, the postman. When we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came, she said, \"You know, he was already here and he didn't want to leave the\nletter.\" Again. I said to my sister, \"You know, I am going to the main post\noffice. I'm going to stop every postman who is going out. I know which time they\ngoing out to deliver the letters. I'm going to stop every postman who go out and\nI'll ask him if he got a registered letter for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\" The first one didn't have.\nThe second one didn't have. The third one . . . The fourth one had it. All I did\nis turn over the letter and take a look. In Poland, they write the sender on the\nother side. I turned it over. I saw \"Adam Kamienny in Kalusyzn.\" I didn't open\nthe letter. I jumped. Then I runned quick to my sister and I said, \"We got a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter from Kalusyzn.\" Little did I know that Kaluszyn . . . I had an idea that\nit was . . . Kaluszyn was liberated in June of 1944 because it was on the east\nside of the Vistula. Then I opened the letter that was from Adam and he said,\n\"You, know, there are a few Jews who were hiding on the east side. Between them\nwas your Uncle, who was in Russia. He is already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back.\" We ran to our Mr. Rylski\nand we told him, \"We are leaving right now.\" He said, \"Wait a minute. How are\nyou going to get on the train?\" I said, \"I don't know. We don't have any money.\"\nWe didn't exchange any money yet. Everything was chaotic. He said, \"You know, I\nhave a friend who works on the railroad. Maybe he can be able to give you some\ntickets.\" He went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that friend. He said, \"Okay, I'll give you some tickets for\ntomorrow.\" The nun said, \"Alright, I'll give you some money because around the\nhouse I exchanged already some money and I'll give it to you. I'll give you a\nfew hundred zlotys.\" The following morning, we went on the train station. We\ncouldn't go on the train without a ticket because it was terrible pandemonium.\nPeople who didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each other . . . Everybody was trying to get on the\ntrain. They didn't know where they going, what they going. Polish people had\nbeen separated, too. A trip from Czestochowa was just over 200 miles from\nWarsaw. A trip what usually should take three hours took us three days. First,\nwe went by the train. Then we came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outskirts of Warsaw. The train didn't\ngo into Warsaw. Warsaw was destroyed completely. We had to sleep overnight. It\nwas so funny. We tried to find a place to sleep. We knocked on a door on a\nhouse--it was a big apartment building, I remember--and there we a lot of people\ntrying to get in. That woman said to one person, she said, \"I'm not going to let\nyou in. I think you are Jewish.\" But us she let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. She put a mattress on the\nfloor. We slept overnight there. The following morning, we went by horse and\nbuggy into Warsaw. We came to Warsaw, there was this stench and not one house\nwas standing . . . stench from the dead horses, from the dead people. It was\nhorrible. We walked and walked. We had our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possessions in a wicker suitcase.\nWhen you walk so long, it start to get heavy. My sister with that, until we got\nto the Vistula. We knew we wouldn't' be able to cross the Vistula. We were so\ntired with that suitcase. There come a man with a little child with a little\nwagon. He was pulling a little wagon. We told him, we said, \"We will give you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread. How about taking that suitcase over the Vistula? We will walk with you.\"\nHe said, \"Okay.\" He took out the child. For bread. He took us over across the\nVistula. On the other side, we already knew some people who could sleep us. We\nwent there. Of course, they were really happy that we are survived. Polish\npeople who we stayed in the beginning in Warsaw. Then, how to get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn?\nThe trains were full of wounded Russian soldiers because the front was not too\nfar away from there. We somehow got on that train in boxcars, not on a regular\ntrain. After we travelled about . . . It was real cold. I remember it was so\ncold. It was in the middle of February. Terrible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After we travelled about\nthirty or forty . . . no, about 20 miles, in a middle of a field, they said,\n\"All civilians got to get off the train because we just got a transport of\nwounded Russian soldiers.\" Women were crying and children were crying, but they\nalso had one wagon, which they liberated Russian slave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers--women--and they\nwere carrying back to Russia. A woman we slept once gave us a couple of\nsandwiches on the way. Somehow, we jumped on that train. We didn't speak much\nRussian, but we gave one Russian girl a sandwich and said, \"You keep your mouth\nshut. Don't say anything.\" She did. Finally, we came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the station where we\nsupposed to get off. But we were afraid in case the train is not going to stop\nthere, we better get off a station before, which was about five miles. We could\nwalk with the tracks until we got to the station where we're supposed to get off\nnear Kaluszyn. We came to Kaluszyn. We saw one family who was hiding with Polish\npeople--not on documents, but really hiding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underground. They were already\nliberated for about six months. They took back over their house. We stayed with\nthat family. We didn't stay long because the Poles came back some for revenge\nand they killed two Jews in Kaluszyn. That's when we fled Kaluszyn.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did you find out about the rest of your family?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that most of the family was gone while I was still in labor\ncamp. Then, the janitor who used to work for us was still janitor there at the\nmill. The mill was standing. The mill was operating. She even had a picture of\nmy mother--the janitor's wife. Mark had a picture of them because he met him in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn. They told us the whole story what happened, which we had pretty much\nan idea.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Are you and your sister the only . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: The only survivors except for an aunt that went before to Israel and\nmy uncle who was liberated in Russia.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you in a DP camp at all?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Yes, I was.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Which one?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Berlin. Then, after we left Kaluszyn, we went to Lodz. That's\nwhere the concentration of the Jews . . . Most of the Jews who survived went to\nLodz. Stayed in Lodz till the end of 1945. Then we decided . . . Then we got in\ntouch with the family in Charleston. I had distant relatives in Charleston and\nmy aunt in Israel found out about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We started getting letters from them and a\ncousin in Charleston. At first we thought we wanted to go to Israel to be\nreunited with my aunt. By the way, I never knew that I had a cousin in\nCharleston before, but my aunt in Israel, as soon as she found out, she wrote to\nthem. She said, \"You know, there are two girls. My sister's two girls survived.\nWe've got to help them.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got a letter from Charleston, South Carolina. \"Who\nis there?\" Luckily, my uncle was there. He said, \"I know who it is.\" He wrote to\nus in Yiddish. He was a very religious man. He wrote to us in Yiddish, \"If you\nwant to go to Palestine, we will help you.\" Meanwhile, it started . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We tried\nto get back our flourmill. We went to court. We hired a lawyer. We tried to get\nit back.\n\nGOODFRIEND: This was 1945?\n\nPOPOWSKI: 1945, right after the war. At first, the court was very good. They\nsaid, \"All you've got to do it bring witnesses that you are your mother's\ndaughters, that you are the rightful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"owners.\" Fine. As the judge was about to\ngive his decree, came in an official from the Polish government and said, \"Stop!\nThat enterprise is too big for a private owner and it is nationalized.\" Then we\nlost this, too. In a couple of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places, the Poles came back--you know, the Jews\nclaimed their properties--and there was a few killings. Finally, we decided . .\n. The family we stayed with, the few Kaluszyn Jews, we got together and we\nformed like a family, the few people. We decided to go to Germany. My sister\nwent before with one group. Meanwhile, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked. That particular family, they\nwere furriers. They were making for the . . . first, for the railroad people and\nsomething like this--not the precious furs, but the crude furs.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I just want to be clear on one thing. Were you still in a DP camp?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, I wasn't. That wasn't in Lodz. Then we smuggled through the border\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Poland and we came to Berlin. That's when I was put in a DP camp. At that\npoint, I was separated from my sister. I came to Berlin and she already had left\nfor west Germany, near Munich. I didn't know it. I didn't hear from her. I\ndidn't know where she is. That's when I was in a DP camp.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were the conditions there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In the DP camp? We were in . . . They were army barracks, but compared\nto the . . . Everybody was in the same boat, so we didn't feel any . . . We was\nyoung. We didn't feel . . . We were glad we were alive. That's all it was to it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did it have a name?\n\nPOPOWSKI: It was the part of . . . It had a name. It was Schlachtensee. That was\na part of Berlin.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I was there from January 1946 till April. Now, it just so happened at\nthat time a neighbor, which lived next door in the same barrack, and I was\nalways telling . . . She survived with a whole family, with three sons and a\ndaughter. An elder person. I was always saying, \"Oh, I don't know where my\nsister is. I don't know where she is.\" One time her one son said, \"You know, I'm\ngoing to west Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You give me the name of your sister and I'll try to\nfind.\" It was even in Poland, whoever say they try right away to organize a\npoint where everybody who came registered, so that if somebody will come and try\nto find some family, they can trace it where it is. The same thing was in\nMunich, Germany. They had a committee called the Central Committee, where\neverybody went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"register. He went there and he looked up my sister's name. She\nwas at that time in Landshut --that is a city not too far from Munich. Not only\ndid he notify her, but he said he went himself to Landshut by train and he said,\n\"I've got some regards from your sister.\" They send right away a telegram to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.\nHe gave them the address where I am. She sent a telegram with the other few\npeople who were from Kaluszyn. It's funny. In the telegram, it said that, \"Chaim\nPopowski is also with us.\" That's my husband. We are from the same city. I\ndidn't know him. I knew of his brother, but I never met my husband in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn.\nOnce we got in touch, they used to . . . That DP camp in Berlin was a temporary\nDP camp. It wasn't meant to stay there for long. Every few days, they used to\ntransport people to West Germany. Finally came my turn, and I was transported to\nWest Germany, and reunited with my sister again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in Landshut. My uncle\ncame. My uncle came before me. In Landshut, we were not in a DP camp. We were in\nrented . . . put in German family houses.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay there?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Four years.\n\nGOODFRIEND: At that point, you immigrated to another country?\n\nPOPOWSKI: No, I stayed in Landshut and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start going with my husband. He was the\npresident of the committee there in Landshut. Everybody who used to come, he\nused to go to the offices to get some apartments where to stay. He was the go\nbetween with the UNRRA--UNRRA is the United Nations rehabilitation\norganization--and the German . . . We were under the American jurisdiction\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. In other words, we used to get food from the Americans, from the UNRRA,\nand we were under the American jurisdiction. Then I got married there in Germany.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What year?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In August 1947. Mark was born in April 1949, came here as a six month\nold baby. 1949, Mark was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born. While in Germany, we kept on the correspondence\nwith the family in Charleston. At that time, there was a committee from Kaluszyn\nin New York. They gave a telegram to Munich to register twenty . . . They wanted\nto sponsor twenty Kaluszyners to come to the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. I wasn't married\nthen. I just had come to Landshut. That was before Pesach in April. I didn't\neven know that I going to marry my husband. He said, \"Register. What you care? I\ndon't know how Palestine is now. Register. If you wanted later to go into\nPalestine, you'll go to Palestine.\" Okay, so we registered. Once we wrote the\nfamily in Charleston that we are registered to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the United States, they\nsent an affidavit right away. But we had to wait for the Polish quota, which was\na very slow quota. Meanwhile, I got married and had a child. Till when Truman\npassed the DP law to let in 100,000 DPs, then things start really rolling. They\npushed . . . I had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask for postponement because Mark was too young to go on\nthe boat. He was ten weeks old when he got his visa.\n\nGOODFRIEND: To recap, then you came to Charleston directly?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Straight to Charleston.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In 1949?\n\nPOPOWSKI: In November 1949. The twenty-sixth of November.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Paula, what are your feelings today about how the war influenced you?\n\nPOPOWSKI: Of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, like I always say, my life is divided in two parts.\nWhenever I talk something, I say, \"before the war\" and \"after the war.\" Even to\npeople who were born after the war, I think sometimes funny, I always say,\n\"before the war\" and \"after the war.\" Maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now even more than before when I was\nraising my children . . . I had children one right after the other. In seven\nyears, I had four children. Three were born in the United States. I was pregnant\nwhen I came over here. David was born in June 1950, so it was just a couple of\nmonths later. I feel it now more than I did feel it while I was raising my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family because I felt so good about having children and the family continuing.\nNow, sometimes I have . . . I don't have any nightmares, which my husband does\nhave. He was in a concentration camp, in Mauthausen. To me, the feeling now is,\n\"Why?\" especially when I think we had such an extended family. My mother was one\nof ten children and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married, with uncles, cousins . . . Every time I see a\npicture of a cousin, I figure out how old she would be now, what kind of family\nmaybe she would have. The feeling now . . . I wanted to say one thing. I'm not\nlooking for vengeance now--not at that point in life--I just wanted the children\nto remember. Another point I wanted to make that I want them to know that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody existed before who are the link to them. That's why I always talk about\nthe family and I always explain to them how life was. I don't say it was every\ntime idyllic. There was all kinds of conflicts before, too. But there were some people.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you ever apply for war reparations?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I did get apply. I did get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reparations for 'imprisonment' what they\ncalled it, for taking away your freedom.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do you feel about that?\n\nPOPOWSKI: I actually feel like this: that they never can repay what they did to\nus, not even for one day's taking away my freedom. But, by the same token, I\nfeel if it's got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make a little bit easier the life, and especially made for\nIsrael, which they got collective reparations . . . Why should Germany profit\nfrom it? I'm going to tell you another little story coming back to the time when\nI was on the Polish side. I don't want to go in to what I did in my private help\nfor people who helped me, but at one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, I was talking casually to somebody in\nCharleston to the family. I said, \"You know, I should do something more tangible\nfor them.\" She said to me--my distant cousin, she said to me, \"You know, I think\nI heard something\"--because she was living at that time in New York--\"that the\nWorld Jewish Congress helped some people.\" The 'Righteous Goyim' what they call\nit, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"righteous gentiles. I wrote a letter to the World Jewish Congress in\nEnglish. I explained to them what . . . especially I wanted Mr. Rylski, because\nreally he was the one. The nuns, they didn't have any private lives, but he was\na private person. They took away his factory. He was on a pension. I got a reply\nfrom them. It was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1963. They gave me an address to Geneva, Switzerland. They\nsaid, \"If somebody can help you, that is the person who can do something because\nhe's in charge of it and that comes out from the German reparations.\" I didn't\nwant it to write to Mr. Rylski. We kept in touch. We used to write every month.\nEvery second month, I used to get a letter from him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was afraid in case\nnothing come out of it, why should I raise his hopes that he's going to get\nsomething? Sure enough, there was in Warsaw a Jewish Historical Society. One\nday, he was notified that he's going to get every three months a certificate of\na thousand dollars. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got a letter from him. He said, \"You know, I got a\nnotification. At first I was shocked. I didn't know where it came from, but then\nI figured out it must be you who did it.\" He got it till he died. Every three\nmonths, he used to get a certificate. They called it 'bonds.' After he died,\nthat certificate came, but his wife couldn't sign for it because it came in his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. She wrote me a letter. I went back and wrote a letter to Switzerland. I\nexplained that she was part of who rescued us too because she knew that we are\nJewish. If she would have object, he wouldn't do it. She gets it till today. But\nI don't know if she still . . . because last letter I got from her, she was\ntelling me that she's 85 years old. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Christmas of 1982 that I got a\nletter from her. Mr. Rylski died in July 1966. When they had to put a tombstone,\nshe didn't have the money. At that time, the money came to her. She said when\nshe put a tombstone on it . . . she bought a tombstone for that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. She said,\n\"When we were all standing, I was thinking of you, that you have a part of it.\"\nI was glad that I . . . That was part of . . . Why I mentioned that, that was\npart paid to them from the German reparations. That's why I feel I wouldn't do\nthem any good if I would refuse to take it. They would just have more money in\ntheir coffers.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Paula, do you think another Holocaust is possible?\n\nPOPOWSKI: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it happened that time . . . We didn't think it was possible at that\ntime either.\n\nGOODFRIEND: So, your answer is . . .\n\nPOPOWSKI: I don't want to believe it, but if it happened . . . As I always say,\nif the German people, who we considered the most cultured people, the most\ncivilized people in Europe, the most intelligent people, that they could stoop\nto such ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barbarism, who knows?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Finally, has your experience as a survivor influenced your feelings\nabout Eretz Yisrael?\n\nPOPOWSKI: It influences so much. I feel that if it wouldn't have been the\nHolocaust, it wouldn't have been Eretz ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/transcript/22014/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yisrael.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In summary, I would just like to thank Paula Kornblum Popowski for\ngiving us this interview. We know it wasn't easy, but we know how important it\nis to our children and generations to come.\n\nPOPOWSKI: I feel the same way.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Thank you very much.\n\nPOPOWSKI: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6600.0,6630.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Yiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharleston, South Carolina is a coastal city in South Carolina, and the oldest in the state, incorporated in 1783. Prior to the Civil War, Charleston held a majority-enslaved population. Today, it is known for its architecture and is a popular tourist destination.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaluszyn [Russian: Kalushin] is a town in east central Poland, approximately 35 miles east of Warsaw. An independent Jewish community was founded in Kaluszyn in the seventeenth century. The community had a synagogue, and five houses of prayer. Jewish economic activity included industrial enterprises, such as pottery, flour mills, the weaving of prayer shawls, the fur trade which employed many Jewish workers, and crafts, notably tailoring and carpentry. In 1921, there were 5,033 Jews in Kaluszyn, which made up 82 percent of the population. By 1931, the Jewish population rose to 7,256 people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘\u003cem\u003emelamed\u003c/em\u003e.’ It was traditional for boys to start \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus. Girls did not attend \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob Schools are a network of parochial Jewish schools for girls first organized in Poland in 1917. By 1929 there were 147 such schools in Poland, and 20 schools in Lithuania, Latvia, and Austria. With the invasion of Austria, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia by the Nazis and subsequently by the Russians, the activities of the Beth Jacob schools were discontinued. At the end of World War II, Beth Jacob schools were opened in Israel, England, Switzerland, Belgium, France, Uruguay, Argentina, and the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudeteneland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had ben taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938. Although the agreement was to give only the Sudentenland to Hitler, it effectively handed over 66 percent of Czechoslovakia’s coal, 70 percent of its iron and steel, and 70 percent of its electrical power to the Nazi war machine. Without those resources, the Czech nation was left vulnerable. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, in flagrant violation of the Munich Pact. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Polish Corridor,’ is also known as the ‘Danzig Corridor,’ was a small narrow piece of land that was ceded to Poland after World War I. It provided Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, but in the process divided the bulk of Germany from the German province of East Prussia. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War 1, had forced Germany to cede the area—which included Danzig, largely an ethnically German city—to the newly reconstructed state of Poland. Hitler was determined to overturn the military and territorial provisions of the Versailles treaty and include ethnic Germans in the Reich. In the tensions leading up to World War II, Poland had denied German demands for construction of an autobahn that would traverse the area and connect Berlin with the East Prussian city of Königsberg. In the spring of 1939 Hitler demanded the annexation of Danzig to Germany and extraterritorial rail access for Germany across the \"Polish Corridor,\" the Polish frontier to East Prussia. In August 1939, Germany threatened war if Poland did not cooperate. By the end of August, Polish forces were mobilized in preparation for an armed conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi’s racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of anti-Semitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The first major law to curtail the rights of Jews was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service in April 1933, which excluded Jews from civil service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. With more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, German units quickly broke through Polish defenses along the Poland-German border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. Under heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw soon surrendered. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew to more established lines of defense to the east and then the southeast, where they awaited support from their allies, France and the United Kingdom. Little support came. When Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east on September 17, 1939, the Polish plan of defense was rendered obsolete. The outnumbered and overwhelmed Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaluzyn was badly damaged by the German onslaught at the start of the war in September 1939. Around 1,000 Jews were killed in the heavy bombardment. The German Army occupied Kaluszyn on September 11, 1939. After the Russians and Germans divided Poland in October 1939, Kaluszyn remained in the German occupied territory. From Kaluszyn, the demarcation line was less than 100 miles to the east.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAll Jewish property had to be registered by March 1940, but some Jews were permitted to run their own businesses for a time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the very beginning, Jews were seized for forced labor that included cleaning jobs, road construction, and drainage works. All Jewish males aged 18 to 45 were registered to work for labor camps in the winter of 1939-1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews. Jews in the \u003cem\u003eWarthegau\u003c/em\u003e (the German-annexed territory of western Poland) were required to wear a badge on their chests, which was a yellow Star of David on a black field with the word \"Jew\" inscribed inside the star. In the General Government, that part of Poland directly occupied by Germany, Governor General Hans Frank ordered on November 23, 1939, that all Jews over the age of ten wear a \"Jewish Star\": a white armband affixed with a blue six-sided star, worn over the right upper sleeve of one's outer garments. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn summer 1940, a ghetto was established. Initially it was not enclosed. Signs were posted that read “Jewish Quarter,” but residents were still permitted to leave during the day, as the curfew and blackout were imposed only in the evening. Sometime later the ghetto was enclosed with barbed wire and conditions worsened dramatically as trading with Polish residents for food and supplies was essentially halted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1930’s, Jewish immigration from Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Nationalist uprisings and opposition to the mass influx of Jewish immigrants led to The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 and caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. A \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was established in Kalusyzn in November 1939. One of its first tasks was to collect 10,000 zloty; to ensure its payment the Germans arrested ten wealthy Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn late 1939 or early 1940, deportees from Kalisz, Lodz, and Pabiance were transferred to Kalusyzn. By the second half of 1940, there were around 210 refuges and deportees living in Kalusyzn. The Judenrat reported only 3,000 Jews living in the ghetto at the end of April 1941. By September, that number had risen to 3,166. By December 1941, the number of residents had risen to 4,000 as more and more Jews from the surrounding area were ordered to move to Kalusyzn. During the winter of 1941-1942, 40 to 45 Jews reportedly died every month.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as an estermiantion camp in July 1942. The camp had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the months preceding the German invasion of the Soviet Union, forced labor was intensified with more Jews assigned to dig trenches, fell trees, and repair roads and bridges. Realizing they might soon be deported, many young Jews began to flee to the forest or to nearby labor camps, including the Kiflev estate, Jeziok, Mienia, or Siedlce.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is one of the Harvest Festivals. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates G-d’s bounty in nature and G-d’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn other testimonies, Paula recounts how gold coins were sewn onto her dress and her sister’s as fabric covered buttons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kaluszyn ghetto was liquidated on September 25, 1942. Ghetto inhabitants were ordered to assemble at the market square. Several hundred to a thousand were randomly shot there or at the Jewish cemetery, where they were taken in groups. That night, the remaining Jews were led to the train station, loaded into freight trains, and sent to the Treblinka extermination camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach year, mourners light a special \u003cem\u003eyahrzeit\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: anniversary] candle and recite the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e to observe the anniversary of the death of a relative. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River in east-central Poland. Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture with a Jewish population of more than 350,000, which constituted 30 percent of the city’s population (about 337,000 Jews) and made it the largest Jewish community in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKalusyzn’s Jews learned of the deportations from the Warsaw ghetto in July 1942 when a number of Kaluszyn Jews who had been sent to Warsaw snuck back to their hometown. The community later also learned of the liquidation of the Minsk ghetto in August 1942 and believed that their turn would come soon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos \u003c/em\u003e[Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebris\u003c/em\u003e, formally known as the ‘\u003cem\u003ebrit milah\u003c/em\u003e’ (Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision) involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis.  Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The \u003cem\u003ebrit milah\u003c/em\u003e is usually followed by a celebratory meal.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is the magnification and sanctification of G-d's name. Along with the \u003cem\u003eShema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmidah\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e does not mention death at all, but instead praises G-d. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations. According to many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTefillin\u003c/em\u003e, also called ‘phylacteries’ are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers.  They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead.  The \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e age and older. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and other rabbinical works.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJeziorek was a small labor camp approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) from Kalusyzn, Poland. About 500 men and women lived in separate barracks within the camp by late September 1942, when the Kalusyzn ghetto was liquidated. The camp commandant was named Kantz and had a Jewish overseer named Goldshtayn. Approximately three kilometers (1.8 miles) from the camp, men worked to dig trenches three meters wide, while women and girls worked spreading the soil and planting. In addition to harsh labor and living conditions, rations were limited to 200 grams of bread and a watery soup. In November 1942, the Germans began to liquidate the small camps in the area and the laborers were consolidated in the former Kaluszyn ghetto. On December 9, 1942, this ghetto was liquidated. Children were shot on the spot and adults were transported to Treblinka.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police,” the \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started.  When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jew sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa] is a city in southern Poland that has been the center of Polish Catholicism and a site of pilgrimage since the fourteenth century. The city is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Gora, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine to the Virgin Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy August 1944, the Soviets had begun pushing the Germans west and advanced on Warsaw.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA swastika is an ancient symbol in the form of an equal-armed cross with each arm continued at a right angle, used (in clockwise form) as the emblem of the German Nazi party. The Nazi party adopted it as its symbol in 1920 as a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. It soon became associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state, striking fear into Jews and others deemed enemies of Nazi Germany. The swastika became the most recognizable icon of Nazi propaganda, appearing on flags, lection posters, armbands, medallions, and badges for military and other organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vistula River is the longest and largest river in Poland. It flows from the Baltic Sea in the north through major cities such as Warsaw, Lublin, and Krakow. Its expansive drainage basin flows into Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe city of Lublin lies about 160 kilometers (99 miles) southeast of Warsaw, in eastern Poland. German forces occupied Lublin on September 17, 1939. Nazi occupation lasted until the summer of 1944, when the Soviet army liberated the area. In July 1944, Lublin became the seat of a provisionally established Communist government, functioning in opposition to the London based Polish government-in-exile. The new government, known as the Polish Committee of National Liberation [Polish: Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN; also known as the Lublin Committee] was sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 1, 1944, the Polish Home Army [Polish: \u003cem\u003eArmia Krajowa\u003c/em\u003e, AK], a non-Communist underground resistance movement, initiated the Warsaw uprising to liberate the city from the German occupation and reclaim Polish independence. The Warsaw Uprising [Polish: \u003cem\u003ePowstanie Warszawskie\u003c/em\u003e; German: \u003cem\u003eWarschauer Aufstand\u003c/em\u003e] was planned as a short military revolt, but lasted for 63 days. It’s timing coincided with the appearance of the Soviet Red Army along the east bank of the Vistula River. Rather than aiding the Polish uprising, however, the Soviets halted their offensive. By October 2, 1944, the Germans had suppressed the uprising, deporting civilians to concentration and forced-labor camps and reducing Warsaw to ruins. The number of victims exceeded 180,000 people. Soviet troops resumed their offensive much later, liberating a devastated Warsaw on January 17, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vistula–Oder Offensive was a Soviet Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European theatre of World War II that began on January 12, 1945. By early February, the Russians had made a major advance into German-held territory, capturing Krakow, Warsaw and Poznan. The offensive would position Soviet forces at the Oder River in Germany, about 100 miles from Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, a German metal goods manufacturer, HASAG [also known as Hugo Schneider AG or by its original name in German: \u003cem\u003eHugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft\u003c/em\u003e] became a Nazi arms-manufacturing conglomerate and the third largest user of forced labor in German-occupied Europe. HASAG maintained dozens of armaments factories in Germany and Poland, with at least four factories around Czestochowa. When the Czestochowa ghetto was liquidated, the surviving Jews were moved to the factory sites, which became labor camps and some 5,000 to 6,000 more Jews were brought in from Lodz, Plaszow, and Skarzysko-Kamienna to supplement the labor force. The largest labor camp was HASAG-Rakow, which was a former ironworks. HASAG-Pelcery (also spelled Pelzery) was a former textile factory near the railroad station, which had been converted into an ammunition factory. It functioned from June 1943 until January 16, 1945. There was also \u003cem\u003eMetalurgia\u003c/em\u003e, a foundry on Krotka Street, and HASAG-Warta and HASAG-Czestochowianka. In general, a policy of “extermination through work” was applied in the labor camps. With the Soviet offensive making the situation in Poland more dangerous for HASAG, operations were moved to Germany. In December and January 1945, the factory camps in Czestochowa were evacuated. Some prisoners were transferred to camps in Germany, where most did not survive, and others were sent on death marches.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1942–1944, nearly three million Soviet citizens from German-occupied eastern and central European territories were gathered in mass round-ups and deported to Germany, Austria, and Bohemia-Moravia as forced laborers in various war-related industries. The laborers were known as \u003cem\u003eOstarbeiter\u003c/em\u003e [German: eastern workers] and wore an \"OST\" identification patch. The majority were young women sent to Germany as maids and nannies. Other Ost workers were housed in in private camps owned and managed by the large companies or in special camps guarded by privately paid police. Working and living conditions were typically very brutal. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). Following the town’s liberation by Soviet forces, at least four Jews were allegedly murdered in or around Kaluszyn. According to different sources, Jankiel Komorowski was killed for membership in the Polish Workers' Party on April 12, 1945 in Kaluszyn; Szmuel Lew Stolarz was killed for membership in the Polish Workers' Party on April 12, 1945 in Kaluszyn; and a man named Nosyn Finklsztajn was also killed. Another Jew, Rachela Jablonka was killed on November 6, 1946 near Kaluszyn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWithin two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Communist Party had existed in Poland between the two world wars, but had been disbanded in 1938 and few Polish Communists survived after the war. Nevertheless, the country had been devastated by the war and the country’s borders were left in flux immediately after the war. Eventually, parts of eastern Poland were annexed into the Soviet Union while other German territories were absorbed into Poland. The provisional Polish government was reconfigured to foster the growth of communism and the People's Republic of Poland quickly became part of the post-war Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. Following the introduction of a communist government in the aftermath of World War II, nationalization occurred on a large scale in Poland. In 1946, all enterprises with over 50 employees were nationalized, with no compensation to Polish owners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Much of southern Germany fell within the American zone of occupation and included the German states of Hesse, Bavaria, and much of Baden-Wurttemberg. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, and Nürnberg. Although it was situated in the Soviet zone, the Americans also occupied the southern part of the city of Berlin. Although Paula uses the term “west,” the Cold War division of Germany between the Western Allies in the west, or Western Bloc, and Soviets in the east, or Eastern Bloc, had not yet occurred. The socialist state of East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic, and the state of West Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, were not officially established until 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuppel Center was a Displaced Persons camp in the American-occupied zone of Berlin, Germany. Located in southwest Berlin near Lake Schlachtensee, the camp is often referred to as Schlachtensee or Berlin-Schlachtensee. It was established in late 1945. Administered by UNRRA, Jewish DPs were sheltered in wooden huts and barracks. The camp was originally intended to be transitory, serving as a crossing place for the flood of Jewish refugees escaping postwar antisemitism and new communist governments in Poland and Eastern Europe. Duppel Center lasted longer than it was initially intended and turned into one of the main centers of Jewish life in postwar Germany, with a rich cultural, religious and educational life. Unfortunately, as a result of the Soviet Berlin Blockade in July 1948, the refugees of Duppel Center had to be abruptly evacuated from the region. An American airlift carried the refugees toward western Germany, the camp was closed, and the Duppel DPs were mainly transferred to Frankfurt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Committee of the Liberated Jews in the United States Zone of Germany was the official representative body of displaced Jews in the American zone of Germany from 1945 to 1950. It was founded on July 1, 1945, at the first meeting of representatives of Jewish DP (displaced persons) camps held in Feldafing. It came into being through the joint effort of Dr. Zalman Grinberg, the head of the St. Ottilien hospital DP camp, and former director of the Kovno ghetto hospital, and Rabbi Abraham Klausner, an American Reform rabbi serving as a chaplain in the United States Army. It headquarters were in Munich, Germany. The Central Committee was involved in every aspect of Jewish life, either independently or in conjunction with one or more of the Jewish welfare agencies operating in the area. It played a central role in education, culture, religious affairs, historical documentation, employment and training, supply and\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews who returned home to Poland after the war registered with the Central Committee of Polish Jews (CKZP), a state-sponsored representative body created in November of 1944 to provide care and assistance to Jews who survived the Holocaust. In January 1946, the CKZP registered 86,000 survivors and by the end of the summer had registered almost 210,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the Bavarian city of Landshut was in the American zone of occupation and a Displaced Persons camp was established there. By 1946, over 3,000 displaced persons were being accommodated in Landshut. Following the establishment of the Jewish State the community in Landshut dispersed. Some went to Israel and others to America. The United States Army maintained facilities in Landshut until 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘\u003cem\u003ekosher\u003c/em\u003e for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act) had limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. It set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia and severely limited the immigration of Eastern Europeans. It remained in place throughout World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaula, Henry, and Mark Popowski left Bremerhaven, Germany aboard the USAT General McRae on November 13, 1949 and arrived in New York City, New York on November 25, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria.  It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938.  It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent—the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945. Paula’s husband, Henry, was in a series of concentration camps during the war, including Mauthausen. Henry’s testimony is also available from the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the Breman Museum at \u003ca href=\"https://www.thebreman.org/Research/Cuba-Family-Archives/Oral-Histories/ID/779/Popowski-Henry\"\u003ehttps://www.thebreman.org/Research/Cuba-Family-Archives/Oral-Histories/ID/779/Popowski-Henry\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. An additional $125 million was added in 1988, to enable remaining Holocaust survivors to receive monthly payments of $290 for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Righteous Gentiles program, known as the Hassidei Umot Haolam program, was created in 1963 to aid non-Jews, now in need of financial assistance, who had risked their own lives to save Jews during the Holocaust. The program was established by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, or Claims Conference, and was the first program that recognized the Jewish obligation to such individuals. Since the program’s inception, the program has directly assisted a total of 784 non-Jews recognized as Righteous Gentiles by Yad Vashem and has aided many more through allocations to the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous (JFR), which assumed responsibility for administration of the program in 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Jewish Congress began in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international group of Jewish communities and organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/annotation_set/325/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEretz Yisrael\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: land of Israel] is an expression used to designate the land of Israel, as God promised it to the Jewish people, according to Biblical tradition.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6570.0,6600.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Popowski, Paula [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing Up in Kaluszyn, Poland and the Kornblum Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=80.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where were you born? What city and country?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=80.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth Jacob School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flourmill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gershon Kornblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hanna Kornblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kornblum Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moshe Kornblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Public School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Girls' School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sara Kornblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Upper Class Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=80.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Orientation and Contact with Non-Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=207.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was your family's religious orientation? Were you Orthodox?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=207.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flourmill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gentiles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=207.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism Before World War II and Going to School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=242.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you experience any anti-Semitism before the war?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=242.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitic Slurs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic Priest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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I found out my sister's there. And in a third, I found out my brother's there. On Sundays, we didn't work. Somehow the Germans were a little bit more lenient. They said, \"Okay. If you wanted to go from one camp to the other to see who is there, because you're not working . . .\" With a German guard, they let us march to the other camp. 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How was that organized and how did that organization affect you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1540.0,1606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bribery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leadership","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Privileges","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Restrictions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1540.0,1606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews Taken from the Ghetto to Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1606.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We discussed a moment ago that Jews were transported from the ghetto to the camps. How did you know about that or what did you know about that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1606.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Extermination Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treblinka Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1606.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Babies in the Kaluszyn Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1736.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We talked about what you would do if you were sick in the ghetto. Do you remember any babies being born in the ghetto?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1736.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Babies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Delivery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Midwives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1736.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Ceremonies in the Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1884.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about religious ceremonies?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1884.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Davening","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Holy Days","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Minyan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Ceremonies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tallit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tefillin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=1884.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in the Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2042.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We talked about it a little bit before about the situation that led to you being there. Could you tell us a little bit about the labor camp you were in and how long you were there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2042.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Digging Ditches","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Registration Cards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treblinka Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2042.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping the Labor Camp and Reuniting with Her Sister","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2371.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got out from that camp. My sister, she was already in Warsaw. She got in touch with that Pole who wanted to originally take her to the Polish side. He was already . . . She was there. She sent him for me. He knew my parents. He was a little bit also . . . He was from the Socialist Party, was a worker. He came to the camp on a Sunday, when we didn't work. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2371.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hanna Kornblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Socialist Party","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2371.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Beliefs During the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2497.0,2562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to repeat a question. During this time, did your religious beliefs pretty much stay the same?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2497.0,2562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Beliefs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2497.0,2562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting False Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2562.0,2653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you had false papers, how did you get them?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2562.0,2653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apolonia Borkowska","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"False Identification 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2653.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mark Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2653.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers from the Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2807.0,2837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kinds of papers were issued to you by the Nazis?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2807.0,2837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2807.0,2837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to a New Hiding Place and Almost Getting Caught","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2837.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then it started to get a little bit too complicated. We thought that maybe a neighbor talks. That was the biggest thing--that a neighbor got suspicious, \"Why don't they get out from the house?\" So we moved to another place not too far away. We stayed there and then we got into trouble.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2837.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geheime Staatspolizei - Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruble Gold Pieces","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2837.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to a Third Hiding Place and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2930.0,3008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we knew we couldn't stay there any longer. We went to another place. Like I said, through the network of people who for a certain price . . . For instance, if she would rent that place for 50 zlotys, she charged us 600. We were there at the third place till April 1943. That's when the uprising in Warsaw ghetto braked out.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2930.0,3008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=2930.0,3008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Traveling to Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3008.0,3098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the beginning of May, when the ghetto uprising was still going on, she made a suggestion. She said, \"You know, I had\none time a girl living with me from Czestochowa. I know her name but I don't have her address. But I know what her father-in-law . . . She married somebody and I know her father-in-law used to make coaches. Czestochowa would be a good place to go because there is a big shrine where the Black Madonna is and a lot of pilgrims come in there. So, we will have a good excuse for going there.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3008.0,3098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black Madonna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3008.0,3098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Czestochowa and Finding Somewhere to Stay","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3098.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We came to that city, that Czestochowa. It was a pretty big city. The first thing, we said, \"Let's go in in a restaurant and eat\nsomething.\" We were terribly hungry. We asked the waiter. We told him the story that we came on a pilgrimage to the monastery and where you can stay overnight. He said, \"You know, there are two private nuns, which are not connected with any monastery. They have a boarding house. You can go over there to stay.\" Okay. We went there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3098.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monastery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuns","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pilgrimage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3098.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Staying with Nuns","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3153.0,3303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a little garden and a few rooms just to rent out for the pilgrims. One, she was a real . . . She somehow recognized\nthat we are not Gentile, wee are not Catholic girls. It was funny. We went the first time to the famous monastery in Czestochowa. We'd never been to a mass. We didn't know what to do. We saw people walking up to take the communion. We\nthought we were supposed to go there, too. That lady pulled our hand. She said, \"You better sit right here. You can't go to take the communion.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3153.0,3303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mass","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuns","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pilgrims","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3153.0,3303.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working at the Glass Factory and Staying with the Nuns","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3303.0,3491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then that man came who had the factory. That nun called us. The rooms were upstairs and she called us downstairs to the kitchen. He introduced himself. He said, \"I'm Mr. Rylski.\" He was with his wife. \"And I have a glass factory, which is approved by the Germans,\" because they worked part time for the. \"If you wanted to come to work,\" he gave us the address, \"you can come to work.\" We didn't know that he knows that we are Jewish girls.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3303.0,3491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Glass Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mieczyslaw Rylski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3303.0,3491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting Robbed and Getting Better Paying Jobs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3491.0,3674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that place where we stayed . . . That nun, one day she called me. She said, \"You know, I know you got some money. But where you keep it?\" We were naïve. We thought maybe . . . She tried to tell us, \"In case somebody will come and look for it, make a search, I'll know how to hide it.\" That was in summertime. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3491.0,3674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Day Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Factories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gold Piece","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mieczyslaw Rylski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuns","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Gold","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Money","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Register","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Robbed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3491.0,3674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Staying at an Old Age Home and with the Mother Superior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3674.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The nun said, \"The neighbors start talking in the yard that you are Jewish girls and you can't stay any longer.\" We didn't know what to do. Again, our savior was that boss from the factory, Mr. Rylski. \"What can we do?' He said, \"I have a good friend who's a priest. He is a sponsor for two homes for old age people. They have a few young people there. He will help you but you got to tell him the truth that you are Jewish girls.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=3674.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curfew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Glass Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kalyszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mieczyslaw 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4381.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After this experience, what were the first signs for you that the war may be coming to an end?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4381.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Officer's Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Prisoners of War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Retreat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lublin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vistula River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4381.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Slave Labor at an Ammunition Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4730.0,4793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because there was Jews working in Czestochowa. I didn't mention that before. There was a factory who used to make ammunition. They had slave Jewish laborers there. We knew about them from the Poles. Also, sometimes they used to take them from one place to the other. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4730.0,4793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ammunition Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Slave Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David Armbands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4730.0,4793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"News from Friends in Kaluszyn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4793.0,5043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we didn't know what was happening in our hometown, who survived, who was there, but there was one friend of ours who is presently in Israel, who was on the Polish side with us in Warsaw. While there was an uprising in Warsaw by the Poles, he as a Pole enlisted in the Red Cross. He was going, taking a transport of Poles through Czestochowa. We told him at one point where we are. He came to see us. We made a who's going to be first liberated, to let the other know about it.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4793.0,5043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adam Kamienny","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Committee of the Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vistula River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=4793.0,5043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Journey to Return to Kaluszyn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5043.0,5463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ran to our Mr. Rylski and we told him, \"We are leaving right now.\" He said, \"Wait a minute. How are you going to get on the train?\" I said, \"I don't know. We don't have any money.\" We didn't exchange any money yet. Everything was chaotic. He said, \"You know, I have a friend who works on the railroad. Maybe he can be able to give you some tickets.\" He went to that friend. He said, \"Okay, I'll give you some tickets for tomorrow.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5043.0,5463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mieczyslaw Rylski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Slave Workers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vistula River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zlotys","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5043.0,5463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Lodz, Poland and Getting in Touch with American Relatives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5463.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, after we left Kaluszyn, we went to Lodz. That's where the concentration of the Jews . . . Most of the Jews who survived went to Lodz. Stayed in Lodz till the end of 1945. Then we decided . . . Then we got in touch with the family in Charleston. I had distant relatives in Charleston and my aunt in Israel found out about us.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5463.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charleston, South Carolina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5463.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trying to Reclaim the Kornblum Flourmill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5547.0,5666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meanwhile, it started . . . We tried to get back our flourmill. We went to court. We hired a lawyer. We tried to get it back.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5547.0,5666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flourmill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5547.0,5666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a Displaced Persons Camp in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5666.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we smuggled through the border from Poland and we came to Berlin. That's when I was put in a DP camp. At that point, I was separated from my sister. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5666.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army Barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin-Schlachtensee, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schlachtensee Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5666.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reunited with Her Sister Again","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5736.0,5905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it just so happened at that time a neighbor, which lived next door in the same barrack, and I was always telling . . . She survived with a whole family, with three sons and a daughter. An elder person. I was always saying, \"Oh, I don't know where my sister is. I don't know where she is.\" One time her one son said, \"You know, I'm going to west Germany. You give me the name of your sister and I'll try to find.\" ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5736.0,5905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Central Committee of the Liberated Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hanna Kornblum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landshut, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schlachtensee Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"West Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5736.0,5905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in Landshut with Her Husband","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5905.0,5972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I stayed in Landshut and start going with my husband. He was the president of the committee there in Landshut. Everybody who used to come, he used to go to the offices to get some apartments where to stay. He was the go between with the UNRRA--UNRRA is the United Nations rehabilitation organization--and the German . . . We were under the American jurisdiction there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5905.0,5972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Central Committee of the Liberated Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim 'Henry' Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landshut, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mark Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5905.0,5972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting an Affidavit and Moving to Charleston, South Carolina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5972.0,6080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While in Germany, we kept on the correspondence with the family in Charleston. At that time, there was a committee from Kaluszyn in New York. They gave a telegram to Munich to register twenty . . . They wanted to sponsor twenty Kaluszyners to come to the United States. I wasn't married then. I just had come to Landshut.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5972.0,6080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charleston, South Carolina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaluszyn, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landshut, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Quota","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Harry Truman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=5972.0,6080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How the War Influenced Paula","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6080.0,6233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paula, what are your feelings today about how the war influenced you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6080.0,6233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Popowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lost Family Members","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mauthausen Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nightmares","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raising Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6080.0,6233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Receiving War Reparations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6233.0,6294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you ever apply for war reparations?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6233.0,6294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War Reparations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6233.0,6294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Honoring Mieczyslaw Rylski as a Righteous Goyim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6294.0,6536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to go in to what I did in my private help for people who helped me, but at one time, I was talking casually to somebody in Charleston to the family. I said, \"You know, I should do something more tangible for them.\" She said to me--my distant cousin, she said to me, \"You know, I think I heard something\"--because she was living at that time in New York--\"that the World Jewish Congress helped some people.\" The 'Righteous Goyim' what they call it, the righteous gentiles.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6294.0,6536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geneva, Switzerland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German War Reparations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mieczyslaw Rylski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Righteous Goyim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Jewish Historical Society","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World Jewish Congress","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6294.0,6536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Possibility of Another Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6536.0,6574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paula, do you think another Holocaust is possible?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6536.0,6574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6536.0,6574.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings on Israel as a Survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6574.0,6620.457"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, has your experience as a survivor influenced your feelings about Eretz Yisrael?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6574.0,6620.457"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846/index/47569/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/35693/file/104846#t=6574.0,6620.457"}]}]}]}