{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4b2x34n118/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["King, Eddie"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-03-06 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEddie King was interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on March 6, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eEddie King was born on June 8th, 1931 in Wolomin, Poland to parents Mary and Simon. His mother was an American and his father was a Polish tailor, and he had one younger brother. He remembers the anti-Semitism from the Polish villagers and was not permitted to attend the Polish public schools. Eddie and his family were in Warsaw visiting family on September 1, 1939, when German troops invaded Poland. He and his family took shelter from the falling bombs in a cemetery. The German occupation of Poland began relatively calmly, but soon rumors of able-bodied Jewish men being sent to labor camps made their way to Eddie’s parents. His father and uncles chose to leave for Russia, which had a reputation of friendliness toward Jews. Eddie, his mother, grandmother, and brother remained behind. One of Eddie’s most vivid childhood memories was when German soldiers came to confiscate the radios and shot his grandmother for walking too slow. Shortly after this, German soldiers burned the synagogue, forced the Jews to throw the Torah and prayer books into the fire, and cut the rabbi’s beard and payes. The people of Wolomin soon realized these events were more than a pogrom. After a period of scraping by in Wolomin, Eddie, his mother, and his brother were transported to what was later known as the Warsaw Ghetto. He recalls witnessing shootings and people dying in the streets; his only friend was a man named Sevek who was charged with removing the bodies from the streets each morning. Eddie found a hole in the fence and would sneak out at night to steal food. Though Eddie does not remember how, he and his family were eventually able to leave the Ghetto and heads towards Russia. They waited at the border for some time, where they witnessed German soldiers shoot a little girl and her mother over candy. The Russians finally opened the border, and Eddie and his family made their way to Moscow. Eddie and his brother were separated from their mother, who was arrested, and survived alone for a short time before they were picked up as well. Miraculously, the boys were reunited with their mother at a train station where they were all set to be shipped to a work camp in Siberia. After a nightmarish two weeks in the freight train, the family arrived in Siberia at the end of 1940. His mother worked cutting trees and in the coal mine, while Eddie and his brother went to the camp school and picked up coal. As a punishment for sneaking food to his mother, Eddie was whipped, stabbed with a hot poker, and deprived of food. After about a year, Eddie, his brother, and some other Jews in the camp were taken to Japan at the behest of Japanese politicians. Eddie believes Chiune Sugihara, later honored as “Righteous Among Nations,” may have been involved in this mission. From Japan, the brothers eventually made their way to an aunt in New York. From the age of ten onwards, Eddie worked to support his family by washing dishes and peddling goods. After seven years, both of Eddie’s parents had found their way to New York. His father had been in Auschwitz, where he was forced to work in the crematoria. His parents worked all day and went to synagogue on the weekends and were unable to enjoy life or bond with their children. Eddie continued to care for his brother. Through hustling and peddling, Eddie did well for himself, became involved in business, and started his own family. He moved to Georgia for business in the late Seventies. He became a well-known Atlanta artist, painting recycled plastic bottles. Eddie passed away on February 4, 2013 at the age of 81.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eEddie describes his early life and family in Wolomin, Poland, and how it was disrupted by the German invasion of 1939. His father and uncles fled to escape transportation to a labor camp, the village synagogue was burned, and his grandmother was killed by German soldiers. Eddie recalls the horrors of his life in the Warsaw Ghetto, his escape to Russia, and his subsequent transportation to a Siberian labor camp. He was separated from his mother twice over the course of these events and was forced to care for his four-year old brother, despite being only nine years old himself. He and his brother were eventually taken to Japan, from whence they went America to live with an aunt in New York. Eddie remembers the eventual reunion with both of his parents and the devastation wreaked on their lives by their experiences in Europe. He describes working from the age of ten onwards to support the family, getting married at eighteen and starting a family, and eventually moving to Atlanta for business. He reflects on his Jewish identity, fighting against prejudice, and the importance of remembering the Holocaust and its lesson for humanity.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28300"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Eddie King (Abraham Solomon Kozerow) (personal name)","Simon Kozerow (personal name)","Mary Kozerow (personal name)","Jerry Kozerow (personal name)","Jean Hassman (personal name)","Emanuel Celler (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Wolomin, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Bialystock, Russia (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","Vladivostock, Russia (geographic term)","Frankfurt,  Germany (geographic term)","New York, United States (geographic term)","Seattle, Washington (geographic term)","Kobe, Japan (geographic term)","Yokohama, Japan (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Japan (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Manchuria (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Treblinka Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) (corporate name)","International Red Cross (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","Yeshiva University (corporate name)","Camp David Accords (topical term)","Pogroms (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Labor Camps (topical term)","Crematoriums (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Gulag (topical term)","Russian Army (topical term)","Discrimination (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEddie King was interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on March 6, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEddie King was born on June 8th, 1931 in Wolomin, Poland to parents Mary and Simon. His mother was an American and his father was a Polish tailor, and he had one younger brother. He remembers the anti-Semitism from the Polish villagers and was not permitted to attend the Polish public schools. Eddie and his family were in Warsaw visiting family on September 1, 1939, when German troops invaded Poland. He and his family took shelter from the falling bombs in a cemetery. The German occupation of Poland began relatively calmly, but soon rumors of able-bodied Jewish men being sent to labor camps made their way to Eddie’s parents. His father and uncles chose to leave for Russia, which had a reputation of friendliness toward Jews. Eddie, his mother, grandmother, and brother remained behind. One of Eddie’s most vivid childhood memories was when German soldiers came to confiscate the radios and shot his grandmother for walking too slow. Shortly after this, German soldiers burned the synagogue, forced the Jews to throw the Torah and prayer books into the fire, and cut the rabbi’s beard and payes. The people of Wolomin soon realized these events were more than a pogrom. After a period of scraping by in Wolomin, Eddie, his mother, and his brother were transported to what was later known as the Warsaw Ghetto. He recalls witnessing shootings and people dying in the streets; his only friend was a man named Sevek who was charged with removing the bodies from the streets each morning. Eddie found a hole in the fence and would sneak out at night to steal food. Though Eddie does not remember how, he and his family were eventually able to leave the Ghetto and heads towards Russia. They waited at the border for some time, where they witnessed German soldiers shoot a little girl and her mother over candy. The Russians finally opened the border, and Eddie and his family made their way to Moscow. Eddie and his brother were separated from their mother, who was arrested, and survived alone for a short time before they were picked up as well. Miraculously, the boys were reunited with their mother at a train station where they were all set to be shipped to a work camp in Siberia. After a nightmarish two weeks in the freight train, the family arrived in Siberia at the end of 1940. His mother worked cutting trees and in the coal mine, while Eddie and his brother went to the camp school and picked up coal. As a punishment for sneaking food to his mother, Eddie was whipped, stabbed with a hot poker, and deprived of food. After about a year, Eddie, his brother, and some other Jews in the camp were taken to Japan at the behest of Japanese politicians. Eddie believes Chiune Sugihara, later honored as “Righteous Among Nations,” may have been involved in this mission. From Japan, the brothers eventually made their way to an aunt in New York. From the age of ten onwards, Eddie worked to support his family by washing dishes and peddling goods. After seven years, both of Eddie’s parents had found their way to New York. His father had been in Auschwitz, where he was forced to work in the crematoria. His parents worked all day and went to synagogue on the weekends and were unable to enjoy life or bond with their children. Eddie continued to care for his brother. Through hustling and peddling, Eddie did well for himself, became involved in business, and started his own family. He moved to Georgia for business in the late Seventies. He became a well-known Atlanta artist, painting recycled plastic bottles. Eddie passed away on February 4, 2013 at the age of 81.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEddie describes his early life and family in Wolomin, Poland, and how it was disrupted by the German invasion of 1939. His father and uncles fled to escape transportation to a labor camp, the village synagogue was burned, and his grandmother was killed by German soldiers. Eddie recalls the horrors of his life in the Warsaw Ghetto, his escape to Russia, and his subsequent transportation to a Siberian labor camp. He was separated from his mother twice over the course of these events and was forced to care for his four-year old brother, despite being only nine years old himself. He and his brother were eventually taken to Japan, from whence they went America to live with an aunt in New York. Eddie remembers the eventual reunion with both of his parents and the devastation wreaked on their lives by their experiences in Europe. He describes working from the age of ten onwards to support the family, getting married at eighteen and starting a family, and eventually moving to Atlanta for business. He reflects on his Jewish identity, fighting against prejudice, and the importance of remembering the Holocaust and its lesson for humanity.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/531/small/Eddie_King.png?1619300235","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - King_Eddie.mp4"]},"duration":7128.991,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/531/small/Eddie_King.png?1619300235","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/531/original/King_Eddie.mp4?1604311205","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7128.991,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["King, Eddie [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Okay, it's March 6, 2009. We're in Atlanta, Georgia. Let's start with\nwhat your name was when you were born, and when, and where?\n\nKING: My Yiddish name, or Jewish name, was Abraham Solomon Kozerow. And I was\nborn in a city outside of Warsaw called Wolomin.\n\nKENT: And when?\n\nKING: 1931. June 8th, 1931.\n\nKENT: Well, can you describe the kind of world that you were born in, your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"environment, family, neighborhood.\n\nKING: Well, it was a small village, and the Jews were very, at that time . . .\nwell, the Poles, I'm going to say, maybe I shouldn't say these things, it sounds\nracist, but the Poles were not very kind to us, the Jews. I don't know if you\nknow what a pogrom is. Every once in a while, on Passover they had a pogrom,\nlike on Fiddler on the Roof, things like that. And we lived in our own little\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area. Okay? I was born at home because for some reason, I guess we couldn't go\nto a public school because we were Jews. And I was taught in like a cheder, like\na Jewish school, because that was the only education we were allowed. My mother,\nwho was an American. She was born on Hester Street, as a matter of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact. She met\nmy father in Europe.\n\nKENT: And their names?\n\nKING: Mary and Simon. Her parents were hat designers, and they traveled a lot in\nEurope, and she met my father in Poland, and never went back to the United\nStates. And there's no record of them being married, because again, you couldn't\nget married . . . a rabbi married them. That's it, okay. So . . . I don't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember much before the age of eight. I remember a little bit. I used to help\nmy grandmother, my father's mother, sell shoe laces in the square. I guess\nthat's how I became a salesman. But up to the age of eight, it was . . . nothing\nreally much.\n\nKENT: Well, apart from actual pogroms, how else did the anti-Jewish attitude . .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how did you see that around you, maybe in milder ways.\n\nKING: In milder ways, in the town where I lived, well, you weren't allowed to do\ncertain things. I mean, the Poles sort of had their thing and the Jews had their\nthing. I don't remember too much as a kid, except the reason I couldn't go to a\npublic school, or a city school, whatever they called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, or a government\nschool, whatever they called it. I had to go to a Hebrew school taught by--in\nthe village where we lived. As far as . . . I don't remember too much except my\nparents would say, \"We can't go here, we can't go there, we can't go here.\" And\nsometimes I asked why, and I was growing up real fast. I think I was older than\nI was. My brother . . . I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother who's five years younger than I am.\nJerry. In Jewish it's Yaakov. But in Polish, it was Adek. My name was Adek in\nPolish. And I don't know how Eddie came about. I really don't know. Anyway, I\ndon't remember too much, except my vivid, my biggest, my vivid memories are from\nthe time I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about eight years old, and then everything sort of piled in.\n\nKENT: Do you remember what your parents were like?\n\nKING: Yes, I do.\n\nKENT: Can you describe them a little bit?\n\nKING: Well, my father was a tailor, and here's the funny part. A lot of the\nPolish army people liked him to make their uniforms for them. Even though he was\na Jew, he was a good tailor, okay? And my mother took care of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. You\nknow, she didn't do anything, she raised us. She helped my father in his\nbusiness, in the tailor shop. He had a good, I guess he did well in the tailor\nbusiness, you know, in that business. He made all our clothes for us, my suits\nand things like that. And funny thing, he made my suits, when I got married, he\nmade a suit for me. But anyway, they lived a very quiet life. My mother's\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents and family were all in the United States here. It was mostly my father's\nfamily that was in Poland. And, it was just typical family. Got together on Yom\nKippur, on Rosh--It wasn't that big a place.\n\nKENT: It must have been unusual to have an American person in that kind of an\nenvironment. Were there many outsiders?\n\nKING: No, no. She was one of the few. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she lost her English language thing,\nbecause she spoke Yiddish mostly. Yiddish and Polish. Funny thing, when she came\nto the United States with us, she had an accent. That was the funny part about\nit. But she was a very brave woman. If it wasn't for her, we wouldn't be here today.\n\nKENT: Well, can you describe the Jewish part of your life and your community,\nwhat you remember in the early days?\n\nKING: Well, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember going to Hebrew school, or school, which was a Hebrew\nschool. Playing with other kids, soccer, things like that, or football. Nothing\nvery exciting. You know, typical six, seven-year-old kids, what six,\nseven-year-old kids do. My brother was a baby then, I guess. But my biggest\nthrill was going with my grandmother, helping her to sell laces. I used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put\nthem in a bag for people after they bought them. So, I had a lot of fun with\nthat. So, and then, the Sabbath was a day of rest. Nobody did anything on the\nSabbath, or Friday night on. So, it was a very quiet life, except for the few\npogroms and everything else, it was very quiet. I was never approached on the\nstreet. Oh, some kids were beaten up by some Poles . . . you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, it happened.\n\nKENT: Well how did you feel about the Polish people. Were you afraid, or\ncurious, or neutral?\n\nKING: I didn't like them. I really hated those people inside. And I didn't know\nwhy, really, except I saw them hit a couple of kids my age, and I was never\napproached, like I said. But I really hated them. And I never asked why they\nwere doing it. Well, I was six years old, maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven years old. I don't know. I\nwasn't that inquisitive then, so you just, like the other Jews in town, you ask,\nwhy didn't they do something about it? Well, you just didn't. I don't know why\nthey didn't, but you didn't, you know. I was, Jews wanted to stay out of the\nlimelight, let's put it this way. Like pogroms, they knew when they're going to\nhappen, but they never fought back about it. And of course, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"authorities\ndidn't mean anything either. So that's about all I recall.\n\nKENT: Do you remember when the war actually started in Poland?\n\nKING: Yes, that I remember very vividly, because then things started happening\nat last. We were in Warsaw. Wolomin is about a hundred miles from Warsaw. And we\nwent to see a relative that day, matter of fact it was September first. That I\nremember, it's in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind. And we were sitting having lunch or something like\nthat, and the bombs started falling. In those days they didn't worry so much\nabout killing civilians like they do today. I shouldn't have said that, right?\n\nKENT: They didn't have CNN then.\n\nKING: No, they didn't have CNN or anything like that. And the bombs started\nfalling with no notice. We were just sitting there, and people started screaming\nand running. And we hid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, there was a cemetery near there, for some reason, I\nthink, and my mother took us all out to the cemetery, because there were no\nbuildings there, figuring they won't bomb anything. That was her thinking. And\nafter everything quieted down that night or the next day, we went back to\nWolomin. And the next thing we knew, one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, the Germans came in . . . was\nmotorcycles, I remember. A lot of motorcycles came in--not just in our town, but\non the way to Warsaw, tanks, because we were like a suburb, they call it a\nsuburb today. And . . . we had no idea what's going to happen. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother knew a\nlittle bit; my father did too, because they used to have a crystal set. They\ndidn't have regular radios, it was called a crystal set. You put on the ear\nthings, and they knew all the stuff that was said about the Jews. They heard\nspeeches and things like that, and from the Poles too. And some Jews would say\nthe Poles are going to get theirs now, like a revenge thing. But I don't think\nthey realized what's going to happen to the Jews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And . . . it was very quiet\nafterwards, you know, Germans were there. The next thing . . . being that my\nmother knew, heard these things about Jews being killed and stuff like that, and\nthen taken away, she told my father and his brothers to leave Wolomin and try to\nget to Russia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, I don't know why we didn't go with my mother, because she\ntold the men to get out. Nobody knew what was going to happen. All at that time\nthat they heard was that the men were going to be picked up and sent to labor\ncamps. So, we were children and she was a woman, figuring everything's ok, I\nguess. I don't know, I'm not reading her mind, but for some reason, we didn't\ngo. My grandma didn't go. Just the men left. And my father and his brothers . .\n. his brothers didn't want to leave, so my father and one brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or one cousin,\nor something like that, left. And, I'm jumping the gun, but we didn't see them\nagain until 1946, so we didn't know what happened to them.\n\nKENT: At that time, what was Russia's image or reputation among the locals? Were\nthey good guys, bad guys?\n\nKING: Bad guys too, but they were better than the Nazis. Okay? At that time,\nthey were allies of Hitler, I think if I know my history a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit. They\ndivided Poland between them. But people weren't . . . one of my uncles would\nsay, \"Russia's great; I'm a Communist, they'll love me there.\" You know, he was\na Communist. I didn't know what a Communist meant then. But he said, \"Russia's\ngood, we're going to go to Russia.\" Okay. Which wasn't that far to go, I mean,\nit was the next . . . the border wasn't that far away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was the image of\nRussia, that's why everybody wanted to go to Russia, away from the Germans. It\nwas further east, I think it was east, I'm not sure. And it was safer. The thing\nthat really started me thinking about what we're into, at the age of eight--I\nwas eight years old then, when the war broke out, 1939. I think I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight,\n1931 to . . . yeah, eight years old. The Germans came around to confiscate all\nthe radios. And the reason I remember this and I'm going to tell you this . . .\nas a matter of fact I haven't been thinking about this very long, it just came\nto me now, believe it or not, a few minutes ago when we were talking about my\ngrandmother, who was blind on one eye for some reason. Her name was Sarah. I\nnever knew my grandfather, my father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. So, I don't think he was around,\nor died before I was born, or anything like that. I remember his cousins, his\nuncles, my uncles. Anyway, they came house to house, and I'm sure they did this\nin Polish areas too. In other words, they were confiscating all the radios, that\nwas the first thing they did. They came into your home and took the radios.\nWell, my grandmother went to get the radio. For some reason she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went. I don't\nknow why my mother didn't go. I don't know these things. And she was walking\nkind of slow, and they shot her right next to me, because she was walking too\nslow and bringing the stuff out too slow when they told her to hurry up. And\nthat was my first . . . I don't know the word. I don't know the word. I remember\nseeing it like I see it right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, and . . . I just remember that. I just\nremember that, and that stuck with me for a long time. Like I said, it's funny,\nI just thought of it when we started talking about my grandmother. I don't think\nI ever told anybody this. Anyway, and everything was pretty normal, you know,\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burned the synagogue. They burned all the books in the synagogue outside.\nThey made the Jews throw the books into the synagogue, the Torah. They didn't do\nit; they made the Jews do it. And again, nobody fought back, so . . . You\ncouldn't fight back with guns. But the rabbi had to throw the Torahs into the\nfire, and all the books, the Bible, you know, all the Bibles, and the siddurs,\nas they called them in Yiddish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, the Poles were sort of laughing at this.\nThey helped, they helped. It was like the day of reckoning. They figured the\nGermans will get rid of all the Jews in their town, or something like that.\nAgain, I'm saying that now. I didn't think of it then. But, they made us all\nwatch the books being burned. We had to go out in the square. These little towns\nhad squares like in the old days. Everybody had a square. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they made, they\ncut the rabbi's beard and his payes, I don't know if you know what payes is. And\nthey just ridiculed him and the other Jews while they were, while the books were\nburning, and the synagogue was burning.\n\nKENT: Do you remember how you felt in the middle of all that?\n\nKING: Yeah. I wasn't afraid. My . . . I had a lot of guts then, because after\nwhat happened to my grandmother, I was . . . I think I grew up or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. I\nreally don't know what happened. I had no fear in me. My mother was afraid for\nme, 'cause after a certain age, you're considered a man or something, I don't\nknow. And my brother was nothing, what was he, five years old? No, three years\nold. He was three years old. So, he was a kid. He started crying because of all\nthe noise, the racket, the shootings. They shot people. I mean, shot into the\nair. It was like a holiday. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, like the Fourth of July here with fire\ncrackers, except they were shooting guns into the air.\n\nKENT: Were your father and brother there or had they already left?\n\nKING: They already left. They left.\n\nKENT: Okay.\n\nKING: They left. Him and his brother left. And we had no idea where they were\ngoing to. They were trying to get to Russia. And . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know . . . how an\neight-year-old felt at that time. I felt I grew up a little bit. But I wasn't\nfrightened or anything. I had no fear in me. Maybe children don't have fear in\nthem, I don't know, I don't know.\n\nKENT: Did the Germans and so on, did they give out any instructions to the mob?\nLike, this is what you people need to start doing, anything like that?\n\nKING: I don't understand that.\n\nKENT: I mean, along with burning things and that, was there any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"message like\nwe're changing the rules now or anything like that . . .\n\nKING: . . . No, no, they didn't say anything like that. \"We're going to rid the\nworld of the Jews,\" and things like that were said, and the Poles were--some of\nthe Poles--I shouldn't say all of them. I really shouldn't say all of them,\nbecause I had some Polish friends, I shouldn't say all of them. They were sort\nof happy, because if you get rid of the Jews, they were told they would get the\nJewish properties. And most of the Poles at that time--I found this out later,\nmy mother told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me--were like Serbs. Serbs?\n\nKENT: Serfs?\n\nKING: Serfs. Is that the word? They worked for landlords in the fields, there\nwas no industry in our town. It wasn't a big city. So, for them it was a happy\ntime, I guess. The Jews still didn't believe what was going on, and nobody\nbelieved that anything was going to happen to the Jews. It was a temporary\npogrom, let's say. Something the Jews would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, don't worry, they would say to\nmy mother, \"Mary, don't worry about it; this is just temporary.\" Okay. And I\nremember hearing her told that. And, you know, there were beatings and stuff\nlike that, and arrests, and people were taken away.\n\nKENT: So, was it known at the time, there was a war actually happening?\n\nKING: . . . Yes, yes, we realized . . .\n\nKENT: . . . So, it wasn't just that that one village was being . . .\n\nKING: . . . No, no. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized this, because our relatives in Warsaw. We\ncouldn't communicate with them, but we were bombed and everything else,\neverybody knew, it was on the radio that Germany attacked Poland, and the war\nwas over in five days or something like that. It was like nothing. And . . .\n\nKENT: . . . So how did your lives continue day-to-day after that?\n\nKING: We just lived day to day. Food was scarce, but everybody had a garden or\nsomething like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. And they were allowed to--nobody took that away yet. And,\nyou stayed close to home, inside the house. You didn't go out anywhere. I guess\nwe were afraid to go out. Run into the Germans, you were afraid . . . You didn't\nknow what was going to happen.\n\nKENT: Were there any like, Jewish elders, or the main people in the village?\n\nKING: Yes, yes. And they weren't touched yet. They weren't touched yet. They did\nstart rounding up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men and picking them up. And they said it was for labor, they\nneeded workers . . . they did pick up men, because these people disappeared. It\nwas all women left after a while, and kids. And then you knew something was\ngoing on, but they did arrest them a lot of people. I guess you call it arrest,\npicked up a lot of men and took them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. And young boys too . . . I mean,\nyoung men, I guess, were taken away.\n\nKENT: How was your mom able to keep everything going without your father, and\nyou know, his income?\n\nKING: There was no income. The money stopped the day they bombed Poland. You\nlived from day to day. You grew your vegetables, stuff like that. We ate a lot\nof potatoes and onions and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radishes . . . that we grew. There was no meat,\nbecause the meat had to be kosher, and we couldn't slaughter a chicken or\nsomething like the Poles did. So, it was like a vegetable diet. We became vegetarians.\n\nKENT: Was there any option for you guys to go to Russia also? Or was that . . .\n\nKING: . . . No, at that time, by that time. My mother never thought of it.\nReally . . . she used to say, \"I'm an American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizen,\" she used to say to the\nGermans, \"and you shouldn't be able to touch me.\" She had a big mouth sometimes.\nAnd of course, they didn't pay attention to that. She thought it would save us,\nbecause she was never married in Polish. She never had a Polish certificate. So,\nshe only had a . . . she was still considered American, believe it or not,\nbecause she was never married in a regular form, or something like that. So, she\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, being that she's American, she was a young woman when she went to\nPoland . . . it would save her or something like that, because everybody always\nrespected Americans. So, you just stayed to yourself, I mean. This went on for\nquite a while, and then they started picking up Jews in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trucks. And they always\ndid it early in the morning or during the night. I don't know why. During the\nnight, was a big thing in the middle of the night, always I guess for fighting\npeople, I don't know. And they put people on trucks, and they shipped us off,\nwhich . . . later was known as the Warsaw Ghetto. We didn't call it the Warsaw\nGhetto at the time until we knew what was going on.\n\nKENT: Do you know about when that was?\n\nKING: I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recall. Maybe 1940.\n\nKENT: Do you know what season?\n\nKING: Well, it was September when the war broke out, so it was wintertime. The\nsnow was falling already. Maybe it was summertime. I'm not sure, I'm not sure.\n\nKENT: Sometime in 1940.\n\nKING: Yeah.\n\nKENT: Ok.\n\nKING: And we were shipped to this area, which like I said, later on they called\nit the Warsaw Ghetto, but at that time, it was just part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw. And, oh, I\ngot to tell you something interesting, if I may leave this alone a minute.\nThere's a restaurant here, Eclipse de Luna, and one of the waitresses there is\nfrom Poland. And, lo and behold, her parents, her grandparents, they were from\nWolomin. She visited there, she says it's a city of 500,000 people now, and she\ngave me some CDs, or videos, I have them. Anyway, I got off the track, and she\ncalls, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"call where the Ghetto was . . . they call that \"the old city.\" You\nknow, because Warsaw's now a new city. Where the Jews were taken is called now\nthe old city. Don't ask me why. That's what she called it. Anyway, we're taken\nthere, and people were just put into buildings, you know. I don't know how many\npeople lived in a building before we got there, but there was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room for the\npeople they put into these buildings. And, it was the Jewish part of Warsaw,\nthough. I know that, because Warsaw also had a little ghetto area. Everything\nhad a ghetto area in those days in old countries, I guess. Because there were\nJewish shops at that time, which were closed, things like that. So, I guess this\nwas the Jewish part of Warsaw that they made into this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area. And they brought\nJews, from what I understand later on, from all over Poland. Because at that\ntime, they weren't shipping off to concentration camps. They shot a lot of\npeople on sight, and I saw quite a few people shot. Well, I'm not the only one\nthat saw it. He did that, like you light up a cigarette or something, like that.\n\nKENT: How did all this affect your mom?\n\nKING: My mom was very brave. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to shield us. She says, \"It'll be ok,\nit'll be ok.\" She was a very strong woman. And I sort of grew up at that time. I\nsay that, I don't know how I grew up. I did a lot of things that a man would do,\nyou know. I stole bread, things like that, and I didn't feel any conscience\nabout that. It was to feed our family and things like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. But anyway, we\nrealized now we're in a . . . then they made the Jews build a wall around that\narea, because I did that. I used to pick up bricks. They had everybody work. My\nbrother didn't. He was three years old, like I said, but I remember picking up\nbricks and handing it to the people that, whatever they do, make a wall, cement\nor something like that. And I was picking up bricks. All the kids were doing\nthat, and the men. And the women and men--there was a lot of men there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too from\nthe different places. Unlike in our village, where the men were gone, here was a\nlot of men and boys and families. Families from different parts of Poland. And\nthen we realized what was happening. Jews sometimes . . . my mother used to say\nJews sometimes don't realize what's happening to them or something like that.\nThey always think it's going to pass, or something, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. And anyway,\nthis went on. Now there was a ghetto. I don't know where the word ghetto came\nfrom, I don't know where the word ghetto comes from, think it's an American\nword. I don't know what they called it then in Polish or Yiddish. Gabina, or\nsomething they called it, something like that. In other words, it was a secluded\narea, or something like that.\n\nKENT: Did you stay in the same apartment the whole time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or did you move around?\n\nKING: No, just in the same place, but with a million people; it wasn't just us.\nI mean, I don't know how many people. You slept on the floor, there was no\nfurniture. I mean, the only furniture that was there was from the people that\nwere arrested from that apartment, or stayed there, rather, because there were\npeople moved in with them. You know, they just piled people into different\nplaces. And really, they didn't tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you where to sleep or anything like that,\nyou just had to find your own place. They just put you into that building and\nthat was it. And . . . they didn't ship anybody off, like I said, there were shootings.\n\nKENT: Did you have like a best friend or anything like that?\n\nKING: No, no, no. Everybody sort of kept to themselves. I stayed a lot with\nolder people, with older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adults, men. Don't ask me why, okay. That's what, I\nremember this guy Sevek, Steven he was called, and I don't know how old he was.\nHe was an older man, but I was eight years old, so everybody was older. And he\nbefriended me. He was a barber or something like that.\n\nKENT: At that point ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was there any official information coming in as to what was\ngoing on, or what you people can expect or anything like that?\n\nKING: No, not what we can expect. We were told, edicts came out. Is the word edicts?\n\nKENT: Yeah.\n\nKING: Edicts came out from the Germans that we are not allowed to go cross the\ngate into Warsaw . . . into the other part of Warsaw, I'm sorry. And there was a\ncurfew . . . There was no electricity. There wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"electricity really because\nthey cut everything off. People had candles, I guess, or something like that. I\ndon't remember that. Because as soon as it got dark, it got dark. And people\ncouldn't go on the street after this hour. And really, you didn't want to go out\non the street. You went out on the street, you saw people laying there starving\nand dead, you know, in the morning . . . you always found a lot of dead people\nin the morning. And they made the Jews take them away. Sevek . . . that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why I\nremember him. I wanted to go with him one time, out, and he says, \"No, you don't\nwant to do this.\" Because his job was picking up the bodies and putting them in\na wagon, like a push wagon, not with a horse or anything like that. Because\npeople died of starvation, shootings, disease, I mean typhoid. I didn't know\nwhat was going on. I think about that now. I didn't know the words then. Okay?\nAnd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so . . . but I saw it anyway. I went out and saw it, and you weren't allowed\nto go outside the gate and stuff like that. But a lot of the kids, this I do\nremember, were asked by some people . . . one group . . . Sevek told me this,\nthey were asked if they could smuggle in guns and things like that. I don't know\nwhether they did that or not, I really don't know. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yeah, later on in history\nthey did it. I wasn't there anymore I guess, when they had the Warsaw Uprising.\nBut I snuck--I found a hole in the gate, because there was no food really,\npeople were starving. I think my mother was like sixty pounds or something like\nthat, she was a skinny woman. It was just me, my mother and my brother, that's\nit. All the other relatives we never saw again. When we left Wolomin they didn't\ncome to us, they didn't come with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to Warsaw. We really don't know what\nhappened to them. You know, my uncles and my grandmother's relatives. We really\ndidn't know what happened. It was just the three of us. And I found a little\nhole in the fence there, and I used to crawl out at night--my mother would be\nhysterical for me--and I used to crawl out at night to steal bread and what I\ncould find in the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side of Warsaw. And if you were caught, you'd get shot.\nWell, I'm here, so I never got caught, so . . .\n\nKENT: . . . Were you wearing a yellow star, or how would people know who you were?\n\nKING: Yes . . . the star was on now. It was on in the village too, by the way.\nYou reminded me of that.\n\nKENT: So, you couldn't fake your way . . .\n\nKING: . . . But it was late at night, and I took my . . . I didn't wear it, I\ntook it off. It was cold, I remember, it was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold. And my hands were numb,\nlike I guess you would call it frostbite today, I don't know. You don't think of\nit. And my only goal was to get some food. And I figured out how to do it. I\ndidn't tell anybody about it. I didn't even tell Sevek about it. I didn't tell\nanybody, because you never know who was going to say something, and of course,\nif they found out, I wouldn't be here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today. But I did that for quite some time.\nFor quite some time . . . this is before they started shipping Jews off to\nAuschwitz and places like that. They did start picking up people and shipping\nthem out, because the ghetto became overcrowded. And disease and everything\nelse. But . . .\n\nKENT: . . . Do you know if your mom ever have any contact with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatives in America?\n\nKING: Yeah, well, I'm getting . . .\n\nKENT: . . . Oh, okay . . .\n\nKING: . . . I'm getting to that. You just reminded me. I'm a little slow with\nthis. It's been a long time since I talked this much about this. Usually I used\nto say that I was born in Poland and the war was there, you know. She tried to\nsee somebody in charge, saying she was an American citizen, because America was\nnot at war at that time. And again, that's history, I didn't know it at the\ntime. It didn't even dawn on me, but it dawned on her. She says, \"I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American,\nand I shouldn't be here,\" things like that. And everybody looked out for\nthemselves, so it was not a derogatory thing against other Jews. Everybody\nwanted to save their hide. Some people bribed people to get, and anyway . . .\nAnyway, somehow, and I don't remember all the details, I really don't, the\nGermans let us out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto. They let us go. And when I say they let\nus go, we made our way towards Russia. We couldn't want to stay in Poland, we\ndidn't want to stay. Somehow my mother got us out of there. It was a form of\nescape, I think. I don't know exactly, I call it an escape. And we made our way\nto Russia. And we were on the border near a city called Bialystok, which was\noccupied by the Russians. Used to be part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland, I guess. Now, again, I know\nthis know, I didn't know it then. And we were sort of on the Polish-Russian\nborder . . . we had no contact with anybody here. The only person we had here,\nseveral relatives, but once I got here . . . well I'm getting . . . jumping the\ngun. But no, there was no writing, letter writing, phone calls. I don't think\nthere was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phones.\n\nKENT: How long were you in the Ghetto before moving on?\n\nKING: Oh, maybe about six, seven months, almost a year. Not quite sure. I think\nit was 1940 when we got out of there, somewhere around that time, because I was\nclose to nine years old, I think my mother told me, and my brother was four\nyears old. Anyway, so we made our way to Russia, not by train or anything. I\ndon't know, we walked or something. Nobody gave you a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lift. And the Poles didn't\nhelp you any. As a matter of fact, they used to say, the Poles used to say to\npeople that they knew were Jews, \"I'll hide you if you pay us some money.\" But\nwhat they really did, once the people took them up on it, they'd turn them over\nto the Germans. There was a reward or something like that. My mother never would\nlet me, let us go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. So, we made our way, and we're sitting on this\nso-called border, which was like a forest, you know, it was a forest. And I\nthink it was in June. It was hot and cold, I don't remember, okay. Maybe\nSeptember again. I don't know. And we were sitting there for quite some time,\nalmost a month, because the Russians wouldn't let us in. They wouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open the\nborder, whatever you call it, they wouldn't let us in . . . anyway, so we were\nreally on the German side still. And there were not only Jews there, there were\na lot of people there. Poles, I'm sure were there, and other people from\ndifferent parts of Europe, or eastern Europe were there. Everybody's trying to\nget to Russia, because that was the place where you'd be safe. Word of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mouth,\nyou'd be safe in Russia, because the Communists are good people, they won't kill\nyou, you know, that kind of thing. And a lot of Communists are Jews, you know,\nthings like that. Wasn't true, but maybe it was, I don't know. Anyway, we made\nour way there, and tragic things happened there, and these things I remembered\nalways, and I even told my kids about it. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about eight years old,\neight-and-a-half, nine years old, I forgot, somewhere in there. And the Germans\nused to come around and bully you a little bit on their side, but this I\nremember, just like my grandmother's shooting I remember. Certain things you\nremember, I guess. And, these Germans came around, these German soldiers came\naround giving out candy to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, and my brother couldn't wait. He ran after\nthe soldiers for more candy. He didn't know what was going on. And next to us\nthere was this mother and daughter, who we knew. My mother knew them, the mother\nfrom somewhere, I don't recall now where. It was just coincidence that we were\nthere. And she was sitting like you're sitting next to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. This is the second\ntime I saw somebody shot. The first time, I mean, next to me. I saw people shot,\nbut not that close like my grandmother or these people. And he gives this little\ngirl a candy bar, and, I remember this because it happened. Then he comes back,\nhe shoots them both. The girl and the mother. Why? But you know what my brother\ndid? My four-year-old or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three-year-old brother? He ran over there to see if\nthey left some candy. It shows you, I don't know if I'm explaining that right.\nMy mother said, \"Don't go there,\" you know, but he went there to get candy. And\nI remember this, because my mother even reinforced it in me later on in years.\nThe German soldier picked the little girl's partially eaten candy and gave it to\nJerry. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he, you know . . . that, that was . . .\n\nKENT: So even though you were all told, \"Get out of Warsaw, go away\" in a sense\nyou were still . . .\n\nKING: . . . Prisoners.\n\nKENT: Prisoners.\n\nKING: And then finally the Russians opened up the border. We went to the city of\nBialystok, and we found a place to sleep, get some food. There were other Jews\nthere and they helped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us out . . . Where we could sleep in a hallway. You know,\nit wasn't . . . they didn't have a bedroom for us. And somebody told my mother .\n. . and of course this she told me, I wasn't in on the conversation, that being\nthat she's an American, she ought to make her way to Moscow and to see the\nAmerican Embassy. Because she had no papers, you know, there were no papers, and\nmaybe the American Embassy could help her find her relatives in the United\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States and get us to the U.S. So, my mother--and I just remembered this now,\nisn't that funny? I just remembered this now. Oh, God . . . had a couple of\ndiamonds . . . that she hid in her vagina. I'm sorry if I'm saying that. I just\nremembered this now. Isn't that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funny? Because they used to search you all the\ntime, and some people they undressed naked, for God's sake, to look for stuff.\nAnd somehow these little diamonds, whatever the worth were, got us on a train to\nMoscow. And in Moscow, again, we stayed with some people. You know they let us\nstay there, some Jews let us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay there. No, there was a Jewish organization,\nthat's right. I don't know what . . . HIAS it's called, or something. And they\nlet us stay there, and it didn't happen right away, it was over a period of\ntime. And it was really stupid. It was near the Red Square, my brother and I--I\ntook my brother, and we went walking, and I went to see Lenin's tomb and things\nlike there was nothing going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, like we're going for a little walk. Like\neverything else went out of my mind. Yeah, \"I'm going to take Jerry, Mom, I'm\ngoing to take him for a walk.\" Or something. And she said, \"Don't go, don't go.\"\nAnd I said, \"Come on.\" And she finally got a meeting with . . . she went to the\nAmerican Consul and left us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alone. And when she came out, and again, this I'm\ntold from my mother, I wasn't there . . . I'm sorry, I took a break here. When I\n. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, when she came out of the Embassy, or Consul, whatever it was . . .\nshe was coming back to see us. Well, she was arrested by the Russians on the\nstreet . . . she was a Jew, she was coming out of the American Consul, though we\nwere out. There was no war yet with America yet, I don't think, so. And they\nwere still allies with Germany. Wait, this was 1941, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't remember, was\nHitler? . . . No, Germany didn't invade Russia yet, so it had to be before June\n1941 . . . Anyway, they arrested her. The Russians arrested her, she told us.\nAnd we didn't see her. And here we are, my brother and I alone, okay? And then\nthey came and arrested the people we were staying with, but they didn't . . . we\nwere out in the street or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someplace. They didn't pick us up, me and my brother,\nJerry. I don't know why they--I really don't know, I know we didn't get arrested\nor picked up or anything like that. And then a little while later, it may have\nbeen a month, a week, a day, I really don't remember that, okay? They came to\nget me and Jerry. And again, I stole a lot of food while I was staying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there\nwith my mother gone. I used to go into, it sounds terrible . . . there was a big\nhotel next to Red Square. I remember that like, just reminded me of these\nthings. I haven't talked about this for a long time. And you know what I used to\ndo? Walk in the hallways with my brother and see if anybody left over some food,\nlike from a room service. That was my idea, and we had a lot of food to maintain\nus a little bit. Anyway, they came to pick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us up. They didn't particularly know\nwho we were, they just saw some extra people around. There weren't supposed to\nbe any people there, so they picked us up. And they took us to a train station.\n\nKENT: What language did you speak at that time?\n\nKING: I spoke Polish, Russian, German.\n\nKENT: Oh, you know Russian too? . . .\n\nKING: . . . Yiddish. Kids pick up languages real, not fluently I don't think,\nbut I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manage. I think I managed, I don't know. I managed a little bit. I\nspoke, you know when I say I spoke, I wasn't fluent, I could get by from what I\nheard. And they took us to this train station, and we didn't know what was\nhappening. There were other kids there, and people there. Not just kids, people\nthere. Not just Jews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, we didn't know where we're going. I don't know why\nJews never ask questions where they're going, I swear to God, I don't know why.\nI ask a lot of questions now. Anyway, and they're putting us into these cattle\ntrains, or freight trains, not cattle trains, I'm sorry. And people are being\npiled in, and all of a sudden, I hear somebody yelling, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Adek.\" \"Avrum,\" and\nreal loud. It was real loud. It was my mother. She was a couple of freight cars\ndown from where we were being loaded into. And they wouldn't let us out of the\nline to where we were being loaded like cattle, but I forced my way through the\ncrowd, and I ran towards the voice. I didn't know where she was. And sure\nenough, she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was already locked into the freight train. She was already locked\nin, but there were slats and I could see her face a little bit, and she was\ntalking to us. Well, believe it or not, some miracle happened, I don't know,\nthis Russian soldier, you know things happen. I'm sure German soldiers like that\nGerman soldier that shot that kid and his mother didn't shoot us. I don't know.\nAs a matter of fact, my mother said something to me, going back on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, I'm\nsorry I'm going back . . . he said to her in German that the Russians wouldn't\nbe any better than the Germans, or something like that, this soldier said.\nAnyway, so here's my brother and I, and these trains where my mother are,\nis--that's terrible English--are already locked . . . the freight cars . . . And\nthis Russian soldier . . . I was yelling, \"Mama, Mama,\" and Jerry was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crying,\nI'm sure. And she was yelling, \"Adek, Adek, Avrum,\" and I didn't know what she\nwanted me to do. But this Russian soldier that was on guard there, somehow they\ndidn't have locks on them, they just had latches. Opened up the latch and pushed\nus in to that car. Pushed us into that car, me and my brother. And from that\ntime on, I'm going to tell you something, my mother became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious. I swear.\nWe were ordinary Jews in Poland, not Orthodox like most Jews were. Observed the\nSabbath and things like that. But she became super Orthodox after this, when we\ncame to the United States. And I found out what made her Orthodox, that somehow,\nwe were saved by some . . . miracle. And we were on that freight train for about\ntwo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. And our destination was Siberia. They shipped a lot of Jews that they\nhad on hand into labor camps in Siberia, the Russians.\n\nKENT: What was life like in the train for two weeks?\n\nKING: Very difficult. The only time when we stopped is when they would give us\nsome water and some black bread. And the black bread smelled like kerosene, like\nit was from the kerosene truck. I remember that like today. And there was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease, people were sick. People made in cans, and when we stopped somewhere\nonce in a while, the cans would be thrown out. It was bad. It was a stronger\nthing there. It was awful. I mean, I don't know if I realized . . . it was bad.\nI mean I realized it was bad, for an eight-year-old, nine-year-old, I realized\nhow bad it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, and people would be doing their business in cans and stuff like\nthat. And people died in the train. You know, from hunger. Older people just\ndied there, and they laid there until the next stop for water or something, or\nthe next stop that the train had to stop for coal or water. I don't know how\nthey were powered in those days. I guess by coal or something. And then they\nwould come around, and if there were any dead people, they would just shove them\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. They didn't change, make sanitary conditions better. The Jews . . . the\npeople in the train would get permission to throw out the stuff that people--I\ndon't know a nice word for it . . . but the dead people . . . because people\ndied. People died right in the train. They never got to Siberia alive. I guess a\nlot of people did. There was a bunch in our freight car. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, older people,\nthey just lay there, and they died.\n\nKENT: Did you start to get used to death or was it always kind of a horrible thing?\n\nKING: No, I wasn't afraid of it anymore. You sort of got used to it, and a funny\nthing is, somebody asked me this a few years ago . . . oh, when I was in this\ncountry, let's see, when I was in . . . I forgot when this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened . . . I\nnever used to question a lot. You know, whatever is happening is happening. You\ndidn't say, \"Why is this happening? What can I do?\" You thought about things.\nThe only thing I used to think about is sneaking out and getting bread. You\nknow, food. But you didn't question anything. \"Why is this person being shot?\nWhy is this happening? Why did this person die?\" You didn't question anything.\nYou just said, or you thought, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe, you're not it. I don't know, I don't know.\nBut death was all around you and there was no big deal, there was no big deal.\nSomebody died, and they had a coat on, people would take their coat off and use\nit for something, like robbing the dead or something. It didn't matter. It\ndidn't matter.\n\nKENT: I'm just curious, do you know if the more Orthodox Jews had any different\nattitude about death ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the somewhat more secular ones?\n\nKING: I don't know. I really don't know. I never talked to any about it.\n\nKENT: Oh, just wondering.\n\nKING: I don't know. I wasn't into . . . privy . . . I don't think an Orthodox\nJew would talk to an eight-year-old kid about life, okay?\n\nKENT: Okay.\n\nKING: And I don't know. My mother used to tell me that they all thought it was\ngoing to be over, or something like that. I don't know what, I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't. I\nreally don't.\n\nKENT: Okay. So, after a couple of weeks you finally got to Siberia?\n\nKING: Well, we didn't know it was Siberia.\n\nKENT: And what season was that?\n\nKING: This was wintertime.\n\nKENT: Okay, and probably the end of 1940?\n\nKING: Somewhere around there. It was cold. And whatever shoes you had, and\nwhatever clothes you had, that was it. Okay. And when we got off the train, they\nseparated the kids, the women and the men, just like the Germans used to do. And\nwe had no idea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why, and nobody asked why, again. Nobody asked questions. And I\nchanged that in life, because now I ask a lot of questions. We were taken, they\nwalked the people to this barrack, and this barrack, and this barrack, and we\nwere put in different places, and never told what to do. Just \"Go in here, go in\nhere, go in here.\" And they gave us some fish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soup I remember. I don't eat fish\ntill this day. Raw fish soup with potatoes. Was boiled fish, you know, like with\npotatoes in a big pot, and they gave people that to eat.\n\nKENT: Is there a reason why you don't eat fish?\n\nKING: That's the reason, I think.\n\nKENT: Sushi?\n\nKING: For a year I had that. For a year. Anyway, sushi I guess, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway,\nthey separated everybody, and I didn't know where my other was, by the way, and\nshe didn't know where we were right away.\n\nKENT: It was like one big camp with different barracks?\n\nKING: Different barracks. It's a labor camp. A gulag they used to call it. You\nhave political prisoners there. You have, not just Jews, everybody, you know,\nwhoever Stalin sent to Siberia was there. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess it was one of the camps in\nSiberia. I'm sure there were millions of them, or thousands of them. And I found\nout later, well, not too much later, I found where my mother was, and the kids .\n. . they did something very peculiar with us. They put us into sort of a school.\nWe still had to work, but they put us into sort of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, and I have a\npicture of it. My mother had a . . . they gave us sort of like a graduation\npicture or something, I don't know what it was. My other had a little picture of\nit and I blew it up, and I have it. Me and my brother in the school, with\nLenin's picture and all that stuff. And they didn't treat us very nice, because\nif you spoke anything other than Russian, you got the heck beat out of you. You\nhad to speak nothing but Russian. And all day long they were talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about\nindoctrination, you know, Communism. And we still had to work. My mother, in the\nsummer, in the wintertime, worked in the coal mine. They had coal mines there.\nAnd in the summertime, she cut trees and put them on--no, wait a minute. They\ndid that in the wintertime. In the summertime she worked in the coal mine. In\nthe wintertime she would cut trees, and they would put them on the ice, so when\nthe ice melted in the summertime, the logs would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go down river, or something,\nwherever they went. I don't know. They put them all on ice. And the kids' job\nwas to pick, to go around and pick up loose pieces of coal, or pick radishes, or\nonions. You know, we worked too. So, in between working, indoctrination, it was\na full day. Again, I was very ornery. I ran out a couple of times, because all\nof a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sudden, we had extra food, and I found out what barrack my mother was in.\nAnd I snuck out at night, because I hid the food, and I brought it to her. I got\ncaught twice, and the second time, they stuck a poker in my leg, a hot poker,\nright in my thigh. To this day the thigh hurts. And there was no doctors, just\nlaid in the snow till you got better, I guess. Because that was my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second time\nbeing caught. So, I got whipped a little bit, but second time, this bitch--oh,\nI'm sorry, I shouldn't say that--I got a picture of her. She's in that picture.\nStuck a hot poker right . . . into my thigh. And of course, I didn't run very\nwell after that, for awhile. And I was punished pretty heavily, you know. They\ntook the food away from me a couple of days, and I got whipped, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pokered. I\nwas reprimanded pretty good in front of all the other people, I front of all the\nother people, that I did this terrible thing. I was like an example, I guess, I\ndon't know. People were beaten and stuff like that. You know, people were shot\nthere too. But the Russians didn't shoot you right away. They worked you to\ndeath. One thing about the Russians, they didn't gas you, they didn't shoot you;\nthey beat you a little bit, but you worked so long until you died with lack of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food. Because everybody was like skeletons.\n\nKENT: Do you know if the Jews were treated any differently than anybody else?\n\nKING: No.\n\nKENT: Okay.\n\nKING: Everybody there was treated the same. As a matter of fact, my mother told\nme later on, or somebody told me later on, that guards or people that worked\nwith you there, the guards let's say, were prisoners themselves. You know,\nSiberia was the hellhole of Russia, I guess if somebody did something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad, they\nwere sent to Siberia. My mother said at one time that she was with somebody who\nwas a professor or a teacher, or something like that . . . it might have been a\nteacher, because they used to call teachers professors in those days. So, you\nhad everybody there, Jews and non-Jews. And it didn't matter, everybody was a\nprisoner. And they treated everybody the same. You got a few beatings, if you\ndidn't work fast enough, like everything else. But the kids were treated in a\nfunny way, like I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said. I was in school, I had to go and pick up these different\nthings . . . If I wasn't sneaking out or anything like that, they never would\nhave touched me.\n\nKENT: Is there any information at all coming in from outside that camp?\n\nKING: No.\n\nKENT: You didn't know anything about the war or anything else?\n\nKING: Well, we knew there was a war, yeah. But we didn't know that at that time\nRussia was fighting Germany. I knew that later on in history. But, life, it's\nfunny, the biggest thrill was waking up in the morning alive, or getting a\nradish to eat, or a boiled potato, or a piece of fish to eat. That was the big\nthrill of the time. The only thing I remember one time--and I have a picture of\nit--some authorities came. I was told later by my mother, that it was the\nInternational Red ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cross or something. And they put a special uniform on us. We\ntook a picture of it. Like, we looked very good. We looked very good. They even\nhad handed me a soccer ball to hold. I have the picture of it, because they took\npictures of it. And how my mother had these things I'll never know, okay? When\nshe passed away, I found these little pictures, and I have them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, that\nwas it, I guess, you know . . .\n\nKENT: Well, was there any kind of a community life possible there?\n\nKING: No, no. Everybody, either they mistrusted . . . you just were happy you\nwere . . . you had a few friends you make in the same barracks, I guess. My\nmother had this lady friend I told you about, who was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professor or teacher, or\nsomething like that. I remember her. A little blonde lady. A very short, little\nblonde woman. I don't know how she ever picked up, or dug coal, or chopped\ntrees. I mean, she was so frail. But old people--when I say old, I'm\nseventy-eight now--when I say old at that time, I guess to a kid forty years old\nis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, but old people were chopping trees and working coal. I don't know how\nold my mother was at that time, I really don't know, I don't remember. But no,\nthere was no community life. People kept to themselves except for very trusted\nfriends, because you never knew . . . who was who and what was what. People were\nafraid, I think. And you thought about food, nothing else . . . I mean, not for\nfood . . . you thought about staying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. Because like I said, they didn't\nshoot you or something like that, but they just worked you to death or punished\nyou for something.\n\nKENT: Who took care of your brother?\n\nKING: I did.\n\nKENT: So, he was like four at the time, something like that?\n\nKING: Three or four, three-and-a-half to four. I took care of him. Matter of\nfact it goes into the United States too. I took care of him, made sure he had\neverything. I was like his father since the age of four. I mean, his age of\nfour. And it happened I took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care of him when we came to the United States, too.\nSo anyway, we're in Siberia for about a year, I think, about a year. And I don't\nknow if you know this or not, or the Breman Center knows this, maybe they do\nknow this, the Japanese consul came to Siberia, to our camp. I shouldn't say\nSiberia, to our camp. Japanese people. As a matter of fact, I didn't know this\nuntil years later when I came to the United States--who these people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. And\nthere's a video out. The Japanese wanted to take all the Jews and send them to\nManchuria. They would take all the Jews off the Russians' hands and the Germans'\nhands. The Germans didn't cooperate. I know this from later on, maybe the Breman\nCenter knows this too. But this Japanese consul, or politician or consul,\nambassador, or whatever you call him . . . was with this group in the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And\nthey were trying to make arrangements for a certain amount of Jews to leave and\nbe brought to Japan. We didn't know for what purpose at that time . . . and they\nleft. They talked to a lot of people. They didn't talk to the kids; they talked\nmostly to adults, I guess. And they were interested in, from what my mother told\nme, in professionals, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teachers, scientists. I mean everybody was there. I mean,\nif you were a teacher, a scientist, or a writer, it didn't matter to the Germans\nor the Russians, I mean . . . you were just a slave. You could be the most . . .\nyour education level was so above the people that guarded you; it didn't matter,\nyou were just a slave. So, they wanted a lot of professional people. This is to\ntry and get out. Well, time went by, again, I don't know how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long, it was a\nwhile, and a day came. Oh yeah, my mother did tell them through an interpreter,\nbecause she spoke Yiddish and Polish and Russian, that she's an American and she\nhas this sister and family in New York . . . and she did tell them that, which\ndid come in handy later. She didn't know what they would do with it. You can't\nenvision telling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody, \"If you ever go to New York, tell somebody,\" you\nknow. Like people say, \"You're from Atlanta. Oh, do you know so-and-so,\" you\nknow. Anyway, she had told them that. Well, a little while later, and I don't\nknow how long it was. It was close to 1941, I think. People came, and they got\nme and my brother and a lot of other kids out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks and told us,\n\"We're going to go with these people.\" You know, on a truck . . . it wasn't a\ntruck. It was a truck that had sleds on it, like skis on it . . . they call them\ndroshkies, or something like that. Because there was snow, you know. And they\nput us on this thing. My mother they wouldn't let go. They wouldn't let her go\nout, because she was not a scientist, she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not anybody. And I didn't want to\nleave . . . I was hysterical, I remember that, and so was my mother. But we\nleft. My brother and I were taken. Not my mother. And maybe it was a mistake,\nbecause I don't think they were that cruel, the Japanese . . . towards the Jews.\nAnd there's history between the Japanese and the Jews I found out later, too.\nPeople told me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the Russian-Japanese war, the Jews were very friendly to\nJapan. They lent them money for the war when banks wouldn't do it, so they\nbecame friendly to the Jews. You could look it up in history books, I guess. And\nwe were taken, and we went to Vladivostok. It's a seaport city in Siberia, and\nfrom there we were taken to Kobe and Yokohama. So, it's me and my brother and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nmillion other people . . . there, a lot of Jews were taken to Manchuria. They\nwanted to build a Jewish . . . not a homeland, but they felt these people are so\nsmart, they're going to help us. I don't know if that makes sense or not. Read\nthis in history. And this consul, by the way, and I have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"video, there's a\nvideo on it that was shown on PBS. This part was shown on PBS, where he saved a\nlot of Jews, and he saved some from Germany too, by the way. Not just from\nRussia. And Russia was easier, because Siberia was next to Japan,\ngeography-wise. And they honored him. Nobody knew about him, and they honored\nhim years later in Israel. They built a thing for him. But there is a video out\non ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him.\n\nEINSTEIN: Eddie, are you talking about Sugihara?\n\nKING: Yeah. Yes, yes, I'm sorry, I don't know the name. I have the video here\nsomewhere. My wife knows where it is, because she bought it for me, when we saw\nit on PBS, I said, \"My God, this is the guy that took us to Japan.\" I mean, just\ncrazy how that happens, right? So anyway, we're in Japan, in Yokohama or Kobe, I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think Yokohama, because we went from Vladivostok to Kobe to Yokohama, something\nlike that, which was a seaport, I guess. And somehow again, that time I said,\n\"My mother's an American.\" I talked to . . . you know, they talked to you. And\nwe're all alone here, with my brother, with other kids too, but I said, \"My\nmother's an American. She's in Siberia now. She didn't come with us, and we want\nto try to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to America. We have an aunt living in New York.\" I remembered the\naunt, because my mother used to talk--my aunt was an actress on the Yiddish\nstage in New York. Her name was Jean Hassmann, and I remembered her name because\nmy mother always talked more about her than anybody else. And somehow, instead\nof being shipped to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manchuria, we were put on a boat in 1941 to Seattle,\nWashington. We weren't shipped . . . to Manchuria. And there was a congressman,\nI found out later, his name was Emanuel Celler . . . was a congressman in\nBrooklyn that my aunt made friends with, and he was influential somehow getting\nhis word to the American Embassy in Japan, or someplace like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, to get us to\nAmerica, me and my brother. So, we were on this ship for two weeks to Seattle,\nWashington. And all the Japanese spoke English, I swear to God. I learned how to\nspeak English on that ship for two weeks. And we landed in Seattle, Washington,\nand we knew where we were going. We went on a train to New York. It took about\nten days in those days, I guess. I don't know how long it takes now. And we met\nour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aunt and a few other relatives. And the relatives were old already. Most of\nthem passed away, you know. So, she was the only one really left. She was the\nonly one left, I think. I had an uncle . . . she was never married, Jean . . . I\nhad an uncle that lived in Canada. He came from Canada to see us. Something, I\nremember a little bit about it what my mother told me later, Jean told me later\non in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. And we went to New York and we lived with Jean for a while. And I\nwent to work right away when I was ten years old. By that time, I was ten years\nold, and Jerry was five. I still took care of him. I used to make him supper,\ntake him to Hebrew school. She enrolled us in public school. They put me into\nfirst grade and then they skipped me. But then, Jean started working with this\nEmanuel Celler, to get my mother here. And that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took a year or two, it took a\nwhile. But finally, she also came to Seattle, Washington, and I don't know why\nwe didn't go to Seattle to meet her. Maybe we didn't have the money. I know we\nwere pretty . . . we lived in a cold water flat. There was no heat, unless you\nboiled the water--it was fifteen dollars a month, because I used to make fifteen\ndollars a week working in a cafeteria, or selling jewelry on the street, or you\nknow, hustling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere. Always trying to make some money to support everybody,\nbecause her stage work wasn't every day of the week. She was pretty poor too,\nlike other actors, I guess.\n\nKENT: What was your impression of being in America in the beginning?\n\nKING: I didn't think of it, I didn't think of it. It's funny. I tried to work,\nbecause I was used to working. My mother used to say that to me. And my wife now\nsays to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, \"You're used to working; that's why you did it.\" And to me, it was I\ngot to work. I got to take care of Jerry, so that was like a continuation of\nworking . . . The only thing I saw different, I walked to school by myself, and\nmy brother stayed at home by himself . . . or with Jean if she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there,\nbecause she tried to work at acting work. She didn't do anything else. And I was\nable to walk, and I saw kids playing ball in the streets, and cars, and it\ndidn't dawn on me, I knew it was America, I knew that, but it didn't dawn on me\nwhy these things were happening. I wasn't that bright yet, I guess. I only had\none thing on my mind: working, supporting, and taking care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry. That's all\nthat was on my mind. So, after school, I went to Hebrew school too for a couple\nof hours. Matter of fact it wasn't a Hebrew school, it was a Zionist school.\nThey didn't teach you much Hebrew, they taught you Yiddish. Some Hebrew, rather,\nbecause they were starting to do work for Israel and stuff like that. And I\nnever played ball. I mean, I didn't have time. Once in a while I looked what\nthey were doing, but right after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school I had a job in this candy store. And a\ncandy doesn't just sell candy in New York. You make hamburgers and hot dogs and\nsell newspapers and soda fountain . . . it was like a soda fountain. They called\nthem candy stores in New York. They still do, or luncheonettes. And I worked\nthere, cleaned dishes, put hot dogs on the thing. I got paid ten dollars a week\nfor that. And our rent was fifteen, so I made up the other five by selling\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. There was . . . a peddler came around. You know what a peddler is? Door\nto door. And he was selling nylon stocking. Not nylon stockings . . . yeah, wait\na minute, was it nylon? Whatever stockings were made out of in those days. I\nthink it was nylon, I don't know. Anyway, little earrings and things. And I\nasked him, I was ten years old, and I asked him where he got all that stuff. He\nsaid on Delancey Street on the east ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side. He bought them, and he went\ndoor-to-door to sell them. So, with one of my paychecks, I went down there, took\nthe subway down to the east side, and I bought some earrings and stuff. And I\nwent door-to-door selling them. So, I worked in the candy store--the\nluncheonette--went door-to-door selling earrings, or whatever I could find,\ncombs, shoe laces, stockings, socks. And I peddled it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door-to-door. I wanted to\ndo it on Sabbath, but my aunt wouldn't let me, she says, \"Mom wouldn't let you\ndo it on the Sabbath.\" So, I had to do it, Sabbath I couldn't do it, so I had to\ndo it on Sunday and after school and stuff like that.\n\nKENT: And your mom was also living with you by that time?\n\nKING: No, not yet, not yet. But Jean would say, \"Mom wouldn't let you do that,\nso don't do it.\" So, I said okay, you know. We didn't know where my mother was,\nor father at that time. Well, anyway, so I hustled along for a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years and . .\n. it wasn't a few years. Somehow, my mother got out there and she came, not to\nSeattle, she came to New York. I'm sorry, she came to New York, because somehow,\nshe got to England. Somebody grabbed a bunch of people and brought them to\nEngland, because Japan was at war at that time with the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. Matter of\nfact, the ship we were on never left the United States; it was September 1941.\nThat ship never left the United States. If we would have waited a few more\nmonths, we wouldn't have gotten here either, I guess. But somehow or other she\nended up in England. I don't know how that happened, I don't recall how that\nhappened . . . She found us, through an organization called HIAS. Like the\nJewish Red Cross, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess. She came to America and the three of us were\ntogether, the four of us were together, my aunt, my brother, me and her.\n\nKENT: Do you remember what the reconciliation was like when you finally saw her again?\n\nKING: No. No. I wasn't very emotional. You sort of . . . I guess you lose your\nemotions. Everything was black and white. As I said, I worked, I did this, I did\nalmost the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things I did in Europe during the war. I hustled. I guess that's\nthe only thing I knew how to do . . . protect the family or something. I don't\nknow I don't remember what happened when we met her. I really don't. And when\nshe came here, she went to work right away in a sweater factory, by piecework.\nShe worked like 'til midnight every night from six o'clock in the morning. Never\nsaw her. So again, I took care of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother and me. If Jean was around, I\nhelped her out, because she was always trying to find work as an actress, you\nknow. It wasn't always that plentiful. The Jewish stage was a small thing on\nSecond Avenue.\n\nKENT: So, did you get any parenting yourself after about the age of like eight?\n\nKING: No, I was the parent. I really never got any parenting, and maybe that\nexplains my life, my adult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life, which was a mess sometimes. I don't want to go\ninto it too much. It was a mess. I didn't know how to be a child, I guess. Never\nplayed ball. Parenting, no, no. I never heard my mother say, \"Don't do this,\" or\n\"Go to Hebrew school,\" or \"Do this,\" or \"You've got to do this.\" I just did\nthings. The only thing she did with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, on Sundays, she would help me sell some\nstuff on Delancey Street. She'd look out for the cops, so I wouldn't get a\nticket, because I had no license. Otherwise, she would work at the sweater\nfactory. The only thing we did together . . . the only thing she didn't want me\nto do was to work on the Sabbath. Not to play ball or anything, because she\nbecame very religious . . . kosher, religious . . . and I didn't do it. That's\nthe only thing I think I was told. So, I didn't do it to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please her. I just\ndidn't do anything on the Sabbath. I couldn't even go to the movie or something\nlike that, because I used to go to the movie sometimes with Jerry. It was\nfifteen cents during the week, the movie. The Locust Theater. They showed second\nfeatures. After it ran first at the Lowe's Broadway, showed it the first time\nthat was fifty cents, then, for fifteen cents it showed at the Locust Theater a\nfew weeks later. So, you saw it like third run or something like that . . . No,\nI just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked.\n\nKENT: Was there any effort at that point to try to find your father?\n\nKING: Okay, I'm coming to that now\n\nKENT: Okay, all right.\n\nKING: I don't know when in 1946; that's five years later than we came here, and\n1939 to 1947 is . . . how many years is that?\n\nKENT: Seven.\n\nKING: Seven years. We get a call again from the HIAS that they found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Simon\nKozerow in Frankfurt, Germany, and he says he has a relation here, Jean\nHassmann. He didn't know we were alive. Her name was always . . . And they\ntraced Jean down because she was pretty well known on the Yiddish stage. Didn't\nmake any money, but she was well known. And then arrangements were made for him\nto come to the United States. And that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we saw him. And I have a picture\nof that too, the first photograph of the family when he came here. Again, it\nwasn't very emotional. That I do remember. I didn't know the man, I really\ndidn't know him. He didn't try to impose anything on us. He got a little\nhealthier and told us where he was. He was in a few concentration camps, and he\nlanded up in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt just before the end of the war, and this woman, a German\nwoman said . . . she hid him in her place. He was also in the Russian army. They\ndrafted everybody. They gave you a gun; if you didn't have a gun, they put you\nin the front lines anyway, so you were like the decoy for the Russians. They\nshoot you first . . . and he told us horrific stories, because he had a job one\ntime in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp burning the people into the ovens, putting people\ninto the ovens. How do you live with that I don't know, I don't know. But he was\nvery quiet. My father never talked much. He never wanted to talk about anything.\nWhen I say quiet . . . even raising us, he didn't discipline. There was no . . .\nI can't explain it . . . he was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quiet little man. He was shrunk to nothing,\nand he never gained that weight back. He was always very thin and small. I have\npictures of him. And, so I sort of took care of him too in a way. There was no .\n. . I don't think there was any relationship there, except I knew he was my\nfather. The last time I saw him I was eight years old, and now I was like\nfourteen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifteen, or sixteen. So, I didn't know him. And here we are today, I\ndon't know. They passed away many years ago at a very young age. They were young\nin age but old in body. And I have grandkids now, and daughters now. As far as\nme and my brother go, we still take care of each other. I take care of him, he\ntakes care of me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit. He lives in Florida now. He's five years younger,\nso he's going to be 72, 73 or something like that. And that's about it, that's\nabout it. Funny thing, I got to tell you a funny story with my father, though.\nWhen Amy, my first granddaughter was born . . . when she got a little older, she\nused to see the numbers on my father's arm. And you know what she used to do?\nShe used to add ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. She used to take his arm, say, \"four and four,\" or \"four\nand six\" and he got a kick out of it, I think. He never laughed, really. My\nmother never laughed either. They were very sad people. Let me put it this way .\n. . yeah, they were very sad people when they were here in the United States.\nThey didn't laugh. I took them to the movies sometimes together, I took them to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Radio City Music Hall, and it didn't mean anything to them. They were happy to\nstay home and work. Or go to shul, or go to synagogue, that's right, go to\nsynagogue. Their life was built around the synagogue, my mother's and father's.\nNot mine so much. I became bar mitzvah'd, and a bar mitzvah in those days, you\nsaid your prayer and you had a glass of wine at the end with the congregation.\nThat was it, the rabbi gave you a book and there was no party, like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today. But\nthey were very sad people, very sad. They never laughed. They really never\nlaughed . . .\n\nKENT: . . . How did that . . .\n\nKING: . . . They never enjoyed anything . . .\n\nKENT: . . . How did that affect you to be in the shadow of that?\n\nKING: Well . . . I left home very young. You know, in those days, you didn't\nleave home like today. Kids get their own apartments and everything like that.\nIn those days, you either got married and left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, or you stayed home until\nyou got married. And at eighteen years old I got married, because I wanted to\nleave home. I didn't say that, but that was my way of leaving home, and the rest\nwas a disaster, because I didn't know how to be a man, to be married, and I\ndidn't know . . . I never saw interaction in a family with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father . . . It's\nfunny, in the neighborhood we lived in, most of the women were widows. Isn't it\nfunny? There was a Jewish-Irish-Italian neighborhood, they were all mixed\ntogether, and I met very few fathers. The people were always older, and there\nwere widows, a lot of widows. I don't know how that came about. And, so I never\nreally saw father taking care of anything, because I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember from Europe\nwhat my father did, except he worked. You know . . .\n\nKENT: Well, it sounds like you were quite a strong guy, though.\n\nKING: I was strong, and I think part of it, I have a very bad heart right now.\nIt's like twenty percent openings, and there's nothing to do about it, and yet\nit doesn't faze me. I complain a lot to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dog; my wife doesn't want to hear it\nbecause I complain out loud. But . . . I guess you could call it strong, or\nsurvival. I don't know, I don't know, I always mind my own way. At the age of\ntwenty I owned my own house, for God's sakes, on Long Island. And how many\ntwenty-year-olds owned their own house in those days? But I made good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. I\nalways worked. Went to college for a little while, went two years to Cooper\nUnion. It was a free college in New York. And I didn't like school that much. It\nwas never on my mind. I used to skip a lot in high school. I used to skip a lot\nof days and worked instead. School never interested me that much. To me it was\nlike nonsense or . . . oh, I don't know, I can't tell you. I can't tell you. But\nI had no interest in it. I went to college just to please ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my parents, because\nthey thought if you go to college, you're a fine man, or something like that . .\n. I don't know. So, I just worked and that was it, that was it. And here I am today.\n\nKENT: At the end of the war and all the information really came out as to what\nhappened back there, I guess you knew bits and pieces.\n\nKING: Yes.\n\nKENT: How did that affect you when all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . . pictures and stories and\ntestimonies finally became public?\n\nKING: It didn't affect me personally. I sort of knew that was happening. Not on\na scale like . . . because my father told me, in Auschwitz and Birkenau where he\nwas, two camps. How many people got gassed, and how many people he put into\novens, and he would have been put into an oven sooner or later too, because they\nkilled the people that killed the people, you know. He did that. So, there would\nbe no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"witnesses, supposedly. So, this idiot bishop in Argentina couldn't say\nthere wasn't any. But I don't know, you're so used to all this stuff . . . for a\nwhile, when I got married, years later when they started showing all the stuff\non videos . . . they didn't have History Channel, but they used to show documentaries.\n\nKENT: Yeah, that's the one.\n\nKING: And I used to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fascinated. Even today I watch it. I watch it, anything\nabout the Holocaust I watch. And I sit there numb. It doesn't affect me any. I\nhad a funny experience. Adria's son married this girl, my stepson. And one day\nSchindler's List was on . . . not Schindler's List. Schindler's List or The\nPianist, one of those movies was on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my stepson's future mother-in-law,\nthey're from Ohio--pardon me. They're farmers from Ohio. He worked for the\nKennedy Center or something. You know, the Space Center. She's sitting here and\nwatching this with us, and she says, \"When did this happen?\" And if it wasn't\nfor Adria, my wife Adria, I would have blown my top, because I hate ignorance\nlike that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To have somebody say to me \"When did this happen. Is this real?\" No,\nthat's a film, but it happened. And I started in a little bit with her, and\nAdria stopped me. That annoys me to this day. So, if anything bothers me to this\nday, is the ignorance of people. And what's happening--I'm going to get off the\nsubject for a minute--what's happening in Africa with the Tutsis . . . killing\nall these people. That's a holocaust in itself, okay? You know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unfortunately I\nhad no idea about black people, how the racism was in this country . . . had no\nidea. Because I had black friends in New York. We don't live in a--I had Irish\nfriends. You know everybody looked after everybody. If I was late coming home\nfrom school and my mother was working, some Italian lady was sticking her head\nout the window to know where I am. Everybody looked after everybody. So, I\ndidn't know about this black or white stuff, and everything like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. And I\ndon't know where I'm leading this to. Yeah, the only thing that I really . . .\nI'm not a religious Jew, I don't practice Judaism, but I'm a deep Jew in here.\nThe only thing I do, on Yom Kippur I say yizkor and light candles for my parents\nand for all of my other relatives. I at least do that. I don't know what it\nmeans, but I do it. Okay? Because I'm not practicing. My brother, by the way,\nbecame super Orthodox. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not in the sense of a beard or anything like that, but he\nbecame super Orthodox like my mother did. And I went the other way, I guess. I\ndon't know, because I was older and religion sort of annoyed me, because I\nfelt--maybe I shouldn't say this now either--that all these wars and everything\nin the name of religion nowadays, and that bothers the daylights out of me. And\nwhen I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"south, I worked for this company, and I traveled to Albany, Georgia,\nand places like that, and I used to see black people walking off the sidewalk\nwhen you were walking. They would step off the sidewalk. I said, \"This got to be\ncrazy; it's just like the Jews in Poland.\" A Jew had to step off the sidewalk if\na German was coming or a Pole was coming. Step off the sidewalk, or else you\nwere shot or beaten. I said, \"My God, this is like Poland.\" That's what rang in\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head. I said, \"God almighty, this is just like Poland.\" A black man is\nwalking, he has to step off the sidewalk for you to walk by, like you're better\nthan he is. And it annoyed me, okay? It annoyed me.\n\nKENT: When did you get to the South, originally?\n\nKING: I came here about thirty years ago. Well, I used to come here to Atlanta\non business, but again, when you come on business you stay in the hotel, you\ndon't know what's going on. You do your business and you get out. But thirty\nyears ago . . .\n\nKENT: . . . So, even in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seventies that was happening?\n\nKING: Yeah. I was in Dexter, Georgia, I remember this . . . doing some business\nup there, and I remember this happening in Dexter, Georgia. And I remember\ndistinctly because I was the one that was walking on the sidewalk there, and\nthis man stepped off, and I thought he was crossing the street, but then I saw\nhim walk back on the sidewalk after I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passed. And I was with somebody, and I\nsaid, \"What the heck was that all about?\" You know? He says, \"Well, that's the\nway they are in the South. Dexter, Georgia's still South South. They're still\nfighting the Civil War here.\" So, you're probably going to have to erase all\nthat I said, otherwise they'll ship me out of Georgia. But anyway, it reminded\nme of Poland. Not Russia, Poland. Because when you saw a German walking on the\nsidewalk, you better get the heck ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off and bow, and get off. Have to actually\nphysically go like that and get off the damn sidewalk. And he could be a\ncorporal or some moron, but you have to respect him. Not an officer, he could be\njust an ordinary moron, and you have to do that.\n\nKENT: Was there any anger in you after it was all over? Was there any, you know,\nreaction beyond just survival or . . .\n\nKING: . . . Well, the only anger I have in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me . . . and my wife likes to travel\n. . . I will not go to Europe. I will not go to Germany, I will not go to\nPoland. I don't want to see Auschwitz. I don't want to see all the memorials. I\nwent to the Breman Center one time and I got upset. I was with a friend of mine\nin Tucson, Arizona--they have a big Holocaust thing in Tucson--and he says,\n\"Come on, let's go there.\" You know, they just opened it over there and he\nwanted to see it. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went, and it annoyed me and I walked out. I walked out of\nBreman Center too for some reason. I don't know why. I was there one time and I\njust didn't want to be in there. Adria finished looking around, and I just\nwalked out the door.\n\nKENT: Well, could you stick with the \"why\" a little bit on that?\n\nKENT: I don't know why. Like I said, I'll question . . . in business I'll\nquestion everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's done. And my wife told me this, and a psychologist\ntold me this one time, I went to a psychologist one time. I think he never saw\nanybody like me. So, a psychiatrist, I don't know what it was . . . Sandy\nSprings. After I had my heart surgery, I was a little disoriented, in 1987, and\nthey suggested I go to a psychiatrist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, okay, I'll ask why if I'm doing a\nbusiness transaction or buying a product. I want to know everything about it.\nBut in my personal life, I never ask why, okay? I never ask why. And I'll give\nyou an example. I might say something very bad right now, so you might have to\nedit it out. The girl I married when I was about eighteen years old, she was\nabout seventeen. And we had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. She was very . . . how can I say it a few\nyears later . . . she had a lot of affairs. Let me put it in a very simple way.\nAnd I knew that, yet I didn't question it. I just let it slide. It didn't\ninterest me. And the psychiatrist said, \"Why?\" And I couldn't answer him. I\nremember talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. It's the same thing that you just asked. But I'll\nask why, why is your watch the watch, or something like that. And . . . I ask\nwhy of nonsense and in my own life I don't face things, and he said it's because\nas a kid, young man, young adult . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was always taking care of people, and I\nnever asked, \"Why do I have to do it?\" I was protective of people. That was his\nopinion. And yet that's why I didn't ask why. And I said, well . . . He asked me\nthe same question, do I have anger in me about the Germans. Yes, I do. I will\nnot go to Germany, I will not go to Poland, and I kid around. We have a German\nfriend and I always kid with her whenever I see her, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Deutschland über alles,\"\nyou know. I don't know if you understand what I'm, that means \"Germany over\neverything\" . . .\n\nKENT: . . . Over all . . .\n\nKING: . . . First time I said that to her, she got a little p.o.'d, but it's a\njoke, okay? But I will not go to these places. I don't want to see Auschwitz and\nTreblinka and all these places. I don't want to see the Old--you know this girl\ngave me pictures of the old Warsaw ghetto, they called it Old Warsaw. I have not\nlooked at them. She gave me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"video, a DVD or something, I still have them. I'll\nbe happy to lend them to you if you want. I have not looked at it. It doesn't .\n. . she thought she was bringing me back a memento from Wolomin, or something\nlike that, and I didn't want it. I don't want to see it, I don't know.\n\nKENT: Do you think you'd have any reaction to it?\n\nKING: I don't know. I don't have any reaction when . . . I went to see The\nReader, I watched Schindler's List and all that stuff. All I said to people when\nI saw it, \"You see what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened? And this is factual, things like that. I say,\n\"This is what happened.\" And people look at me sometimes, \"Really?\" And I walk\naway from people like that because I lose my temper. That's the only reaction I\nshow . . . is for people to think that this didn't happen, okay? That bothers\nme. And any prejudice now bothers me. I don't care whether it's against a black,\na white, a purple . . . Prejudice bothers me an awful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot. That's how it starts.\nThat's how I lived with, I lived with prejudice since I was a baby. Okay? And I\njust can't see it. It bothers me, okay? It bothers me.\n\nKENT: I'm curious. You say your mom became religious because she had that\nfeeling that you were saved . . .\n\nKING: . . . She was rescued. Yes . . .\n\nKENT: . . . and that there's a reason . . .\n\nKING: . . . Right. She had a reason.\n\nKENT: What was your attitude about that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea, there's a purpose . . .\n\nKING: . . . No, no . . .\n\nKENT: . . . God saves some people and not others.\n\nKING: My brother became religious after living with my mother longer than I did.\nHe went to Korea, he fought in Korea. But I didn't . . . I think I became an\nagnostic, not an atheist, an agnostic, if that's the word. You've got to show\nme. And my mother would say, \"Well, we saw a lot of examples. Why this one was\nshot, and you were next to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. You didn't get shot.\" I used to kid around with\nmy mother, \"Maybe he ran out of bullets.\" You know, kidding around with her like\nthat. She didn't get the jokes, so I stopped doing that.\n\nKENT: So, you say you have a strong sense of being Jewish inside. What does that\nconsist of? What is that?\n\nKING: Not so . . . not practicing the religion.\n\nKENT: Right. I mean, how are you different from non-Jews?\n\nKING: I don't know, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. It bothers me when Israel is in trouble, okay?\nI do donate some money to the Jewish National Fund. Every year I give them\nsomething. When somebody passes away, I don't send them a card, I send them a\ntree from Israel. I donate fifteen dollars to Israel and they send them a tree.\nSo, I try to do things Jewish, but I don't go to synagogue. But I don't know if\nthat explains it to you or not. I can't explain those things. I just know how I\nfeel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside. If you said something to me against the Jews, I think I'd let you\nhave it verbally. Not fighting with you, okay? But you'd be on my list, okay.\nAnd yet, not an Orthodox guy. I would always marry a Jewish girl. I married\nAdria when I was older. She's not Jewish . . . she's Puerto Rican, matter of\nfact. And believes in meditation, good person, but I knew I was not going to\nhave children, and it just happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when my first daughter married a\nGentile, it bothered the hell out of me. It bothered me to no end, and his\nfather's a minister on top of that. And that bothered me like you would not\nbelieve. But the last couple of . . . the last thirteen, fourteen years since\nthey're married, I've gotten to know him, his father and his family. Very\neducated people. She's a writer, his wife is a writer. And I don't have any bad\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feelings toward them, but I sort of put them into a separate category . . . I\nthink. And the reason is, I feel too many Jews that could have children are\nmarrying out of their . . . is the word religion or--\n\nKENT: . . . Out of the tribe?\n\nKING: Whatever. Which means that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's disappearing. Little by little, the Jews\nare disappearing because of that. Low birthrate and things like that, though in\nthe religion the Jews . . . my grandkids are being brought up Jewish, because\nthe mother is Jewish. And believe it or not, they go to Sunday School too,\nbecause she wants them to know both ends and let them make up their own minds.\nWhich is okay with me; I've accepted all these things. And it doesn't bother me\nas much as in the early years. Those things don't bother me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. That did\nbother me for a long time. That's how I think of me as a Jew. And I try to help\nJewish causes. I donate a lot of my bottles, by the way, to the Yeshiva\nUniversity in New York. They have silent auctions and one of my grandsons goes\nthere. Logan goes there, and when he went to Hebrew school in Syracuse, couple\nof other kids there, they'd have an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"auction in January and I'd send them my\nbottles to raise money with. So, I try and do things like that. Here too, I try\nand do things like that. That's the extent it bothers me. That's the extent I\npractice. I don't know the word, help me out here with a word, I don't know . .\n. help me out with a word . . . that's about it.\n\nKENT: Do you have any sense of how you're different from people who didn't go\nthrough that kind of experience. Like, when you came to America and people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here\nhad kind of normal lives.\n\nKING: Well, first of all, you didn't talk to other kids about your experiences,\nbecause they had no idea what was going on. I had no accent by that time, so I\nspoke English fairly well, thanks to the Japanese. The only thing I get mad at\nnowadays . . . I don't know if I'm answering your question or not. You know what\nI get mad at nowadays?\n\nKENT: What?\n\nKING: When you read in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper, this guy has robbed this bank, or this guy\nshot somebody because he had a bad childhood. I laugh at that, and I say that's\nthe biggest bull I've ever heard in my life. If anything, I should walk around\nwith a machine gun and shoot everybody, because I certainly have a lot of things\nin my upbringing. Everything is blamed on your youth, and think these people\nhave no idea . . . what a childhood could be under horrific ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumstances. Their\nhorrific circumstances may be because they're living in a ghetto area or\nsomething, I don't know, but they have no idea what it is. And I don't know if I\nanswered that question or not.\n\nKENT: Well, you sort of did.\n\nKING: That annoys me. And my wife is . . .\n\nKENT: . . . Well, you sort of grew up in a ghetto without a father yourself.\n\nKING: Yes. I lived in a ghetto all my life in Poland, and maybe in Brooklyn too.\nI lived in a Jewish neighborhood . . . or, not in Brooklyn. Brooklyn was always\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mixed. We had Italian neighbors, Irish neighbors. Italians and Jews are almost\nthe same. The mothers are always the same. But my wife is very liberal, and she\nhates when I say that. I said that to her the other day. She's a court\ninterpreter . . . she's an independent contractor; she works in the courts in\ncriminal cases. And first time she did it years ago when she did it, this kid\nthis . . . she's a Spanish-English translator. \"He had no childhood.\" I said,\n\"Adria, don't tell me about that, please. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don't tell me this bull, 'He had no\nchildhood and that's why he did what he did.' I don't buy it.\"\n\nKENT: So, why didn't you become a mass murderer?\n\nKING: I don't know. I don't know. You know something, that's a very good\nquestion. You know something? Nobody ever asked me that question. You're the\nfirst. Not even the psychiatrist asked me that question. You're the first. I\nhave no idea. Maybe I was meant to be an artist, so I have to live. I don't\nknow, I don't know, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. I just have strong feelings I can't sometimes\nexplain them.\n\nKENT: Maybe to get some closure on all this, if people are going to watch this\nlike a hundred years from now, and it's all in a museum, what would you hope\npeople would learn from all this, other than it was bad? Anything more than that\n. . .\n\nKING: They shouldn't have discrimination and killing other people in the name of\nreligion. If you're a Muslim or a Hindu, or whatever you are, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baptist. Hey, live\nyour life. Live your life, and don't bother them, unless you're these crazy\nextremists that we have now. And that's what they . . . if they want to pray to\na chair, it's okay with me. They're not bothering me. As long as they don't\nbother me, I don't care what they do. But if it goes on the way it's going on\nnow, this is all continuation, it never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stops. Instead of Jews you have\nAfricans, instead of Africans, you have Bosnians, or whatever. You know, it just\ngoes on and on. It never stops. So hopefully, maybe people will learn it could\nstop. But then on the other hand, you have those crazy people, that bishop and\nsomebody else at Emory University, some author--I've forgotten her name, is it a\nshe? --some nutcase there. \"These things never happened.\"\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The guy, I think David Irving.\n\nKING: And there was a woman at the university. No, no, there was a guy. The\nwoman sued him, I think. And I follow these things. See, I do follow these\nthings. That's my Judaism in me. And as long as you have people like that, they\ncould say therefore it never happens right now. It's all . . . the films we're\nseeing are all . . . if we had CNN in those days and things like that, it would\nbe different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. You don't have it. In that time, though, America wasn't very\nkind to the Jews either that time. They wouldn't let a lot of Jews into the\nUnited States during the war.\n\nKENT: Well, maybe a more subtle question then, do you think the Jewish people\nshould learn anything from all this, or be different in any particular way?\n\nKING: They are different. They are different. Two things happened back in the\nWarsaw Ghetto. The Jews rose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up against the Nazis. There was the Warsaw Ghetto .\n. .\n\nKENT: . . . Uprising . . .\n\nKING: . . . Uprising. In the fall of that Uprising--I'm going to say something\nagain against the Poles . . . there was a Polish Underground that would not give\nthe guns to the Jews for free. Even though they fought the same enemy, they\nwanted money. And it's documented in books. And, what else? Forgotten what else\nyou asked me just now. I was off the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"track.\n\nKENT: I asked you how the Jewish people should . . .\n\nKING: Oh. I think they're doing it right. They want a State of Israel, they want\ntheir own place, and they fight back now.\n\nKENT: Mm-hmm.\n\nKING: They fight back now. The first time Jews have ever fought back. In all the\npogroms for centuries in Poland, Russia, Hungary, places like that, Jews never\nfought back. If you raided their houses during a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pogrom, it didn't matter . . .\n\"It'll pass, it'll pass. We don't fight them.\" Okay? And finally, Jews now fight\nfor their rights, their country, defend it, and Jews should be proud of that\ncountry. Don't ask me why I don't live there, because I like the United States.\nI think this is the greatest, with all its problems, this is the greatest\ncountry in this world. Okay? This is the greatest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing in this world.\n\nKENT: Do you have any particular opinions about the Mideast and what, if\nanything should happen there?\n\nKING: The only thing I know about the Mideast, and I'm not a politician, is that\nIsrael gave these people so many chances to have peace. They gave them the Gaza\nStrip recently. Instead of making a country or a place out of it, they're making\nwar out of it. Shooting rockets out of houses. Way back when, was it Kennedy or\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clinton? Clinton? They could have had a peace accord with their own country. But\nthat isn't what they want, in my opinion. In my opinion, they don't want Jews\nthere. That's my opinion. So, whatever you give them will not be anything. We\ngave them the Gaza, we pulled out of here, we pulled out--I say we, the\nIsraelis--and the Accord, when they made that during Clinton's time or Jimmy\nCarter's time, I forgot. Where they gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them practically everything and Arafat\nwent back . . .\n\nKENT: . . . Carter? . . .\n\nKING: . . . He don't want it. They gave them a country, and first of all there's\nno such thing as a Palestinian, I believe, too. That's another subject; I don't\nwant to go into it. There'll never be peace there, because it's not over land,\nit's over being a Jew. I really believe that. They don't want a Jew in the\nMiddle East ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, amongst them. And there'll never be peace there because of\nthat. You can give them all the land you want, there'll still be wars. And there\nhave been wars there since Israel has been formed. And unfortunately, that's,\nagain . . . no different than the Germans. They wanted to wipe the Jews out of\nEurope, and they used to show how the whole world approves of it. If you know\nanything about history, the ship St. Louis. You know about that? Are you\nfamiliar with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story? Where Hitler, Germany, allowed wealthy Jews who had\nmoney, to go to Cuba with passports. He made a deal with Cuba not to let them in\n. . . again, I'm reading history books. I like to read that stuff. And he wanted\nto prove to the world that nobody wants the Jews. And they proved it, because\nCuba wouldn't let them in, they came to Miami, the United States didn't let them\nin. They finally went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Holland; they were all arrested and gassed. So, he\nproved to the world that they don't want the Jews. The only country that wanted\nthe Jews during World War II, and if you look up that video that Ruth was\ntalking about, was Japan. They would have taken all the Jews from Germany to\nManchuria. That was their idea. And from what I understand, there are Chinese\nJews, by the way. I saw that in the Breman Museum. There are Chinese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. And\nthat's I think part of that history. But it just . . . people could make peace,\nbut if they don't want that race there, it's not going to happen.\n\nKENT: Can you think of anything you'd want to add that we didn't bring up?\n\nKING: No, you covered quite a bit. I don't . . . this is the best I could recall\nabout things.\n\nKENT: Did your mother ever do any kind of a testimony or write?\n\nKING: No.\n\nKENT: Memoir, that kind of thing.\n\nKING: No. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kept to herself, my father . . . kept to themselves. Like I\nsaid, they were very quiet, sad people. They never laughed, they never laughed.\nThey were very sad until the day they died, they really were. They never took\npleasure in anything. I don't know if that means anything when I . . . I can't\nexplain when I say, \"Took pleasure in anything.\" No, they were very sad people.\nVery sad people. They lived in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue and at work. And that was it. They\nhad no idea, as far as what my life was like. They related to the fact that I\nwent out selling and things like that. That they could relate to, and they\nwanted me to go to college . . . because an education was a very important thing\nto Europeans--well to everybody, but the Europeans had a big thing about\neducation. And I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know if my mother ever graduated high school. Yeah, she\ndid, on the East Side. My father didn't go to a big school, he went to a Hebrew\nschool in Europe, because you couldn't go to a public school. And that's about\nit. That's about it. I'm thankful I'm here. I made a good life for myself, and I\nlove this country, I really do. I'll defend this country and Israel equally, so\nI'm not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just . . . that sounds political or something like that, I don't know.\nBut that's all I can say. I'm glad I'm alive, and don't wish anybody to go\nthrough . . . what I went through was not that bad, compared to what my father\nwent through and other people went through. Throwing people in the oven, even\nthough they were dead, is not exactly a great job. You know? He got an extra\nbottle of whiskey for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Or cake for it. They used to give those guys extra\nstuff, and then they'd kill them too, because they didn't want witnesses. So,\nyou'd stay drunk all the time, I guess; that's what he used to say. And he was a\nlittle man. I don't know how he picked these people up. But that's about it,\nthat's about it. And I want to thank you very much . . .\n\nKENT: . . . I appreciate you telling us all this . . .\n\nKING: . . . I hope somebody learns something from this. I'm not the best speaker\nin the world, but I hope somebody learns something from this. And as I said,\npeople went through worse . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: And just for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/transcript/20663/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"purpose of the tape, I'm just going to say that our\ninterviewer today is John Kent, and thank you, Eddie King, for allowing us to\ncome and speak with you about your experiences.\n\nKING: My pleasure. And keep on doing it. Don't let people forget it. And start\ndoing things in Africa too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=7110.0,7140.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning “to wreak havoc, to demolish violently.” The term is used to refer to the organized, and often officially sanctioned, violent riots against Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Traditional antisemitism mixed with economic, social, and political resentment of Jews to serve as a pretext for the massacre or persecution of Jews in Europe during the era of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Broadway musical \u003cem\u003eFiddler on the Roof\u003c/em\u003e was based on \u003cem\u003eTevye and his Daughters\u003c/em\u003e (or \u003cem\u003eTevye the Dairyman\u003c/em\u003e), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘room.’  A Jewish religious elementary school for boys.  Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘\u003cem\u003emelamed\u003c/em\u003e.’  It was traditional for boys to \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus.  Girls did not attend \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. With more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, German units quickly broke through Polish defenses along the Poland-German border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. Under heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw soon surrendered. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew to more established lines of defense to the east and then the southeast, where they awaited support from their allies, France and the United Kingdom. Little support came. When Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east on September 17, 1939, the Polish plan of defense was rendered obsolete. The outnumbered and overwhelmed Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003esiddur\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePayess\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans ordered the establishment of the ghetto in October 1940 and a \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was set up with Adam Czerniakow as its head.  The Jews of Warsaw were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall.  Jews from the surrounding area were also pushed into the ghetto, the population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews.  The conditions in the ghetto were harsh.  There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities. After the Warsaw ghetto was sealed in November 1940, there were restrictions on the amount of food allowed in the ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMobile killing squads called “\u003cem\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/em\u003e” followed the German army as it advanced, carrying out mass-murder operations in Jewish communities in what is sometimes called the “Holocaust by Bullets.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBialystok is in northeast Poland.  Over the centuries it has been in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania and Russia.  Today it is currently back in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHIAS, or the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] In 1940 (one year before the Germans commenced their program of extermination), Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin ordered the deportation of at least 200,000 Polish Jews—including thousands of Jewish refugees who had fled from German-occupied Poland—from Russian-occupied Eastern Poland. They were sent to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations deep in the interior of the Soviet Union. Many died in appalling conditions in Gulag labor camps in Siberia, where they were forced to work excessive hours in extreme cold and little food. Those Polish Jews who were not deported by the Russians were not spared misfortune, however, as the majority were killed after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRail traffic on most railway lines in German-occupied Europe during World War II was extremely dense and trains with prisoners took the lowest priority. A trip that might have been made in a few hours during normal conditions would often take days. Conditions on the train were brutal. The Jews were so tightly packed into windowless freight cars it was difficult to breathe. Without food, water, and proper sanitation measures, it was a miserable and traumatic experience.  Many transports included people who already experienced pogroms, ghettos, and other stressful and violent situations. The process of loading the trains was often very chaotic and violent as well. Already weakened from their experiences, many passengers—especially any that might have been very young, old or sick—died during their journeys. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. The Japanese, eyeing Manchuria’s fertile farm lands and mineral deposits, attained victory over the Russian forces and occupied Manchuria (which is on the Chinese mainland right across from the Japanese home islands)and renamed it ‘Manchuko.’ After World War II, when the Japanese forces were defeated, China and Russia fought over Manchuria again and today most of it belongs to China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChiune Sugihara (1900-1986) was a Japanese diplomat who served as vice consul to Lithuania. He issued travel visas to Lithuanian and Polish Jewish refugees, allowing them to escape Europe through Japan. At great risk to his job and his family, he saved approximately 6,000 Jews through his actions. In 1984 he was honored as “Righteous Among Nations” by Yad Vashem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Celler (1888-1981) was an American congressman from New York. Celler spent his fifty-year career advocating for immigrants and fighting against quota laws that restricted immigration based on national origin. In the 1940s, he spoke out against Franklin D. Roosevelt’s strict immigration laws that prohibited Jewish refugees from entering the United States. His efforts led to the passage of a 1948 bill that allowed 339,000 Displaced Persons into the U.S. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSonderkommando\u003c/em\u003e (German: special command or detail) refers to several types of special units during World War II.  The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish \u003cem\u003eSonderkommando\u003c/em\u003e units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShul\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed-wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for \u003cem\u003eRoma\u003c/em\u003e (Gypsies), and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center.  It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942, and was later dismantled. “Provisional” gas chamber II operated from June 1942 through the fall of 1944. The SS judged these facilities to be inadequate for the scale of gassing they planned at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Four large crematorium buildings were constructed between March and June 1943. Each had three components: a disrobing area, a large gas chamber and crematorium ovens. The SS continued gassing operations at Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYizkor\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: remembrance] most commonly refers to memorial prayer services held four times a year during \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Passover, and \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e. During the services, those who have lost a parent or a close loved one recite the \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e prayer. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandy Springs is a suburb of Atlanta, located just north of the city at the northern arc of Interstate 285.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941.  There had been a small labor camp there as early as 1940 where Germans forced Jews to build fortifications along the Russian border.  The death camp began operations in July 1942. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish National Fund (JNF) is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to purchase land for Jewish settlements. Since its founding, JNF has evolved into a global environmental organization by planting more than 250,000,000 trees, building over 240 reservoirs and dams, developing over 250,000 acres of land, creating more than 2,000 parks, providing the infrastructure for over 1,000 communities, and connecting children and young adults to Israel and their heritage. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish leaders have historically looked upon intermarriage of Jews and non-Jews with strong disfavor and it remains a controversial issue today. According to a nationwide survey called \u003cem\u003eThe National Jewish Population Survey 2000-2001: Strength, Challenge and Diversity in the American Jewish Population\u003c/em\u003e, which was conducted by the United Jewish Communities, 47 percent of Jews in the United States marrying between 1996 and 2001 married non-Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva University was founded in 1886 in New York City, New York.  It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States that combines Jewish scholarship with studies in the liberal arts, sciences, medicine, law, business, social work, Jewish studies, education, and psychology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeborah Lipstadt is an American historian and author of the books \u003cem\u003eDenying the Holocaust\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Eichmann Trial\u003c/em\u003e. She is the Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA revolt staged by a few hundred Jewish fighters against SS forces that lasted from April 19, 1943 to May 16. The uprising ended in the complete destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and the deportation of its remaining inhabitants to concentration camps. The two major underground resistance units in the Ghetto, the ZOB and ZZW, heard of German plans to liquidate the 55,000 Jews remaining in the Ghetto and chose to stage a doomed revolt rather than accept the Nazis’ “Final Solution.” Some of the surviving fighters participated in the Warsaw Uprising the following year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/annotation_set/234/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSigned on September 17, 1978, the agreements known as the Camp David accords led to a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. The talks took place at the U.S. presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland, and were mediated by President Jimmy Carter between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar el-Sādāt. The outcome was known as “The Framework for Peace in the Middle East” and called for Palestinian self-government in Gaza and the West Bank and the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Sinai Peninsula; it also established a framework for peace treaties between Israel and Egypt and Israel and its other neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=6780.0,6810.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["King, Eddie [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early Life Before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=9.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My Yiddish name, or Jewish name, was Abraham Solomon Kozerow. And I was born in a city outside of Warsaw called Wolomin.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=9.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry Kozerow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary Kozerow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogrom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon Kozerow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wolomin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=9.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=352.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, can you describe the Jewish part of your life and your community, what you remember in the early days?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=352.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=352.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings Toward Polish People Before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=421.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well how did you feel about the Polish people. Were you afraid, or curious, or neutral?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=421.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=421.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War Starts in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=487.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you remember when the war actually started in Poland?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=487.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wolomin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=487.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia's Reputation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=701.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, what was Russia's image or reputation among the locals? Were they good guys, bad guys?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=701.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=701.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Situations Worsen for the Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=769.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing that really started me thinking about what we're into, at the age of eight--I was eight years old then, when the war broke out, 1939. I think I was eight, 1931 to . . . yeah, eight years old. The Germans came around to confiscate all the radios.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=769.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burning","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogroms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Serfs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=769.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Day-to-Day Life After the Germans Arrived","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1189.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So how did your lives continue day-to-day after that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1189.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vegetable Gardens","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1189.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shipped to the Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1377.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they started picking up Jews in trucks. And they always did it early in the morning or during the night. I don't know why. During the night, was a big thing in the middle of the night, always I guess for fighting people, I don't know. And they put people on trucks, and they shipped us off, which . . . later was known as the Warsaw Ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1377.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edicts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Part of Warsaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sevek","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=1377.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Warsaw and Heading to Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2096.0,2448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, somehow, and I don't remember all the details, I really don't, the Germans let us out of the Warsaw Ghetto. They let us go. And when I say they let us go, we made our way towards Russia. We couldn't want to stay in Poland, we didn't want to stay. Somehow my mother got us out of there. It was a form of escape, I think. I don't know exactly, I call it an escape. 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We went to the city of Bialystok, and we found a place to sleep, get some food. There were other Jews there and they helped us out . . . Where we could sleep in a hallway.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2448.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Embassy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bialystock, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2448.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Staying in Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2542.0,2758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in Moscow, again, we stayed with some people. You know they let us stay there, some Jews let us stay there. No, there was a Jewish organization, that's right. I don't know what . . . HIAS it's called, or something. And they let us stay there, and it didn't happen right away, it was over a period of time.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2542.0,2758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Consul","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Square","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2542.0,2758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arrested by the Russians and Sent to Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2758.0,3122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, they came to pick us up. They didn't particularly know who we were, they just saw some extra people around. There weren't supposed to be any people there, so they picked us up. And they took us to a train station.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=2758.0,3122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Train 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Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3243.0,3692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, after a couple of weeks you finally got to Siberia?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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there any kind of a community life possible there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3692.0,3787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sibera","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3692.0,3787.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taking Care of Jerry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3787.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who took care of your brother?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3787.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerry Kozerow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United 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I shouldn't say Siberia, to our camp. Japanese people.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3817.0,3982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breman Museum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japanese Consul","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manchuria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3817.0,3982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taken to Kobe and Yokohama, Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3982.0,4225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People came, and they got me and my brother and a lot of other kids out of the barracks and told us, \"We're going to go with these people.\" ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3982.0,4225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Droshkies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japanese","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jean Hassman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kobe, Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manchuria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian-Japanese War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sugihara","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vladivostock","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yokohama, Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=3982.0,4225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving  and in Seattle, Washington","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4225.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And somehow, instead of being shipped to Manchuria, we were put on a boat in 1941 to Seattle, Washington. We weren't shipped . . . to Manchuria. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4225.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanuel Celler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manchuria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seattle, Washington","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4225.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to and Living in New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4282.0,4631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went on a train to New York. It took about ten days in those days, I guess. I don't know how long it takes now. And we met our aunt and a few other relatives.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4282.0,4631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Delancey Street","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanuel Celler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jean Hassman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peddling","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4282.0,4631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting with His Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531#t=4631.0,4883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31808/file/100531/index/47334/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somehow, my mother got out there and she came, not to Seattle, she came to New York. 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