{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4746q1vb1s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Friedman, Karl (2002)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2002-06-18 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Friedman, Karl (Interviewee)","Galin, Eleanor (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Savannah Jewish Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eKarl Morris Friedman was interviewed by Eleanor \"Ellie\" Ganor on June 18, 2002, in Savannah, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eKarl Friedman begins the interview tracing his family history in Poland, Russia, and Savannah. He talks about his grandmother’s family moving to Savannah from New York and tells a charming story how his grandparents met. He remembers his grandfather giving him and his brother each a nickel for Hanukkah gelt that they used to buy candy. He reflects on his childhood years of fishing and watching baseball with his father and his brother Ernie and how these activities brought them close together. \u003cbr\u003eKarl talks about his bar mitzvah at Congregation B’nai B’rith Jacob in 1941 and the family joining Agudath Achim Congregation later that year. He mentions it was during his presidency at Agudath Achim in 1966 that the campaign began to build the new synagogue on Lee Boulevard. He talks about his grandparents being observant and keeping kosher. He tells that his grandfather was the only kosher butcher in Savannah. \u003cbr\u003eKarl talks about his interest in water safety and taking courses with the Red Cross. He tells he was a lifeguard on Tybee Island after graduation from high school. He talks about his activities with Aleph Zadik Aleph and Boy Scouts and recalls the badges he earned as Eagle Scout. Karl talks about his interest in flying and starting flying lessons at the age of 17. He recants a story about this first flight alone. He talks about earning money in order to fly and remembers working at S\u0026amp;G Men’s shop on West Broad Street. He describes joining the United States Air Force in 1952 and the pilot training he received. He reflects on his flight routes to Greenland, Paris, and Frankfurt as his transports mission. He talks about attending Georgia State university after his service and working with his father, also a certified public accountant.  \u003cbr\u003eKarl talks about marrying Jackie Karsman and speaks about their four children and their grandchildren and his close relationship with them. He reflects on enjoying his partial retirement as an accountant because it allows him more time to play tennis and fish and to visit with his children and grandchildren. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eKarl Morris Friedman \u003cbr\u003e1928-2004 \u003cbr\u003eKarl Morris Friedman was born in 1928 in Savannah, Georgia, to Harry and Rose Kadish Friedman. His father was born in Savannah around 1900. His mother was born in Poland and came to the United States with her family at a young age and settled in New York. Karl’s paternal grandfather was from Russia. Karl had one younger brother, Erwin Aaron Friedman.  \u003cbr\u003eKarl’s grandparents were Orthodox. They were very observant and kept kosher. His grandfather was the kosher butcher in Savannah. Karl was bar mitzvahed in March of 1941 at Congregation B’nai B’rith Jacob, an Orthodox synagogue. In September of the same year, Agudath Achim Congregation built a synagogue, and the family joined the Conservative congregation. In 1966, Karl served as president of Agudath Achim Congregation.  \u003cbr\u003eKarl’s education started at Waters Avenue School. He attended Chatham Jr. High and graduated from Savannah High School. Karl was active in Aleph Zadik Aleph and Boy Scouts during high school. He began flying lessons at age 17. After he graduated from high school, he attended University of Georgia for two years. He began pilot training in 1952 with the U.S. Department of Defense. He served as a pilot in the United States Air Force as the Korean War was ending. After service, he returned to attend Georgia State University, where he earned a degree in accounting. He went into practice as a certified public accountant with his father. \u003cbr\u003eIn 1951, he married Jackie Karsman. They have four children, Renee, Kim, Samuel, and Michael, and many grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eKarl Morris Friedman was interviewed by Eleanor \"Ellie\" Ganor on June 18, 2002, in Savannah, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKarl Friedman begins the interview tracing his family history in Poland, Russia, and Savannah. He talks about his grandmother\u0026rsquo;s family moving to Savannah from New York and tells a charming story how his grandparents met. He remembers his grandfather giving him and his brother each a nickel for Hanukkah gelt that they used to buy candy. He reflects on his childhood years of fishing and watching baseball with his father and his brother Ernie and how these activities brought them close together.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKarl talks about his bar mitzvah at Congregation B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Jacob in 1941 and the family joining Agudath Achim Congregation later that year. He mentions it was during his presidency at Agudath Achim in 1966 that the campaign began to build the new synagogue on Lee Boulevard. He talks about his grandparents being observant and keeping kosher. He tells that his grandfather was the only kosher butcher in Savannah.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKarl talks about his interest in water safety and taking courses with the Red Cross. He tells he was a lifeguard on Tybee Island after graduation from high school. He talks about his activities with Aleph Zadik Aleph and Boy Scouts and recalls the badges he earned as Eagle Scout. Karl talks about his interest in flying and starting flying lessons at the age of 17. He recants a story about this first flight alone. He talks about earning money in order to fly and remembers working at S\u0026amp;G Men\u0026rsquo;s shop on West Broad Street. He describes joining the United States Air Force in 1952 and the pilot training he received. He reflects on his flight routes to Greenland, Paris, and Frankfurt as his transports mission. He talks about attending Georgia State university after his service and working with his father, also a certified public accountant. \u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKarl talks about marrying Jackie Karsman and speaks about their four children and their grandchildren and his close relationship with them. He reflects on enjoying his partial retirement as an accountant because it allows him more time to play tennis and fish and to visit with his children and grandchildren.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKarl Morris Friedman\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e1928-2004\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKarl Morris Friedman was born in 1928 in Savannah, Georgia, to Harry and Rose Kadish Friedman. His father was born in Savannah around 1900. His mother was born in Poland and came to the United States with her family at a young age and settled in New York. Karl\u0026rsquo;s paternal grandfather was from Russia. Karl had one younger brother, Erwin Aaron Friedman. \u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKarl\u0026rsquo;s grandparents were Orthodox. They were very observant and kept kosher. His grandfather was the kosher butcher in Savannah. Karl was bar mitzvahed in March of 1941 at Congregation B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Jacob, an Orthodox synagogue. In September of the same year, Agudath Achim Congregation built a synagogue, and the family joined the Conservative congregation. In 1966, Karl served as president of Agudath Achim Congregation. \u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eKarl\u0026rsquo;s education started at Waters Avenue School. He attended Chatham Jr. High and graduated from Savannah High School. Karl was active in Aleph Zadik Aleph and Boy Scouts during high school. He began flying lessons at age 17. After he graduated from high school, he attended University of Georgia for two years. He began pilot training in 1952 with the U.S. Department of Defense. He served as a pilot in the United States Air Force as the Korean War was ending. After service, he returned to attend Georgia State University, where he earned a degree in accounting. He went into practice as a certified public accountant with his father.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1951, he married Jackie Karsman. They have four children, Renee, Kim, Samuel, and Michael, and many grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 085_Friedman_Karl.wav"]},"duration":4217.72,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/283/797/original/085_Friedman_Karl.wav?1754148277","type":"Audio","format":"audio/wav","duration":4217.72,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Friedman, Karl [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGALIN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is Ellie Galin. The date is June 18, 2002. I am interviewing Karl Friedman at the Jewish Educational Alliance community center. Karl, please tell us where you were born and when.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=0.0,16.86059"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in Savannah on March 25, 1928. My father had been born here. And my grandparents, his parents, were married here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=16.86059,29.28542"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGALIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Karl, please tell us about your parents and both your maternal and your paternal grandparents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=29.28542,37.75113"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was born here in Savannah around 1900. My mother is from New York. She was born in Poland and came to this country with her father and the rest of her family when she was around eight years old. My mother's parents were Lewis and Millie Kadish. As I mentioned, they came from Poland. They settled in New York, where my mother lived until she was a young woman. One day in the subway station was standing with some friends of hers who also happened to be friends of my father. He went over to ask his friends to introduce him to this cute Yiddish maidel that he saw with them. She turned out to be my mother. My father was Harry Roy Friedman. My mother was Rose Kadish, eventually Friedman. Interestingly, my father has a cousin who also was Rose Friedman, but that was before she was married. She became Rose Aaron and was the mother of Muriel [Aaron] and the grandmother of Barbara Sudka [sp]. My father's father, Sam Friedman, came from Russia, one of the nearby countries that was occupied by the Russians. He was a young man. He was in his teens at the time, late teens, because he was in the Czar's army and decided that there really wasn't much future there for a young Jewish man. He also had a cousin in the army with him. The two of them decided to leave at the same time. My grandfather came here. He went to Philadelphia. He had a sister who was already living here in Savannah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=37.75113,187.54299"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGALIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=187.54299,193.72935"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e His cousin went to what was then Palestine. He was one of the early Zionists. His son became the mayor of Jerusalem just prior to Teddy Kollek’s term. As I mentioned, my grandfather came to Savannah because he had a sister living here. His sister was married and her husband had a sister. They were going to make shidduch between my grandfather's sister’s sister-in-law. My grandfather, he came here, and one day he saw who he thought was a very cute young Jewish woman, single, and introduced himself. The shidduch was never made because he married her. That was Esther Klein. She became my grandmother. My mother's parents were Kadish. Lewis and Millie Kadish. They lived in New York. Unfortunately, I never got to know my grandmother, maternal grandmother, very well. She visited Savannah when I was about, I don't know, six or seven years old. I wasn't yet eight. She had a mild . . . she had what would have been minor surgery, but she never recovered. Medicine back in the 1930s was not what it is today. So, my grandmother died. My grandmother died here in Savannah when I was a very young boy. My grandfather, I got to know a little bit better, because I would travel to New York. My mother went there every year. He came to visit Savannah. He was a very kind and gentle man. He was very generous with people on the street who may have been begging. His philosophy was that he would rather give to ten people who don't need it, as long as one of them did need it. That was an acceptable equation with him. My grandfather was not a wealthy man. I remember well as a child on Hanukkah. My brother [Erwin Friedman] and I got a gift from him. The gift was a nickel. That was our Hanukkah gelt. Of course, back in the 1930s and 1940s, you could buy something with a nickel because it was five pennies. That bought candy, bubble gum, or a chance on the lottery. What was it called? You could spend pennies in the confectionery, and you could have fun with it because they had a punch board. For a penny, you took a chance. One day when I won, I took the biggest prize, which was a mistake because it was a package of needles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGALIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your father's occupation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=394.98295,400.19281"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Dad was a CPA. My mother was his helper. She worked in the office with him. She carried a heavy workload. Secretary, bookkeeper, tax return preparer. She did it all. My dad's favorite hobby was fishing. My long-look forward to ambition when I was too young to go fishing with him was that one day I'd be old enough. He did take me fishing. It was . . . the first trip was on a rather large boat. It was a boat owned by a man named Jack Moody. I guess I was probably, I don't know, nine or ten years old at the time. Coca Cola was a treat back then. There was a whole bucket-full of Cokes. I drank so much that I don't think I slept much that night. When I was born, my parents lived on Bull Street on 36th Street, just across from the library. Then we moved to 33rd and Live Oak [Streets]. When I was eight years old, I remember that well because I was going into the second grade. We moved to Henry and Cedar Streets. Our upstairs neighbors were Dr. Sam and Estelle Rosen. They had two daughters, Jacquelyn and Sandra.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=400.19281,503.71993"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGALIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Please tell us about your education, both from public school and all the way through formal education, and what activities interested you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=503.71993,516.45093"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e My first activity ambition was to go fishing, that I mentioned, with my father. He was also a baseball fan. Between fishing and baseball games, which, baseball was big in Savannah back in the 1940s. Between those two, my father and I and my brother Ernie, we bonded very closely. Those were . . . we shared those interests. That brought us close together. I began school, kindergarten, in the old JEA [Jewish Educational Alliance] on Bond Street. My formal education began with what was then Waters Avenue School, now Romana Riley Jr. High, which is now middle school, was at Chatham Junior High School, both on Bull [Street] and Oglethorpe [Avenue]. I graduated high school from Savannah High on Washington Avenue. During my high school years, my activities were an active member in AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph]  and the Boy Scouts. Boy Scouts really got to me. I was very active. I stayed in probably longer than most other scouts do. I was an Eagle Scout. I had several leaves [palm leaves] on my eagle badge from continually getting merit badges. During the summer of my junior year in high school, I was 17 at the time. I was the waterfront director, at the local Boy Scout Camp Strong. The following year, I graduated high school, and I was a lifeguard at Tybee [Island]. Somewhere along the way, I got interested in the Red Cross lifesaving courses. That's where my interest in water safety arose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Also along the way, I got interested in flying. I made my first flight when I was 16. I wanted to take flying lessons, and after a year of persuasion, or persuading my parents, they finally gave in. When I was 17, I started to fly. The licenses available to a young pilot at that time was just a pilot license, which simply allowed you to fly solo. That was after eight hours of instructions. Then I went on to get a private license, which allowed me to carry a passenger, not for hire, but I could take somebody with me. One of the requirements for a private license was to go on a solo navigation flight. I decided to fly from Savannah to Augusta [Georgia]. I had had a good bit of instruction in navigation, but I had never put it to use in the air before. A short ways out of Savannah, I ran into a cloud. There were really not much by way of instruments on the plane. It had an airspeed indicator and a turn indicator. But I was really more concerned with getting out of the clouds than following the few instruments that I had. I cut the throttle and glided down. Fortunately, the clouds did not go all the way down to the trees, and I leveled off. My compass told me that I had made an 180-degree turn. I was going exactly opposite from where I wanted to go. I didn't believe it until I started seeing Port Wentworth [Georgia] again. Then I realized that I had turned around. So, I turned around again. I headed back to Augusta. Picking up check points on the ground like a school building or a water tower, not quite as easy from the air as it is when taking ground lessons. Eventually, I realized that I wasn't too sure where I was. I was somewhere along the Savannah River. That was what I did. I decided I would simply follow the river. You can't do that because, for one thing, it zigzags, and another, a lot of it is covered by trees. I realized I was getting low on fuel and not knowing exactly where I was, I decided that it would be better to land while I still had power, while I still had fuel, rather than keep going, running out of gas and then landing on what happened to be under me. So I picked out a cornfield that was level ground, and I landed there. It happened to have been near a highway. I like to believe that I looked for that highway. I'm really not sure that it wasn't simply a matter of luck. At any rate, I landed in the cornfield. Of course, all the farmers around back then, many probably had never seen an airplane before. They certainly had never seen a foolish pilot before. So they all came around. I asked where there was a service station where I could get some gas. It so happens that there was a gasoline station about a mile or so up the road. I walked there. I got as much gas as I could, about two or three gallons. That's about all I could carry for that distance. Maybe it was five gallons. At any rate, now I've got gas. I found out that I was in Alexander, Georgia, and not very far from Augusta. So, now I'm on my way again. The most fortunate part of the day happened, although I didn't realize it until later. I got to Augusta. Actually, the field was across the river in Aiken, South Carolina. I saw the field right away. It landed without any difficulty and without any further navigation needs. Up until then, I really wasn't concerned. I was a good pilot. The one thing I was very good at was landing. So, I had no problem when I landed in the cornfield. I ran into some older pilots at the airfield in Aiken. I got one very valuable lesson. He said, “Don't worry about finding checkpoints on the ground. You just pick your course based on the wind and fly out your course. Keep your heading. And when you're supposed to be in Savannah, you'll be there.” That's exactly what happened. I really didn't have any checkpoints along the way back from Augusta to Savannah, but I had my course. I flew right over the heart of the city. But going back a moment before leaving Aiken, I filled the tank up with gas. That was the most frightening part of the day, because the plane took 11 and half gallons into a 12-gallon tank. So, I landed in Aiken with a half-gallon. That's why I was very fortunate that I didn't have any trouble flying around looking for that airfield.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=663.02189,1018.22604"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Once I started flying, my parents financed me up to a point. Then I started to work on Saturdays. I worked at the S \u0026 G Men's Shop on West Broad Street that was owned by Max Gordon, whose son is Bobby Gordon. Bobby and I got to be friends. We weren't close friends because there was a lot of difference at that time in our age. The stores did not have hours then. One store stayed open until the store next door closed, which meant that the business stayed open until 10:30 or 11 o’clock. This was particularly on Saturday. However, I never stayed until the store closed. I usually left somewhere around 9 or 10 o’clock. I started earning money now. I started saving it, but I didn't count money in terms of dollars. Money was flying hours. It cost me $7 an hour to rent the plane. Once, I remember, I had $35. I was rich because I had five flying hours in my pocket.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1018.22604,1101.93438"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a time when Broughton Street was virtually all Jewish. That is, the stores were Jewish owned, with the exception of the five and dimes, McCrory's and Woolworth's. Other than that, on the High Holy Days, Broughton Street was all closed. My bar mitzvah was, of course, with all of us, was a special day. Mine had a little bit more meaning to it because I started my bar mitzvah lessons in September. My birthday is March. I had lessons with Cantor Geffen [sp] for the six months. There were a few words that I could never get right, never did, until the day of my bar mitzvah. That was the first time that I did everything, that I sung the whole thing, and got all the words right. I was bar mitzvahed in the old BB Jacob [Congregation B’nai B’rith Jacob] on Montgomery Street. My grandparents were kosher and very observant. My grandfather was a butcher, but he was closed on Saturday. He was a kosher butcher. I was bar mitzvahed in March of 1941. In September of the same year, the Agudath Achim Congregation had built a synagogue on Drayton and Waldburg [Streets]. That was their first High Holy Day celebration there. That was when my family moved from the old Orthodox synagogue and we joined the Conservative congregation. My brother Ernie and I have always been very close. We still are. Of course, there are three years difference between us. I’m three years older than he is. Although I do remember the night that he was born. I was not quite three. I remember being taken to my grandparent’s house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Ernie and I, we were close. We also had our usual differences, as brothers do. I do recall one particular evening I had. When I graduated high school, I'd want to go to Annapolis [Maryland. United States Naval Academy]. There were no appointments available at that time. So, I went to the University of Georgia. The end of my first year, I came home on the bus. Our parents had gone to New York, and we were going to join them there. But in the meantime, with my parents not being home, I needed a ride. Ernie was the designated driver to come meet me at the bus station. Also, on the bus on the way home, I met someone. I don't know, it may have been a man. It may have been a woman. But there was no romance, had it been a woman anyway. But the point is, we became friendly and I offered her a ride home. Ernie met me at the bus station very upset and anxious to get me out of the way because he had a date that night with Mary Weitz [Friedman], who he later married. This may very well have been their first date. So, the idea of interrupting his evening with his first girlfriend to pick up his big brother really didn't sit too well with him. Then when he found out that he had to take somebody else home too, I'm not sure we were brothers for the rest of that evening. At any rate, it all passed, and it went well with Mary because they're married. They married. They've been married now for 50 years. Yes, its 50 years. That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1250.0,1377.83103"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to the University of Georgia for two years. I was a member of the TEP [Tau Epsilon Phi] fraternity. After the second year, I finally got my appointment to Annapolis. Those were four eventful years. I graduated in 1952. I was still interested in flying. I wanted to go to Pensacola [Florida] and fly [United States] Navy. I wanted to stay in the Navy, but that time, the Navy required two years of sea duty before you could go to Pensacola. The [United States] Air Force Academy was still on the drawing boards. So, the [United States] Department of Defense allowed one-fourth of the class from West Point and one-fourth from Annapolis to go into the Air Force on a voluntary basis. So, I did. That was September of 1952 when I began pilot training. I graduated a year later in September of 1953. During that time, the Korean War was on. The war in Korea ended in mid-August of 1953, two weeks before I graduated pilot training. Instead of flying bombers, I went into transports. I was flying out of Springfield, Massachusetts. I had a couple of very interesting routes. I first started flying up to Thule [Air Base], Greenland, which is just a few hundred miles south of the North Pole. Flying over Greenland, I got to see the glaciers, icebergs, the polar bears. Then I was transferred to another squadron that had a more sociable route. We flew from Springfield to Paris, Frankfurt, and return. During my flying years in the Air Force, I began in in Springfield, Mass. Then we moved down to McGuire, Fort Dix, which is near Princeton, New Jersey. It was in 1955. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1377.83103,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was 1955, the 4th of July. I took leave and drove down to Savannah for about ten days or so. In the meantime, I figured that I would just drive as far as I could and then stop and spend the night wherever I was. This was the evening of July the 3rd. Of course, all the motels were filled up, so I never . . . the only place I could sleep that night and was in the car. Every once in a while, I'd pull into a filling station, get off the road. Back then, it was safe. You didn't have all the highway robberies and what have you and thugs around that we do today. At any rate, I stopped several times to rest. After I left Charleston [South Carolina], I figured that I can make it from Charleston to Savannah, but I didn't. I pulled over to rest along the way. By the time I got to Savannah, I was pretty exhausted. My mother tells me that she had made a date for me that night. Back then, the JEA had a 4th of July dance. I said, “Thank you very much, but I think I'm just going to rest.” She said, “No, you can't do that. She’s very pretty and very . . . She wants to go to the dance, and she's planning on it.” This was, Jackie Karsman [Friedman]. It turned out that Jackie had been asked by others to go to the dance. But, at that time, she had a boyfriend at the University of Alabama, where she was going to school, and was hopeful that he would come in. So, when she was asked for a date, her response was, well, I have a date coming in from out of town. The fellow from Alabama never made it, but guess who did come in from out of town? So, going with me, kind of made it legitimate. Eventually, in fact, that was July the 4th. September the 4th, Jackie and I were married. We have four children. Renee, who is now Renee Stemmer. She lives in New Jersey. Kim Troy in Los Angeles [California]. Samuel, who is in Laguna Hills, California. Michael, who lives now in Atlanta. My oldest and youngest have our grandchildren. Renee has two daughters, Danit and Claire. Michael, the youngest, has two daughters, Rebecca and Jennifer. Of course, like all granddaughters, they're wonderful people and lots of fun to be with, and they enjoy my company, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1519.0,1715.40629"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Although I went to Annapolis and was an Air Force pilot, I knew all along that once I got married that I would want to get out of the service. So, that's what happened. Jackie and I were married in 1955. We spent that first year in England. I was still in the Air Force then. A year later, after having been in the Air Force for four years, I resigned. I decided that I was going to go into . . . my father was a CPA. I decided that I was going to go into the office with him. In 1956, I went back to school at Georgia State University to get my accounting degree. The G.I. Bill was helpful, but I also had a job at that time with the Internal Revenue Service. I was an agent. Of course, I could not say that I'm only going to work for you for a year. So, when the year was up when I decided I was coming back to Savannah, my supervisor there was quite unhappy. He expressed himself this way. My father had been a CPA for a number of years and really never had any problem with the IRS. In fact, he had very few examinations, the returns that he filed. Very few were examined. That first year, that first tax season with me in 1957, we had ten examinations. The IRS didn't make any money on it because our returns were strictly clean. However, I'm sure that it traced back to the supervisor who thought that I should not have resigned after just one year of service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1715.40629,1845.01369"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We moved back to Savannah in 1958. Between then and October of 1961, we had three children. Renee was born in 1956, when we returned from England.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1845.01369,3705.01882"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Samuel was born in November of 1960. About a year later, less than a year later, in October of 1961, I had a brain tumor. I had surgery in Atlanta at the Emory University Hospital, and surgery went well. Fortunately, the tumor was benign, and it was operable. A wonderful, highly skilled surgeon by the name of Dr. Edgar Fincher operated on me. At that time, I still had three young children. Renee had her fifth birthday. Kim was not yet three. Samuel was not yet one at the time. There was a lot of gratitude from people that I made it. In 1965 or 1966, I became president of the Agudath Achim Congregation. This was in the old building, on Drayton Street. It was during my presidency that we began the campaign, the program, to build what is now a new synagogue on Lee Boulevard. In 1975, at the beginning of the year, Jackie and I were divorced. But, the only person I divorced was Jackie. My children were still and still are my family. We're very close. I’m close with my children and my grandchildren. They are my family. I'm still working as a CPA, although mostly retired. In fact, if it weren't for the computer, I would be fully retired. But the partial retirement is very well. It allows me to play tennis and to fish and to visit my children and my grandchildren. Life goes on. That's where we are today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=3705.01882,3867.30623"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGALIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Karl Friedman, thank you very much for a very interesting interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=3867.30623,3872.73345"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/transcript/82182/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFRIEDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e You're very welcome. I enjoyed talking with you, Ellie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=3872.73345,3877.23345"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Friedman, Karl [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaidel\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word, meaning a pretty girl.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=37.75113,187.54299"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCsar\u003c/em\u003e (variations: \u003cem\u003eCzar\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTzar\u003c/em\u003e) was the official title of the Russian Emperor from 1547 to 1721 (replaced in 1721 by Imperator), with the term remaining in common use outside Russia until 1917. Czar Alexander III (1845-1881) ascended the throne on March 14, 1881, the day after the assassination of his father, Alexander II. While his father had been a more liberal leader and the Jewish communities in the Russian Empire had enjoyed increased equality, Alexander III was a more reactionary and autocratic ruler who permitted the persecution of Jews and fostered hostility. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=37.75113,187.54299"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is an area in the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, the region is made up of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is located in western Asia and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered to be a holy city for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital. The status of the city remains one of the core issues in the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodor “Teddy” Kollek (1911-2007) was born near Budapest, Hungary, as Kollek Tivadar. The family moved to Vienna in 1918. Growing up in the Austrian capital, Kollek came to share his father’s Zionist convictions. In 1935, the family immigrated to British-controlled Palestine. Kollek was an Israeli politician who served as the mayor of Jerusalem from 1965 to 1993. Kollek was re-elected five times, in 1969, 1973, 1978, 1983, and 1989. During his tenure, Jerusalem developed into a modern city.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShidduch\u003c/em\u003e is a system of matchmaking in which Jewish singles are introduced to each other in Orthodox Jewish communities for the purpose of marriage. A \u003cem\u003eshidduch\u003c/em\u003e often begins with a recommendation from family members, friends, or others who see matchmaking as a \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, or commandment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eChanukah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003eHanukkah menorah\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGelt is a Yiddish word, meaning money or gift.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=193.72935,394.98295"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) is the name of Savannah, Georgia's Jewish Community Center. It was founded in 1912 and continues to serve the Jewish and general communities in Savannah today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWaters Avenue School was built in the early 1900s. It was later renamed Romana Riley School after a beloved teacher and principal, Romana Riley (1873-1963). It is now named the Romana Riley Lofts, affordable senior housing. (2024)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America (BSA, colloquially the Boy Scouts) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 2.3 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110 million Americans have participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives. BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouts of America. Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Red Cross (ARC) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated United States affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The ARC was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=516.45093,663.02189"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of the variety store originated with the “five and ten,” “five and dime,” “nickel and ten-cent store,” or “dime store,” a store offering a wide assortment of inexpensive items for personal and household use. The originators of the concept were the Woolworth Bros. in the late 1800s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation B'nai B'rith Jacob (also known as \"BBJ\" or \"BB Jacob\") is the Orthodox synagogue in Savannah, Georgia. It was founded in 1861 by Eastern European immigrants. The current rabbi, as of 2022, is Avigdor Slatus, who has led the congregation since 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Agudath Achim is a synagogue in Savannah, Georgia, that is affiliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. It formed in 1903 as a small congregation following Orthodox ritual. In 1945, Agudath Achim joined the United Synagogue of America to become the first Conservative congregation in Georgia. As of 2022, the leader of the congregation is Rabbi Steven Henkin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1101.93438,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTau Epsilon Phi (ΤΕΦ, nicknamed “Tep”) is a college social fraternity founded by Jewish students at Columbia University in 1910. As of 2022, it has fifteen active chapters and five active colonies, with its oldest active chapter residing at the University of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1377.83103,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited States Military Academy, also referred to as West Point, was originally established as a fort during the American Revolutionary War. It is the oldest of the five American service academies and educates cadets for commissioning to the United States Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1377.83103,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1377.83103,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThule Air Base, now known as Pituffik Space Base, is the United States Space Force’s northernmost base and northernmost installation of the U.S. Armed Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1377.83103,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe North Pole is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the earth’s axis of rotation meets at its surface. It is called the True North Pole to distinguish from the Magnetic North Pole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1377.83103,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797/annotation_set/1981/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the “G.I. Bill,” was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/154744/file/283797#t=1715.40629,1845.01369"}]}]}]}