{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4j09w0b23v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Werner"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-03-14 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eWerner Spiegel interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on March 14, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eWerner Spiegel was one of three children born to Albert and Amalie (Rosenfelder) Spiegel in Fuerth, Germany on November 16, 1921. As a youth, Werner witnessed the increased persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime. Eventually Werner, his parents, and younger sister, Marianne, escaped to the United States. On September 2, 1941, the family arrived in the United States aboard the SS Mouzinho. They immediately settled into a new life in Atlanta, Georgia with the help of his older brother, Frank, who had arrived earlier. After marrying Sylvia Hirsch (1929-2017) in 1953, Werner moved to Columbus, Georgia, where Sylvia had been born and raised. Werner and Sylvia had three sons and later seven grandchildren. Werner was a successful businessman who had his own real estate company and partnered with others to establish and operate quality nursing homes. Werner was active in the Jewish community and served as a Board Member and President of Congregation Shearith Israel and as President of the local chapter of the Jewish Welfare Federation. After retiring, Werner and Sylvia moved to Atlanta. Werner served as a docent at the Breman Holocaust Museum teaching students about the horrors of the intolerance he experienced first-hand in Nazi Germany. Werner passed away in 2016. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eWerner Spiegel was one of three children born to Albert and Amalie (Rosenfelder) Spiegel in Fuerth, Germany on November 16, 1921. As a youth, Werner witnessed the increased persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime. Eventually Werner, his parents, and younger sister, Marianne, escaped to the United States. On September 2, 1941, the family arrived in the United States aboard the SS Mouzinho. They immediately settled into a new life in Atlanta, Georgia with the help of his older brother, Frank, who had arrived earlier. After marrying Sylvia Hirsch (1929-2017) in 1953, Werner moved to Columbus, Georgia, where Sylvia had been born and raised. Werner and Sylvia had three sons and later seven grandchildren. Werner was a successful businessman who had his own real estate company and partnered with others to establish and operate quality nursing homes. Werner was active in the Jewish community and served as a Board Member and President of Congregation Shearith Israel and as President of the local chapter of the Jewish Welfare Federation. After retiring, Werner and Sylvia moved to Atlanta. Werner served as a docent at the Breman Holocaust Museum teaching students about the horrors of the intolerance he experienced first-hand in Nazi Germany. Werner passed away in 2016. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29102"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Dachau (chronological term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Holocaust (chronological term)","World War II (chronological term)","Kristallnacht (chronological term)","Immigration (topical term)","German Jewish Community (topical term)","Atlanta Jewish Community (topical term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Fuerth, Germany (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eWerner Spiegel interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on March 14, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWerner Spiegel was one of three children born to Albert and Amalie (Rosenfelder) Spiegel in Fuerth, Germany on November 16, 1921. As a youth, Werner witnessed the increased persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime. Eventually Werner, his parents, and younger sister, Marianne, escaped to the United States. On September 2, 1941, the family arrived in the United States aboard the SS Mouzinho. They immediately settled into a new life in Atlanta, Georgia with the help of his older brother, Frank, who had arrived earlier. After marrying Sylvia Hirsch (1929-2017) in 1953, Werner moved to Columbus, Georgia, where Sylvia had been born and raised. Werner and Sylvia had three sons and later seven grandchildren. Werner was a successful businessman who had his own real estate company and partnered with others to establish and operate quality nursing homes. Werner was active in the Jewish community and served as a Board Member and President of Congregation Shearith Israel and as President of the local chapter of the Jewish Welfare Federation. After retiring, Werner and Sylvia moved to Atlanta. Werner served as a docent at the Breman Holocaust Museum teaching students about the horrors of the intolerance he experienced first-hand in Nazi Germany. Werner passed away in 2016.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWerner Spiegel was one of three children born to Albert and Amalie (Rosenfelder) Spiegel in Fuerth, Germany on November 16, 1921. As a youth, Werner witnessed the increased persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime. Eventually Werner, his parents, and younger sister, Marianne, escaped to the United States. On September 2, 1941, the family arrived in the United States aboard the SS Mouzinho. They immediately settled into a new life in Atlanta, Georgia with the help of his older brother, Frank, who had arrived earlier. After marrying Sylvia Hirsch (1929-2017) in 1953, Werner moved to Columbus, Georgia, where Sylvia had been born and raised. Werner and Sylvia had three sons and later seven grandchildren. Werner was a successful businessman who had his own real estate company and partnered with others to establish and operate quality nursing homes. Werner was active in the Jewish community and served as a Board Member and President of Congregation Shearith Israel and as President of the local chapter of the Jewish Welfare Federation. After retiring, Werner and Sylvia moved to Atlanta. Werner served as a docent at the Breman Holocaust Museum teaching students about the horrors of the intolerance he experienced first-hand in Nazi Germany. Werner passed away in 2016.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/186/940/small/Spiegel_Werner%28Updated%29.mp4_1683323174.jpg?1683323176","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Spiegel__Werner_(Updated).mp4"]},"duration":5027.524,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/186/940/small/Spiegel_Werner%28Updated%29.mp4_1683323174.jpg?1683323176","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/186/940/original/Spiegel__Werner_%28Updated%29.mp4?1683323088","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5027.524,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Werner [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's start with your name and birthdate.\n\nSPIEGEL: I'm Werner Spiegel. I was born in Fuerth, Germany on November 16, 1921.\n\nKENT: Give a general overview of your family's situation before the war, when\nthings were still normal.\n\nSPIEGEL: My father [Albert Spiegel] at that time was with his two\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother-in-laws in the baby clothes manufacturing business, which originally\nbelonged to my maternal grandfather. That business unfortunately failed in 1929\nor 1930 during the Depression. I have one brother, Frank, and a sister,\nMarianne, and a number of aunts and uncles naturally on both ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sides of the family.\n\nKENT: What do you remember about the 1930's when things were starting to get more tense?\n\nSPIEGEL: In 1933, when Hitler came to power, I just had turned eleven, so I\nremember it pretty well. An uncle of mine, who was an attorney in Nuremberg, was\nvery much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politically active. He had prosecuted [Julius] Streicher, I think in\n1926 [and] I think it was child molestation, got him put in jail. He was\narrested in 1933. He was sent to Dachau, and he was murdered in Dachau in\nOctober or November of 1933. Not until after the war was over did we really know\nfor sure that he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"murdered.\n\nKENT: What was his name?\n\nSPIEGEL: His name was Albert Rosenfelder. He was a bachelor. He could have\nprobably escaped. Right in March of 1933 they came to our house one time looking\nfor him. He had not lived with us ever as far I can remember. They arrested my\nfather for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day; took him with them in the morning, turned him loose in the\nevening. My uncle heard about it. I think he was in France at that time, and he\ncame back to Germany. I don't know why. He should have stayed gone, but he came\nback, and he was arrested, and sent to Dachau, and he was murdered there.\n\nKENT: What were you aware of . . . the people around you, friends, neighbors,\nand so on after 1933? How did they respond to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler? What was the attitude?\n\nSPIEGEL: Basically, I led a very sheltered life. I was in public school when\nHitler came to power. There was a private, parochial Jewish high school in\nFuerth. My parents decided that their children are going to that school. It was\nwhether I liked it or not. To begin with, I didn't like it because I didn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand what was all going on. We were put into this school. To begin with,\nwe were very much sheltered. There was some harassment possibly going on, dirty\nname-calling. I think the German government wanted the harassment done by the\ngovernment, but they did not want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people to see all what was going on. I\nreally don't believe that from 1933 to 1938, the Nuremberg Laws came along and\nall that stuff, it was not until the pogrom of 1938 that the viciousness came\nout. We were very much isolated. After the Nuremberg Laws, you couldn't go to a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movie; you couldn't go to sports activities anymore. Everything you did you did\nin your Jewish friends' group. The cities of Nuremberg and Fuerth were sister\ncities, like Dunwoody and Atlanta, where you really don't know when you come\nfrom one to the other. They had a Jewish, they rented a place or bought a place,\nI don't know what it was, and we could do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soccer there and some athletics there.\nAll that was going on until 1938. After Kristallnacht, all that disappeared.\n\nKENT: How did this persecution affect how you felt about being Jewish? Did it\nmake it more so or less?\n\nSPIEGEL: You mean your Judaism? The school I went to was at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time\nultra-Orthodox. Later on, as more children who came from non-Orthodox homes were\nbasically forced to come to the Jewish school because the public school wasn't\nallowed to them anymore . . . Even though my parents were not Orthodox, I was\nsuddenly raised in an ultra-Orthodox atmosphere. Being Jewish was just accepted.\nYou weren't ashamed to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. You didn't shout from the rooftop, \"Hey, I'm\nJewish. Look here!\" It was not something that was bothersome to begin with. You\nrealized that sooner or later we had to get out of Germany, that it was not\ngoing to be a place that you would spend the rest of your life under those circumstances.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did it make you feel about being German? I know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of Jewish\nfamilies felt like they were German as much or more as being Jewish.\n\nSPIEGEL: The German Jewish community before Hitler, from whenever it was\nemancipated, was very patriotic, German community. They were German by\nnationality and Jews by religion. They did not feel that they were part of a\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. Most German Jews probably felt that that Judaism was a religion.\nEven the Orthodox probably felt that way. My father was in the German Army in\nWorld War I. Most of the men his age were in the army during World War I. I had\nan uncle of my grandmother whom I remember vaguely. He served in the German Army\nin the Franco-Prussian War in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1870. He was so proud of the fact that he was\nthere when Bismarck declared the German Reich. The German Jews were patriotic\nJews I think as much as American Jews today are patriotic Americans. The thing\nthat . . . the argument of dual loyalty, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think it ever came up.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you deal with the dissonance of wanting to be German but all\nof a sudden, the German government . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: You suddenly didn't want to . . . After 1935, with the Nuremberg Laws,\nyou became a resident of Germany rather than a citizen of Germany. You lost your\ncitizen rights, so you knew you weren't wanted any more, but my father always\nsaid, \"I'm too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old.\" My father was born in 1885 so he was 50 years old in 1935.\nHe says, \"I can't go anywhere anymore. I can't make a living anymore anywhere\nelse, but the children have got to go. They have no future here.\" 1938 changed\nall that.\n\nKENT: What was the talk in the Jewish community in the late 1930's? How did they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assess what was going on and that sort of thing?\n\nSPIEGEL: Understand I was a young boy. The leaders did not talk to the children.\nWhat was said amongst the elders really didn't filter down to us. We knew that\nultimately, \"We've got to go.\" From 1935 or 1933 on, my dad tried to find\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody in America to sponsor his children. The knowledge seeped in gradually\nthat there is no home for Jews in Germany. Now, in 1933, when Hitler came to\npower, they said, \"He's not going to last.\" You really got to study German\nhistory because the governments changed every other day because Germany was in\ntumult, and it was in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major Depression. That's what really brought him to\npower because [he promised,] \"I'll give you food. I'll give you jobs. I'll give\nyou all those things. The whole problem is because it's all the Jews' fault.\"\n\nKENT: Starting from Kristallnacht, what do you remember of that event?\n\nSPIEGEL: Kristallnacht itself? I was living at home. I had graduated high school\nin April of 1938 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had taken a job in a Jewish business in Nuremberg. I worked\nthere from May until Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht, you know the story. A Jewish\nboy went into the Paris embassy or Consulate or whatever it was and shot this\nguy. When he died, the Germans used this to start the nationwide pogrom.\nUnderstand that if you talk to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50 survivors who survived Kristallnacht in\ndifferent towns, in every town it was different. You get a different story from\nanybody who lived anywhere else. In Fuerth, they came to our house, told\neverybody to get dressed, it was two or three o'clock in the morning, and come\nwith them. We got dressed quickly. It was my mother [Amalie Rosenfelder\nSpiegel], my grandmother, my grandmother was living with us at that time; my\nsister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was at school in Munich [Germany], and my father and I. As we walked\ntoward a large public place, we saw a fire. It was in the vicinity of where the\nsynagogues were, but we did not realize to begin with that the synagogues were\nburning. We stood on that public place. They assembled basically the whole\nJewish community. Men, women, children, babes in arms, old people . . . it\ndidn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make any difference. They were standing around with mostly SS or SR\ntroopers. Some police had guns. I think they had police dogs. They were\nphysically abusing some of the leaders of the community. This was strictly\nintimidation actually. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they had a beard, they were pulling on his beard. They\nwere slapping him around. It was really the total intimidation. [They said,]\n\"Don't you dare to move; we're going to kill this guy,\" or whatever. When\ndaybreak came, they marched us into a hall where . . . It was just a huge hall.\nI don't know what it was used for at that time. There they separated the men\nfrom the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women and the women with small children. After a while, the women and\nthe small children were sent home. I was with my father there. After a while,\nthey took the young men under the age of 17 and told us to go home. I was lucky\nbecause I was six days from my seventeenth birthday. I couldn't go back into the\nhall and tell my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was told to go home. I went home. My mother and my\ngrandmother was there. Our apartment was not disturbed. In many towns,\napartments were vandalized and all that kind of stuff. My dad was sent to Dachau\nwith all the other men for probably about five [or] six weeks. You really knew\nthat something major was going to . . . that things were over with as far ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as\nliving in Germany. My dad came back from Dachau. He was released from Dachau\nafter about five or six weeks. He came home. Physically, he was a broken man at\nthat time. He had lost maybe 30 or 40 pounds. He was a man about my size. He had\ntwo major surgeries. There happened to be a Jewish hospital in the community\nwhere we lived. Otherwise, I don't know what would have happened because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nnon-Jewish hospital wouldn't have taken him. At that time, we had a marvelous\nsurgeon. The surgeon who operated on my dad used to be the chief surgeon of the\ncity hospital till Kristallnacht. Then he was kicked out, so he operated at the\nJewish hospital. He was one of the great surgeons. In 1939, he got a position in\nAmerica. He came over to America very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easily.\n\nKENT: Do you remember his name?\n\nSPIEGEL: I think it was a Doctor Frank, but I'm not sure on that. He would be .\n. . He's not living anymore, I'm sure. My dad's second operation was by the\nsuccessor of this doctor. To begin with, he was a gynecologist, but then he went\ninto general surgery because he just didn't have too many babies to deliver but\npeople needed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other operations. Somehow or another, my dad pulled through and he\ncame with us to America. After I was kicked out from my job and after my dad had\ncome home, I went to Munich to a school that was under the auspices of the\nJewish community and under the control of the Gestapo. Every so often, the\nGestapo agents walked in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unannounced and asked the director of the school . . .\nWe were supposed to be learning how to be mechanics. We had some equipment there\nthat you could learn that. I was there for a year. I lived in a home with maybe\n20 other Jewish boys, where we slept and ate. I think we were four or five guys\nin one room. Then in February of 1940 when we got our visa, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went back to\nFuerth because [we were] expecting to leave within two or three months. We were\nall packed to go. While we were there, there was a home that was a little bit\noutside the city. It used to be a villa. It belonged to a Jewish family. They\nmade it into a retirement home for old Jewish people. I don't know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they might\nhave had ten or twelve people living there. I really don't remember. I was a\nhouseboy there. I washed dishes. I served at tables. I cleaned rooms. I shined\nshoes. I worked in the garden. I did everything. Understand the war was already\ngoing on so food was rationed. Jews had only permission to go shopping at\ncertain hours. That was naturally in the afternoon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours because all of the good\nvegetables were picked over. Everything else was rationed. You went to the\nbakery and there was no more bread. They were sold out for the day. The butcher\nshop had no meat. I mean, you were harassed in a very simple way simply because\nthe stores were out. The guys who ran the stores, I think they probably were the\nbiggest Nazis and only sold you what they wanted to sell you, gave you the worst\ncuts of meat that they had, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever. [They] might have even shortchanged you\non the weight sometimes, I don't know. I usually went with the administrator,\nthe woman who ran the kitchen at the house there. We had a wagon while we went\ninto town. You couldn't go . . . There wasn't a Kroger's. There was a bakery,\nand the butcher shop there, and vegetable store here, so you had to go to three,\nfour, or five stores to do all your shopping. Everything was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rationed naturally.\nShe had all the coupons and got whatever the weekly allowance was. Then we had a\nlittle garden there, which we tended. We grew some of our own vegetables, which\nhelped us along a little bit, like tomatoes, and string beans, or whatever grew.\nThen we were very fortunate we had a farmer who liked money. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German.\nEvery so often, he came by at night after it was dark. He said, \"I've got a\nchicken here,\" or \"I've got some eggs here. I got a little butter here.\" Some of\nthe people who lived in the house had what we called black market money. Jews\nhad to register all their money, but they had some money that was not\nregistered. They kept it under their mattress. They paid a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extra, so we\nalways had enough money to give that farmer whatever he wanted for his chicken,\nor for his eggs, or for his butter, or whatever he brought us.\n\nKENT: Do you have any sense of the non-Jewish population? To what extent did\nthey agree with what was going on and to what extent did they not like it?\n\nSPIEGEL: If they did not like it, they did not say it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never wore the star. I\nleft Germany before the star was mandatory. If you walked on the street, if they\nknew you, they might have nodded their head if they wanted to, but most of them\nprobably walked by you. They didn't want the next guy to know that they knew\nyou. It was one of those situations. There were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few who outwardly helped\nyou. Every once in a while . . . I remember, this was in 1941, there was a\nnewspaper vendor who had one of those little kiosks where you could buy a\nnewspaper. He was not Jewish. His son was a known Communist in the early 1930's.\nI think he, the son, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed. The ship the Bismarck was sunk, and the Germans\nfinally announced it. Church bells were ringing. I think it must have been 1940,\nafter the fall of France. My father passed by that newspaper thing, bought a\nnewspaper, and said to the man, \"What did they win for the church bells ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nring?\" The guy says, \"You'll never hear church bells ringing anymore in Germany\nfor a victory.\" He knew exactly whom he was talking to. He knew my dad, and\neverybody knew that his son was a Communist, so I don't think his leanings were\nthat much pro-Nazi. Most of them were, at best, bystanders. They didn't do\nanything to you, but most of them didn't do anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you.\n\nKENT: Tell me again how you managed to get the visas and finally get out.\n\nSPIEGEL: The visas came . . . This was strictly an American operation. If a\nsponsor sent documents to the Consulate in Germany . . . There were a number of\nthem. The one we had to go to was in Stuttgart. Once the papers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived, you\nsimply got a quota number. Then they called them. I think there was about a\n28,000 people quota for Germans. The American government didn't consider us\nJews. The American government considered us Germans. They didn't . . . If a\nnon-Jewish German wanted documents, if he could get them from America and the\nGermans would let him out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the American government didn't care at that time, not\nofficially anyhow. We finally got our visas in February 1940. Then we got\nanother one in February 1941, as I told you, and we got out that way. The\nAmerican visa was strictly something that had to come from America and had to be\ndone from a sponsor here that would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guarantee to the American government that,\n\"If I bring this person over her to America, he/she will not become a ward of\nthe state,\" which if you think about it, was quite a declaration to make. Even\nso, many of these people who finally [became sponsors] must have been assured by\nthe Federation, the Joint Distribution, or what not that they would help out if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed.\n\nKENT: Up until the time you left Germany, what was known about what was going on\nto the Jews of Europe? Tell us about that.\n\nSPIEGEL: You had an inkling that things weren't great, but German Jews were not\ndeported until 1941 [and] 1942 after we left. Until then, they didn't deport any\nof the Jews who lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. We really didn't know. You didn't hear\nanything from Poland. The underground got it out, but they didn't get it into\nGermany. You had an inkling that things weren't great in Poland, that they\nweren't treating the Jews [well]. They never [talked about] it on radio or never\ntalked about what was going on in the occupied territories. If anybody knew\nthere were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghettoes, they did not . . . Nobody could imagine what the death\ncamps . . . what they were really planning.\n\nKENT: How much was known about the few camps that were in Germany that were set\nup even in the 1930's?\n\nSPIEGEL: My dad never spoke [about] what happened in Dachau even though I asked\nhim a number of times. He never told me, but everyone knew that people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nkilled from 1933 on. If you got into a concentration camp, it wasn't a pleasure\ntrip. It wasn't a vacation. These men, when they were put in, they said, \"We'll\nlet you out and if you talk about it, we'll kill your whole family.\" This must\nhave been told to them because very few of them spoke about. Now they speak\nabout it, but they're all gone. You really need to find somebody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was in a\nGerman concentration camp between 1933 and 1938 or 1939 or 1940. Once the war\nbroke out, they used these camps for . . . I think to begin with they put some\nother prisoners-of-war in there and I don't think anybody got out anymore once\nthey got in after 1939. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know. [Within] the German Jewish community, if\nthe leaders had any idea, I didn't hear about it. I was too young. Whatever was\nsaid was couched in a language that you just had to really figure out what was\nbeing said. Nobody talked about it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because everybody was afraid. You knew it\nwasn't pleasant. You knew it was time to get out if you could.\n\nKENT: When did you and your family finally manage to get out?\n\nSPIEGEL: We crossed the French-Spanish border on August 9, 1941. We from there\ngot to Lisbon [Portugal] and spent about ten days in Lisbon. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got out on\nthe very last boat that left a European harbor for America. We left. Our visas,\nby the way, expired on August 22. I think the ship left on August 21. Once you\nwere on the sea, you were all right, but if you would have been still on land,\nwe might not have been able to get onto the ship. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can follow the history of\nthat in this passport. \nKENT: Describe the travel over to America.\n\nSPIEGEL: On the ship? First of all, let me tell you, the picture of this ship is\nin the museum. It was the SS Mouzinho. Ben Hirsch was on the same trip with me,\nby the way. I didn't know him then. Originally, from what I understand, the ship\nwas a luxury liner that went from Portugal to Portuguese East Africa. It had\nmaybe cabins for 100 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[or] 150 people, I don't know. Then it was outfitted to be\na troop transport. The Portuguese government sent troops to the Azores with it.\nThen apparently the [American] Joint Distribution Committee or its forerunner\nchartered the ship two times, once in June and once in August. The ship made two\nroundtrips from New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York from Lisbon, and back to Lisbon, and back to New York,\nand back to Lisbon, or whatever. When we got on this boat, there were\ntriple-decker bunks in the hold downstairs. To the best of my knowledge, old\nwomen and women with babies . . . Everybody else just were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put in . . . Women\nwere put in one hold; the men were put in the other hold. They were\ntriple-decker bunks. I think some of the women were in double-decker bunks. Then\nat dinner, I think there were three of four seatings. If you had early seating,\nyou had early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seating for breakfast, early seating for lunch, and early seating\nfor supper. You always sat at the same table naturally. You didn't have menus\nlike you have now on cruise lines. The food was . . . Everything was cooked in\nPortuguese style [with] awful lots of olive oil and olives used, but at least it\nwas food. It took from August 22 to I think September second or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"third. It was\na very slow cruise. It was interesting because the German submarines, the\nU-boats, were very active in the Atlantic [Ocean] at that time. The ship was lit\nup . . . like a Christmas tree. On the front and on the back of the ship, there\nwas a Portuguese flag ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mounted, it was probably plywood or something like that;\nit was painted with the Portuguese flag, with floodlights shining on it. That\nship took as straight a course from Lisbon to New York as it could. It never\ncurved, never weaved or anything. I don't think that we saw another ship once we\ngot out of Portuguese waters until we entered American waters. We never saw\nanother ship. We never saw a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smokestack. We didn't see a submarine. We had good\nweather. I think we had one night where it was a little bit rough. We never saw\nanother ship and I know there were plenty of them out there on the Atlantic.\nThey avoided us and we avoided those ships. At night, it was daylight on that\nship. Many of us, particularly young folk, we didn't even go down. We slept in\nthe deck chairs. We had fresh air and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good.\n\nKENT: How did you feel when you saw Europe receding in the background as you\npulled away?\n\nSPIEGEL: It felt very good. You knew you wanted to go. It felt wonderful because\nmy parents were with me, my sister was with me. My most immediate family at\nleast was safe. You knew you had to go. You had no idea what you were coming\ninto. We had no money, but it was just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great feeling because what life was in\nGermany in the last few years, it was hellacious. It wasn't a life. You existed.\n\nKENT: Talk about what your impressions were of America when you got here.\n\nSPIEGEL: The first impression was the Statue of liberty, which we knew what it\nwas. It was wonderful. The skyline of New York . . . We sat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside New York\nHarbor for a day because it was Labor Day. It was steaming hot. The ship was not\nair-conditioned. We couldn't land because it was Labor Day. It was a holiday.\nThe ship stayed outside the harbor because I think there were docking fees or\nwhat not. Lots of boats came [with] people who lived in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, who knew that\nthey had relatives on the ship. They came out and hollered up, \"Is John Doe up\nthere?\" They came. It was wonderful. It was boiling hot. The European clothes\njust are not made for American hot weather. It didn't bother anybody. I think\neverybody was very happy to be where we are. The next day, we got into the\nharbor, got unloaded, and went through customs. Naturally, nobody had anything\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"declare. There was a health officer that you had to . . . He put a\nstethoscope to you, made sure you're all right, looked at you, made sure you\ndidn't have no contagious diseases, or anything like this. We got off the ship\nand an uncle of mine who came to America I think in 1939 was at the dock. My\nfather and I were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housed at the HIAS in New York. My mother and sister were up\nin a place on 68th Street near Central Park West. There were two or three houses\ncalled the Congress House. They housed refugees for a week or two weeks. They\nstayed there. After a few days, after my dad and me were done at the HIAS, which\nwas down on 14th ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Street, we finally could move up to the Congress House too,\nbecause somebody had moved out. We stayed at the Congress House for about ten or\ntwelve days. Then we arranged transportation to Atlanta, and we came to Atlanta\n. . . by bus, not by plane, not by train, by bus.\n\nKENT: What was the connection with Atlanta?\n\nSPIEGEL: My brother was living here in Atlanta. He was really the only . . . We\nhad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an aunt and uncle living in New York, but they couldn't take care of us.\n\nKENT: The person who had sponsored you . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: The person who sponsored us, he said, \"I've done my job.\" He invited us\nfor dinner one time. We were at his house. Unfortunately, he passed away very\nshortly afterwards. He was a very wonderful man . . . and his wife. I am totally\nobligated to him because he saved my life. He done as much for me as I could\nexpect him to do for me. He didn't owe me anything really. He was a wonderful\nman. As a matter of fact, in 1940, when we packed to come out, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nbeautiful picture, [an] original oil painting that was probably as big or bigger\nthan this one. My dad had taken it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the\nframe, rolled it up carefully, and we were going to bring it to him as a gift.\nIt never made it. When we left Germany, each one of us had one suitcase. He\nnever got his present unfortunately. We came to Atlanta simply because my\nbrother was here. He had made arrangements with the relief agency here. I don't\nknow what it was called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then. It was Jewish Relief Society . . . I don't know.\nThere was [Edward] Kahn . . . Forerunner of the Federation, Jewish Alliance,\nwhatever it was. They had made arrangements. My brother had rented an apartment\nwith . . . Ed Creek. His mother owned the house. It was on Washington Street.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rent on it was $25 and the Federation got them to reduce it\nto $22.50 to begin with. We came here on a Thursday. By Monday, my brother got\nme a job at job at the same place where he worked, which was a company called\nAuto Electric Exchange. A man named Charlie Rose owned the business. Charlie\nRose originally came over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 1920's, I believe.\n\nKENT: Did you speak any English at this point?\n\nSPIEGEL: I spoke high school English. I had five years of English in high\nschool. I could make myself understood. I could get by with some terms. I think\nI learned it fairly quickly. At home, we started speaking . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother\nalready spoke English better. We started speaking English to our parents simply\nbecause we realized they must learn to speak English. My mother spoke some, but\nmy father did not speak any at all. Somehow, he learned a little.\n\nKENT: What was it like for your parents, being older, to come here? How did they\nfeel about it all?\n\nSPIEGEL: They were happy to be here. They adjusted I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatively very well.\nThey adjusted to the American way of life. My dad got a job. I think the first\njob he had was a night watchman for something. Then later when he speaks a\nlittle better English, he worked . . . Then the war started naturally here in\n1941. He got a job. My dad was a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salesman. He knew men's clothing\nbackwards and forwards. He could sell. He could take a suit, and put it on you,\nand make it fit, and you were happy with it. Despite his very broken English, he\nmanaged to sell. He had a job on Decatur Street with the . . . Lefkof Sincro\nfamily owned the store at the time. He did all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right.\n\nKENT: What were some of your other first impressions of Atlanta?\n\nSPIEGEL: To begin with, you just existed. I worked. First of all, I made $12 a\nweek, worked forty hours a week for thirty cents an hour. Every hour you could,\nif you could get overtime, you took it. I went to night school to learn English.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After my English was pretty good, I started taking night school courses at\nGeorgia Tech. I went after work, got on the streetcars, trackless trollies I\nthink they were at that time, and took the bus or streetcar to North Avenue and\nthen walked down to Georgia Tech. I usually stopped at the Varsity, maybe got a\ncheese sandwich or something like that, or a milkshake, because classes were\nfrom seven to ten. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't get home till ten-thirty or eleven o'clock. Then I\nprobably ate a bite, went to sleep, got up the next morning, [and] went to work.\nEven though movies were cheap, when you make only 30 cents an hour, you don't\nspend . . . It's not that easy to spend an hour's work on a movie.\n\nKENT: How was Atlanta different than the city where you came from, other than\nthe language, of course?\n\nSPIEGEL: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely different. When my mother said, \"I need a loaf of\nbread,\" you walked across the street, and you bought a loaf of bread. You didn't\nhave any ration cards. You wanted a pound of sugar; you got a pound of sugar.\nYou wanted flour; you got flour. You wanted butter; you got butter. It was just\na completely different life. I remember right after we got to New York, the\nfirst time I heard a siren, I thought they had an air raid. It was just an\nambulance, or a police car, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. It was just a completely different\nlife. The other life in Germany was so miserable, you adjusted. It was fine. It\nwas wonderful.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you see your own possibilities opening up? You would have been\nable to do anything you wanted. How did you decide what your future was going to hold?\n\nSPIEGEL: I didn't know what my future was going to hold. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"December 1941,\nAmerica entered the war. Then I registered for the draft. I didn't speak any\nEnglish then. Somehow or another, I never was called. Frank was drafted in 1943,\nI believe. I went back to the draft board a number of times because I was\nperfectly willing to go in the army. They said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We'll let you know.\" I had a\nfriend in New York who came just about the same time to America. He told me one\ntime, the guy's not living anymore; I forgot his name even by now, he says, \"The\nreason they don't draft us is they're scared we might be German spies who came\nover on a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passport.\" There were so few of us that they wondered, \"Hey,\nmaybe they took this Jewish boy, and killed him, and gave him a passport like\nthis. We don't know who he is.\" Whether they got another 50 guys in the army or\nnot doesn't make a difference to America, even though I could have worked as an\ninterpreter very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. My German accent . . . I've still got my German accent\nactually. I just think when I finally got my American citizen papers, in 1947 I\nthink it was, the first thing the judge tells me is, \"Be sure to notify your\ndraft board that you are now an American citizen.\" I said, \"Yes, sir.\" I wrote a\nregistered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter to the draft board, but the draft had gone out. By that time,\nby 1947, I was approaching thirty years old. [I was] twenty-seven years old.\nThere was no war going on. I didn't want to go in the army then. It wasn't . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Did anybody give you a hard time because of your German accent? There\nwas a lot of anti-German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sentiment in the United States during the war years.\n\nSPIEGEL: I didn't find it. I really didn't. At times when I walked down the\nstreet, people looked at me peculiarly, \"What's this healthy young man walking\naround here without a uniform on?\" That was just one of the things. I worked all\nduring the war. I didn't get into any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real high paying jobs because I don't\nthink I could have gotten any kind of job that was possibly restricted to an\nalien. Every so often we had to report. If we wanted to go out of town, we had\nto report to the [Federal Bureau of Investigations] and tell them we were going\nout of town but that was just part of the thing. I could accept, I could live\nwith that. It wasn't that terrible. You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not harassed by any means.\n\nKENT: What was your impression of the Southern culture at the time? There was\npractically very little European presence in Atlanta compared to New York City.\n\nSPIEGEL: I had read in 1938, right after Kristallnacht when you couldn't sleep\nanymore simply because my dad wasn't home, I had gotten ahold of Gone With the\nWind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in German. I read that book. Even though it dealt in 1865-1866, it gave me\nan idea of what the South was like and what Atlanta was like. Naturally, it\nwasn't like that, but . . . Really, the first time . . . To my knowledge, I saw\none black man in Germany one time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, he was an Ethiopian Jew who had\ncome to this particular school where we went. His father supposedly was a high\nofficial in the Ethiopian court. In 1933 when Hitler came to power, that kid was\ngone. He went to England. He was a brilliant young man. The last story I heard\nabout him was that he was killed during the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italo-Ethiopian War. That's the only\nblack man I had seen until I came to Lisbon. In Lisbon, I saw a few black\npeople. Then you came here, and it was just an accepted . . . You lived by the\ncustoms that were here. I wasn't going to start a fuss because the black people\nhad to use this water fountain and the white people had to use this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I\ncouldn't do nothing about it. I didn't think it was right but there was nothing\nI could do about it. I don't know if I paid that . . . I worked with black\npeople. We had lunch together.\n\nKENT: Did you see any parallel between that attitude toward the blacks here and\nthe attitude towards the Jews in Germany?\n\nSPIEGEL: There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might have been some parallel but . . . as bad is might have been\nin the 1940's for a black here, it was a lot better than for a Jew in Germany.\nFirst of all . . . I mean, blacks might have been harassed. I didn't see that\nmuch of it. I know they were living in separate sections of town, but they\ndidn't have food stamps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They might have been more poverty stricken than the\nwhite people, but I'm not sure that the difference is as great as it is now\nbecause most white people were poor that I saw here. Maybe I didn't pay that\nmuch attention to it. You just accepted it. I wasn't a revolutionary that I was\ngoing to tell the Americans what to do. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was appreciative that they took me in.\n\nKENT: Did you encounter much prejudice in those days either towards Jews or\nblacks from the local population?\n\nSPIEGEL: I did not. I really don't think I experienced any antisemitism. I mean,\nit's here. It's still here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war broke out, antisemitism kind of faded\ninto the background and the blacks knew their place, so to speak. I didn't see a\nblack riot. I didn't see a white riot. I didn't a lynching. I didn't see any of\nthis. There was a black water fountain. There was a white-water fountain. That\nwas just the way it was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It dawned on me that these were the same kind of\npeople. They've just got a different skin color. I didn't think that I could do\nanything about it.\n\nKENT: How did you go about deciding what to do with your future when the war\nended, and you weren't going to be drafted? What direction did you take?\n\nSPIEGEL: I worked. It was the same company that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started with actually. After\nthe war, that company was sold. Then I went with that company. Then later on, I\nwent into the selling game. First, I sold . . . a guy who was a supplier talked\nme into coming to work with him. He was selling paper products. I worked for him\nfor a while, and I didn't like selling paper products. It didn't suit me. I\ndidn't know anything about paper, but I knew something about automotive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parts.\nThen I got a job traveling for an automotive company. This was already in 1950\nnow. They were out of Charlotte [North Carolina]. I was selling for them. I made\na living. It wasn't a great job. The blow to that came. I was traveling in\nBirmingham [Alabama] and some guy in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham . . . I was calling on Ford and\nChevrolet dealers mostly. Some guy in Birmingham I called on, I finally\ndeveloped a clientele, he gave me a big order. I mean, I was really going to\nmake some money on that order. I got to the hotel, and I called it in that\nnight. I said, \"Now, the man doesn't want anything on backorder. Ship him what\nyou can and cancel the rest.\" They didn't have that much in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stock suddenly. I\ndidn't make that much money on the deal, and I decided that I'm not going to get\nanywhere with that company. Then I went to work with Brown and Bigelow, the\nadvertising company. I didn't have that much traveling to do. I had gotten\nmarried. Sylvia [Hirsch] and I got married in 1953. I didn't want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that much on\nthe road. That turned out to be a pretty good job for about seven or eight\nyears. Then my wife's dad was a builder. He built some apartments and stuff like\nthat. He was getting older. I decided, \"I'm going into the real estate\nbusiness.\" I went into selling real estate and then I started taking care of his\nproperty. Then I finally opened up my own office. I had an office, got\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salespeople working for me, and had an office for about eleven years. In 1978,\nwhen the credit crunch came, we had interest rates 15% high. It was just\noutrageous. The salesmen just couldn't make it. They all looked at each another\nand said, \"I can't sell anything at these high interest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rates.\" I sold the\ncompany, and I went with another broker. I went into the commercial real estate\nbusiness. I did that until 1990 when I decided to hang it all up.\n\nKENT: Talk about how you met your wife and the early days of raising a family.\n\nSPIEGEL: I met my wife here in Atlanta. I was living in Atlanta at that time.\nShe was going to Emory [University]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was working on a master's degree at\nEmory. We met at ISFA, a young scientist organization, SFA and Masada. ISFA was\na college group. Masada was a bunch of young guys. We met there. We dated from\n1951 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until . . . The first date I had with her was a Yom Kippur night dance.\nThat was a fashionable thing in those days. On Yom Kippur night, they had dances\nafter breakfast. Then we got married in June of . . . We got engaged in 1952. We\ngot married in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1953. My wife's mother had passed away a year before then. I was\ntravelling at that time with the automotive company, and it really didn't make\nany difference where we lived. She was the only girl. She lived in Columbus\n[Georgia]. She said, \"If it doesn't make any difference to you, let's move into\nColumbus and I can look after Dad.\" [I said,] \"Fine,\" so we moved to Columbus. I\nworked out of Columbus. After about nine months, I gave up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that automotive job\nand worked for Brown and Bigelow. Then I took over the real estate business. I\nwas in real estate for the rest of my working life. Raising children? We were\nmarried nine and a half months, we had our first boy. We were married not quite\ntwo years; we had our second boy. Then three and a half years later, we had our\nthird boy. Then we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quit. They're all married. They're grown. They got children.\nWe've got now seven grandchildren. The first of them are five boys. Then we\nfinally got two little girls. In 1994, we moved to Atlanta, following the kids.\nTwo of my children live here. One lives in Denver [Colorado].\n\nKENT: Going back to the 1940's again, describe what kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community\nthere was, who the main people were, and your involvement with the Jewish world.\n\nSPIEGEL: Very little involvement. There was a Jewish organization. They called\nit . . . [It was] a bunch of German Jews who had come in the 1930's and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940's.\n\nEINSTEIN: Was it the New World Club?\n\nSPIEGEL: New World Club, that's what it was. Thank you. I forgot what it was\ncalled. The New World Club. They met every so often. I was working. Once the war\nbroke out, I worked six days, sometimes seven days a week, just worked overtime,\nso I was very little involved with the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community. I went to shul\n[Yiddish: synagogue] once in a while on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Only after\nthe war when some of the young guys came back, that's when Masala started and\nISFA started, that's when I got more involved. During the war, it was just no\ninvolvement really.\n\nEINSTEIN: You were on Washington Street when you first came. Did you stay on\nWashington Street for several ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years? How long did you stay there?\n\nSPIEGEL: We stayed on Washington Street until Frank was married already. Frank\ngot married in 1946. I don't know when they bought that house on [indistinct:\n58:49], where Frank and Helen moved to. I lived there for a while. That must\nhave been right before Sylvia, and I got married.\n\nEINSTEIN: What I was wondering about was I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that when the survivor community\nstarted coming to Atlanta, many of them settled right there on Washington Street\nalso in the late 1940's and the early 1950's.\n\nSPIEGEL: That was a Jewish neighborhood.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right. Did you start meeting people who might have been German, who\ncame to Atlanta after being in camps?\n\nSPIEGEL: None of them were in camps who came then. The [survivors coming from\nconcentration] camps was a post-war thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The German Jews who . . . They were\nmore my parents' contemporaries than my contemporaries. Dating was not something\nI would do because I didn't have any money to date. I didn't have a car.\nEverything was by streetcar.\n\nEINSTEIN: Here you were, the only guy in Atlanta and . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: I really didn't know anybody. After the war, I met other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell us about that. Who did you start to be friendly with after the\nwar? Were there Europeans that started coming?\n\nSPIEGEL: After the war, when Masada started, some of the guys . . . There was\nHenry Birnbrey in it. There was the Schoenberg boys. You probably know Barney\n[Schoenberg]. Marvin Schoenberg lives now in Florida. There was a third brother\n[Arthur Schoenberg]. I forgot his name. There was a guy named Rudy Quinn. I\ndon't know what happened to him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the guys, I don't know. Phil Leviton\nwas in that group. I really don't . . . Then I started dating a few young women.\n\nSPIEGEL: She adjusted very well actually. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She never went to work here. My dad\nworked, my brother worked, my sister worked, I worked. She kept house for us.\nShe did the cooking. She did the shopping. She did the laundry. She did\neverything. She never complained. Her life as a young girl must have been\nbeautiful because my grandparents, before World War I, now, must have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well\nto do, so she grew up . . . She had three brothers originally. She grew up and\nshe probably was a spoiled little brat, but she was a wonderful woman. She\nadjusted. She rolled with the punches. She was a strong woman. I'm sure she had\nher quirks because you cannot live for 45 or 50 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Germany and not have\nyour hang-ups after you've been through what she went through. She kept her\nfamily together.\n\nKENT: Did they express any kind of homesickness or nostalgia for their homeland?\n\nSPIEGEL: Never to me. I don't think they were homesick. How can you be homesick\nfor something like this? I've been back to Germany, but you don't get homesick.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was back in Germany about a year ago this coming May courtesy of the city of\nFuerth. They wined us, they dined us, they housed us. We were staying at the\nhotel that's right across the street from that square where they assembled the\nJews on Kristallnacht, so every time I walked to the window, I looked at that\nplace. They treated us wonderful. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not complaining about that, but for me, it\njust brought nothing but miserable memories. I don't know how you could get\nhomesick. We went to a school. They asked us to come to a high school and speak\nto high school students. One of the questions they asked, most of them spoke\npretty good English and I spoke fair German after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three days again, one of the\nquestions was, \"Could you come back to Germany and live here comfortable?\" My\nanswer was, \"There's nothing in Germany to come back to.\" I said, \"The only\npeople I have here are in the cemeteries and some of them don't have graves.\" My\nfamily, my children live in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America. My grandchildren live in America. My wife's\nfamily is here. All my surviving family is here. I said, \"There's nothing to\ncome back to.\" The guy says to me, \"Well, if you would be eighteen years old\nnow, could you come back?\" I said, \"When I was eighteen years old, or seventeen\nyears old, or sixteen years old, I didn't even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think about leaving nearly.\" I\njust was run out. I'm glad I got out. I said, \"You're asking a question that I\ncan't answer.\" When I was a child, I wanted to be a lawyer like my uncle. I had\nno intention of going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anywhere.\n\nKENT: During the 1940's, how much contact was your family able to have with\nrelatives back in Europe to find out what happened to them?\n\nSPIEGEL: Until 1940, we were still in Europe.\n\nKENT: I mean from 1941 onwards. Did you communicate with relatives who didn't leave?\n\nSPIEGEL: We got here in September of 1941. My mother heard a few times from her\nmother, who still was in Germany, until the outbreak of the war. After that, you\ndidn't hear anymore because there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no communications. Somehow or the other,\nin 1942, my grandmother passed away about three days before she was supposed to\nbe deported from Fuerth. Somehow or the other, we got word through from the Red\nCross that she died, passed away. There was no communication between anybody who\nlived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany and anybody who lived in America. Of course, you couldn't mail\nanything to Germany anymore.\n\nKENT: After the war, how much information were you ever able to find out about relatives?\n\nSPIEGEL: After the war, we found one of my cousins who survived\nAuschwitz-Birkenau and everything. He was born in 1928, so he was 17 at that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. We brought him over here.\n\nEINSTEIN: John Rosenfelder?\n\nSPIEGEL: John Rosenfelder. There was nobody else left. Into that, I'll tell you\na little side story on John, which I think is interesting. John had three\nbrothers. His parents sent the two older brothers on Kindertransports ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to America.\nThe oldest one came over here in 1934. The second one came in 1936, I believe.\nJohn was too young. After the war, the oldest brother was in the American Army\nand was killed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland. He was a paratrooper or something. Then the second\nbrother was also in the Army. I think he found Johnny in Europe. He came over\nhere. Then one day, John was in Cleveland I believe, visiting his brother, who\nwas now his only close relative, except my mother, who was his aunt. This older\nbrother says to him, after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all John had gone through, John told me that story,\nhe says, \"John, you are lucky mom and dad didn't send you away.\" Figure that one\nout. The child couldn't get over that his mom and dad saved his life. He\ncouldn't adjust. As a child, he was put on a boat and sent to America into the\narms of strangers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what kind of life he had with those people, I\nreally don't, but he became totally estranged from the family. My mother was his\nonly living relative that he had, and he became totally estranged from the\nfamily. John was always in touch with him once in a while, but it's an\ninteresting story, I think. It tells you something [about] how children feel.\n\nKENT: After the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, when it came out what happened to the Jews in Europe, how\ndid you react to that, images and so forth?\n\nSPIEGEL: Like everybody else. You couldn't believe it. I couldn't believe that\nany people would be so inhuman that they could do what they did. Toward the end\nof the war, if you really analyze ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, it was more important to the Germans to\nkill Jews than to prosecute the war. It was more important to them to have\nrailroads taking Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau than to bring supplies to the\nRussian front. Figure that out.\n\nKENT: Did that affect you, knowing how close you came to being one of those Jews?\n\nSPIEGEL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that always . . . It doesn't haunt me. I'm just grateful it\nhappened to me. Why it happened to me, I don't know. Why I was one of the lucky\nones who managed to get out, I don't know. I feel like any of the survivors [who\nwonder,] \"Why did I survive, and John didn't, or Jack didn't, or whoever?\" This\nis a question you can't answer. I was grateful to the man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who gave the visa. I'm\ngrateful to the people here in Atlanta who made it possible for us to get\nsettled. I'm grateful to my brother for pushing because Frank was the one who\npushed this Walter Spiegel to give the visas. I'm grateful to all these people\n[and] to the Joint Distribution Committee. To this day, my major ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charitable\ncontribution goes to the Federation. This is my love. This is who I owe I my\nlife to. Their work is wonderful. I will never cut them off.\n\nKENT: When you were in Germany a year or so ago, could you estimate how\nextensive or real the change has been, the remorse?\n\nSPIEGEL: The German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people today . . . I didn't meet anybody . . . I met one\nperson who went to school with me. He came to one of the dinners. He said he\nwent to school with me. He had a printout of the class. I didn't have it. We\nwere in the same class together. I really didn't get to talk to him that much.\nHe might have been in the German Army. I have no idea. The basic bunch of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans were post-war babies. They were younger. I think the Germans have a\ntremendous guilt-trip, most of them. There are neo-Nazis there too. We all know\nthat. Basically, they have a tremendous guilt-trip of what their fathers, and\ngrandfathers, and great-grandfathers did. I think they're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to live with\nthat for a long time. You go to Germany [and] they're restoring things in\nGermany. What for? I don't know. Maybe the German Jewish community will grow\nagain, but it's not the German Jewish community that has any roots in Germany.\nThis is a whole new population. The bulk of the German Jewish community today is\nof Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ancestry. There are some Jews in Germany that are Holocaust\nsurvivors. There are very few Jews in Germany who were of German origin say from\n1933 on backwards. In Fuerth when we were there, there are two old women ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who\nwere born in Germany and actually they both went to school with me. Their story\nis just most interesting why [and] how they got back to Germany. I don't think\nthat belongs on the tape. They're the only two that I know at least. I'm sure\nthere are some others but they're old. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ran into one Israeli whose father or\ngrandfather came from Germany. He was doing business in Germany. Israel does an\nawful lot of business with Germany so they're coming in and out, but I don't\nthink many former German Jews are living now in Germany and staying there. There\nmight be some old people because their pension program is wonderful. Maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\nare there for that reason.\n\nKENT: What I was referring to was that student's question, \"Could you move\nback?\" I think some of what he was referring to is how much forgiveness . . .\nHow much has it changed to where you could move back?\n\nSPIEGEL: I personally could not live in Germany because every time I see a\nperson my age, I look at them and I say, \"What did you do then?\" Not what he's\ndoing now. I want to know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what he did then. I don't trust them. I meet a young\nGerman; it could have been his father who did something. It could have been his\ngrandfather. He himself, unless he's a neo-Nazi, didn't do it. It was\ninteresting when we were there talking to these high school kids. One of them\nasked me, \"Well, can you forgive us?\" I said, \"When you say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'us,' whom do you\nmean? You I have nothing to forgive for. You weren't there. You didn't do it.\nProbably you father wasn't there. Your grandfather might have been there. Those\nwho committed the crimes, they have somebody that they answer. They did wrong\nand they're not living anymore so they have to answer to a higher judge. Not to\nme. I can't forgive for what wasn't done to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\" The people who did anything to\nme harassed me. Really, if it comes down to push and shove, it comes down to\nharassment. I never was beaten up. Thank goodness, I never was put into a\nconcentration camp. I did not see the worst of the Holocaust. I escaped in the\nlast minute. True, I saw enough harassment. The people who did it, they're not\nthere anymore. At least, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't run into anyone. They didn't look for me and I\ndidn't look for them. The only thing when I was there then, the places are still\nthere. You go to the cemetery, you see it. The place where the synagogue was,\nthere's a monument there. You see it, but there's nothing else there. The\nmemories linger.\n\nKENT: How do you feel when you encounter survivors who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in the worst of it?\nWhat's that like for you?\n\nSPIEGEL: I admire them that they survived. Many times, it must have taken\ntremendous willpower to survive and tremendous strength. Many times, it's just a\nstroke of luck. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor you talk to, they have a different story. The\ninteresting [thing] when you talk about survivors, there were some who were not\ndeported until 1944, and maybe survived a few months in a concentration camp,\nand then the Russians moved in, or something like this. You find very few Poles\nwho were in Poland in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939 and survived because they were caught from 1939 until\n1945 in this horrendous thing. Most of the survivors are survivors who really\ngot caught in it later. You don't live in these death camps very long. You don't\neven live in Theresienstadt very long because you don't have enough food and you\ndon't have any medicine. All these things that these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were deprived of,\nthey just simply . . . The body can only take it so long.\n\nKENT: Considering that luck, and circumstance, and faith, and things like that\nwere such a big factor in living and dying, how has that affected you knowing\nthat? How do you weigh that into everything?\n\nSPIEGEL: You get certain hang-ups, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somehow or the other, I think, like all\nunpleasant things, you push it to the back of your mind. Unless you bring it\nout, it's really not always with you. Life goes on. You know, you ask your woman\nwhile she's in labor if she'll have another child, she says, \"Never.\" Then a\nyear or two later, they want another baby. I think it's something like that. I\nthink the human ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind is geared to that. You can push these unpleasant things to\nthe back of your mind because you can't live with it if you constantly have it\nin front of you. You can talk about it if you have to but if it constantly\nhaunts you, you can never laugh, you can never enjoy a funny play, you can never\nenjoy your children, you can't enjoy your grandchildren, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can't live. If you\nlook at all these survivors . . . I'm one of the guys who didn't see the worst,\nbut if you look at a guy like Sam Wise or take Cantor [Isaac] Goodfriend, these\nare marvelous people, wonderful people. They survived the worst of it in one\nfashion or the other. They made a life for themselves. It's never gone. You\ndon't forget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but you can't dwell on it. If you dwell on it, it destroys you.\n\nKENT: Maybe the last question: how has the reality of the Holocaust affected\nyour feelings about being Jewish or what it means to be Jewish? Have you become\nmore religious? Less religious?\n\nSPIEGEL: I've probably been in a circle. In Germany, I was naturally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more\nreligious because I was in an ultra-Orthodox school. When I came here, I\nreverted back to being much less religious simply because if the guy said, \"I\nwant you Saturday to work,\" I wouldn't dare to tell him, \"No.\" I needed the\nmoney. I needed the job. Synagogue was not . . . I went to shul on Rosh Hashanah\nand Yom Kippur. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I'm much more observant again. I enjoy going to shul. I'm a\nmember of AA [Ahavath Achim] synagogue. I enjoy Rabbi [Arnold] Goodman's\nsermons. He gives a marvelous sermon. If you haven't heard him, go hear him\nsometime. I'm a conservative Jew. You find amongst survivors those who have\nbecome totally agnostic. [They] say, \"There can't be a God who lets all this\nhappen.\" You find survivors who become much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more [religious]. Everybody has got\nto find his own place in life. There's no fixed answer. If you have ten\nsurvivors, they'll probably give you ten different answers.\n\nEINSTEIN: I am sure your children or grandchildren will come to the Museum to\nsee part of your tape. I was wondering if you might have any words ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to them or\nother young people, what message you might have to them about their future?\n\nSPIEGEL: Their future should be that they study hard, keep the faith. I hope\nthat they'll stay Jewish. I hope they'll marry Jewish spouses. It's good to be a\nJew. I hope they're proud of being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. I think I can be proud of them. I\nhope one of these days I look down from whatever is above when I'm gone, and my\ngrandchildren and children remember. I think they will. I'm very lucky. All my\nchildren married Jewish spouses. I have a bar mitzvah [to attend] in Denver this\ncoming summer. Life has been good in America. I think the one thing I want to\nsay, I still want to thank Federation or its predecessor for all they have done\nfor us.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/transcript/43252/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.\n\nSPIEGEL: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=5010.0,5040.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Werner [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFuerth [German: Fürth] is a city located in northern Bavaria, Germany, just outside the city of Nuremberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression is the term used for a severe economic recession that began in the United States in 1929. It had far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe. Germany had weathered a period of intense inflation in the 1920’s due to reparations required after World War I. To pay the reparations, Germany had borrowed millions of dollars from the United States. American demands for loan repayment had disastrous repercussion on the already fragile German economy. With banks failing and unemployment rising, an angry, frightened and financially struggling populace became more open to fascism. Germany’s deteriorating economic conditions in the 1930’s led in part to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmid an economic depression and increasing political instability in Germany, Adolf Hitler and his party, the National Socialist German Workers' Party [German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; also known as the NSDAP or Nazi Party) rapidly rose to power. In 1932, the Nazi party was elected to fill more seats in the Reichstag (parliament) than any other party. In 1933, democratically elected President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany, a position responsible for leading the Reichstag. As Chancellor, he began transforming his position into a dictatorial one. When the President died in 1934, Hitler declared himself head of state and effectively became absolute dictator of Germany under the title of Fuhrer (German: Führer).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg [German: Nürnberg] is a city in Bavaria, Germany on the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. It is distinguished by its medieval architecture. The Nazi Party held its massive annual rally in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Streicher (1885-1946) was born in Nuremberg, Germany in 1885. A prominent Nazi prior to World War II, he was the founder and publisher of Der Sturmer [German: Der Stürmer], a central element of the Nazi propaganda machine.  It was highly antisemitic featuring articles with stereotypical hook-nosed Jews and elaborating on all their nefariousness. He also published antisemitic books, such as The Toadstool (or the Poisonous Mushroom], which warned about insidious dangers Jews posed to the German body social and politic by comparing them to an attractive yet deadly mushroom. Streicher fell in with the Nazis in 1922 when he met Adolf Hitler, which he said “transformed” him.  He joined the Nazi party and in 1924 founded Der Sturmer.  For his loyalty, in 1925 Streicher was appointed Gauleiter of Franconia, which included his hometown of Nuremberg.  Before Hitler came to power Gauleiters were just party functionaries and had no real power, but after Hitler came to power that all changed.  They began to wield immense power.  Streicher would stride through the streets of Nuremberg cracking a bullwhip.  However, in 1938 Streicher’s favor with the Nazi party began to unravel when he criticized other top Nazi officials and examples of his out of control personal life began to surface. Streicher was widely known to engage in sexual and sadistic excesses. In February 1940 he was stripped of his party offices and withdrew from the public eye, although he continued to publish Der Sturmer.  After the war, Streicher was convicted of crimes against humanity and executed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for SS guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The Nuremberg Race Laws formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and were introduced in September 1935. They heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. Among other prohibitions, the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. In Fuerth, the main synagogue was burned down. Six other synagogues as well as many Jewish homes and businesses were also demolished. One hundred and fifty men were sent to Dachau..\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDunwoody is a suburb in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, located about 15 miles north of downtown. Similarly, Fuerth is located approximately 7 kilometers (4.4 miles) northwest of downtown Nuremberg, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (1870-1871), often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. At the end of the war, France lay defeated and invaded by its enemies. Chancellor Bismarck invited all of the German princes to the Palace of Versailles to discuss unification. The Chancellor long dreamed of uniting the disparate states into a unified empire. On December 20, they agreed to unification terms. A month later, the Second German Empire was formally declared in Paris at the Palace of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors. The German Unification of 1871, also known as the Second German Empire, lasted until 1918 with the end of World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOtto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, (1815-1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860’s until 1890.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Communist Party of Germany [German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD] was a popular political party in the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933. It reached its electoral peak in November 1932, securing 16.9% of the vote. However, within six months of this election, Hitler had seized power and banned political parties other than the Nazis and began persecuting and imprisoning German communists at Dachau. The KPD became an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1930’s, isolationism and xenophobic sentiments allowed a restrictive immigration policy to prevail in the United States. Although aware of and sympathetic to the plight European Jews faced, President Roosevelt was also preoccupied by a severe economic depression. Fierce political opposition in Congress resulted in the failure to increase immigration quotas. The Immigration Act of 1924 limited maximum annual immigration to 153,774 people. Inside that total number, each country was assigned a total number of immigrants.  Great Britain and Ireland dominated most of the available slots. Germany was assigned about 26,000 immigrants per year while countries like Poland were allowed 6,000 immigrants per year. The German quota number per year was not related to Jews but to all Germans. Those Jews who determined very early in the Nazi regime to leave Germany essentially had to get in line as their numbers would not be available for several years. Those Jews who took no steps to try to leave until Kristallnacht (or in the mid to late-1930’s) stood no chance of getting out of Germany as after war broke out in 1939 all emigration from Germany was halted. They, of course, did not know that in the late 1930’s they did not have the time to wait three or four years for their number to come up so many who applied late were trapped.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.  It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930’s and 1940’s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly ‘KL’ or ‘KZ’) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. The Germans differentiated between “concentration camps,” which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the state, and “extermination camps,” whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin were the main extermination camps in the period of 1941-1945. The use of gas chambers was the most common method of mass murdering prisoners in the extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS Mouzinho was built in Kiel, Germany in 1907 for the Hamburg America Line and was originally named the Guglielmo Pierce. She changed owners and names several times before being acquired by the Companhia Colonial de Navegacao of Portugal in 1930 and renamed the Mouzinho. In 1941, the ship carried two transports of Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE] children to the United States. The S.S. Mouzinho was sold to Italian ship breakers in December 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin (Ben) Hirsch is a Holocaust survivor from Frankfurt, Germany. He and four of his siblings were sent on a Kindertransport to France and then the United States and Atlanta. Ben is an architect who designed the Holocaust Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Memorial to the Six Million in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery. For a more detailed version of the construction of the Memorial, please see Ben’s oral history for the Herbert and Esther Taylor Oral History Project.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eU-Boot [German; English: U-boat] stands for ‘Unterseeboot,’ or undersea boat. The term ‘U-boat’ refers to military submarines operated by Germany in World War I and World War II. The Atlantic Ocean was a major strategic battle zone. After war was declared, German U-boats began to be frequently spotted along the East Coast of the US, where they torpedoed several ships.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington–Rawson was a neighborhood of Atlanta that was a center of Jewish community in the city. By the mid-1870’s, Washington Street was becoming one of the city's finest residential streets. The neighborhood was wealthy at the turn of the twentieth century: Encyclopedia Britannica of 1910 listed Washington Street as one of the finest residential areas of the city. The neighborhood included the area that is now the large parking lot north of Turner Field, until 1996 the site of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. It also included the intersection of the two streets for which it was named. That intersection's location is now the site of the I-20-Downtown Connector interchange.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland.  He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently: Atlanta Jewish Community Center), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently: Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently: Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council.  He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with Southern Israelite as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWerner is likely referring to Jewish Family Services of Atlanta, an organization that began its life in 1890 as the Montefiore Relief Association. Its name and focus changed multiple times. It became a constituent agency of the Jewish Federation of Atlanta. In 1982 Jewish Family Services incorporated as a separate organization, although it continued to maintain its affiliation with the Federation. It operated the Jewish Family and Children’s Bureau and the Ben Massell Dental Clinic. Jewish Family Services merged with Jewish Vocational Services in 1997 to become Jewish Family and Career Services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur Street is one of the original seven streets of Atlanta, Georgia; it was also a famous entertainment area from the 1850’s through the early 20th century. Today, Decatur Street cuts across the Georgia State University campus in the downtown area, while farther east it is part of the Sweet Auburn neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as ‘Georgia Tech’ or ‘Tech’) is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia.  The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Varsity is an iconic chain restaurant serving burgers, hot dogs, fries, shakes, and other American classics. The original location was opened in 1928 but soon grew so popular it was relocated to its present location on North Avenue in Downtown Atlanta. Billed as America’s largest drive-in, the present structure covers two city blocks and has the capacity to accommodate 600 patrons and 800 cars. The catchphrase, \"What'll ya have?\" once used by frazzled employees has become part of modern Atlanta culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States entered World War II on the side of the Allies in December 1941, following the surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. Navy at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ‘alien’ is someone who is living in a country but is not a citizen or national of that country. They become an ‘enemy alien’ during times of conflict with the country where they retain citizenship from. During World War II, Japanese, Italians, and Germans who had not become American citizens were legally considered enemy aliens and were subjected to many restrictions, which often included internment. Although many Jewish-Europeans were political refugees, they were still considered enemy aliens. The FBI and other law enforcement agencies arrested some, while others were only monitored.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGone with the Wind is a famous film based on the book of the same name by Margaret Mitchell in 1926. The film was made in 1939 and is an epic historical romance produced by David O. Selznick. It tells the story of Scarlett O’Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner, from her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to Melanie, to her marriage to Rhett Butler. It is set against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–36) was an armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia's subjection to Italian rule. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrown \u0026amp; Bigelow is a publishing company based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that sells branded apparel and promotional merchandise. Calendar salesman Herbert Bigelow and financier Hiram Brown founded Brown \u0026amp; Bigelow in 1896. The firm is known for having commissioned works by renowned artists such as Norman Rockwell and Cassius Coolidge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta. It was founded in 1836 by a small group of Methodists and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. Today it considered one of the top ranking universities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New World Club was a social club organized for young survivors and those who had fled Europe just before World War II.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e. New Year festival] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh Ha-Shanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey (1923- ) is an Atlanta certified public accountant and attorney who emigrated from Dortmund, Germany to the United States on a Kindertransport in 1938 sponsored by the Birmingham, Alabama section of National Council of Jewish Women. He resided in foster homes and in the Hebrew Orphans' Home in Atlanta after his arrival in America. He served two terms as President of the Hebrew Academy of Atlanta during which time it became the first Jewish Day School in the United States to receive accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). He was in the United States Army during World War II. He participated in the invasion of Normandy and witnessed the liberation of concentration camp victims at the end of the war. Henry’s oral history is in the Herbert and Esther Taylor Oral History Project’s collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish population in Furth numbered 2,000 (2.6% of the total population) in 1933. Between 1933 and 1941, 1,400 Jews managed to leave, mainly to the United States and Shanghai. By May 17, 1939, only 785 Jews remained in Fuerth. The Jewish community of Fuerth was deported in three stages. On November 28, 1941, 83 Jews were deported to Riga, Latvia. On March 24, 1942, 224 Jews—almost all of who were under the age of 65—were deported to Belzec. On September 10, 1942, 153 Jews—mainly the elderly and children in an orphanage—were deported to Theresienstadt. After the war, only 40 Jews returned to Fuerth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. During World War II, the Red Cross—although limited by the Germans—had access to and was a crucial source of information about civilians, prisoners of war, and concentration camp prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Kindertransport’ is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. Most f the children on rescued via Kindertransports were sent to Britain and France. The only Kindertransports to come to the United States did not arrive until 1941. Based on the dates of their arrival in the United States, it is more likely the brothers were part of the “One Thousand Children” rescue operations rather than on Kindertransports. The “One Thousand Children” or “OTC” refers to over 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. The rescue efforts in the United States were strictly non-governmental. The children were rescued through the organized efforts of private American citizens and organizations in the US and Europe. Most of the children came through official programs run by private refugee agencies such as the German Jewish Children’s Aid (GJCA), The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (colloquially known as “the Joint”), and the Society of Friends (Quakers). The first group of OTC arrived in New York in November 1934. This and subsequent small groups, totaling about 100 annually in the early years of operation, were taken to foster homes, primarily in New York or Chicago, Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Herman [Hans Hermann] Rosenfelder [1928-1992] was born in Fuerth, Germany and survived the Holocaust in multiple camps, including Theresienstadt and Auschwitz-Birkenau. He immigrated to the United States in 1946 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1951, he married Regine Dollman, a survivor from Belgium. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Thereseinstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam (Smerel) Wise (Visgardiski) (1914-2003) was one of six children born to a Jewish family in Vandziogala, Lithuania. He was relocated to the Kovno Ghetto during World War II and later deported to Nazi concentration camps, including Dachau in Germany. Sam, one brother (Isaac), and both of their wives survived the Holocaust and later immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia. The Wise family’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend (1924-2009) served at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta from 1966 until his retirement in 1995 as Cantor Emeritus. Cantor Goodfriend was born into a Hassidic family in Poland. At the age of 16, he was interned in a German labor camp in Piotrkow, Poland. Escaping in 1944, he was hidden by a Polish farmer and was the only member of his family to survive the war. After the war, he attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music in Montreal, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, and later in Ohio at the Music School Settlement and Baldwin Wallace College. Before coming to Atlanta he served as cantor at Shaare Zion in Montreal, Canada in 1952, and later at Cleveland, Ohio’s Community Temple. The Goodfriend family’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Congregation (often referred to as “AA”) was organized in 1886 as Congregation Ahawas Achim (Brotherly Love) and is Atlanta’s second oldest Jewish congregation. Organized by Jews of Eastern European descent, the congregation’s founding members felt uncomfortable in the established Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (The Temple) comprised primarily of Jews from Germany, who by the late 1800’s had begun to liberal Ahavath Achim ize their Orthodox doctrine.  Originally located in a rented room at 106 Gilmer Street, the congregation would make a succession of moves, to 120 Gilmer Street, to a hall on Decatur Street in 1895, to its first building in 1901 on the corner of Gilmer Street and Piedmont Avenue, to its second building on Washington Street in 1921, and finally, to its present location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. Four different Rabbis, Rabbi Mayerovitz (1901 – 1905); Rabbi Joseph Meyer Levine (1905) – 1915); Rabbi Yood (1915 – 1919); and Rabbi A.P. Hirmes (1919 – 1928) provided spiritual leadership for Ahavath Achim until 1928, when Rabbi Harry H. Epstein was hired as Rabbi.  He retained that position for the next 50 years. Rabbi Epstein became Rabbi Emeritus in 1986 and was succeeded by Rabbi Arnold Goodman. During the early years of Rabbi Epstein’s tenure, he slowly made innovations and modifications in congregational activities. By 1952, Ahavath Achim joined the Conservative Movement, with the most noticeable shift from Orthodoxy being the gradual change to mixed seating. Today, Ahavath Achim Congregation is the largest Conservative congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Arnold M. Goodman served as senior rabbi of Ahavath Achim in Atlanta, Georgia from 1982 to 2002. He came to Atlanta from Minnesota where he had served as rabbi of Adath Jeshurun in Minnetonka since 1966. He currently serves as its senior rabbinic scholar. Upon his retirement, the synagogue honored them by designating its adult education program as Beit Aharon: The Rabbi Arnold and Rae Goodman Learning Institute for Adult Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/annotation_set/1039/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=4980.0,5010.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Werner [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background Information","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1.0,614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let’s start with your name and birthdate.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1.0,614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuerth, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler, Adolf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1.0,614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=614.0,1322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Starting from Kristallnacht, what do you remember of that event?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=614.0,1322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuerth, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=614.0,1322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration Process and Journey ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1322.0,1967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me again how you managed to get the visas and finally get out. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1322.0,1967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS Mouzinho","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1322.0,1967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arrival to Atlanta, Georgia ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1967.0,2693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talk about what your impressions were of America when you got here.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1967.0,2693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Assimilation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immgiration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salesperson","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=1967.0,2693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prejudice in the South ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940#t=2693.0,3254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/90433/file/186940/index/53069/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did anybody give you a hard time because of your German 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