{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4q7qn6058k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Besser, Jerry"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987-05-12 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJerry Besser interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on May 12, 1987 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJerry Besser was born Gezel Besser in Krzepice, Poland on July 20, 1922. He was the youngest of five children born to Herszlik (1890-1942) and Raska (1884-1942) Besser. Jerry’s father owned a dry goods store on the town’s main square. As a child, Jerry attended public school and cheder. As a teenager, he came to the United States to study weaving. He had returned home just before the Germans invaded Poland in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the Germans occupied Krzepice, Jerry was sent out almost daily to perform forced labor. In November 1940, he was sent to Neukirch, the first of many Operation Schmelt labor camps he would endure. In 1942, he was sent to Gross Masselwitz, where he worked to construct a railroad. In 1943, he was transferred to Markstadt, where he worked to install electrical lines for a new Krupp factory. As Soviet forces pushed into Poland in 1944, Jerry was sent to the Ludwigsdorf, Germany, where he worked in an ammunition factory. He then spent six months in Gross-Rosen before being sent to Hersburck, where prisoners were building tunnels in a mountainside for a future factory. As the Allies advanced into Germany in March 1945, Jerry was evacuated to Dachau. A week before the war ended, Jerry was among a group of prisoners sent in trains toward Innsbruck, Austria. When American forces liberated them a week later, Jerry weighed 90 pounds and could barely walk.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recovering in nearby Mittenwald, Germany, Jerry was reunited with his two brothers. Jerry’s parents, older sisters, Helen Izbicki (1907-1942) and Ruszka Weis (1910-1942) and their husbands did not survive. Jerry and his brother, Lajb (born 1919), settled in Munich, Germany. Their eldest brother, Mendel (born 1905) settled in the Landsberg DP camp. Eventually, both of Jerry’s brothers immigrated to Israel. Jerry came to the United States in 1947 and lived in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, Jerry travelled to Israel, where he married Edzia “Ethel” Zajbel (1930-2018), who was also a Polish survivor. Ethel returned to the United States with Jerry. In 1953, the couple moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jerry had cousins who had survived. Jerry opened a grocery store and the couple raised two children. In the 1970s, Jerry sold the store and retired. Jerry passed away on November 29, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJerry introduces his family. He shares details of his childhood in the small town where his family lived. Jerry recalls when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. He talks about the immediate persecution of Jews and restrictions in his town when the Germans occupied it. Jerry remembers his family being forced from their home. He recounts having to report for forced labor and the last time he saw his parents. Jerry describes life in the Neukirch forced labor camp. He remembers first hearing about Auschwitz-Birkenau. Jerry talks about working on the railroad for the army in Gross Masselwitz and learning about their defeat at the Russian front. He recalls how rations and living conditions grew worse. Jerry remembers working to build a Krupp factory in Markstadt. He describes brutal working conditions in a gunpowder factory in Ludwigsdorf. He explains how prisoners learned about the war’s progress. Jerry traces his time in Gross-Rosen and then Hersburck. He talks about the abuse and lack of food or medical treatment prisoners endured. Jerry reflects on how some prisoners tried to maintain their religious traditions. He recalls watching Allied bombers passing over Dachau at the end of the war. Jerry remembers receiving Red Cross relief packages as prisoners were packed onto a train heading south into Austria. He recounts the behavior of Germans in the last days of the war and his liberation. Jerry reflects on adjusting to the idea of liberation. He remembers the help he received from American soldiers. Jerry recalls reuniting with his two brothers and learning the rest of his family had been killed. He talks about his encounters with local Germans after the war. Jerry explains how he came to the United States and met his wife. He shares his loss of faith in G-d. Jerry shares his reluctance to talk to his children or anyone else about his experiences. He offers his feelings on the state of Israel’s importance and the possibility of another Holocaust. The interview closes with Jerry’s hopes for the future.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28916"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Besser, Gezel \"Jerry\" (personal name)","Krzepice (Poland) (geographic)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (named event)","World War II (named event)","Nazi concentration camps (topical term)","forced labor (topical term)","Zajbel, Edzia \"Ethel\" (personal name)","Germany (geographic)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJerry Besser interviewed by Erna Dziewinski Martino on May 12, 1987 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJerry Besser was born Gezel Besser in Krzepice, Poland on July 20, 1922. He was the youngest of five children born to Herszlik (1890-1942) and Raska (1884-1942) Besser. Jerry\u0026rsquo;s father owned a dry goods store on the town\u0026rsquo;s main square. As a child, Jerry attended public school and cheder. As a teenager, he came to the United States to study weaving. He had returned home just before the Germans invaded Poland in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the Germans occupied Krzepice, Jerry was sent out almost daily to perform forced labor. In November 1940, he was sent to Neukirch, the first of many Operation Schmelt labor camps he would endure. In 1942, he was sent to Gross Masselwitz, where he worked to construct a railroad. In 1943, he was transferred to Markstadt, where he worked to install electrical lines for a new Krupp factory. As Soviet forces pushed into Poland in 1944, Jerry was sent to the Ludwigsdorf, Germany, where he worked in an ammunition factory. He then spent six months in Gross-Rosen before being sent to Hersburck, where prisoners were building tunnels in a mountainside for a future factory. As the Allies advanced into Germany in March 1945, Jerry was evacuated to Dachau. A week before the war ended, Jerry was among a group of prisoners sent in trains toward Innsbruck, Austria. When American forces liberated them a week later, Jerry weighed 90 pounds and could barely walk.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recovering in nearby Mittenwald, Germany, Jerry was reunited with his two brothers. Jerry\u0026rsquo;s parents, older sisters, Helen Izbicki (1907-1942) and Ruszka Weis (1910-1942) and their husbands did not survive. Jerry and his brother, Lajb (born 1919), settled in Munich, Germany. Their eldest brother, Mendel (born 1905) settled in the Landsberg DP camp. Eventually, both of Jerry\u0026rsquo;s brothers immigrated to Israel. Jerry came to the United States in 1947 and lived in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, Jerry travelled to Israel, where he married Edzia \u0026ldquo;Ethel\u0026rdquo; Zajbel (1930-2018), who was also a Polish survivor. Ethel returned to the United States with Jerry. In 1953, the couple moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jerry had cousins who had survived. Jerry opened a grocery store and the couple raised two children. In the 1970s, Jerry sold the store and retired. Jerry passed away on November 29, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJerry introduces his family. He shares details of his childhood in the small town where his family lived. Jerry recalls when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. He talks about the immediate persecution of Jews and restrictions in his town when the Germans occupied it. Jerry remembers his family being forced from their home. He recounts having to report for forced labor and the last time he saw his parents. Jerry describes life in the Neukirch forced labor camp. He remembers first hearing about Auschwitz-Birkenau. Jerry talks about working on the railroad for the army in Gross Masselwitz and learning about their defeat at the Russian front. He recalls how rations and living conditions grew worse. Jerry remembers working to build a Krupp factory in Markstadt. He describes brutal working conditions in a gunpowder factory in Ludwigsdorf. He explains how prisoners learned about the war\u0026rsquo;s progress. Jerry traces his time in Gross-Rosen and then Hersburck. He talks about the abuse and lack of food or medical treatment prisoners endured. Jerry reflects on how some prisoners tried to maintain their religious traditions. He recalls watching Allied bombers passing over Dachau at the end of the war. Jerry remembers receiving Red Cross relief packages as prisoners were packed onto a train heading south into Austria. He recounts the behavior of Germans in the last days of the war and his liberation. Jerry reflects on adjusting to the idea of liberation. He remembers the help he received from American soldiers. Jerry recalls reuniting with his two brothers and learning the rest of his family had been killed. He talks about his encounters with local Germans after the war. Jerry explains how he came to the United States and met his wife. He shares his loss of faith in G-d. Jerry shares his reluctance to talk to his children or anyone else about his experiences. He offers his feelings on the state of Israel\u0026rsquo;s importance and the possibility of another Holocaust. The interview closes with Jerry\u0026rsquo;s hopes for the future.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/165/988/small/Besser_Jerry.mp4_1661379175.jpg?1661379177","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Besser_Jerry.mp4"]},"duration":6578.816,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/165/988/small/Besser_Jerry.mp4_1661379175.jpg?1661379177","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/165/988/original/Besser_Jerry.mp4?1661379158","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6578.816,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Jerry Besser [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: My name is Erna Dziewinski Martino. We are here to tape Mr. BESSER\nBesser in Atlanta, Georgia on May 12, 1987 for the Children of Holocaust\nSurvivors. What is your name and where do you live?\n\nBESSER: My name is Jerry Besser. I live 1348 Normandy Drive Northeast, Atlanta,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia, 30306.\n\nMARTINO: When were you born, Mr. Besser?\n\nBESSER: I was born July 20, 1922, Krzepice, Poland.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me about where you were born. Tell me about your family and who\nlived in your house.\n\nBESSER: I was born in a small town, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[where] about 3,000 people lived and\none-third was Jewish population. We had a small dry goods store, which we\nchildren worked, helped out our parents. We lived in main square of the city.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me about your family, who lived in your house, and what your\nfather did for a living.\n\nBESSER: We lived . . . In our house was three brothers and two sisters. The two\nsisters lived in Lodz [Poland]. We three brothers stayed with our parents and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helped with the business.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me what the names of your brothers and sisters were.\n\nBESSER: My oldest brother was Mendel [born in 1905]; after, my sisters Helen\n[whose married last name was Izbicki] and Rizel [or Ruska, whose married last\nname was Weis]; my brother, Lajb [born 1914]; and myself [Gezel Besser].\n\nMARTINO: What did you say your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father did for a living?\n\nBESSER: My father, we owned the dry goods store, and he was a businessman.\n\nMARTINO: Right. What type of school did you go to when you were a little boy?\n\nBESSER: When I was a boy, I used to go to the cheder. I used to go to the public school.\n\nMARTINO: You went to the public school and used to go to a Jewish school afterwards?\n\nBESSER: Jewish school, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1937, I went to New York to learn how to be a\nweaver. I stayed there two years. I came home a month before the war broke out.\n\nMARTINO: How old were you at that time?\n\nBESSER: I was over sixteen; not seventeen.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What was a Sabbath, a Shabbos, or Yontif, or the holidays like in your house?\n\nBESSER: In my home, my parents were very strictly religious, Orthodox. My four\ngrandparents were shochet, very religious.\n\nMARTINO: Shochet meaning?\n\nBESSER: Shochet means . . .\n\nMARTINO: They performed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ritual slaughter?\n\nBESSER: Ritual slaughter, yes. We belonged to the very Orthodox shtiebel. We\nused to go daily to the shtiebel and especially on weekends, Shabbat, and the\nJewish holidays.\n\nMARTINO: Synagogue?\n\nBESSER: No, a shtiebel. A synagogue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is big and a shtiebel is smaller.\n\nMARTINO: Right, I'm sorry about that.\n\nBESSER: My father used to belong to the Gerrer Hasidim.\n\nMARTINO: That was a sect within Orthodox . . .\n\nBESSER: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nBESSER: No. In our town in Poland, most Jewish people congregate with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\npeople. There was no mixing, no organizations to get together, except in the\nschool. In business, people mingled together. After the business, Jewish people\nused to go out to the Jewish synagogue and Christians used to go to the church.\nThere was no organizations in our town where all religions should get together.\nIt did not exist.\n\nMARTINO: You did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socialize together at all?\n\nBESSER: No, there was no . . .\n\nMARTINO: Tell me how your life started to change with the coming of the Nazis.\n\nBESSER: September 1, 1939, at six o'clock in the morning, the Germans started to\nbomb our city. They bombed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue and they bombed in the rear, where we\nlived. A bomb fell in. It didn't explode. When one bomb fell, we were hiding in\nthe basement. Where we lived in our house, there was a very underground\nbasement, thick walls. One bomb exploded on the sidewalk maybe four [or] five\nfeet away ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but nobody got injured. Since then, everybody was living with fear\nbecause we didn't know what's ahead of us, because we was living in main square.\nThe German Army came in at seven o'clock because we lived only three kilometers\n[two miles] from the German border. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They came in. They started howling, \"Hej,\nŻydzi! Hej, Żydzi!\" [Polish: Hey, Jews!] This makes you so [afraid]. For a\nwhole day, we didn't go out too much. Only the army with tanks, with army trucks\nwas marching through the main square. Everybody got scared from the bombing\nbecause we were afraid a bomb should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fall in the basement. There were maybe\nthirty Jewish people, friends and relatives. Most of the Jewish people and most\nof the not Jewish people run away because they thought maybe the Polish Army can\nstop the German Army. However, the German Army was much faster as the people\ncould run away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For days, we stayed in the back of our house. First day, Mendel\nKlug, myself, and my brother, Mendel, we went in the morning to a Jewish bakery\nwhere the baker run away, and he left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challah and bread. We took everything out\nand we brought it over to our place where there was almost thirty people. We had\nsome food for almost three, four, five days to eat. When the Germans start\noccupy our city, in two days, they start to organize German police. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On Sunday,\nit was September 3, the Polish citizen--he used to run the Polish jail--he went\naround the whole city with a bell and gave orders, because he has orders from\nthe German police and German government that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all citizens, all people were to\ncome to the main square [at] five o'clock Sunday afternoon. All the people must\nbetween 15 and 55, only the men. When we came out on the square, it was not too\nmany people because a lot of people [had run] away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most was the German\nsoldiers. They was watching us and told us to march to a big warehouse. [It]\nused to be a district . . . used to sell everything for the farmers. They locked\nus up overnight, thirty or forty in one place and other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places. We stayed\novernight, no light, no water. In the morning, before nine o'clock, they opened\nall the warehouses and told us to get out. They told us to stay, to stand in\nthree in a row. One German soldier told a speech. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He accused a citizen of our\ntown. Somebody shot a German soldier. He gave orders everybody who has a gun or\nradio has to be confiscated, to bring it to the German police. After, he told\nall gentiles [non-Jewish] to go home and the Jewish people should wait. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After\nthe gentile people went home, he told the Jewish people--I was one of them,\nmaybe 30 or 40 young Jewish people . . . He told us we should go to work. We\nshould clean up a little bit the streets where some animals are laying dead, got\nkilled from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombardment. This started every day to work. Every day, we had\nto . . . The city had to gather some Jewish people to be ready every morning,\nready to work for the German government, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cleaning, by repairing, to help out\nthe Germans soldiers. One bridge got . . . We had to . . . A mine . . .\n\nMARTINO: A mine exploded?\n\nBESSER: Exploded. They had to fix it. They needed Jewish people to help them\nout. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In about a week, more Jewish people from the town came home. Every time,\nthe German government want more Jewish people to work. They didn't pay nothing\nfor the work. Everybody had to go. If they didn't have enough young people, they\nwent around to look, to get older people to work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After this, they had already a\nlist. [They] made a list of how many Jewish people living and what their ages\n[were], and who [was] able to work. They always tried something to clean the\nstreets. In the wintertime, they find work on the snow, to clean up the roads,\nwhere they can drive their cars ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . About that time, they established a Jewish\nKehilla --means a representative from the Jewish people. First, they made the\nJewish people pay a ransom. They put in jail the leaders from the Jewish\ncommunity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It took maybe two or three days for the Jewish people can get\ntogether 20,000 zlotys [Polish dollars]. When they got this money, they let out\nthe Jewish leaders. It was never safe in the house. Everybody had fear to go too\nmuch in the streets--except we had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go--because there always was German\nsoldiers to look for people they need to work. Sometimes to dig coal, sometimes\nto chop wood, sometimes to clean their quarters. Most people always was hiding.\nSometimes they went away the places where it was too near where the German\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police was living, because they always went around the nearest place they could\ncatch some Jewish people. After, they start to pass laws every day. Jewish\npeople could not have no business. Jewish people wasn't supposed to sell no to\ngentiles. No shochet. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No seder.\n\nMARTINO: No more kosher killing?\n\nBESSER: No more kosher meat.\n\nMARTINO: Right.\n\nBESSER: Gentiles weren't supposed to do no more business with Jews. They Jews\nwasn't supposed to do no business with gentiles.\n\nMARTINO: When was this you are talking about?\n\nBESSER: This was 1939, beginning of 1940.\n\nMARTINO: We are talking about the beginning of 1940?\n\nBESSER: Beginning of 1940. End of 1939 to 1940. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember on the first Rosh\nHaShanah, Jewish new year, Yom Kippur, they especially made more Jewish people,\neven took some older people, very religious people, go out and sweep the\nstreets--they know it was a Jewish holiday--to embarrass them people.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Then, what happened after this? How long did you live like this?\n\nBESSER: We lived [like that] until in the beginning of [when] they throwed out a\nlot of Jewish people from their houses. This was in 1939. I been working.\n\nMARTINO: Where did the people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go?\n\nBESSER: I been working. I came home from work. I saw the German Wehrmacht--the\nGerman soldiers--throwed us out. They gave my parents five minutes time. What\nthey could take in hand, they got out. I came home. I didn't have nothing; only\nthe things what I had on me. I went back to the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Commander, this was\nGerman military government. They took up on the first floor of the church. This\nwas the first time I went into the church. I begged. I told them I been working,\nI came home, our house is now occupied by the German soldiers, they should give\nme a signed piece of paper I can go and take out some things, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes. They gave\nme. I gave it to the German soldier. He told me to go in [and] in five minutes,\ntake out what I can take out. What we was . . . My parents were sleeping with\nsome other people someplace else. Some relatives, some friends took us in.\nEverybody was staying at another house. People didn't live as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comfortable as\nhere in America. Still, there was no question about it. Everybody offered their\nhouses for the people who were thrown out from their apartments. Not only from\nthe apartments, we were thrown out from our business, too. This was going on . .\n. They always [said] something happened. Sometimes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody was selling kosher\nmeat. If they catch him, they put him in jail. Once in a while, the German\nsoldiers in the morning they went around in all Jewish houses and they look for\ngoods and food. What they could find, they confiscated, because nobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could\nhave even ten pounds of flour. Along that time, it got [stricter] with the\ncurfew. After seven o'clock, people couldn't get out on the street until six\no'clock in the morning. To travel from one town to other town, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to have\npermission from the German government, the police. Too much business wasn't\ngoing on. People tried to help each other. Before the war, in our town was maybe\nsixteen Jewish stores. Most was Jewish people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our\ntown. When the Germans came over, in 1940, they gave permission to five\nstores--two grocery stores, one dry good, one textile, and one other store. We\nhad our store for almost 35 years. We had the dry goods store. Only we could\nsell to Jewish people. Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too much goods were in the store. The walls and the\nshelves were mostly empty. In the window, we had to put in a big Magen David . .\n. This means only for Jews.\n\nMARTINO: To show that it was a Jewish store?\n\nBESSER: Yes. Later on, in 1940, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they was talking that they need young people to\nwork. One day, in November of 1940, Mr. Moshe Merin from Sosnowiec, he was a\nleader of the Jewish community, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole district of Wroclaw, he came to our\ntown. Before he came to town, they told all the Jewish young people to come for\na meeting. He hold a speech, he explained that all young people have to present\nto Germany for work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said the work is working outside, the food is not bad.\nThey should order and we have to listen to the German order. In the beginning of\nNovember, we got letters from the Gestapo, everybody to come to Jewish doctor,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be checked that we are in good health. The Jewish doctor, a man from Czestochowa\nor from Bedzin--I cannot remember exactly where--he checked. After two or three\ndays, we got again a letter that November 10, to come to the school.\n\nMARTINO: This is still 1940?\n\nBESSER: [Yes,] 1940. To come to the school, to bring warm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes, heavy shoes,\nheavy gloves. We going to be then on the way. I went with my brother. They took\none or two from each family. They said if the children don't come, they going to\ntake the parents. Most children went. We stayed in there overnight in the\nschool. In the morning, there came the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SA in the yellow [brown] uniforms and\nthey was watching you. All night, maybe there was one or two from the German\nGestapo. In the morning, came much more, where we shouldn't run off and run away\nfrom the school. At eight or nine o'clock, they came and they told us to take\nthe wooden wagon that was pulled by horse. They put all the luggage on the\nwagon. We should march ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the railway station. This was maybe three miles. It\nwas cold in November. There was already snow. We marched from the school through\nthe whole town. It looked like a living funeral because most . . . maybe there\nwas some gentile people who enjoyed it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but most Jewish people was like\n[unintelligible]. This time [was] the last time I saw my parents, my father. We\nlived in the main square we marched through. They let me go to my father and I\nsaid goodbye to him. We came to the railway station, they put us on old railroad\ntrains. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was for people. It was old, but it was not bad. It was warm.\n\nMARTINO: Regular passenger trains?\n\nBESSER: Yes, old trains. It was not new. Old trains. Some had no place to sit.\nWe sit on the floor. It was not . . . Food, everybody . . . The Jewish community\nsent maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"200 [loaves of] bread on the train.\n\nMARTINO: Loaves of bread?\n\nBESSER: Yes. We traveled maybe an hour or an hour and a half. We saw other\ntrains with Jewish people from Sosnowiec, Bedzin, and other cities.\n\nMARTINO: Also passenger trains?\n\nBESSER: Yes, older trains. They were sending them to the camps. There were maybe\nseven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or eight camps. From our city, we went to Neukirch. Like Sosnowiec and\nBedzin, they went to Annaberg, then Heider, Krakow. It was not too far away from\none camp to another camp. Our train arrived to Gross Masselwitz. It was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wintertime. At five o'clock it was already dark. There was a wagon with horse\nwaiting for us. We could put our luggage [on it]. Everybody had some luggage.\nThere was also a German guy who was a [unintelligible]. He gave us . . . He was\nolder, from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SA. He was German, who was a [unintelligible]. He was walking first.\nHe said, \"Follow me.\" We walked maybe an hour till we came to the camp. We came\nto the camp, it was dark already. There was one big barrack. The barrack was\ndivided and it was fenced around. We had plenty of light. We came inside, there\nwas so many lights. We didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expect there should be so much lights. They had\nprepared for us supper. The first supper, nobody . . . would not touch. They\ntook the old food because there was no taste. We still was used from home a\nlittle bit with the Jewish taste. They took the old food and gave it for the\npigs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went to sleep. Next day, in the morning at six o'clock, they woke us\nup. They made us coffee and gave us bread, something, and we went to work. We\ndidn't know what kind of work. Our camp was not far [from] where we worked.\nMaybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five minutes we was already on the . . . in German, they call it\n'Baustelle' [German: job site].\n\nMARTINO: From the workplace?\n\nBESSER: The workplace, yes. They gave us shovels and picks. They told us that .\n. . We stayed in threes. They came and picked up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so many for this Kommando\n[German: prisoner labor detail], so many for this Kommando. I was working with\ntwo other friends for an organization, a German company, [unintelligible]. Most\nworkers was not Jewish. It was Germans. They had only one Polish worker. He used\nto be a teacher. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made them all to work. He could go home and live in the\ncity, not like we. The work was almost eleven hours a day. We had one hour\nlunchtime. It was very hard work. Nobody from us was used to this kind of work.\nAlmost everybody got blisters on their hands. It took us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a long time till we got\nused to this kind of work.\n\nMARTINO: You were in a forced labor camp?\n\nBESSER: Yes, it was a forced labor camp, sure, yes. We couldn't go away. We had\nto, in the morning, go out to work. When we finished the work, we had to go back\nto the camp. Everything in the camp was fenced around. [We were] watched\ntwenty-four hours [a day] by the . . . it was SA older, and was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time,\nGerman . . . used to be the police.\n\nMARTINO: They were guards?\n\nBESSER: They were guards, yes. They used to be in green uniforms.\n\nMARTINO: With weapons?\n\nBESSER: With weapons, yes. We used to work five and a half days. Saturday was a\nhalf a day. When we came to the camp, the camp was not finished yet. All the\ntime, we had to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the camp, helping clean up outside a little bit, clean\nsometimes for the guards, clean the street where the camp was. In this camp, we\nhad no hot water. Only cold water we had. Our toilet was half open and half\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closed. In the winter, when it was snowing, the snow was inside. Later on, they\nbrought four or five Jewish girls. They was working. They put them to work in\nthe kitchen. This was the only camp where they was peeling their potatoes still.\nLater on, we got used to the food because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no . . . We couldn't go\nhome. We didn't have no choice. In the time, was leaking everything. This camp\nwas much better than other camps. We could still get some parcels, food from\nhome . . . when the parents was home. We could send home the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dirty clothes,\nbecause in camp, we had no warm water.\n\nMARTINO: Did you write any letters to your parents?\n\nBESSER: Yes, once a month. We could write. We had to write it only in the . . .\nThey claimed they was censoring, they was reading, but I don't think they were\ncensoring. They couldn't read the language.\n\nMARTINO: You could not tell how bad it was?\n\nBESSER: No, they could not . . . Because we could always . . . It was bad. You\ncould always write in names of dead people. They couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what we was\nwriting because we didn't know German and they couldn't write . . . We stayed in\nthis camp for eighteen months. In this camp was only people from my town. Nobody\ndied in the camp from sickness. Nobody died from hunger. We had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor from\nGross Masselwitz, a Jewish German doctor, Dr. Kenick [sp]. In the beginning, he\nused to come. If somebody was sick, he tried to give them something, to let them\nstay a couple of days in camp. There was no hospital. There was nothing.\n\nMARTINO: Not to go out to work?\n\nBESSER: Not to go out to work. Like, one time, I came. I had upset stomach. The\nfood did not mean something. He let me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay two days. In the beginning, they\nsend away. He came and checked. He found some--not too many, less than ten,\nmaybe six or five--people sick. He send them home. This was in 1941. One time, a\nGerman came. I think he was an SS man, Mr. Linzer or Linder [sp]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He met . . .\nThere was one guy, a Jewish fellow, he was in camp. He said he's not sick,\nnothing wrong with him, and send him to Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. He said he didn't\nwant to work. This was in 1941, the first time we found out there was a camp\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau]. This was the beginning of Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. Later, we\nfound out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the parents got an urn with ashes from him. This was 1941. They didn't gas\nthem. We heard they made him work and run until he died. After, they burned him\nand sent his ashes home to the parents. In 1942, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they took out a group from our\ncamp and sent them to Gross Masselwitz. It was not too far from Breslau. It was\nalso a Jewish camp. When we came there to Gross Masselwitz, there was already a\ntransport of Jewish people sent away to the Russian front. They put them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work\nto make the Russian railway tracks wider so the German railroads can run\nsupplies to the Russian front. The people who was sent to Russia, they was\nliving in railroad [cars]. No hot water, no hot food. In two or three months,\nthey came back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the transport. I was supposed to be the second transport to go\nto Russia. Most from the first transport came back sick, with typhus. A lot\ndied, so they didn't send no more second transport. In this camp, we were\nworking for the German Army. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The army was ending some supplies to the Russian\nfront and we helped put them on the railroads. In the end of 1942 or 1943, they\ntook all the people who were supposed to go the Russian front, they sent us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a\nnew camp, Neukirch, not far away. In Neukirch, there was . . . Most people was\nworking for a railroad track between Berlin and Breslau. This was my worst camp\nin all the camps. The food was the worst food till we came there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In summer,\nthey claimed their crop was very bad and they had to give less food. They tried\nto give us raw cabbage. So many people got sick. There was no medicine. The work\nwas very hard. We had some SS guards, just came from the Russian front. They\nwere so mean, beating, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kicking, cursing us. The warden from this camp was also\nvery mean. A lot of people died there. Most old people died there. They buried\nthem in a Jewish cemetery in Breslau. There came an old truck with a Jew from\nBreslau and he took the bodies over there to bury. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After they closed . . . We\nfinished the railroad track. Yes, I was lucky in this camp, too, in Neukirch. I\nhappened to work with three or four German Jews. They was married to not Jews.\nThey come to work and every day, they could go home to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breslau. They was helping\nme with a little food every day. After we left this camp, we were sent to\nMarkstadt. Markstadt was already a bigger camp [with] older, mostly Jewish\npeople. We was working for a new Krupp factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a lot of not Jews,\ntoo--Polish, Czechs, Russian. [We] was leaving very early in the morning.\nSometimes, it was still dark. When we came home, also was dark. I didn't stay\ntoo long in this camp.\n\nMARTINO: What were you doing in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory?\n\nBESSER: In this factory, I was working for a company called [unintelligible].\nThey was connecting the electric wire to the factory. Sometimes, we digged out\nholes to put down the electric poles. We had to stay a whole day in the fields\nto wait to dig ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the holes. We couldn't go on no inside. There was nowhere to warm\nup. I remember it was very cold in the wind, in the snow. We didn't stay too\nlong in Markstadt. One day, [in the] morning, we was ready to go to work. They\ncame up and they took us. They said, \"No,\" we not going to work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We going to be\nsent to another camp. They sent us away to Ludwigsdorf. Ludwigsdorf, we came\nover into the mountain not far from the Czechoslovakia border. [It was] also\nvery cold. It was a small Jewish camp with people from Sosnowiec and Bedzin.\n\nMARTINO: Were you being sent there with the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group of young men from your\nsmall town?\n\nBESSER: No.\n\nMARTINO: You were no longer with anybody you knew?\n\nBESSER: No, since Gross Masselwitz, we were mixed up with the Jewish people from\nother towns. In Ludwigsdorf, it was also a new camp. The camp was just . . .\nThey had maybe three barracks they was building. Beginning the first week, too,\nwe had to help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build the barracks. There was also a big factory owned by [a]\nchemical dynamite company was making powder and bullets for to shoot down airplanes.\n\nMARTINO: Anti-aircraft?\n\nBESSER: Anti-aircraft, shoot down airplanes.\n\nMARTINO: Did anybody every try to do any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sabotage?\n\nBESSER: Let me come to it. When we came, the first day, they took us to the\nfactory. The factory was big in the hill. To walk up, the feet was very tired to\nwalk up such a big hill. We came in the factory. The first day, they gave us\nclothes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overalls to put on because the powder made so dirty. There was three\nkinds of powder. There was yellow powder, brown powder, and one more color. Our\nfaces, our hands was always the [color of] the powder where we worked. We never\nhad the soap to wash it off.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: From the powder?\n\nBESSER: The powder. In time, we couldn't use no more the overalls because we had\nno place where to wash them. Our clothes, we were sleeping in them. Everything\nwas with powder. We got used to the smell. We didn't know better. In the\nfactory, we worked three shifts. It was six days [a week], three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shifts. Each\nshift worked eight hours. The food was a little less because they said the work\nis not as hard as we would on the railroad. They gave us a little less to eat.\nThis was the first camp there was also Jewish women. There was seventy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent\nJewish men and thirty percent Jewish women. We were separated by a wire fence.\nOn the job, in the factory, there was Jewish men and women was working together.\nWe could only talk by the fence. The Jewish women had the same food ration we\nhad. For the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women, this was maybe enough. For us men, it was not enough.\nThis was also the first camp . . . We came up with Jewish people from France,\nfrom the Netherlands, from Poland. Also, because some people was already from\n1940 in the camp, a lot of people started to get wicked and dying also. Old\npeople died ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was buried on the top on the mountain there, away from the\nfactory. Sabotage? We didn't do the sabotage. In this factory, the people made\nthe powder. Always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were writing down. Each shift had to write down their\npowder kegs . . . how much they make. One shift left and put it down, let's say,\n2,000, you always could take a pencil, and erase it, put down '1,000.' Although\nthey had on hand 1,000, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was not written down. They didn't have to work so\nhard. Only they had to watch our guard. If the guard came in, they had to work,\nnot to . . . If the Germans would find out if the people was cheating with the\nwriting, they could send them to Auschwitz because this was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really sabotage. We\nstayed there till 1944. In 1944, they sent us away to another camp, Hersbruck.\nThey took all men and sent us to Hersbruck and they left the Jewish women in the\ncamp. In the meantime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we left, they brought another camp's worth of Jewish\nwomen from Klettendorf to this camp, Ludwigsdorf. My wife [Esther Zaibel Besser]\nwas there, too. We hadn't been married at the time. She was only thirteen years\nold. She and her mother came over in this transport to this camp. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersbruck\nwas an old two-story factory, dirty, no beds. It was benches [and] was straw\nwhere people was sleeping. I belonged ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a commando we worked to build a new\nfactory. We stayed for a while there. This Hersbruck was very dirty, a lot of\ninsects. One weekend, they took us out of this factory and put us in another\nfactory. They brought some people from the concentration camp and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sprayed us\nwith chemicals to kill all insects and throw away the old straw. We put some new\nstraw. We stayed there in another factory for two days. After, we came back to\nthe old factory, where we lived.\n\nMARTINO: During this time when you were going from camp to camp, did you have\nany idea what was happening ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your home, and what was happening with the rest\nof the war, and in other concentration camps?\n\nBESSER: No, we didn't know it too much. We know it a little. We know that it\ncomes for . . . When we was in Neukirch, we knew it, that the people from our\ntown were sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away to Auschwitz because nobody got already . . . In Neukirch,\nwe could get less than a pound, they could send a parcel, bread only. We started\nto get no parcels anymore, maybe once in three months, so we know the parents .\n. . My parents ran away to Czestochowa. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got sent away to Treblinka a day\nafter Yom Kippur 1942. From my sisters--I didn't know it--was in Lodz ghetto. I\ndidn't know nothing about it till after the war.\n\nMARTINO: They were older than you. Were they married already?\n\nBESSER: Yes, they were married.\n\nMARTINO: Did they have children?\n\nBESSER: No, they had no children. They were living in Lodz. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first camp, I\ngot a letter from them. After, they couldn't write no more from the Lodz ghetto.\n\nMARTINO: They were killed and their husbands were killed?\n\nBESSER: Yes, the oldest two, right away. There was a lot of news. It would be\nfabricated; it would be true. We knew a little; not too much. On the Russian\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front, the German army was not going like they wanted. It was a little bit . . .\nBecause we were working on the railroad in Neukirch, we saw trains with wounded\nGerman soldiers coming back from the front. We saw airplanes broken down, coming\nback for repair, light tanks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes, once in a while, some German workers\nsaid something--not too much--that the Russian front is not going too well. We\ncouldn't know details.\n\nMARTINO: You did not hear any news or you did not have radios?\n\nBESSER: No. We could get sometimes. The German newspaper ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always was the same\nnews. Always the Americans or the English came to bombard, they shot down some,\nthey didn't do too much damage, the German airplanes chased them away. It was\nalways maybe ten lines, the same propaganda. They always tell propaganda. They\nnever tell nothing that should be true. They didn't talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing about the\nRussian front, [such as that] they surrendered--the [German] Fifth Army in\nLeningrad--they never told nothing. Even the German people didn't know nothing\nabout it, except the soldiers who were there, who was not prisoners of war. In\n1944, they sent us to the first big concentration camp, Gross-Rosen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This camp\nwas all nationalities from whole Europe. Was already over 22,000 inmates. There\nwas only one group of Jewish inmates. The same work as we were doing in\nHersbruck, the same work we was doing in Gross-Rosen. We used to get up at six\no'clock ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and walk two or three miles to go to railroad. Every day, on the train\nwe go to the place we was working, factory. It was everything was strictly SS.\nWe had a lager. Most of our guards was Ukrainian SS. We worked six days a week.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We stayed in barrack number ten. Our leader in the barrack was a Polish\nlieutenant in the Polish Army. He was a very nice man, not a [unintelligible].\nIt was so crowded, when we were working day, another group of prisoners were\nsleeping [in the] daytime. When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came home, we were sleeping nighttime, the\nother group was working nighttime. They had a big textile factory inside of the\ncamp. We stayed there for six months. One time, we had a hot shower. The whole\ntime, we never changed the clothes.\n\nMARTINO: In six months?\n\nBESSER: Six months, as long as we stayed in this camp.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You must have had fleas and lice.\n\nBESSER: [Yes.] We had only cold water. We could wash with cold water, no\ntoothpaste, nothing. The whole time for the last two years, we had no\ntoothpaste, no brushes. We stayed there till March. One time, I saw they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought\na group of Jewish women to this camp. They put them in a barrack in the center\nof the camp and they fenced around. We couldn't go too close, only to the fence.\nThey didn't stay too long. Then they sent them away to another camp. This was in 1945.\n\nMARTINO: What do you think they brought them to the camp for?\n\nBESSER: They brought them from another camp because the Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army start to\nliberate Poland, and so they started to liquidate a lot of camps in Poland, and\nstart to bring them into Germany. In March, they started to talk about they\ngoing to close down this camp because the Russian Army is not far away. One\nnight, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember it wasn't too dark or too light. There came a Russian\nairplane. It started to bombard the guard houses. With machine guns, it started\nto bomb some guardhouses where the Germans was staying, watching us in camp. The\nnext day, they told us all to get out from the barracks and come on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"main\nsquare of the camp, to get ready. They gave us some three bread and some water\nsoup. Everybody had to go to the railroad. On the railroad, was waiting open\ntrains like they put in cattle or something. The people who couldn't walk, the\nSS was killing them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We was traveling in the beginning of March almost three or\nfour days. They gave us nothing to eat. They gave us something what we left\ncamp. Somebody saved a little bit some for next day. It was all the lager\n[German: camp] Russians. If they--Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners--saw somebody has bread,\nthey tried to force him, take it away. Some died in the wagons in the time of\nthe trip till we came to Hersbruck.\n\nMARTINO: When you were traveling now, you were traveling in boxcars?\n\nBESSER: Boxcars, yes, to Hersbruck. We came to Hersbruck. We came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down. They put\nus in another camp. It was a camp of 10,000 inmates all the other nationalities.\nThis was first camp where they brought in inmates, and the inmates was coming,\nand we were going. The SS guards couldn't keep no more track like other camps,\nthey could keep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"track of everybody. There was already a little house. Some\npeople was going to work; some not going. Some were running from one barrack to\nanother barrack. There, I was working in the mountain. They was making factories\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside the mountain so the Americans and the English shouldn't be able to bomb\nthem. But they just started. It was not yet finished. They had just started to\nmake the dirt and everything, to explode the dirt and take it out to the\noutside. We worked mostly in the night inside. We heard almost daily, every\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night almost, American or English airplanes came to bomb Nuremberg. When they\ncome to bomb, all the lights in the camp and also [where] we was working went out.\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you, all the camps that you were in were all labor camps?\n\nBESSER: Mostly working, yes. I was not in no camp like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz[-Birkenau], or\nTreblinka, or Majdanek. I was most of the time in labor camps. A younger person\nwho could work, he feeling alright, he got transferred somewhere to be alive, to\nlive through. Although, if he got sick, because there was no medicine, no\ndoctors, no hospitals . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did they beat people that did not want to work? I mean, how did they\ntreat everybody?\n\nBESSER: They beat a lot of people. Sometimes people was stealing, some people\ncouldn't work fast, some people couldn't walk fast. It was a lot of beating\ngoing on from the guards and sometimes from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish leaders. I think most of\nthe toll of killing was sicknesses.\n\nMARTINO: There was no medicine?\n\nBESSER: No medicine. In one camp, in 1942, I was in Ludwigsdorf. I had\npneumonia, and the doctor let me stay two weeks. This was exceptional ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\nthey know that I'm a good worker. They let me stay two weeks in camp. The only\nmedicine that he had was aspirin. To stay in the Krankenzimmer [German] . . .\n\nMARTINO: In the infirmary.\n\nBESSER: The infirmary was sometimes much better to be working. [It was] so\ndirty. Always you was afraid somebody from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . Mr. Linzer [sp], he used to\ncome from time to time. If he saw sick people, he used to send them away to Auschwitz.\n\nMARTINO: What was he? He was the commandant? He was in charge?\n\nBESSER: No, he wasn't in charge. He was going around from one camp to camp, and\nselecting all the sick people, and sending them to Auschwitz. If they were not\nable to work, they said, \"We got no use for them, to feed them with a piece of bread.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Are there any other conditions that you can describe for us in the camp?\n\nBESSER: Yes, in the one camp in particular in Neurkich, was a very big camp. On\ncamp, people was dying. The food was very . . . undernourished. They were\nskeletons. One throwed himself onto the rail. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One hanged himself. One ran\nspecial away to get killed.\n\nMARTINO: Things were very bad there?\n\nBESSER: Yes, Neukirch was the worst camp from the whole camps because when the\nSS come back from the Russian front, they were suffering already from defeat\nfrom the Russians. They took advantage on us.\n\nMARTINO: They took it out on you?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: On the Jewish prisoners especially. It was only Jewish prisoners there.\n\nMARTINO: Describe maybe just one day, what you had to do, what time you got up,\nwhat you got to eat, where you slept. Just describe for us one day in the camps.\n\nBESSER: Each camp was different. There was no camp . . . Each camp was different\nwork. You can't say all camps was the same. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But later on, it got worse because\nthe food . . . When the Russians occupied already some of Poland and the\nAmerican Army occupied France, they got less supplies from the occupied\ncountries, the Germans. They start to feed less to the prisoners. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nmorning, you woke up, and in most camps, you got a little coffee, Ersatz\n[German: substitute] coffee.\n\nMARTINO: Fake coffee.\n\nBESSER: Yes, imitation coffee. It was more water. Some people didn't care for\ndrinking it. Water and coffee in camp are the same thing. In most camps, they\ndidn't give you nothing in the morning to eat.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Nothing before you went to work?\n\nBESSER: No, not [before you went] to work. You came to work. In some camps . . .\nnot . . . In Gross-Rosen, we got some soup in the noon time, a little water soup\nthey gave us. When we came home in most camps, they gave us [something] to eat,\nsome soup with a piece of meat sometimes, maybe twice a week a piece of meat, a\npiece of horsemeat. Sometimes, in some camps, people got more sick from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eating\nthe meat than if they wouldn't eat the meat, because their stomachs were not\nused to it. They couldn't eat it. In the last years, most prisoners [were] used\nto eating [only] once in 24 hours. They came home from work, they finished it\nbecause there was not enough to save it and already their stomach was used to\neat once in 24 hours.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you have a chance to observe any religion? Tell me about it.\n\nBESSER: In the first years, in the first camp in Neukirch, on New Year's, I was\nfasting and working. Same thing [on] Yom Kippur. I tried to see . . . With some\nJewish friends, with older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, we tried to see that they shouldn't work so\nhard. We worked for them on the holidays because they was fasting, too. This was\nthe first year. But with the later years, we was glad we got something to eat.\nThere was very few [who] fasted, very few. There were some--very few--religious\nwho didn't eat no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treif.\n\nMARTINO: Non-kosher?\n\nBESSER: Non-kosher. Very few. I don't know that too many survived this. Most ate\nbread. We got potatoes. They never touched a piece of meat. In most camps, on\nholidays, they was praying. They went to a corner. They always had a minyan.\n\nMARTINO: Ten men?\n\nBESSER: Yes, ten men. They was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"praying. Some prayed on Saturday. Sometimes,\nmaybe some that had youths out there. They gather a minyan and they said Kaddish.\n\nMARTINO: The memorial prayer?\n\nBESSER: There always, in some camps, was always a barrack or a room, where maybe\nmore religious people stayed in the other barracks. They used to always try to\nhave a minyan on holidays. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last years, in the big camps, where it was 20,\nor 10,000, or 32,000, you couldn't have a cohort. Somebody stays with a Jew, a\nnot Jew, because it was so mixed up.\n\nMARTINO: It was impossible.\n\nBESSER: Most Jewish people would already be recognized because the Jewish people\non their suits always had a yellow insignia, because Jews . . .\n\nMARTINO: Even in the camps?\n\nBESSER: Yes, Jews were always yellow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like, a Pollock had a \"P,\" and a French\nhad a \"F,\" and a Russian had a \"R.\"\n\nMARTINO: How did they treat the Jews compared to the other people?\n\nBESSER: When we went in the last camp, we was with gentiles. They tried to stay\naway from the Jews like the Jews was contagious.\n\nMARTINO: All the other people?\n\nBESSER: Other people, yes, because sometimes the Jewish people take the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other's\nwork. They always liked to stay away. There was always a lot of time, big\n[unintelligible], especially in some camps. They controlled. You always find\nkapos. It was a very big [unintelligible].\n\nMARTINO: Even from the other prisoners?\n\nBESSER: Yes, the Jewish prisoners were always exceptional, except in the Jewish\ncamps, there was not [unintelligible] because there was only Jews. But in other\ncamps, when we was with gentiles, like this Hersbruck, there were a lot of\ncriminals. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes in other camps with all the criminals, they was governing\nthe camp. These camps were very [bad]. People got killed. They beat people,\nJewish, not Jews. Like, the last camp mine was Dachau. When we came in to\nDachau, it was already one month before the liberation. This camp was already\ngoverned by German political prisoners. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They never beat nobody. They didn't.\nThey could punish somebody, but no beating, no killing. I mean, people died from\nsickness. There was a lot of political prisoners who governed the Dachau camp.\nThe food rations was the worst because it was already over 32,000 inmates. It\nwas so crowded . . . They didn't have enough food to eat. They got two slices of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread and a little water soup. This has to be it for the whole day. We stayed\nthere maybe three weeks. One day, I was outside in the yard of the barrack, I\nsaw American airplanes coming up, flying very low. This was already one week\nbefore ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation. The barracks was vibrating from so much noise. There were no\nmore German airplanes to chase them. There were no more anti-aircraft [guns] to\nshoot at them. They was flying like they had already won the war in the skies.\n\nMARTINO: When you were in Dachau, were you aware of the crematorium?\n\nBESSER: We could see it--the crematorium--in Dachau. There was a crematorium in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross-Rosen. These crematorium . . . People died. They was burning them. We\ncould see it because each crematorium had very big chimneys, smoke stacks.\n\nMARTINO: You knew what was going on?\n\nBESSER: We knew it, yes. When we came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau, we saw a lot of . . . right\naway, near the main square where the camp is, the Umschlagpaltz, there was a\nkrankenzimmer, infirmary. There was a lot of dead people, skeletons laying\noutside in big heaps. They could not handle it.\n\nMARTINO: Corpses?\n\nBESSER: There was not enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time to burn them. Maybe the crematorium was going\n24 hours, but so many people died. There were so many skeletons, so many sick.\nIn this camp, on April 24th or 25th, there came an order that the SS went around\nto all barracks, told all Jewish inmates to come out on the main square. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There\nwas maybe over 2,000 Jewish inmates in Dachau. We came out on the main square.\nIt was noontime. They start to feed us soup. It was more water than [soup]. The\nput some big kettles. There was [unintelligible]. It was a lot of SS outside,\ntoo. People start to run here, stand in line. They got the people, go to another\nline. They couldn't control them.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Chaos.\n\nBESSER: Chaos. If this happened two or three weeks [earlier] maybe hundreds\nwould be killed. This time, there was a delegation from the Swiss Red Cross\n[that] came to the camp. I saw a nice black limousine with the Red Cross flags\non the fenders. They came to see about the camp, so they [the SS] tried to\nbehave themselves, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to kill nobody, not to shoot somebody.\n\nMARTINO: Did the people from the Red Cross see . . . Were there corpses laying\naround when they came?\n\nBESSER: No. Maybe they could see it, but I saw them coming right to the main\nsquare. They wasn't stopping off. They came right up the main square. I don't\nknow where they went. There was also already waiting passenger trains for us\nJews to go in. A lot of Jewish people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't come out. Maybe 500 or 600 came\nout. The rest was not coming out.\n\nMARTINO: Why?\n\nBESSER: Because nobody know where they were sending us. Nobody knows. They told\nus to go in the train. This was the first time in four and a half years and\nthree weeks, that they gave everybody, most Jewish inmates, a parcel from the\nRed Cross. It was the first time. It was canned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fish, biscuits, and salted\ncrackers, cheese. This was the first time we saw this. When we went on the\ntrain, they gave us all the bread. They was putting up a lot of bread for us.\nThey gave every inmate a sleeping bag made from paper. Then came, before dark,\nthe train was going away from the camp.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You said this was a passenger train?\n\nBESSER: A passenger train, yes.\n\nMARTINO: Not boxcars?\n\nBESSER: Not boxcars, no. It was still cool. Inside was nice and comfortable. The\nguards didn't bother too much. We could sit on the floor because there was not\nenough seats to sit on chairs there. They didn't bother nobody. We were\ntraveling two or three days.\n\nMARTINO: Going where?\n\nBESSER: To the Austrian border. We passed Garmisch-Partenkirchen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We passed\nMittenwald. We went almost to Innsbruck. We was traveling two or three days.\nThey fed us every day. When we came to Innsbruck, they told us to go out from\nthe trains. We should not go away. We should sit around where the train is. We\nsaw that across from the train was a big German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital for German wounded.\nSome was without legs . . .\n\nMARTINO: Invalids.\n\nBESSER: Invalids, some without legs, some without hands. [They were] nice\ndressed in the German uniforms and everything. There came a high German officer.\nHe stood up on a chair and he told all us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inmates to gather around. He spoke to\nus maybe for two minutes. He told us not to worry, the American Army is not far\naway, we should behave ourselves, everything is going to be alright. Although\neverybody heard such words, we started to feel . . . We were wanting to . . .\nWhen we were traveling, we saw on the railway track ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of Germans threw away\ntheir uniforms, their shoes, their caps. We saw already it was getting to the\nend. Before nighttime, they told all inmates to go maybe one kilometer, there\nwas a lot of barns. We should go there, stay overnight. We was walking. There\nwas no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"altogether. One walked by. Two minutes later, one walked. They didn't do\nnothing to people. There was already another guard. All SS went away and they\nput out all the older guards. We stayed there overnight. We stayed there in the\nbarns. In the morning, they told us to go back to the railway station to\nrailroad train there. They gave us to eat and they let us make some fires to\nwarm up something. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At four o'clock, they told us everybody should go back to the\ntrain. The train started to go back to Germany. We crossed the German border. We\nwere without maybe half an hour. The train stopped. They told everybody to go\nout. One side was a river, one side was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alp mountains, and one side was the\nroad. This was down maybe ten or fifteen feet. It went all the way down. A lot\nof people started to run back from the railroad. There was no place to run. They\nstart to shoot in the air, but they didn't shoot nobody. Nobody got killed. We\nwent down this hill. Everybody had what to eat. Bread they gave us every day\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost. Everybody looked for a place to sleep. We had to sleep in . . .\n\nMARTINO: Outside?\n\nBESSER: Inside, in the hall, yes. Outside, yes. Everybody had a bag what they\ngave us, the paper sleeping bags. We tried to find where to sleep until seven\no'clock. After seven o'clock, we heard a shot, a very big noise, shot.\n\nMARTINO: Explosion?\n\nBESSER: Explosion. The American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Army was not far away. They used their\nartillery. They shot. All the German guards ran away. We stayed the whole night\nthere in the hill. We had no guard. Next day, everybody went in any place where\nwe want to go. Me and three other friends went to Mittenwald. We left eight\no'clock. Almost twelve o'clock, we came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[to the] outskirts. We saw the railroad\nthere. We see a lot of people standing in line. They go up to the wagons, they\ngave out food. We went and stand in the line. They gave us all the food. We saw\nthe Germans . . .\n\nMARTINO: Who was giving away the food?\n\nBESSER: The Germans.\n\nMARTINO: The Germans?\n\nBESSER: Yes, it was still Germans. It was the last day with the German\ngovernment. We saw German police--they didn't bother us--with the green\nuniforms. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't bother us; we didn't bother them. It started to get late.\nWe looked for a place where to sleep. Not far from the railroad was living an\nolder guy. He worked for the railroad. He had a very nice stable. We went in. We\nasked him if he could let us four people sleep in the barn. He said yes, he let\nus sleep. He had also a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian maid. She had already a room in the stable. She\nwas always sleeping there. She worked for them. This was the first day, the\nnight. It was still Germany everything run. She made us the first supper we\nnever seen in four and a half years. She made us coffee, and white bread, and\neggs. She gave us to eat how much we wanted. We went to sleep in the stable. In\nthe stable was nice, not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold. It was just the last day of April. In the night,\nwe heard all the very big explosions, shots. Tomorrow morning, before seven\no'clock, we heard and we saw the American [tanks], Armies come in, marching\nthrough the street. Before we left the stable, the German woman made us\nbreakfast, also a very good breakfast. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We left. Me and my friends went out in\nthe street. We met the American Army. We were so hungry. The American Army had\nkitchens in the street. We went to the kitchen. They gave us food, how [ever]\nmuch we wanted. After, we met Jewish soldiers.\n\nMARTINO: American Jewish soldiers?\n\nBESSER: American Jewish soldiers. One soldier from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Detroit, Michigan. One\nsoldier we met who helped us [was] from Brooklyn, New York [City, New York]. One\nsoldier spoke Yiddish, although I could . . . One soldier from New York couldn't\nspeak Yiddish. But there was working a Polish soldier who spoke Polish and spoke\nEnglish. This Jewish soldier from New York, two [or] three days later we met\nhim. He gave us some clothes. They were staying in a German house. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told us\nto come in and change the clothes and put on some civilian clothes. This Jewish\nsoldier from Detroit, went into a German house. It was big house. He told them\nto give us two rooms because I was with two friends, to let us stay. They was\nfeeding us, too. In the beginning, we didn't have no feeling that we was\nliberated, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because after so many years, we didn't believe. It didn't go in in\nthe head we was liberated. We weren't used to sleep. We were sleeping in a\nGerman house with good mattress. Of course, we used to sleep on the floor. Here,\nsuddenly, we took every day a bath and everything. It was . . . Life started to\nchange. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the time, the English prisoners of war made a police for the city.\nThey had orders not to let the Jewish, all ex-prisoners not to live in the city.\nThey should stay in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German barracks. It was not compared to the camp barracks.\nThere were also two or three American soldiers watching us. They watched the\nfront, but we could go out in the back. They didn't care. Maybe they was\nwatching us that nobody should do us harm.\n\nMARTINO: What kind of physical condition were you in at that time?\n\nBESSER: I was in such a condition that I was weighing less than 90 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pounds. I\ncould barely walk. To walk a block was like to walk today two miles.\n\nMARTINO: Did anybody do anything for you? The American Army, did they give you a\nphysical examination or anything?\n\nBESSER: No, they didn't give me no physical examination. In this camp, after\nliberation, this was UNRRA [United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation\nAdministration] camp. There was . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most officials [were] French civilians.\nThey was running the camp. The American Army, they gave the supplies. They had\nalready a hospital. They had Jewish doctors and American doctors. The old people\nwas sick, they took them into the hospital. They gave the medicine because the\nAmerican Army supplied them.\n\nMARTINO: You could get help after the war?\n\nBESSER: Yes, after the war. In each camp, in each city, they Americans already\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made places for . . . They mobilized all the Jewish and other doctors to take\ncare of the sick people.\n\nMARTINO: You were weak. You were sick also?\n\nBESSER: No, I wasn't sick. I was weak only. I couldn't . . . [I was] very\nundernourished. I weighed less than 90 pounds. I could barely walk slowly. With\ntime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was renourishing myself. I was eating. We could eat almost every day.\nOnly one thing I was watching myself not to eat heavy stuff like meat, more\nbread, and potatoes until . . . I know it from camp [that] too much meat will\nspoil my stomach.\n\nMARTINO: What did you do then? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were free. Did you start thinking about who survived?\n\nBESSER: Yes, we started to think, \"Who survived?\" In this camp, we was maybe six\n[or] seven weeks. After that, they took all nationalities except the Jewish\npeople and sent them to their country. Jewish people didn't want to go back to\nPoland. They sent us to Munich [Germany] to a UNRRA camp. There, we met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jewish\nchaplain from the American Army, Rabbi [Abraham] Klausner. There came over\ndelegations from the Jewish Army that was in the British Army. They came to the\ncamp, soldiers from Israel, and they start to give speeches. They start to form\nus. They gave us little newspapers in some languages ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is happening. It was,\nI can remember, the time they [dropped] the atom bomb. They gave newspapers that\ntold in Japan the atom bomb. They start to make lists up from the camps who\nsurvived. They sent the lists from one camp to another camp, from one city to\nother city. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw in the camp on the list, one brother of mine [Lajb]. He [was]\nin Bergen-Belsen. He saw also on the list that I am in Munich. He came to\nMunich, and I came to Bergen-Belsen. We was going . . .\n\nMARTINO: You crossed each other?\n\nBESSER: It took five days because there was no trains. We only was going with\nfreight trains. Sometimes, the freight train goes three hours and sometimes\nstopped. Sometimes, the bridges were still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knocked out. We couldn't pass the\nbridges. Later, when we came back, we found out I got my third brother [Mendel]\nis in the hospital in Sankt Ottilien. That's over near Munich. This was a Jewish\nhospital. When we came back, we met in this hospital, all three together. After\nthis, I, with my other brother, moved to Munich. After my other brother was\nfeeling better, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved to Landsberg. After, later, we started to find out what\nhappened. In the end of 1945, my older brother went home to Poland to find out.\n\nMARTINO: He went by himself?\n\nBESSER: Yes, he went back to Poland to find out, to see if somebody from the\nsisters survived. He found out when my parents went to Treblinka.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How did he find all this out?\n\nBESSER: Because we had still two cousins alive in Czestochowa.\n\nMARTINO: They survived?\n\nBESSER: They survived. They was in the camp in Czestochowa. My parents lived\nwith them until they was on the way.\n\nMARTINO: That is how they knew what happened?\n\nBESSER: Yes, because their parents were sent on the same transport as my\nparents. We met some friends who . . . We couldn't get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no details too much. We\ndidn't know when my sisters died or where they died. We know they was in Lodz\nghetto. We couldn't . . .\n\nMARTINO: You we living in Munich?\n\nBESSER: In Munich. I was living in town.\n\nMARTINO: How were things then, right after the war? How did the Germans act\ntowards you?\n\nBESSER: The Germans treated us very good, I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, because the American Army\ngave out orders. The German people, especially in town, who had space, they had\nto take in Jewish prisoners [survivors].\n\nMARTINO: They were forced to do this by the Americans?\n\nBESSER: Yes. I mean, I went to the buildings department and they had lists who\ngot enough rooms. They gave me an address to go to these people and tell them\nthey are to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take me in. They had maybe 4,000 Jewish people living in Munich. I\nstayed there with private Germans. Most of the Jewish people stayed there with\nNazis because the Nazis had . . . There was no big Nazis, but still, they\nbelonged to the Nazi party. They had to take in and they was glad we don't do no\nharm to them.\n\nMARTINO: They were worried about what the Americans would do to them?\n\nBESSER: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there was a lot of bombed houses in Munich. It was not so\ncomfortable. In places that was not bombed, if there was Nazis, they had to take\nin some Jewish people.\n\nMARTINO: That is pretty ironic that the Jews had to stay in houses with Nazis\nafter the war.\n\nBESSER: Yes. Let me tell you. We never talked too much, not with them, even with\nother Germans. In the beginning, we never talked too much what was going on\nbecause we, ourselves, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we knew it because I was in camp. We never talked too\nmuch. In the beginning, in 1945, we didn't know too much from Auschwitz and we\ndidn't know too much of other camps.\n\nMARTINO: Right.\n\nBESSER: Later on, when we started to read the Jewish newspapers, and everything\nstarted to . . . In the beginning, there was no Jewish newspaper. We had only\nthe German, this [Suddeutsche Zeitung] newspaper.\n\nMARTINO: They did not write about it?\n\nBESSER: They write a little bit; not as much. The Germans always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come in to talk\nsomebody, they always [said], \"Wir haben nicht gewusst. [German] We didn't know\nit. We didn't mean it what was going on.\" Even the Germans [I was living with],\nthey had a son. He was in the army. He got killed on the Russian front. They\nnever spoke. They never . . . not even a tear in eyes. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never, because all\nthe Germans were so obedient to the Führer [German: leader], and the\nFatherland, for [Adolf] Hitler, for the Deutsches Reich, they didn't care what\nhappened to them. They don't . . .\n\nMARTINO: They thought they did their duty.\n\nBESSER: Their duty, yes. In 1946, there was a registration to America ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the\nAmerican Consulate. I signed up. I was from the first hundred to come to\nAmerica. In 1947, I came to New York. I stayed in New York six years.\n\nMARTINO: Did you come by yourself or with your two brothers?\n\nBESSER: No, my brothers went later on. In 1948 and 1949, they went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel.\n\nMARTINO: Both of them?\n\nBESSER: Yes. In 1951, I got married in Israel.\n\nMARTINO: You said in 1947 you came to the United States?\n\nBESSER: Yes, 1947.\n\nMARTINO: By yourself?\n\nBESSER: By myself, yes. In 1951, I went to Israel and I got married in 1951.\n\nMARTINO: Your wife had gone to Israel?\n\nBESSER: Yes, from Germany. She lived over in Germany. She lived in Weiden [Germany].\n\nMARTINO: You said she was in camp with her mother. Did her mother survive?\n\nBESSER: Yes, her mother survived, she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived, and she also had three brothers\n[who] survived, too. She, and her mother, and two brothers went to Israel. Two\nother brothers came to America from Germany.\n\nMARTINO: You met her there again and you married?\n\nBESSER: She was my second cousin. My first cousin, she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matchmaked that I go to\nIsrael and she going to come back . . .\n\nMARTINO: After that, did you stay in Israel?\n\nBESSER: I stayed seven weeks. My wife, in 1952, she came to America, New York. I\nmade the papers. She came to New York. In 1953, I came to Atlanta. We had here\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousins. They came already in 1949, like Mendel Klug, his wife [Lola Besser],\nAbe Besser, Joe Scheinfeld. We came in here in 1953. In 1954, I bought a grocery\nstore. I stayed with the grocery store until 1973. It got so bad with crime, we\nhad to leave.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You did that for nineteen years?\n\nBESSER: Nineteen years in the grocery store. Now, I'm retired.\n\nMARTINO: Do you have any children?\n\nBESSER: Yes, I got two children, grown. They stay with me.\n\nMARTINO: Have you ever talked about your experiences with your family?\n\nBESSER: No. With my kids, not too much. I couldn't talk to them too much. In the\nbeginning, for years and years, when I was in America, I didn't talk to nobody.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I always start to cry when I was talking. The last years, since I retired, I\nstarted to talk a little bit more with people open. Some want to know. With my\nwife, we didn't talk too much. She was twelve years old when she came to camp.\nShe was fourteen and half years old when she was liberated. She couldn't talk\ntoo much. She couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watch television. The first time when we opened in\nGreenwood Cemetery, the monument, she broke down almost. A year she couldn't go\nthere. Lately, she's going once a year.\n\nMARTINO: It was too much for her.\n\nBESSER: Too much. First year, I think 1965, she broke down. She couldn't . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was crying. I thought she had a nervous breakdown.\n\nMARTINO: These things that happened to you happened to you just for being Jewish.\n\nBESSER: Mostly, yes. The gentiles didn't suffer as much as the Jews.\n\nMARTINO: How do you feel about that?\n\nBESSER: I suffered. I lived through. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is not any denying. I don't know if I\ncould go through this what I went through [again] because [then] I was young, in\ngood health. If this should happen again . . . I hope it should never happen to nobody.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How did it affect your practice of Judaism? You said you came from a\nreligious family.\n\nBESSER: No, I was very antoysht [Yiddish: disappointed].\n\nMARTINO: Disappointed?\n\nBESSER: I'm very disappointed. We were supposed to be the chosen people, and G-d\ndidn't do nothing to survive, to see . . . So many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people was sinned.\nRabbis, and everybody, and Jewish people never sinned. We were so religious.\nLike, my parents, they were . . . G-d didn't see nothing to help them in any way\nto survive. I don't know. I'm very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappointed. I know Jewish people always\nsuffered the whole history since existence, but such a catastrophic Holocaust to\nno nation in the world has happened as happened to us Jews.\n\nMARTINO: Have you ever gone back to Europe?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: No, I haven't got nobody anymore, no relatives or anybody at home. I\nknow if I went home, I would cry to see places where relatives, everybody, my\nfamily lived now strangers. It's a place that is [now] a strange town.\n\nMARTINO: You have no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desire to go back?\n\nBESSER: No, no desire, especially [because] I know I'm going to get sick.\n\nMARTINO: Do you still have . . . For example, when you go somewhere or you're in\na particular place, or when you sleep, do you still remember things that\nhappened to you? Nightmares?\n\nBESSER: Nightmares. Nightmares from the camp. This never goes away, I think, for\nnobody that was in a camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Especially . . . Ask anybody. I spent four and a half\nyears and three weeks. It took time for me to get out and sometimes, living in\nGermany, to believe it. I'm still not free. It takes a lot of time to get out of\nyour system. Even now, I'm not in my best health. I couldn't work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think\nmy memory's too good.\n\nMARTINO: It seems to be pretty good to me.\n\nBESSER: Now, because I was studying. A lot of times, I was writing. I was\nwriting four or five times. In the beginning, for ten or twelve years, I started\nto write. I wrote maybe five or six pages. Later, I started to write about ten\npages. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started to remind myself. The last time I wrote, I wrote maybe twenty\npages. I started to remind myself more and more. In ten years, I couldn't write\ndown five pages. Now, it looks like I remember a lot of things better [from]\nbefore I was liberated and some things after liberation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You seem to remember pretty good to me. Do you think it is possible\nthat another Holocaust could happen?\n\nBESSER: It's unbelievable. It should not happen. Maybe not in America. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe in\nsome other places. I hope it should never happen to no other nation, to no other\nreligion. We are still fighting Iran. I know the Jewish people have got a lot of\nenemies. In Israel, outside of Israel. Jewish people have enemies in Europe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nother parts of countries. For some, this was no lesson. One thing also [is] that\na lot of non-Jewish people don't know in Europe so many millions not Jewish\npeople got killed. It was almost . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Millions and millions of Russians got\nkilled. With the soldiers, over 21 million. In Poland, over three million\ncivilian Poles got killed, and so many people from France and Czechoslovakia. I\nknow there was a war against whole Europe, maybe the Jewish people suffered the\nmost. Maybe 90 percent of all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people got killed in Europe.\n\nMARTINO: How important is the existence of the state of Israel today?\n\nBESSER: This couldn't be better, I think, for the Jewish people to have a home.\nG-d forbid, if some conquest, something should happen, I think Israel would be\nthe country . . . Not like it was in the [World War II] time. Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locked\nthe doors, don't let Jewish people in. But Israel could open the doors, open to\nall Jewish people if something should happen.\n\nMARTINO: Mr. Besser, I want to thank you for your time. We understand how\ndifficult it is for you to discuss this subject. You have been very wonderful.\nWe appreciate it. It is very important that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have this recording on record.\n\nBESSER: I hope it's going to be for the future. People should understand it's\ngoing to be a lesson for all human . . . People should appreciate that it's good\nto live in a democratic country where all people have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/transcript/39832/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"freedom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6570.0,6600.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Children of Holocaust Survivors was an organization in Atlanta, Georgia formed by the children of survivors who had settled in the area. Between 1983 and 1987, the group conducted interviews with local survivors. These oral histories are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History as well as The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrzepice (also Krzepki) is a city in southern Poland. It lies 32 kilometers [20 miles] northwest of Czestochowa, and 240 kilometers [149 miles] southwest of Warsaw, on the Liswarta River. In the 1930’s, the Jewish population of Krzepice comprised more than 40 percent of the town's inhabitants. In 1937, the Jewish population of Krzepice numbered 1,947. Krzepice had two synagogues and four houses of prayer. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYontif\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish; in Hebrew it is ‘yom tov’] refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews. It includes all but the High Holy Days of \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshtiebel\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish term meaning “little house” or “little room” and is a place used for communal Jewish prayer. It is not a formal synagogue as it is far smaller and more casual. It was usually a room in a private home or place of business. They were common in Jewish communities in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust, and they continue to exist in Hasidic communities in the United States today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Gerrer Hasid is a follower of the Ger (or Gur) Hasidic dynasty. The founder of the dynasty was Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter (1798–1866), who was from Ger, the Yiddish name Góra Kalwaria, a small town in Poland. The Ger dynasty had the largest following of any Hasidic group in Poland until the Holocaust. Ger was distinguished among Hasidic groups by its particular emphasis on traditional yeshiva-type study. Ger leaders were also known for their deep and visible involvement in political and public affairs. Today, the movement is based in Jerusalem and the largest Hasidic dynasty in Israel. However, there are also well-established Ger communities in Brooklyn (New York) and London (UK); and minor Ger communities in Toronto, Ontario (Canada), and Los Angeles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II began when Germany invaded Poland from the west on September 1, 1939. The Soviet Union invaded from the east on September 17, 1939. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish and non-Jewish refugees fled eastward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. Many refugees were soon caught on overly-crowded roads between the quickly advancing German forces and Soviet troops pushing west, with little choice but to return to their homes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMendel Klug (1919-2001) was born in Krzepice, Poland. He married Lola Besser (1919-1963), a survivor who was also from Krzepice and was a relative of Jerry Besser. The couple came to the United States in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans arrived in Krzepice on September 2 or 3, 1939. In October 1939, Germany directly annexed former Polish territories along Germany’s eastern border, including Upper Silesia, where Krzepice was located. The area where Krzepice was located was known as Ost-Oberschlesien [German: Eastern Upper Silesia].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort. The area where Krzepice was located was under the jurisdiction of Organisation Schmelt, which was responsible for the deportation of Jews to labor camps and their assignment to factories and workshops. The transport of Jewish youth from Krzepice to forced labor camps began in the early spring of 1940 and continued at an accelerated rate throughout 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans did not set up a formal ghetto in Krzepice, although they did force the Jews to live in a small area of the city. For maintaining order, the Germans ordered to established a Judenrat and Jewish police. The Judenrat (plural: Judenräte) was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre and restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them. Immediately after the Germans occupied Krzepice, about 200 Jews were immediately expelled to Czestochowa, Poland. Within a few weeks, the confiscation of Jewish property began. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e, God sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur \u003c/em\u003emay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom early in the occupation, the German authorities evicted Jews from the main streets of several cities and towns to make space for German officials. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe/Mojzesz Merin (1905-1943) was from Sosnowiec, Poland and had been a commercial broker before the war. Merin was appointed head of the Jewish Council (Judenrat) in Sosnowiec by the Germans in September 1939. A few months later, he was appointed head of the Central Office of Jewish Councils in East Upper Silesia. Merin oversaw dozens of Jewish communities in the region and organized labor for the Germans. When the region’s ghettos were liquidated in the summer of 1943, Merin was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he is presumed to have been killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e is an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eGeheime Staatspolizei\u003c/em\u003e, which means “Secret State Police,” the \u003cem\u003eGestapo\u003c/em\u003e was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied the southern Polish city of Sosnowiec on September 4, 1939 and soon established a ghetto. In late October 1939, forced labor was introduced for all Jews under the age of 55 and Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool for the Germans. The Germans made Sosnowiec the administrative center of a series of local Jewish communities, numbering in total about 100,000 people. Over 13,000 people worked in workshops in Sosnowiec. From October 1940 until August 1942 there were periodic transports from Sosnowiec to various labor camps. The first series of deportation of Jews from Sosnowiec to Auschwitz-Birkenau was between May and August 1942. Even as the Germans shipped some Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau, they brought in others to be new workers. Between August 1942 and March 1943, there were three major roundups and another wave of around 2,000 Sosnowiec Jews were transported to labor camps. The resettlement of Sosnowiec’s Jews was completed by March 1943. Deportations resumed in May and June of 1943 and the final liquidation of the ghetto began on August 1, 1943. By January 1944, the last Sosnowiec Jews had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The total number of Jews sent from Sosnowiec (and its neighboring ghetto in Bedzin) to Auschwitz-Birkenau was close to 30,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBedzin [Polish: Będzin] is a city in southern Poland. Until World War II, Bedzin had a vibrant Jewish community. According to the 1921 census, the town had a Jewish community consisting of 17,298 people, or 62.1 percent of the total population. In September 1939, the German Army overran the area, followed by SS death squads, who burned the synagogue and murdered 200 Jewish inhabitants. A ghetto was created in Bedzin in 1942. In the summer of 1943, most of the Jews of Bedzin were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSosnoweic and Bedzin were the two largest Jewish population centers in Ost-Oberschlesien [German: Eastern Upper Silesia]. By April 1942, 6,500 young Jews from Będzin, Sosnowiec, and other nearby towns had been sent to forced labor camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFew German records about the operation of the labor camps in and around Breslau [Polish: Wroclaw] have survived. Multiple survivors reference a camp called Neukirch or Breslau-Neukirch, but little is known about it. It may have been opened as early as 1939. It was part of a string of Operation Schmelt labor camps in Upper Silesia that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn [highway] into Poland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of Poland, the Annaberg area was annexed to Germany and the town was given the German name ‘Sankt Annaberg’ (St. Anne’s Mountain). Today, it is back in Poland again and is called ‘Gora Swietej Anny’ [Polish: Góra Świętej Anny]. Annaberg was part of a string of camps in Upper Silesia built after 1940 that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. The Jews sent to Annaberg and the other camps in the system originally helped to build the new highway. The SS Organisation Schmelt ran the camps. Later, the camps used slave labor to in armament production. They manufactured barracks, clothing, and other war material.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information could be found on this camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerry seems to be referring to the Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp], which was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. Construction of the camp began in October 1942, when it was established as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. Plaszow was then expanded in September 1943. Only in 1944 was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Up until the summer of 1943, almost all the prisoners were Jewish. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944 and continued until January 1945. When units of the Red Army reached the camp on January 17, 1945, only 180 prisoners were still alive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFew German records about the operation of the labor camps in and around Breslau [Polish: Wroclaw] have survived. Multiple survivors reference a camp called Gross Masselwitz or Breslau-Masselwitz, but little is known about it. It was located in Gross Masslewitz, the German name for Maślice Wielkie, a neighborhood in Breslau [Wroclaw]. It was part of a string of Operation Schmelt labor camps in Upper Silesia built after 1940 that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn [highway] into Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sturmabteilung, also known as the “Storm Troopers,” “Brown Shirts,” or “SA,” was the paramilitary of the Nazi Party commanded by Ernst Röhm and responsible for helping Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s. By 1934, tensions within the party saw Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel) replace Rohm and the Sturmabteilung’s position as the dominant organization within the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). The Auschwitz camp complex also included more than 40 camps and subcamps in the region that drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Originally, Auschwitz-Birkenau was supposed to be a huge pool of political prisoners and Russian prisoners-of-war to be used for slave labor but sometime in 1942 it was decided that it was the perfect place for the ‘Final Solution’—the extermination of the Jews. The morgues attached to the crematoria, which had been built to handle the expected high mortality in the camp, were adapted into gas chambers. The SS began evacuating Auschwitz and its satellite camps in mid-January 1945 as Soviet forces approached the Auschwitz camp complex. Nearly 60,000 prisoners were forced to march west from the Auschwitz camp system. Thousands had been killed in the camps in the days before these death marches began. Tens of thousands of prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to march to the city of Wodzislaw in the western part of Upper Silesia. SS guards shot anyone who fell behind or could not continue. Prisoners also suffered from the cold weather, starvation, and exposure on these marches. More than 15,000 died during the death marches from Auschwitz. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis began experimenting with poison gas for the purpose of mass murder in September 1939 in the Euthanasia Program. Patients with mental and physical disabilities at six facilities were sent into gas chambers disguised as showers and killed with carbon monoxide gas. By June 1941, the Nazis had begun using gas vans for mass killings and opened the Chelmno camp. There, Jews from Lodz and Roma were killed in mobile gas vans. In September 1941, the first prisoners of Auschwitz-Birkenau were killed with Zyklon B (a pesticide) in stationary gas chambers. By 1942, systematic mass killing in stationary gas chambers began at Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka with carbon monoxide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBreslau [German] is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia, located on the Oder River in Central Europe. At various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and Germany. Following World War I, Breslau became part of the Weimer Republic and eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the Nazi Party. Numerous forced labor and concentration camps were in Breslau or the area surrounding it. In 1939, the city had a Jewish population of 10,309. Deportations of Breslau’s Jews began in late 1941 or early 1942. Only a few hundred of those deported survived. By 1943, only partners of mixed marriages and some children remained. After World War II, the city became part of Poland. Today, the city is known as Wroclaw [Polish: Wrocław] and is the largest city in western Poland. In Czech, the city is known as Vratislav. Breslau is about 540 kilometers (336 miles) west-northwest of Lviv, Ukraine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear if Jerry is referring to the same labor camp as before. Other survivors from Krzepice also reference a labor camp called Neiderkirchen, about which little is known.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1935 Nuremberg Laws banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews, but did not dissolve existing marriages. While Jews in mixed marriages were exempt from some anti-Jewish laws and had a greater chance of surviving the Holocaust, they were still persecuted. Their families often experienced discrimination and ostracism in their communities and were still subjected to restrictions on rations, loss of employment, and confiscations of property. Instead of being deported, many intermarried Jews were instead drafted into forced labor battalions. As World War II drug on, their protection became more precarious. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarkstadt was located in Lower Silesia in a town now called Jelcz-Laskowice, about 15 miles (24 kilometers) southwest of Wroclaw. It was later renamed ‘Laskowice Olawskie.’ The camp is believed to have begun operations in March or April 1942, although one source notes that 100 Jewish men and 29 Jewish women from Sosnowiec arrived in Markstadt on February 25, 1942. Ultimately, Markstadt held between 3,000 and 4,000 Jewish men and 120 Jewish women from Poland, France, Holland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Belgium. Transports continued until the winter of 1943-1944. Civilians from Poland, France, Czechoslovakia and Germany were also used as laborers, although they were housed outside the camp’s gates. Wehrmacht soldiers, SA, and later some SS, all following orders, guarded the camp. Mortality rates in the camp were very high due. Kapos and guards often beat the prisoners and prisoners received just one slice of bread and one bowl of thin soup a day. Thousands of men constructed the Bertha-werk artillery factory at the 2,000 acre Kruppe-Werke site, located about 1-2 hours away from the camp. Others, beginning in August 1943, built the Fünfteichen subcamp of Gross-Rosen, which was located about 4 miles [6 kilometers] away. The women in the camp were put to work in the kitchen or cleaning. When the camp was evacuated in March 1944, those who could still work were sent to Fünfteichen, a subcamp of Gross-Rosen, and other camps in the area. The rest were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrupp AG was a German company and one of the world’s principal steelmakers and arms manufacturers until the end of World War II. During World War II, the company produced armaments for the German military. Krupp forced tens of thousands of prisoners of war, civilians (including children as young as 10) from throughout German-occupied Europe, and concentration camp prisoners to work in its numerous factories. The forced laborers suffered brutal working and living conditions and mortality rates were very high. After the war, Alfried Krupp, the head of the company, was convicted of war crimes, specifically for employment of slave labor, but the company had also been guilty of plundering property and plants in all the occupied countries. The company continued operations as a manufacturer of industrial machinery and materials. In 1999, it merged with Thyssen AG, becoming ThyssenKrupp AG. Today (2021), ThyssenKrupp AG is a leading global manufacturer of steel, construction materials, automotive parts and assemblies, and industrial and mechanical services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwigsdorf is a village in southeastern Germany. Near the Polish border, it is almost midway between Dresden, Germany and Wroclaw, Poland. Since at least June 1942, a camp with Jewish men and women had been established. There were approximately 400 Polish women and 600 men who were Polish, Dutch, Belgian and French. The prisoners worked at the Dynamit AG and Molke-Werke ammunition factory. Prisoners made ammunition, grenades and other explosives. They were continuously exposed to a variety of dangerous chemicals. The gunpowder was especially hazardous. The dye turned prisoners’ skin yellow, green or red, depending on the type of gunpowder. The clouds of dust and gas from the gunpowder caused heart, lung and eye diseases. Work went on continuously and was divided into three shifts of eight hours each. The death rate at the camp was high, but a constant influx of new transports kept the population relatively steady. The men’s camp was closed in July 1944 and it then became a strictly female subcamp of Gross-Rosen. A shortage of raw materials caused the camp to cease production in January of 1945. Some of the prisoners were evacuated in mid-April 1945. Soviet soldiers liberated the prisoners who remained in the camp on May 9, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHersbruck was a subcamp of the Flossenburg concentration camp that existed from 1944 to 1945. Prisoners were used to dig a system of tunnels into a mountain close to the town of Happburg, near Nuremberg, Germany. An underground Bayerischen Motoren Werke (BMW) aircraft engine factory was to be housed in the tunnels, but the tunnel system was only partially completed and production never began. Some 9,000 prisoners from more than 20 countries passed through the camp during its one year existence. Two-thirds of the prisoners came from Poland, Hungary, and the Soviet Union. Among them were more than 1,300 Jews. Some 4,000 of the prisoners—as many as 30 a day at times—died from the extremely brutal living and working conditions. In May and June 1944, the prisoners were initially quartered in the hall of an inn and in a barn in Happburg. A barracks compound was then constructed on the edge of town and prisoners were housed there after July 26, 1944. On April 13, 1945, there were 4,767 registered prisoners in the camp. In April 1945, the camp was disbanded and the prisoners were sent toward Dachau concentration camp, partly by train and partly on foot. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKlettendorf was a forced labor camp on the southwest outskirts of Breslau (now Wroclaw), Poland. It existed from late 1940 until July 1944. Jewish prisoners worked for various companies in the area and on the construction of the Autobahn between Breslau and Berlin. When the camp closed in July 1944, the female Jewish prisoners were sent to the Ludwigsdorf forced labor, which became a female only camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsther Zaibel Besser (1920-2018) was born to a Jewish family in Klobuck [Polish: Kłobuck], Poland. Esther, her mother and four brothers survived the war. After immigrating to Israel, Esther married Jerry Besser on May 6, 1951 in Holon, Israel and immigrated to the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also spelled “Czenstochowa”] is a Polish city located about 124 miles southwest of Warsaw. Close to 30,000 Jews lived in Czestochowa in 1939. The German army entered the city on September 3, 1939. Three days later, more than 1,000 Jews and Poles in Czestochowa were murdered in a massacre known as “Bloody Monday.” In 1941, a ghetto was established. In September and October 1942, deportations to Treblinka began and the ghetto was mostly liquidated. About 5,000 Jews remained. In June 1943, about 1,000 people were deported and the remaining 4,000 were sent to labor camps. By the end of the war, nearly all of the Jews from Czestochowa were dead. The city was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as an extermination camp in July 1942. The camp had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” On December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto, making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Lodz was also an assembly point for people destined for the Nazi labor and death camps. The first deportation began in December 1940, when about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor. Between December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942, a total of 57,064 people were deported to the Chelmno death camp and murdered. On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion, sent 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews to their deaths at Chelmno. After that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Approximately 13,000 people were sent from Lodz to 160 forced labor camps. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. By August 1944, the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945, only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Siege of Leningrad was a prolonged military blockade (from September 8, 1941 through January 27, 1944) on the Eastern Front in World War II. Following Germany’s surprise invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, German and Finnish armed forces had rapidly advanced as far as the city of Leningrad. After bombarding and surrounding the city, Hitler ordered the city by blockaded. Sometimes also called the 900-day siege, it actually lasted 872 days. During that time, an estimated 800,000 civilians died from enemy fire or starvation. Finally, in January 1944, a successful Soviet offensive drove the Germans westward from the city’s outskirts, ending the siege.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German 5th Army did not take part in the Siege of Leningrad. It was a field army of the German Wehrmacht that was active from August 25, 1939 to November 4, 1939 during World War II. It was responsible for defending the Siegfried Line in the west before taking part in the invasion of Poland. After the Polish surrender, the army served as an occupation force before disbanding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGross-Rosen was opened in May 1940 in a quarry near the village of Gross-Rosen. It eventually grew to control a whole network of sub-camps, which included Markstadt and Funfteichen. By 1944 there were about 110,000 prisoners in the system. About half the prisoners were political prisoners but there were also Polish and Russian prisoners-of-war. The living and working conditions were brutal. The rations were a slice of bread and watery soup each day. The prisoners slept on straw sacks that teemed with lice. It was classified as a Category III camp, or the most severe treatment classification. As the war neared its end, conditions grew even worse as evacuation transports arrived from the east swelling the camp to near bursting. The death rate skyrocketed, and bodies were piled up outside the barracks. In January 1945 the camp population was evacuated ahead of the Russians. Some of the prisoners were packed tightly into open freight cars. Others were marched out on foot. Over half of the prisoners died on the death marches in the final days of the war. The Russians liberated Gross-Rosen on February 13, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Ukraine, as in many German-occupied territories throughout Europe, antisemitism, nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-Communism, and opportunism often induced collaboration with the Nazi regime. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era. Nationalists in the west of Ukraine were among the most enthusiastic, hoping that their efforts would enable them to establish an independent state later on.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1944, a massive offensive successfully pushed the Soviet forces into eastern Poland. On July 23, 1944, Soviet forces came upon Lublin-Majdanek, the first of the major Nazi concentration camps to be liberated by the Allies. Shortly after, SS chief Heinrich Himmler ordered all prisoners in all concentration camps and subcamps be forcibly evacuated toward the interior of the Reich. Most of the evacuation in the summer and autumn of 1944 were carried out by train or ship. As winter approached, however, prisoners were increasingly evacuated on foot. By January 1945, the Third Reich stood on the verge of military defeat. Soviet forces in the east and Anglo-American forces in the west were ready to invade Germany. Until almost the last day of the war, German authorities continued to march prisoners to various locations in the Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is estimated that some 5.7 million Soviet Army personnel fell into German hands during World War II. About 3.3 million of those were dead by the end of the war. Second only to the Jews, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest group of victims of Nazi racial policy, which saw Slavs as subhuman. Little provision was made to shelter or feed most of the Soviet prisoners of war. Lack of proper food, clothing, and shelter took a terrible toll and epidemics soon emerged as a main cause of death. Starvation, exposure, and disease resulted in mass death of unimaginable proportions. Mass shootings and executions were commonplace.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lublin concentration camp received its more widely known nickname “Majdanek” (“Little Majdan”) due to its proximity to the Majdan Tatarski suburb of Lublin (Poland). Majdanek concentration camp is also often called the “other Auschwitz.” Majdanek was established in July 1941 and served many purposes. It was intended to provide labor for the entire region, which the SS wanted to turn into a German military-industrial-agricultural utopia. It provided a labor pool (mostly Jews) for labor camps in the area. Between 74,000 to 90,000 Jews were deported to Majdanek throughout its life. It also served as a transit camp for Polish and Soviet citizens who were being sent to forced labor in Germany. On November 3-4, 1943, most of the Jewish prisoners were murdered by shooting in the camp in an Aktion (German: action, operation) called “Operation Erntefest” (“Harvest Festival.”) Majdanek had a small gas chamber and crematorium so it was also an immediate extermination site although not on the scale of Auschwitz-Birkenau. About 500,000 persons passed through the camp over its life of which about 360,000 were murdered in a variety of ways. The camp was evacuated as the Russian army advanced with about half of the prisoners being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In July 1944, the Russians liberated the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\" Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law or foods that are not prepared according to kosher rules are called \u003cem\u003etreif\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003etreyf\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of ten Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1938, a yellow star sewn onto their prison uniforms (a perversion of the Jewish Star of David symbol) identified Jews in the camps. After 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles; political prisoners with red; \"asocials\" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or—in the case of Roma in some camps—brown triangles. Homosexuals were identified with pink triangles and Jehovah's Witnesses with purple ones. Non-German prisoners were identified by the first letter of the German name for their home country, which was sewn onto their badge. The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. \u003cem\u003eKapos\u003c/em\u003e were generally criminals. The \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the \u003cem\u003ekapos\u003c/em\u003e were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Nazi ideology, criminals were hereditarily and racially degenerate. German courts were allowed to incarcerate individuals indefinitely if they were considered a threat to German society and a special police force known as the Kripo (an abbreviation of \u003cem\u003eKriminalpolizei\u003c/em\u003e, German for criminal police) was established. Between 1937 and 1938, the Kripo rounded up some 11,000 people accused or suspected of being criminals or asocial and sent them to concentration camps. Within the concentration camp system, SS guards would recruit prisoners as functionaries to maintain order within the camp and supervise forced labor tasks. At first, most of the prisoner functionaries were Germans and Austrians who had been imprisoned as criminals. Later these positions were increasingly filled by political and sometimes non-German prisoners. Many of the prisoner functionaries became the willing agents of the SS. They were known for their brutality toward other prisoners, which was a fundamental part of the camp structure that was intended to turn victim against victim. The functionaries were safe from both physical abuse and hard labor imposed by the SS guards, on the condition that they performed their assigned jobs well. Additionally, the functionaries received certain luxuries and privileges, such as full civilian clothing and private rooms. At the head the prisoner hierarchy was the \u003cem\u003eLagerälteste\u003c/em\u003e (camp elder). He was responsible to the SS for maintaining order throughout the camp. Under him were the \u003cem\u003eBlockälteste\u003c/em\u003e (block elders), each of whom controlled one accommodation barracks. The \u003cem\u003eLagerschreiber\u003c/em\u003e (camp clerks) were employed by the SS for administrative tasks in the prisoner camp. The so-called \u003cem\u003eKapos\u003c/em\u003e guarded the prisoners at work. The \u003cem\u003eLagerälteste\u003c/em\u003e at Hersburck was Martin Humm, a criminal prisoner. Humm was sentenced to death by a U.S. military court after the war but later pardoned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Dachau was liberated at the end of April 1945, approximately 32,000 prisoners were still alive in the camp. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDachau was divided into two sections—the main camp and a crematorium area next to it, which had been constructed in 1942. The crematorium was known as Barrack X and did contain a gas chamber with a sign painted above the door that read, “Brausebad” [German: bathhouse]. There is no credible evidence, however, that the chamber was ever used to murder human beings. Instead, prisoners underwent selections and the sick or weakened prisoners were sent to the Hartheim “euthanasia” killing center near Linz, Austria and murdered. The SS further used a firing range and gallows in the crematorium area as killing sites for prisoners. The crematorium in Dachau served to dispose of corpses from the concentration camp, but by the end of 1944, their capacity was no longer enough to cremate the scores of dead from the camp. When American troops from the 42nd and 45th Infantry Divisions of the U.S. Seventh Army liberated the camp on April 29, 1945, they came across countless corpses piled up in the crematorium. They also found thousands of dead and dying prisoners as well as more than 30 railroad cars filled with decomposing bodies that had been brought to Dachau and abandoned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUmschlagplatz\u003c/em\u003e [German: collection or transfer point] was the term used during the Holocaust to denote the holding areas adjacent to railway stations in occupied Poland where Jews from ghettos were assembled for deportation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. During World War II, the ICRC—although limited by the Germans—had access to and was a crucial source of information about civilians, prisoners of war, and concentration camp prisoners. However, the ICRC later faced criticism for failing to publicly condemn the atrocities being committed by the Germans, which it had become aware of by at least 1942. Instead, the ICRC relied on small delegations to confidentially negotiate very limited aid operations (mostly in the form of food parcels in only a handful of ghettos and camps). Individuals and representatives of national branches (such as the Swedish Red Cross and Danish Red Cross) managed to officially and covertly aid victims, but it was only at the end of the war that the ICRC formally intervened. In the summer of 1944, the ICRC appealed to Regent Miklos Horthy to stop the deportation of Hungarian Jews. The ICRC also insisted they be allowed to visit concentration camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the last days of April 1945, the evacuation of Dachau began on Himmler’s orders. On April 26, 2,000 Jewish prisoners left the main camp by train, and 6,887 prisoners forced to march in a southerly direction. The forced march was witnessed by International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) delegate Jean Briquet, who was conducting a relief operation in Dachau. Briquet was informed that the Germans intended to surrender the camp to the Allies by means of ICRC mediation. According to the plan presented to Briquet, prisoners from mostly eastern Europe were being evacuated, the Germans planned to keep around 16,000 prisoners from Allied countries in the camp. Briquet, was allowed to distribute parcels inside the camp and to spend the night in the barracks of the SS guards. During the night, he watched as most of the guards slipped out of the camp. On April 28, Victor Mauer, a representative of the Swiss International Red Cross, arrived at the camp. Mauer persuaded the SS Officer in charge, Lieutenant Heinrich Wickert to surrender the camp when the American 42nd Infantry Division arrived at Dachau on the afternoon of April 29,1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGarmisch-Partenkirchen is a German ski resort town in Bavaria, southwest of Munich. A camp at Garmisch-Partenkirchen was established on December 9, 1944 as part of the Dachau concentration camp. It was in the former Sonnenbichel hotel, which had been evacuated for the SS and was used as a hospital for SS members. Prisoners sent to Garmisch-Partenkirchen looked after the SS men. After liberation it was used to nurse ex-prisoners back to health.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMittenwald is a town in the Bavarian Alps of Germany. During World War II, there was a labor camp near Mittenwald. It seems to have been part of the Dachau concentration camps system. It became a Displaced Persons (DP) camp after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFoehrenwald was one of the largest DP camps. It was established in June 1945 in the American occupied zone in Germany, southwest of Munich. The buildings of the camp had previously been used to house IG Farben employees and some had held forced laborers. Foehrenwald originally served as a camp for non-Jewish displaced persons as well, but beginning in October 1945 only housed Jewish DPs. Within three months the number of Jews living in the camp rose from 3,000 to 5,300. Foehrenwald had a rich cultural, educational and social life. A school was opened for children as well as a vocational school run by ORT. A yeshiva with 150 students also operated in the camp. Theater and music groups functioned in the camp, and a weekly publication was put out entitled Bamidbar (In the Desert), which served as a forum for literary expression for the residents of the camp. Foehrenwald was the last remaining DP camp in Europe; it was closed in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Judah Klausner (April 27, 1915 – June 28, 2007) was a Reform rabbi born in Memphis, Tennessee. He served as a United States Army chaplain during World War II and is believed to be the first Jewish chaplain to enter the infamous death camp known as Dachau, northwest of Munich. Klausner spent the next five years working in displaced persons camps, assisting Jewish survivors. His efforts to put together lists of survivors called \"Sharit Ha-Platah\" or \"surviving remnant\" led to six volumes of names which were distributed worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. Japan sued for peace on August 15, 1945, ending the war in the Pacific Theater.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle, Germany became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it “Hohne,” survivors insisted on referring to it as “Bergen-Belsen,” the name of the nearby Nazi concentration camp. It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation. The majority of DPs from Bergen-Belsen immigrated to Israel, while many others went to the United States and Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSankt Ottilien is a Benedictine monastery in Emming, a small village in southern Germany, approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) west of Munich. The monastery was established in the late 19th century and had grown into a massive complex that included an infirmary with cutting-edge equipment. In 1941, the Nazis took control of monastery, sending many of the monks to forced labor or concentration camps and using the infirmary as a military hospital. After the war, St. Ottilien was again a monastery and the hospital began caring for survivors. From April 1945 until May 1948, the monastery served as a Displaced Persons camp and rehabilitation center. Around 6,000 Jewish patients came through St. Ottilien. Starting in May 1946, St. Ottilien was also used as the main maternity hospital for Jewish mothers from the nearby Landsberg DP camp. By May 1948, 431 Jewish babies had been born in St. Ottilien. Mendel Besser appears on a June 1945 list of patients in “Sharit Ha-Platah Bavaria” (Volume 1; 1945, p. 36–40), which was published in Munich by the Central Committee of Liberated Jews in Bavaria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech (or simply “Landsberg”) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945, Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors. The town is also noted for the prison where Adolf Hitler was imprisoned in 1924. During his imprisonment he wrote his book Mein Kampf. His cell, number 7, was a place of pilgrimage for fervent Nazis during the Nazi era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSüddeutsche Zeitung\u003c/em\u003e [German: South German Newspaper], published in Munich, Bavaria, is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany. It was the first newspaper to receive a license from the United States military administration of Bavaria after World War II. The first issue was published October 6, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn common usage, Fatherland simply refers to the land of one’s forefathers. Nazi propaganda used the term \u003cem\u003eVaterland\u003c/em\u003e [German: Fatherland] as a nationalistic term that referenced the culture and traditions of ancient Germany and supported Nazi racial ideology. It served as an appeal to Germans across Europe and the world to rejoin the land of their ancestors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDeutsches Reich\u003c/em\u003e [German: German Empire] was the official name of the German state from 1871 until 1945. Nazi Germany, was officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945. After 1933, the state was also referred to as the Third Reich, alluding to the idea that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. The law stipulated that only DPs who had been in camps by the end of 1945 were eligible and gave preference to relatives of American citizens who could be guaranteed housing and employment. Finally, in 1952, Congress revised the Immigration Act. However, the 1952 Act really only revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWeiden in der Oberpfalz is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located 100 kilometers [62 miles] east of Nuremberg and 35 kilometers [22 miles] west of the Czech border. After hostilities ended in 1945, Weiden was in the American zone of occupation and a displaced persons camp was soon opened. Operated by UNRRA, the camp housed over 650 DPs at its height. Most immigrated to Israel, and by 1953, the camp had closed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham (Abe) Besser (1925-2021) was a Polish Holocaust survivor who immigrated to the United States in 1949 a and settled in Atlanta, where he opened a successful construction company. Abe built Eternal Life-Hemshech’s Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Abe and his wife, Marlene Gelernter Besser, were also the benefactors of the Besser Holocaust Memorial Garden at the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. Abe’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph (Josef) “Joe” Scheinfeld (1918-1984) was born to a Jewish family in Lodz, Poland. After the war, he married Blanch Besser (1925-2016), sister of Abraham Besser and relative of Jerry Besser. They immigrated to the United States in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery, which opened in Atlanta, Georgia in 1904, has a large Jewish section. It is also the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring. The Memorial to the Six Million is a granite monument topped by six torches, with each torch representing 1,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, wanted a memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Greenwood Cemetery on April 25, 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was the most widespread and destructive war in history. It was also the deadliest conflict in human history. It directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries, making it difficult to calculate casualties. Over the course of seven years, nations rose and fell, borders changed, populations shifted, and vast numbers of soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or declared missing in action, making it nearly impossible for most countries to precisely calculate statistics. In addition to millions of soldiers wounded or killed on battlefields, the war was marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 6 million Jews were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. Civilian deaths, including 6 million Jewish victims and more than 5 million non-Jews targeted by Nazi racial policies, are estimated to total between 19-30 million. Civilians killed by war-related diseases and famine counted between 19-28 million. The heaviest proportionate human losses occurred in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union is estimated to have suffered the highest number of casualties, with a total of 20-27 million, including 8-11 million military deaths. Also of note is Poland, which suffered around 6 million deaths (including 3.2 million Jewish), almost 20 percent of its prewar population. No country in Europe was exempt, however. Czechoslovakia had around 370,000 total casualties and France had an estimated 785,000 total casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million, which was more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population. Most European Jews lived in eastern Europe, with about 5.5 million Jews living in Poland and the Soviet Union. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. Among the estimated six million Jews killed during the Holocaust, Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children. Tens of thousands of Romani, between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many children living in Poland and the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/annotation_set/863/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years before the Holocaust (and in its aftermath), Jewish refugees hoping to flee Nazism faced enormous obstacles. Most visa applicants were unsuccessful in finding a country willing to allow them entry. Nations in western Europe and the Americas feared an influx of refugees and most had strict quotas that only issued a relatively small amount of visas every year. A limited number of Jews were able to enter Palestine “illegally” despite British restrictions on immigration. Others were able to make it to Shanghai, which did not require a visa. The vast majority of European Jews, however, were not able to escape the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=6510.0,6540.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Jerry Besser [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser's childhood and family in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=22.0,335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: My name is Jerry Besser. I live 1348 Normandy Drive Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia, 30306.\nMARTINO: When were you born, Mr. Besser?\nBESSER: I was born July 20, 1922, Krzepice, Poland.\nMARTINO: Tell me about where you were born. Tell me about your family and who lived in your house. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=22.0,335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser, Gezel \"Jerry\" (1922-2010)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser, Lajb (b. 1914)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser, Mendel (b. 1905)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Izbicki, Helen Besser","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krzepice (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation--Religious aspects","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shochet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Łódź (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=22.0,335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser's experience of the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=335.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me how your life started to change with the coming of the Nazis.\nBESSER: September 1, 1939, at six o’clock in the morning, the Germans started to bomb our city. They bombed the synagogue and they bombed in the rear, where we lived. A bomb fell in. It didn’t explode. When one bomb fell, we were hiding in the basement. Where we lived in our house, there was a very underground basement, thick walls.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=335.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombings--Poland--1930-1940","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Poland--1930-1940","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judenrat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi persecution of Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosh Hashanah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=335.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi soldiers force Besser to leave Kzrepice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1049.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Where did the people go?\nBESSER: I been working. I came home from work. I saw the German Wehrmacht—the German soldiers—throwed us out. They gave my parents five minutes time. What they could take in hand, they got out. I came home. I didn’t have nothing; only the things what I had on me. I went back to the German Commander, this was German military government.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1049.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish men","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krzepice (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Merin, Moshe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military government--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi persecution of Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroads--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sturmabteilung","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1049.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser's experiences at the Gross Masselwitz camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1642.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: Our train arrived to Gross Masselwitz. It was wintertime. At five o’clock it was already dark. There was a wagon with horse waiting for us. We could put our luggage [on it]. Everybody had some luggage. There was also a German guy who was a [unintelligible]. He gave us . . . He was older, from SA. He was German, who was a [unintelligible]. He was walking first. He said, “Follow me.” We walked maybe an hour till we came to the camp. We came to the camp, it was dark already. There was one big barrack. The barrack was divided and it was fenced around. We had plenty of light.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1642.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross Masselwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illness","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish girls","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish men","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kommandos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prisoners--Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sturmabteilung","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typhus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wrocław (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=1642.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced labor at the Neukirch, Markstädt, and Ludwigsdorf camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2316.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: In Neukirch, there was . . . Most people was working for a railroad track between Berlin and Breslau. This was my worst camp in all the camps. The food was the worst food till we came there. In summer, they claimed their crop was very bad and they had to give less food. They tried to give us raw cabbage. So many people got sick. There was no medicine. The work was very hard.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2316.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abuse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-aircraft artillery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breslau (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factories--Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish men","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish women","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ludwigsdorf (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Markstädt (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps--Buildings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neukirch (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroads--Germany.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sabotage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2316.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Accessing news and moving to the Gross-Rosen camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2923.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: In 1944, they sent us away to another camp, Hersbruck. They took all men and sent us to Hersbruck and they left the Jewish women in the camp. In the meantime, when we left, they brought another camp’s worth of Jewish women from Klettendorf to this camp, Ludwigsdorf. My wife [Esther Zaibel Besser] was there, too. We hadn’t been married at the time. She was only thirteen years old. She and her mother came over in this transport to this camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2923.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camps)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besser, Esther Zaibel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cleanliness","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Częstochowa (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German newspapers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross-Rosen (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersbruck (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish men","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish women","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ludwigsdorf (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi propaganda","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neukirch (Concentration camps)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"news","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers--German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treblinka (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Łódź Ghetto (Łódź, Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=2923.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conditions in the concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3499.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: . . . In March, they started to talk about they going to close down this camp because the Russian Army is not far away. One night, I remember it wasn’t too dark or too light. There came a Russian airplane. It started to bombard the guard houses. With machine guns, it started to bomb some guardhouses where the Germans was staying, watching us in camp. The next day, they told us all to get out from the barracks and come on the main square of the camp, to get ready. They gave us some three bread and some water soup.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3499.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombardment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fasting--Religious aspects--Judaism--History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersbruck (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interreligious relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ludwigsdorf (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meals","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Minyan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps--Buildings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neukirch (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Political prisoners--Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldiers--German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=3499.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation from Nazi imprisonment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988#t=4396.0,5120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78487/file/165988/index/51844/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BESSER: . . . One day, I was outside in the yard of the barrack, I saw American airplanes coming up, flying very low. This was already one week before liberation. The barracks was vibrating from so much noise. There were no more German airplanes to chase them. There were no more anti-aircraft [guns] to shoot at them. They was flying like they had already won the war in the skies. 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After, we met Jewish soldiers.\nMARTINO: American Jewish soldiers?\nBESSER: American Jewish soldiers. One soldier from Detroit, Michigan. One soldier we met who helped us [was] from Brooklyn, New York [City, New York]. One soldier spoke Yiddish, although I could . . . 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