{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4746q1tf6x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hersch, Harold"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-01-09 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Hersch, Harold (Interviewee)","Hersch, Helen Lefkowitz (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHarold Hersch with Helen Lefkowitz Hersch being interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on January 9, 2003 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHarold Hersch was born Herman Hejszerek in Lodz, Poland in 1923. He was the youngest of three boys born to Rojza and Zalman Hejszerek. His mother came from and Orthodox family, while his father was a Zionist who owned a paint store.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied Harold’s hometown of Lodz, Poland, the family was confined to the ghetto, where his father died. In 1941, sixteen-year-old Harold took his older brother, Szymon’s identity to spare him from forced labor. Harold was sent to a series of work camps, constructing the Autobahn.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, Harold was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In August 1943, he was sent first to the Lagischa subcamp and later to the Neu-dachs subcamp. As the Germans began to evacuate camps in the east, Harold was sent on a death march towards the Flossenburg concentration camp. In the spring of 1945, Harold was sent east on a transport that stopped in the Black Forest, near Offenburg, Germany, on the French border. In early April, Harold managed to escape and was hidden in a barn by a Polish forced laborer working on a German farm. By the time the French liberated the area a few days later, Harold was ill with typhus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recovering, Harold began to search for family, but soon realized he was the only survivor. Harold settled in Konstanz, Germany and began to build a new life for himself. After a few years, he decided to leave Europe. Through a distant relative, Harold was able to immigrate to the United States. He lived in Paterson, New Jersey for a few years and met his wife there.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe young couple soon came to Atlanta, Georgia, where they would raise three children. Harold became a successful grocer in the African-American community. Objecting to the discrimination he witnessed in the still segregated South, Harold became active in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. He became the first white business owner in the area to have an integrated staff.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHarold also was active in the community of survivors who settled in Atlanta. He was a founding member of Hemshech and a member of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Harold died in 2013.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHarold summarizes his wartime experience in the Lodz ghetto, as a forced laborer on the Autobahn, in Auschwitz-Birkenau, and on a death march to the Flossenburg concentration camp. He recalls liberation and recovering from typhus. Harold recollects his career prospects before the war. Harold talks about antisemitism after the war and why he went to Konstanz, Germany. He remembers searching for his family. He explains why he did not want to go to Palestine. Harold describes his life in Konstanz. He explains why he came to the United States and how he met his wife. Harold talks about the role of religion in his life. He explains his feelings about Germans and Poles. Harold explains how he came to the United States and Atlanta, Georgia. He talks about opening a grocery store and becoming involved in in the Civil Rights Movement. Harold expresses his objections to segregation. He shares his experiences with the Atlanta Jewish community. Harold remembers other Holocaust survivors who came to Atlanta. He considers why he did not talk about his experiences with his children. Harold talks about raising his children. He considers the differences in American and European antisemitism. Harold relates his interactions with Oskar Schindler after the war. He brings up his career and retirement. Harold shares what is important to him now and what he thinks can be learned about the Holocaust. He talks about becoming a father and his grandchildren. Harold’s wife offers her thoughts on survivors and how they integrated into American society. Harold and his wife talk about what they have accomplished. Harold remembers his older brothers.  \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28927"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Hejszerek, Herman, 1923-2013 (personal name)","Lodz (Poland) (geographic)","Hejszerek, Zalman (personal name)","Hejszerek, Rojza (personal name)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (topical term)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (named event)","Konstanz (Germany) (geographic)","Civil Rights Movement (named event)","segregation--Georgia (topical term)","antisemitism (topical)","grocery stores (topical)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHarold Hersch with Helen Lefkowitz Hersch being interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on January 9, 2003 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarold Hersch was born Herman Hejszerek in Lodz, Poland in 1923. He was the youngest of three boys born to Rojza and Zalman Hejszerek. His mother came from and Orthodox family, while his father was a Zionist who owned a paint store.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied Harold\u0026rsquo;s hometown of Lodz, Poland, the family was confined to the ghetto, where his father died. In 1941, sixteen-year-old Harold took his older brother, Szymon\u0026rsquo;s identity to spare him from forced labor. Harold was sent to a series of work camps, constructing the Autobahn.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, Harold was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In August 1943, he was sent first to the Lagischa subcamp and later to the Neu-dachs subcamp. As the Germans began to evacuate camps in the east, Harold was sent on a death march towards the Flossenburg concentration camp. In the spring of 1945, Harold was sent east on a transport that stopped in the Black Forest, near Offenburg, Germany, on the French border. In early April, Harold managed to escape and was hidden in a barn by a Polish forced laborer working on a German farm. By the time the French liberated the area a few days later, Harold was ill with typhus.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter recovering, Harold began to search for family, but soon realized he was the only survivor. Harold settled in Konstanz, Germany and began to build a new life for himself. After a few years, he decided to leave Europe. Through a distant relative, Harold was able to immigrate to the United States. He lived in Paterson, New Jersey for a few years and met his wife there.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe young couple soon came to Atlanta, Georgia, where they would raise three children. Harold became a successful grocer in the African-American community. Objecting to the discrimination he witnessed in the still segregated South, Harold became active in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. He became the first white business owner in the area to have an integrated staff.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHarold also was active in the community of survivors who settled in Atlanta. He was a founding member of Hemshech and a member of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Harold died in 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarold summarizes his wartime experience in the Lodz ghetto, as a forced laborer on the Autobahn, in Auschwitz-Birkenau, and on a death march to the Flossenburg concentration camp. He recalls liberation and recovering from typhus. Harold recollects his career prospects before the war. Harold talks about antisemitism after the war and why he went to Konstanz, Germany. He remembers searching for his family. He explains why he did not want to go to Palestine. Harold describes his life in Konstanz. He explains why he came to the United States and how he met his wife. Harold talks about the role of religion in his life. He explains his feelings about Germans and Poles. Harold explains how he came to the United States and Atlanta, Georgia. He talks about opening a grocery store and becoming involved in in the Civil Rights Movement. Harold expresses his objections to segregation. He shares his experiences with the Atlanta Jewish community. Harold remembers other Holocaust survivors who came to Atlanta. He considers why he did not talk about his experiences with his children. Harold talks about raising his children. He considers the differences in American and European antisemitism. Harold relates his interactions with Oskar Schindler after the war. He brings up his career and retirement. Harold shares what is important to him now and what he thinks can be learned about the Holocaust. He talks about becoming a father and his grandchildren. Harold\u0026rsquo;s wife offers her thoughts on survivors and how they integrated into American society. Harold and his wife talk about what they have accomplished. Harold remembers his older brothers. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/318/small/Hersch_Harold.m4v_1663876010.jpg?1663876011","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hersch_Harold.m4v"]},"duration":4942.905,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/318/small/Hersch_Harold.m4v_1663876010.jpg?1663876011","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/318/original/Hersch_Harold.m4v?1663876007","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4942.905,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Harold Hersch [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Okay, could you start with your name and birth and where and when you were\nborn? \nHERSCH: My name was . . . The original name? \nKENT: Yes. \nHERSCH: The\noriginal name--I changed my name--was Hejszerek, which, when I got here, I\nchanged my name to Hersch. I cut it in half. I was born in Lodz [Poland in]\n1923. \nKENT: Can you just describe a bit of what your family situation was?\nHERSCH: My family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were not rich, they were medium. From my mother's side,\nthey were Orthodox. From my father's side, they were Zionists. Do I go back into\nthe war? When the war started, I was sixteen years old. We went into the ghetto\nin Lodz. We had what they call a paint store. This was our business late. We\nhave a paint store. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war started, the paint store just happened [to be]\nin the ghetto. We didn't have to move no place else. I was sixteen years old.\nThen, the German wants to get a volunteer to go to work, to put a quarter to\nGermany. I was figuring that I go to work in Germany as a civilian; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least,\nthey're going to feed me. I was sixteen years old. I was too young, so I took my\nbrother's name [Szymon Hejszerek]. He was eighteen and I didn't want him to go.\nI went in his place. We went to Germany. Germany was working on the Autobahn. I\n[am going to] make it short. For two years, we worked the Autobahn, was going\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from East Germany to Poland. On the . . . every twenty miles or twenty\nkilometer, they have a camp. Most of [the laborers] were Jews that worked on the Autobahn. [In] 1942, when the, was the Wehrmacht [Germany army] . . . Gdansk . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the Germans wanted to liquidate the Jews and put them to the\nconcentration camp. I already been two years in the civilian camp. They send us\nto Auschwitz[-Birkenau], with no notice, nothing. In Auschwitz[-Birkenau] . . .\nDo you want a deliberation? In Auschwitz[-Birkenau], I was working coal mine,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factories, different places, like there is an electric company. There working,\nwere some Russians, too, after 1942. I got liberate[d] there. When the war got\nbad . . . I [am going to] make it short. When the war got bad, and the Russians\ncome into Auschwitz[-Birkenau], I was doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there what they called the 'march\nwalk' from Auschwitz to Flossenburg. The march walk was a walk. There was no\ncars, there was no . . . most of it was walking. We didn't [have] left too many.\nMaybe, I think, I don't know about eighty, fifty percent fell dead, didn't make\nit to the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Flossenburg, was a camp, was open for everybody. There was no work. Everything was called the concentration camp. People was coming; people were going. We didn't know. I got . . . I don't know whether I want to tell you this. From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over there we went, I went to another [camp]. I want to get out of\nFlossenburg. I want to stay alive. But I got into to a transport goes to\nSchwartzwald [German], Black Forest. [There, we were] fixing the railroad where\nthe American was bombing. We were fixing the railroad. I got liberated in\nGermany. How I got liberated . . . I want tell you the story how I got\nliberated. It was . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our home was under [the] train. When the Americans, the\nFrench pulled us back [stopped bombing], we went back. When they pulled them back, we're back fixing the rails. We didn't do much work because soon we fixed it, there was bombing. There was . . . The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS wants--they're next to Swiss\nborder--to go to the Swiss border and kill ourselves. One of the Germans told\nme. He says, \"You better get away because they're going to kill [you],\" because\nthey were going in to Switzerland. When they bombed the train every half hour, I\njumped the train with another guy. It was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night time. I jumped the train. I\nsaw light, so I want to go where this light is, find someplace else where people\nare. I fall in to a German Panzer [tank] division. One SS man grabbed me and\nsay, \"Get away from here.\" I got away. I say, \"What's this?\" I say, \"He's\ntelling me the truth.\" I got away over there and I got to a farm. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Polish guy\nwas working over there. He put me in the stable, on the top, and he feed me for\nthree days, maybe it was five days. Then, he went. A few days later, he come\nback. He say that the Germany go and, \"You can come down.\" On this, I got\nliberated. After my liberation, I got sick on the typhus. The whole group got\nsick on the typhus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I was strong. I made [recovered from] the typhus,\nbut eighty percent didn't make it. Typhus come . . . from a rat. That's the\nstory after the war, until the war's finished. Now, what you want to know more\nabout it? \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Describe what kind of a person were you as a young man? How\nwould you describe yourself when the war started and during the war? \nHERSCH: As a young man, I was confused. I don't know. I was confused. One part . . . My parents wanted me to be a . . . One side wants me to be religious, so I went to the religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school before the war. I was what you called it . . . didn't fit me. I was against it.\nKENT: The other side was Zionist?\nHERSCH: Zionist, always want to go to Israel. By the way, I was sixteen years. I was one of the youngest. I have two brothers. I was the youngest.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What were you expecting for your future if the war had not changed everything? What were you working\ntowards?\nHERSCH: In the war time?\nKENT: No, before the war. Did you have plans?\nHERSCH: Poland was not much future for Jews. [If you] have a job, you was lucky,\nso my expectations was not too much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland. I can't go no to college and\nthere was no high schools for Jews, so my expectations wasn't too much. It was . . . expectation . . . I was too young. I was taking . . . [At] sixteen years,\nyou want to go out with girls. Different. You're thinking different until you\nget older.\nKENT: What would you say were the qualities about you that enabled\nyou to get through the war?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: Taking chances. I was always the volunteer.\nWhen they needed what you called it . . . a butcher, I was a butcher. When they\nneed a carpenter, I was a carpenter. I was volunteer. I was hoping I'd get, that\nGermans [were] going to like me for my work and they going to give me food. I\nalways volunteered to go to work. From then, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make me . . . what they call\n'foreman,' so I have little more food.\nKENT: You had a sense of confidence about yourself?\nHERSCH: I have confidence to survive over . . . I have confidence I'll\nsurvive or . . . But I don't know what my future going to be, because\neverybody's hoping that the war going to be end, to come home to your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family.\nEven when I founded out my family's . . . I don't have no more family after the\nwar, so I didn't go home to Poland.\nKENT: During the war, did you have any\ncontact with family to know who was out there and where they were?\nHERSCH: No, no contact. I just got a general contact that they liquidating the Lodz ghetto, or general like the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I have no personal contact where I could put the telephone and say, \"Hey, how ya doing?\" It's not what you think.\nKENT: Describe how you were towards the end of the war, when it looked like you might actually survive this thing.\nHERSCH: The first time I . . . got out after I got sick, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nI went to the next little town. I went to the street. I want to take . . . I\nstopped the French jeeps was going by. I said it to them, \"I'm just Juif de\nPologne [French: a Jew from Poland]. I need a ride.\" He no want to give me a\nride ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I was Jewish. There was antisemitism then. I find it out even after\nthe war still antisemitism. I went back and I put a Polish uniform and put a\nFrench cross here. I went again to the street and [said,] \"I need a ride.\" They\ngive me a ride and they feed me. They did everything they could. Then I say,\n\"I'm still a Jew.\" They still hates me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For this time, I was a little . . .\nbecause my whole family was dead. I don't want to go to Israel, because I want\nto have somebody left from my family, so I decide to go to the United States if\nI get . . . \nKENT: At the end of the war, you said you went to that farmer and he\nfed you for a few days. \nHERSCH: Yes.\nKENT: How did the Polish people in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\narea respond to the . . . \nHERSCH: He was a Polish guy working for the German\nfarms. After the war . . . I hardly saw him twice, three times--because he put\nme in the stable and then he gave me food--because he was scared.\nKENT: Did you\nhave a uniform on at that time? Could people recognize you were . . . \nHERSCH: Yes, I have what they called 'the concentration uniform.'\nKENT: They knew who you were?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: They knew who I am.\nKENT: How did the other people who saw you\ntreat you during those following days and weeks? In other words, I am trying to\nhave a sense of what it was like to be a survivor there right after the war, how\npeople treated you.\nHERSCH: We met a French Jewish chaplain, because over there\nit was no Jews. We're now . . . We was separated. We just a couple, about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twenty, thirty concentration camp inmates. We don't know where to go and what to do. We met a French Jewish chaplain and he told us to go to Konstanz. [In]\nKonstanz, they got a Jewish Gemeinde [German: community]. They going to have a Jewish settlement over there and they going take care of us. We went to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Konstanz. In Konstanz, the government, the city took care of us. The UNRRA, they took care of us with food, with shelter.\nKENT: A painful memory: How did you find out about your family after the war? HERSCH: This was a disappointment. I went to . . . They told me two guys got the same name over there in Bergen-Belsen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was thinking this was my brother. In this time, to go to\nBergen-Belsen is where you can go to from Switzerland to Hamburg [Germany].\nThere were no . . . You got to catch trains . . . Took me about maybe a week to\ngo to Bergen-Belsen. I got to Bergen-Belsen, and I ask him, \"Where's Hejszerek\nlive?\" They told me, \"Over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\" I opened up the door, it was not the same\nHejszerek. It was somebody else. It was some kind of a far family [distant\nrelative] from us. I didn't know him. That was a big disappointment with me. I\nhad lots of disappointments.\nKENT: Did you ever hear anything at all about what\nhappened to the various members of your family? Did you ever know for certain\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happened to them?\nHERSCH: They got killed in the . . . Germany killed them. What's the use to find? They're not here no more. What's the use to look for\nthem? I don't have a place to go on the cemetery and say, \"This is my family.\" I\ndon't know where they are.\nKENT: Then, when it hit you that you didn't have a\nfamily anymore . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: We have a bunch of . . . The family was our friends\nwhere we got liberated. They were our friends, the few friends what we have.\nKENT: How did you figure out what to do next?\nHERSCH: Day by day.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You said you didn't want to go to Palestine?\nHERSCH: I helped a movement to go to Palestine over there to smuggle, in 1948. I helped them, Russian Jews, to coming\nback to . . . They want to go to Israel and I helped. I was one [of] the\nmovement to smuggle them to Marseille, helping them. But I still don't want to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to Israel, to Palestine. I was not strong enough to fight it. You couldn't\nmake a soldier out of me right after the war. I was not trained. \nKENT: How long\ndid it take to heal from that typhus? \nHERSCH: From typhus . . . I got away from the typhus at . . . I couldn't walk because I was all skinny. I didn't have no\nmeat, was skin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bone. I couldn't eat today. Now, in a few minutes I was\nhungry. I was weighing now about eighty-five pounds, ninety-five pounds. It took\nme about two weeks, three weeks to get enough food in me to build up my body and start walking, because if I walk . . . I was not strong enough to walk. I was\nwalking on next to the wall, like you holding on by something. \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How would you describe what your attitude was inside as your body was slowly healing? How were you feeling? What were you thinking?\nHERSCH: About what? About me? \nKENT: Yes, about your situation, about your future. \nHERSCH: I was thinking my future going to be good. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still [trying] to live and change my life. I didn't live\nin the [displaced persons] camp after the war. I lived . . . The city gave me\nwhat they called it . . . living with somebody else, a houseguest. They gave me\na room with some German family. That's what they did. That's what I was living.\nKENT: Who were the main people in your life during that period?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: You want to know what I did in Germany?\nKENT: Yes, in 1945, 1946.\nHERSCH: 1946.\nKENT: Who were the main people in your story? [conversation off-camera; interview pauses and then resumes]\nHERSCH: We're already after the war, Helen.\nKENT: Would you maybe just want to explain it your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way? [Helen speaks off-camera] Okay, let us just continue then.\nWho were the main people around you during the year after the war, as you\nstarted to put it together again? \nHERSCH: That's too personal. \nKENT: Okay. [interview pauses and then resumes] \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: I got liberated in Konstanz. Konstanz is a half a city in Switzerland and half a city German. The border is right in the middle of the city. You can go. If you have a passport or if you have a permit, you can go, just walk over. You didn't have to drive over there. You can walk over there. To be on this borderline, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have contact with the Swiss Jews. Some with the Swiss Jews, they help us. They think to help us. Like, I got integrated with the Germans because there were not too many Jews over there. I was doing business with the Germans. I was going out with German girls. I was dating German girls. [interview pauses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then resumes] When I got liberated, was good memories because my life was changed, because I was doing . . . I was got into business. At this time, was a black market business, although to me it was not a black market business because I didn't sell nothing on black market.\nBut I was doing business with the Germans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was bringing in goods from\nSwitzerland, and the Germans was--goods from Switzerland, food, coffee,\ncigarettes--because I was on the border. All the Jews from the camp was coming\nto me and want to buy stuff. I was in business. My life started to be good. I\nwas living up after the war. I had a . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most German girls because I was doing\nbusiness with the French. The occupation was the French not American. I was\nliberated on the French, not by the American.\nKENT: Did you speak French and German also?\nHERSCH: Yes, I was speaking. I already forgot it. When I went back\nto Germany, I start speaking again German because I was speaking Jewish\n[Yiddish]. If you speak Jewish, you can speak German, but it's . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nunderstand you if you speak Jewish, because . . . But I was speaking a good\nGerman. There, I couldn't hide that I was not a German, because already I open\nmy mouth they know. The same thing right now. You know I'm not born here. They find it out, I'm not a [native] German speaking. My life was not too bad over\nthere. I was taking chances. My life was good for five years [after] 1945. I got\nhere in 1950.\nKENT: When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you meet your wife?\nHERSCH: My wife, I meet in . . . She is a family from mine, a far family [distant relative]. I got . . . Her mother sent the paper to me to get to the United States. She was a little girl. How old? She was about sixteen years old then, and I was twenty-six. She fell in love with me, and I fell in love with her. Then, I marry. I come to Atlanta. The reason I come to Atlanta is because I was trying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go [make] a living and I got\nsome friends here. Maybe you know the [Marty and Dora] Storches? You got a\npicture over there of one of the Storch, right in the museum. They call me up\n[and said], \"Come to Atlanta. It's a big city. We can make a living,\" so I got\ninto Atlanta.\nKENT: You were in that city, Konstanz, for about five years?\nHERSCH: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[conversation off camera]\nKENT: Talk about that period, whatever you want to mention. Just talk about that five year period after the war, anything else that you remember.\nHERSCH: I remember lots of thing. I don't know what to tell you about it. If you ask me question . . . I told you I was doing\nbusiness with the German and the Switzerland. I was going and we was doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there what they call the 'black market.' We called it not the black market. I was\nbuying stuff from Zurich [Switzerland]. It was kosher. When they come to German,\nit was black market and the way I made a living. I was living good, very good.\nKENT: Did . . . \nHERSCH: Only reason I didn't stay [in] Germany, because I don't\nwant to get married over there and have German kids. I say, \"I want to start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nnew life,\" so I decided to get out of Germany.\nKENT: In what way were you Jewish\nduring that period? Did you have any kind of Jewish life or identity during\nthose years?\nHERSCH: In 1948, we was always listening to the radios and see what\nhappening in Palestine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the liberation, and usually coming delegation\nfrom Israel, coming to Konstanz or to Zurich. I got familiar with Zionism more\nthan religion. You can't . . You're always going to be a Jew regardless if you\ndon't want to be Jewish. They make you Jewish.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you become any more or less religious after the war? Did your values change in any way?\nHERSCH: Now you're talking philosophy.\nKENT: Since you did not have your parents any more to\ngive you their influence, since it was a hundred percent up to you, at that\npoint, I am just wondering what your nature . . . \nHERSCH: I was . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't get away from Judaism because you was born a Jew. I could never get away from\n[being] Jewish. But I was a secular Jew. I was . . . My parents were . . . One\nof the parents was Orthodox, but I don't believe in Orthodox. I was what they\ncalled a 'rebel.' I was against all that, for negative. Religion like Orthodox,\nI was against it. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents have a hard time because of this. They want to make a rabbi out of me. They couldn't make it.\nKENT: Then, how come you chose not to go towards Palestine when you still had that choice available?\nHERSCH: I was not a fighter. I was too weak to fight. After I find out that all the family was . . . nobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else is over there, except me. I [was the] only somebody left over there. I know [that if] I go to Israel, the chance is I going to get killed\nbecause there was . . . They didn't have too many people over there. They took\neverybody to the army in 1948. Only way I could have [gone to Palestine] is to\ngo illegal before 1948 and I don't want to take the chance. My life was too good\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany at this time.\nKENT: What was it like for you to interact with\nGermans, considering what they had done to you just a few years earlier? How did you feel being in Germany, dealing with those people again? \nHERSCH: They were innocent, everybody all the German. You talk to Germany, it was innocent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't want to get in discussion with this. Everybody say \"I got a grandmother she was Jewish.\" Somebody will say, \"I got a friend who was Jewish.\" Those were good friends to you because they lost the war. They needed me.\nKENT: Did you have any feeling of anger, or desire for revenge, anything like that, or that they owed you something?\nHERSCH: I more hate the Pollocks than the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans because when I was growing up in Poland, there was antisemitism on the street.\nAfter the war, there was not antisemitism in the street in Germany. I could go\nanyplace I want to. If I go in Poland, they say, \"You can't go in the street by\nself or we not going to get . . .\" There was antisemitism. You was scared to go\nby yourself. If you don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live in the Jew section, you was scared to get out in\nthe Polish section, especially at night time. As a people, I hate more the\nPolish than the German. The government is something else. [Adolf] Hitler's\nNazis, this is something else. The German were nicer people, individually, than\nthe Polish people. \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: They did not have Hitler to use as an excuse for it.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: They had the church for an excuse. \nHERSCH: But there, the Catholic . . . It's a story about Poland . . . Pogroms [in] Russia and Poland, that's been the story goes on. For four hundred century, Jews been discriminated\nin Poland. They couldn't own no land. They couldn't get no government jobs. They couldn't go to the high schools. That was Poland, so I hated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish more than the German.\nKENT: Did you ever go back to your home town to see if . . . \nHERSCH: Yes, I went back, sure. She [my wife] make me go back. I don't want to go back. She make me go back, so I took her back, me and my son. \nKENT: What was it like\nfor you to walk on those streets again? \nHERSCH: A nightmare. I want to get away from it. She wants to go to cemetery and find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody, and maybe we find the\ngrandmother over there, and my father was buried over there . . . I was looking\nfor the Polish people over there. Now, I hated them. When I went to Germany, I\ndidn't hate the Germans so much as I hate the Polish.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: On the buildings in Poland, you still had the Polish [writing] where Jew died, no more\nJews, Jew devil. There are no Jews in the city in the section. They still have\nit on the buildings.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Maybe a personal question: How did all this hostility\ntoward Jews affect you personally? In other words, did you start to feel bad\nabout yourself or . . . \nHERSCH: When? \nKENT: During the war and even before,\nbecause often when people are exposed to a lot of hostility, they take it in\npersonally. \nHERSCH: In the war, the German treat me like a slave, so I am used\nto this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After the war, they didn't treat me like a slave. They treat me like a\nliberated. There's a difference. I was a slave, so if a guy hit me, I couldn't\nhit him back. Many times, I got hit. I didn't have no choice. We just . . . This\nwas . . . \nKENT: You just had to accept it? \nHERSCH: I have to accept it. I got whipped the eighteen lashes. Many time, I got whip lashes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because . . . for different reasons.\nKENT: Then, let us continue in . . . How did you end up\ngetting to America? What was the process? \nHERSCH: I have to make a choice between staying in German, and take a citizenship paper for Germany, or be a\nGerman, and marry the German woman or the Jewish woman over there, or to get out from Germany and start a new life. The time was becoming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the . . . What you call it? Two hundred thousand . . . Holocaust [survivors]. [President Harry S. Truman] gave a visa for two hundred thousand. It was easy to go. It was easy to come to the United States. But I could have [gone] to Australia, I could have [gone] to Canada because the door was open for me. I have to make a choice. This time, for the . . . what's left over, especial I was single. When you were single there, they take you. It was a better chance ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come, easy to come here.\nKENT: Did you have a sponsor here or somebody who made the arrangements? HERSCH: The Jewish . . . The HIAS, the Jewish Federation in New York. They were the main sponsor, because when I come here I didn't ask for welfare from the Jewish Federation. \nKENT: What was it like leaving Europe, getting on the ship and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heading west? What was that like?\nHERSCH: Come to the New World like [Christopher] Columbus comes here, like people coming here. You hear about New York, and if you went to New York, you got up [looked up at the] skies, say,\n\"Oh, the big buildings! Lookie, I'm in the New World.\" That's what you're\nthinking about when you got out of the ship. \nKENT: Describe those first weeks and months, how you slowly organized things for yourself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[conversation off camera]\nKENT: You did not speak English yet? Did you learn any English before\ncoming over?\nHERSCH: No. I wound up in Patterson, because that's [where] my aunt\nlive, in Paterson, New Jersey. Okay. New Jersey was what they called it . . .\nJewish. You speak any language over there. You can speak Polish, Jewish,\neverything and getting by. You do everything, but this was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not my future over\nthere. I went to school for a few classes in English, but this was not future.\nWhen I got the chance to come to Atlanta, I just left everybody over there\nexcept her [my wife] and come to Atlanta.\nKENT: Yes, maybe talk about meeting your wife and how that . . . \nHERSCH: She was still going to school when I met her.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: He met me at the boat. \nHERSCH: I met her on the boat because we related, far relationship. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Explain the relationship. \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: Her mother came from the same father [but] not from the\nsame mother. He married twice, my grandfather. Her mother come from the second [wife] and my mother come from the first one, so we like second cousins. We raise pretty good children, healthy children, nothing wrong with them.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Your wife was, what, about fifteen or sixteen?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: We met at fourteen, kissed at fifteen, married at sixteen. \nHERSCH: I think she was just finished school, sixteen. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Yes, we went to school . . . \nHERSCH: I come here to Atlanta and I got sent away to good. I went to business. It was successful, not successful. [I] started a business 1951 here. It was tough. You have to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the minority business, like the grocer food business, the grocery business. Like everybody wanted the grocery business, I wanted the grocery\nbusiness too. I made a future. I made what they called it . . . build up the\nbusiness big. I have about two, three stores and one of the largest stores in\nAtlanta.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Independent? \nHERSCH: Independent. \nKENT: And the name?\nHERSCH: The name [was] Hersch's [Super Valu]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We go to the black neighborhood and called it Hersch's. They know you like Rich's. Now, I'm going to tell you all the story about this here. I opened up the store, you see, and then I was not satisfied, didn't want to do penny business. I want to go big. I'm going to be like A\u0026P or a Kroger. I was not satisfied, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I was taking another store in.\nThey leased me the bigger [store]. I need cashiers. This time was segregation.\nWhen I was . . . My first store was on Simpson Road, next to the Waluhaje over\nthere, where they got the first hotel built by the black people. They call it\nthe Waluhaje. Everybody . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I opened the store, I say, \"I need cashiers.\"\nThe cash register man [from] National Cash Registers want to sell me cash\nregisters, but I don't have no cashiers. I went to Morris Brown's School\nWarehouse, and they gave me, and I picked up. Everybody was happy to come and go to the training to National Cash Register. I was the first one [to] have black cashiers in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. Then, I got involved in the Civil Rights Movement because this neighborhood . . . Martin Luther King, [Jr.] was over there, and . . .\nJesse Hill, [Jr.]. All the prominent black people was over there [in] this\nneighborhood. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was first class. I was selling first class and they saw that I\nhave black cashiers, and I have first . . . I don't believe that. I'm [not] a\nsecond rate store like the old timer that used to sell it here. I believe in\nfirst-class store. There, I used to . . . All the black politicians used to shop\nwith me. \nKENT: What made you choose that civil rights direction? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of the\nJewish immigrants would settle in the Jewish area and stick to other immigrants,\nnot so . . . \nHERSCH: I got friends. I made friends with the black politician. I\nmade friends and I got involved in it. Most of the teachers from Morehouse and\nmost the preachers was shopping with me because I had the best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store at this\ntime in the black neighborhood.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: That's quality food. \nHERSCH: Quality food and everything. They know that Hersch's got quality food. Then, I opened another store . . . How long you been in Atlanta?\nKENT: About four years.\nHERSCH: Four years, you don't know. I'll tell you the story. I opened up another\nstore over there on Gordon Road. Over there was the white still control it and\nthey don't want to give up the land. They didn't want to integrate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, the\nCascade [Heights] territory. I opened up a store there. Bernard Halpern was\nbuilding the building. You remember Bernard Halpern, the builder? Halpern was\nstill . . . I integrate, what they call [unintelligible]. I took a few black\ndrug stores and doctors, pharmacists. I put them with me and I opened up a\nstore. And this . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the black people. I took ads in [The Atlanta Inquirer].\nThe president was Jesse Hill and I got friendly with them, so I got involved\nwith. This section over there, the mayor blocked the street. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Ivin Allen.\nHERSCH: Ivin Allen blocked the street. There was a big thing in the\nNew York Times. They here, they coming in and see my store integrated, and they went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right after my store. They blocked the street because they want the black people to go back over there on the other side.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: To the white neighborhood. \nHERSCH: This was a big thing in the New York Times, so I got\nfamous over there with the civil rights. My customers was like Martin Luther\nKing [Jr.], the whole family. All the politicians, all the preachers, they were\nall my customers. After segregation, the Kroger moved in and put me out of\nbusiness. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just [kidding]. I made a joke. It was then, after the black people\ngot and make a lot of money and the Kroger moved in, A\u0026P moved in. It was a\ndifferent story.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: And then you went over to Hightower [Road, on\nthe west side of Atlanta].\nKENT: How did the white population regard you since\nyou were going against the general culture of the time?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: Some white over there used to do and say, \"Why'd you open the store just for black people, not for white people?\" I got a lot of comments, but I was seeing right and wrong, the way the black was treated. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come from the same school, I mean, I was . . .\nLet me get it . . . \nKENT: Oppressed?\nHERSCH: I was [oppressed] in Poland, and I\nforget it. When I . . . How can I see this the black people getting [oppressed]?\nThey have . . . and they like me, and they . . . \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: . . . accepted. \nHERSCH: Accepted me, the black people. Matter of fact, they gave me\nall protection. \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Protection like how?\nHERSCH: They don't rob me. Then, when the day when Martin Luther King [Jr.] got killed, they protect me. They brought\nme home here. I stayed open later to open up the stores, too, because all the\nrest of stores was closed, and I was . . . They respect me. I got into politics\nthis way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, if they respect me, I have to use them, too, so I got into\npolitic with them. But I never used them.\nKENT: When you first came to the South, did you know anything about the relationship between black and white people in those days? \nHERSCH: No. \nKENT: That was all new?\nHERSCH: That's all new. The first black man I saw was in the U.S. Army in Germany. I hear about black people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this.\nKENT: What was your opinion of, let us say the 'racist culture' here in the early fifties? What was your attitude about it? \nHERSCH: It was . . . The attitude . . . Let's see. Let me explain it, in this here.\nSegregation was not right. I mean, they couldn't get . . . No, you never . . .\nYou was here, but you don't know about the segregation here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You couldn't go to\nbusses and everything. Everything segregation like they segregated the Jews in\nPoland. It's about the same thing, so I have sympathy to them. I helped them as\nmuch as I could and they appreciate what the help I gave them. Many times, the\nblack people didn't want to help them, and I helped them. \nKENT: What kind of involvement did you have with the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subculture in Atlanta in those days?\nHERSCH: Some disappointment.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: A big disappointment. They looked\ndown on us. \nKENT: They looked down on the immigrants or what? \nHERSCH: They were ignorant, the Southern Jews. The Southern Jews were half-Jews, to my knowledge. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe now it's different. You got a new generation. KENT: I am not looking for trouble. Just as history, how did they treat you and your wife as you were\nstarting out here? \nHERSCH: Not too good.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Terrible! \nKENT: Is there anything you would want to say about that? I mean, if not, I will not push it. \nHERSCH: Right now, I have American friends and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have . . . Everything is\nfine. Over the first few years . . . Off the record, I can tell you this, but I\ndon't want to insult them, the Jewish, because I'm accepted now in the Jewish,\nso I don't want to . . . I got personal grudge to some individuals, what they\ndidn't treat me right, but I don't want to talk about it.\nKENT: Okay. Talk then a little bit more of just how you built your life up in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifties and sixties. What are some of the more important memories for you?\nHERSCH: Important memory?\nKENT: Starting a family, not necessarily the business, but the family.\nHERSCH: I started a family and I want to educate my family. That's what I work for it. I don't want to be . . . I sacrificed for my family, so I don't want them . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nhad the Jewish tradition, what you called it, and she had the Jewish tradition.\n[We said,] \"You got to be a doctor and you got to be a lawyer,\" so we got a\ndoctor and we got a lawyer.\nKENT: No paint store for you, huh?\nHERSCH: There was no paint store. There was no grocery store for my kids. I got disappointment with some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people, prominent people here in Atlanta. Then, they treat my children good because they went to same school, Lovett. They didn't want to make friend with my children because of [my] heritage. But the gentiles [non-Jews]\nmake friends with my kids. They take them home to their homes and they welcomed\nthem, but they not know that they're Jewish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because [there] were just a few\n[Jewish students]. Not too many would Lovett accept Jewish people, Jewish\nchildren.\nKENT: How much of a survivor community, so to speak, was there?\nHERSCH: Where? \nKENT: In Atlanta.\nHERSCH: I'm the last of the Mohican, one of the\nlast Mohican. You know what happened to the last Mohican? He died. I'm one of\nthe last Mohican. She [my wife] can tell you how many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left over. Now, we got . .\n. Everybody's in the seventies, in the eighties, and the nineties. You know\nthis. I mean, that the way come here was about eighty or the hundred Holocaust\n[survivors]. Now, you got most of the children here. I think there were about\nfive, about ten, I can count. There's about ten left over. [to Helen] More?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: From the original that came . . . \nHERSCH: From the original.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: . . . that came to be here. \nHERSCH: I mean, people come later.\nWhen I started off, I can count that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's about ten. But since then, many\nimmigrate here. \nEINSTEIN: Who were your friends among the other Holocaust\nsurvivors when you came here? Who were some of those people you were friendly with?\nHERSCH: They died. They're already dead. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Morris and Mary Elkan, they're here. \nHERSCH: [Morris] Elkan died. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: She's alive,\nMary. They're wonderful people. \nHERSCH: Who else died? They're all about dead.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: They're not talking about who died--it makes no\ndifference--but who are your friends? \nHERSCH: My friends? Elkan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died and Mendel [unknown] died. Jack Storch died. Who else?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Jack Kiercas [sp].\nHERSCH: Jack Kierkas still here that was my friend. Who else? Every week, I go to another funeral. What's the difference? I can't. [to Helen] You name it.\nEINSTEIN: Were these people landsman [Yiddish: person from same town]? I mean, did you talk about the war with your friends here in Atlanta or did you talk\nwith anybody about your experience? \nHERSCH: Everybody got a different story during the war time. Lansky's got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different story and I got a different story.\nEverybody got a different story. \nKENT: How much did you talk about it? \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Nothing. \nHERSCH: We don't . . . It was hard. The first ten years, was\nhard to get the Holocaust [survivors] talking on the war. He was closed. He\ndon't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to talk about it. Took him about twenty years until he start talking\nto his children, but he never want to talk about it when . . . I don't want to\ntalk about it to my children. Took me long time. I still don't want to talk\nabout the war time. \nKENT: How come? \nHERSCH: In general, my children are\neducated. Now, they're educated. They know what's happened in the war. They're not . . . They know what's happened to the war. Once in a while, I'll tell them personal what happened to me, but they know what's happened. But we got all kind\nof books about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust and they no got . . . They got all kind of books on\nHolocaust. They know what's happened.\nKENT: They do not need to hear it from you? \nHERSCH: They know it personal from me. They love me. They don't want to\nmake . . . I don't want to get them, and they don't want to get me upset.\nKENT: How much do you think about it yourself over the years? How much have you just sat and wondered about it? \nHERSCH: I mean, what's happened last week, what happened to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"astronaut. I [am] the one astronaut, too, because I don't want .\n. . I don't know how I got here. They're not here. I don't know how I got here,\nso many years. I don't know how I got here. I'm here. I come from another world\nto here, but I don't know how I got here, in my mind. Somebody was looking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out\nfor me. I don't know who.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: The blessing of your grandfather.\nHERSCH: When I went to camp, my grandfather gave me a piece of paper, wrote it\ndown. I don't know what. He wrote it down. He was a rabbi. He put it in the\nlining of the coat, but I lost it. I don't have that. Maybe he did something.\nHe's in heaven, but maybe he did something for me, but I don't know. \nKENT: Does it have any meaning to you that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived? Some survivors have a sense like\nthey have to do something great or they have to justify it. People have\ndifferent meanings about it, that they somehow got through.\nHERSCH: Let me explain it to you. Always they were proud. They didn't want to take welfare, most of what I know. They don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to take welfare, especially from the Jewish communities. They want to make it on their own because they were mistreated by the Jewish community. Because the Jewish community, we have to prove ourselves, to be somebody. That's the Jewish . . . You got to be successful [before] I talk to you. No, they got [no] respect to us until we got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful. The one that didn't get successful, they didn't talk to. They didn't associate with them. This [is] my feeling. The first ten years, we got to show the Jewish people that we successful.\nEINSTEIN: How many hours a day did you work in your grocery\nstore? \nHERSCH: Eighty. I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up five o'clock in the morning, I went to the\nFarmer's Market, and I stayed 'til seven, eight o'clock. That's about . . . This\nis [the] way [I] started off. Later on, I have a manager. I sent him to the\nmarket, but this the way I started off. Later on, I don't have to go to the\nmarket. They was delivering to me, so that's progress. \nKENT: Talk about raising\nthe family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about being a father.\nHERSCH: I don't have time to be a father. She\n[my wife] was the mother and she was the father. I still . . . [to Helen] You\nwant to show to them some pictures, no? [conversation off camera] \nHERSCH: I tell you the story. I was living in Rock Springs Apartments. It's where all the Jews, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the newcomers [lived]. American people got married, moved into Rock Springs Apartment. I lived there. We moved in over there, too. The young people, the American Jews, they don't want to associate with us because segregation. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are not no Holocaust; we refugees. One of those doctors--I'm not going to call him by the name--they got a party over there. They got a little plastic swimming pool, because you couldn't afford already to see us in a bigger pool. They invited everybody except my children. I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mad over there. I told them it was no excuse. I got mad. I just forget about it. One is a member in my synagogue. He's a doctor. I got a story about this doctor too. When my son is a professor in Harvard, PHD, MD . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . about few weeks ago, I give him my son's card. I told him, \"See, this the boy you won't let go in the swimming pool.\" I got the satisfaction. When I get back to Dr. [Samuel] Schatten, I give a card, too,\nbecause he went to same time and the same school. Dr. Schatten is the president\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AA. I give him a card for my son, too. They went to same [school] at the\nsame time. He wasn't allowed it with him. \nKENT: Without naming names . . .\n[interview pauses then resumes]\nHERSCH: You got it?\nKENT: Bad Things Happen to Good People.\nHERSCH: Bad things happen to good people. That's what happened here\nin the United States. They were good people, but a bad thing happened. They\ncouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help it what's happened in Germany or in Europe that they killed six\nmillion Jews. I don't know. I was too young to understand why antisemitism is\n[when] I was growing up. I didn't understand, but I know I'm a Jew, [so]\neverybody hates me. \nKENT: It would make it harder to understand then, why\nAmerican Jews, even though maybe the language is different and that sort of\nthing . . . \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: We going go in the history. America don't belong to nobody,\nbecause you got all kind of races and all kind of people. You start up.\nEverybody has their own right in the States, so you protected by the\nConstitution of the United States. What's antisemitism individual before the war\nis still antisemitism now of a different sort, type. U.S. individual, you got\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your own right. In Europe, you don't have the right. There's a difference.\nKENT: As you started to work less and you had a little bit more time for yourself,\nwhat were some of the other things you were getting into? Did you have other\ninterests or values? \nHERSCH: I was a workaholic. \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You were always working?\nHERSCH: Yes. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: I tried to get you to do golf. It didn't work\nout.\nHERSCH: I was doing something, played cards, or this particular time, I was\n. . . Everything got away from me after the grocery business.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: You had to learn how to have fun.\nHERSCH: Yes, have fun, I was learning how to dance. I'm a pretty good dancer, used to go out most every night--not every night; three times a week--going dancing with my wife and some friends.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What has it been like for you in the last ten or fifteen years since the\nHolocaust has become more out in the open, with Schindler's List, and the movies . . . \nHERSCH: I used to know [Oskar] Schindler. \nKENT: Talk about that. \nHERSCH: Talk about Schindler? \nKENT: Yes. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Tell how you first met. He\nhad to leave Switzerland.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: I was where I told you, Konstanz. This is a half city Switzerland, half Germany. When I got in to Konstanz, was a bunch of\nJews over there. There was Schindler and [the survivors from] his list. The\nSchindler's list was over there and I got to know Schindler when I asked my\nfriends, \"Who's he? Who's this German here?\" He had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they call two wives.\nOne [was] his wife. He come [with] two. One was his wife and one was his\ngirlfriend. I got friendly with him. There were . . . Why they want to go to\nKonstanz [is because] they want to go to Switzerland, and from Switzerland to\nIsrael. But they got stopped over there on the border. The Swiss didn't let them\nin, so that's where I met Schindler. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He stayed most of the time by himself\nbecause he don't want to be visible, where he stayed in his room by himself. He\ncome out to eat. There was hotel over there where the UNRRA used to feed us, the United Nations. They made him a Jew, his Schindler's List. One time, I saw a book on the television. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A guy write it about Oskar Schindler, so I say to my\nwife, \"I used to know this Schindler man in Constance.\" I know the story about\nit. They used to tell me about it.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Tell them about your trips\nto Switzerland for him.\nHERSCH: There was for something. I used to could go to\nSwitzerland portside for the border. He used to have an account in Switzerland\nin the bank. He asked me to draw some money for him all the time. He didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too much money because he gave it away, almost [all] his money to the Germans.\nKENT: You were quite a wheeler and dealer from way back. \nHERSCH: Yes, I was a wheeler and dealer here, too. This in my blood. I used to take all the chances.\nKENT: I am wondering in the last fifteen years or so, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has become . . .\nHERSCH: I was a millionaire three times here. I lost it, too. I lost it a few\ntimes. \nKENT: That is quite a story all by itself. \nHERSCH: Yes, amen.\nKENT: Do you want to explain any of that?\nHERSCH: No, forget it.\nKENT: When were you . . . \nHERSCH: I was in the real estate business in the construction business. Our\ngroup built some apartments over there. [I also] worked at the stock market,\nlike everybody else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What all Americans were doing, I was doing, I was following\nthe American dream. \nKENT: I wonder. You have done a number of interviews over\nthe years. Are there any types of memories, experiences that you have not\nalready talked about?\nHERSCH: I used to dream a lot. Now, I don't dream no more.\nOnce in a while, I dream I used to dream lots about the camp and everything\nelse. Now, the dreams got away from me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For thirty years, for twenty years, I\nused to have dreams about the camp and everything else. \nKENT: Can you mention any of them?\nHERSCH: They're stories about the concentration camp, and\neverything else, the way I got lucky, bad luck, good luck. \nEINSTEIN: Has the way that you think about your war experiences changed much over the last . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has almost been sixty years since the end of the war. Has there been any kind of\na process in how you think about it?\nHERSCH: I got older.\nEINSTEIN: How is the way that you think about those experiences changed as you get older?\nHERSCH: Experience and you get smarter. [If] I can go back . . . If I turn the clock back, I know what to do, but I cannot turn the clock back. I would do different.\nKENT: What things would you have done differently? \nHERSCH: I would be born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a gentile. [laughs] I just give an example. I'm proud to be Jewish.\nKENT: Maybe looking back, is there anything that you could have done differently in the real world after the war started? \nHERSCH: I not turned the world, the world turns me. I don't know what's going to be the next year. I don't know what's going to\nhappen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't go with the world, the world was going with me. I don't know\nwhat's going to happen the next year, the next month. Even when I went in the\ngrocery business, I didn't know there's going to be a hold-up to me, and\nsomebody going to hold-up me and get the money out of me. I don't know it,\nwhat's going to be tomorrow. I got hold-up one time. I don't know. Right now,\nI'm retired. I guess you know it.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: He was a white man who held you up.\nHERSCH: I mean, I'm retired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now and have nachas [Yiddish: pride for\nsomeone's accomplishments] for the children. That's all you can do now. \nKENT: What is important to you now that you are retired?\nHERSCH: Important to?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Your grandchildren.\nHERSCH: I said the grandchild. I'd like to write some books, but I don't have the patience. \nKENT: Maybe when you get older and slow down? [laughs]\nHERSCH: I'm already old. [laughs]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What would you want people to learn from that . . .\nHERSCH: From the mistake, from the Holocaust? \nKENT: Yes. \nHERSCH: I was [unintelligible] to see it. Never be a\nminority. Fight for your rights and never be a minority. Every time you be a\nminority, you be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discriminate until you get to be a majority, until you have the\nsame rights. How long you are a minority, it is no good. The Jewish people was\nchosen minority, to live by itself. Then, they want to bring a majority into\nJewish society. They want to live like . . . What? Like a colt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by himself. You\ncan't build a majority if you live by yourself. Even in the United States, the\nJewish population is low. When I got here, were six million Jews. There's still\nsix million Jews. The population from the black tripled.\nKENT: You think for the Jewish people that assimilation is better than, let us say, the ghetto type of culture?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: The Jews, the last few years, they opened the door more to\nconversion, to bring in all, but it still not enough. Because if you a minority,\nyou going to be a minority. Pretty soon, you going to be a little minority here\nin the United States. You can control the gelt [Yiddish: money] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United\nStates, but that's why you going to be hated because you don't have no kind of\nmajority to be count on you.\nKENT: Is there any reason you suppose why there is\nantisemitism other than it is a minority group? I mean, Mormons are a minority\nand Amish are. \nHERSCH: The Mormon is still Christian religion or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they just a\npart of Christian religion. They're still Christian. But the Jewish, always been\nkept as minority. How long you been out, you be hated, especially [because] the\nJewish philosophy to make wealth is the first choice. They going to be hated.\nKENT: Is there anything else you want to mention that I have not asked about?\nHERSCH: You ask all the questions you want and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll give you . . . I'm a good\nanswerer, but I'm not a good talker.\nEINSTEIN: What was it like for you to become a father, especially since you had to leave your parents at such a young\nage? What was it like for you to start your family? What did it mean to you to\nstart your family, when your first child was born? [Helen speaks off camera]\nHERSCH: I walked [paced back and forth]. I walk three miles in the waiting room\nlike each father. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have time to diaper my kids. I diaper my\ngrandchildren, but never diapered my kids. She [my wife] was doing all the\ndiaper. \nEINSTEIN: But what did it feel like to you emotionally to start your\nfamily again after you lost . . . \nHERSCH: Like each father. I'm no different. A father's a father, and I'm a Jewish father. I want to start a family. \nEINSTEIN: How is it to have grandchildren now that you have more time? \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HERSCH: I like my grandchildren. They're pretty good. I'm lucky. I got some nice, good grandchildren. I don't have enough. I'd like to have some more.\nEINSTEIN: You putting in an order? \nHERSCH: No, it's too late a little bit.\nEINSTEIN: I wanted to tell you that on one of the sign-up sheets, I noticed that one of your grandchildren had put 'third generation,' so they do feel like they are part of . . . \nHERSCH: Yes, they ask me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions some time about the . . . They're\ngetting old enough to learn in Sunday Schools about Jewish heritage and they ask me questions now. \nEINSTEIN: Do they ever ask you about what life was like for\nyou when you were a child? \nHERSCH: Not yet. \nEINSTEIN: No? What would you tell them about what your parents taught you or what life was like for you when you\nwere a kid? What stories would you tell them?\nHERSCH: I always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teach them what's right is right, what's wrong is wrong. [Knowing the difference] between right and wrong, that's the main thing, even now. When I grow up, it was a different world, with no television. I can tell them there was no computers. They live on the computers now. Even I got a computer. I living on computer now, too. [I] learn it, not as good.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: It is a different world. That is for sure.\nHERSCH: It's a different world now. The world the last fifty years was going\nfaster than the last two thousand years. I was asked the question, I explain it.\nWe don't have no more horses. We got cars. \nEINSTEIN: What do you miss about that\nworld that you grew up in?\nHERSCH: Chicken soup.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Real chicken soup.\nHERSCH: Right!\nKENT: I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wondering. Has your wife or children said\nanything to you over the years about maybe how your Holocaust experience has\naffected you or how it has come out? \nHERSCH: No, it didn't affect me much because . . . Emotional maybe . . . It didn't affect me too much, but after the war, I just have bad memories of the [unintelligible]. I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrated, especially the five years when I lived in Germany. I went to the culture, didn't\nstay in DP camps. Yes, I didn't live over there, so I got the . . . I traveled\nin Europe, to Paris [France], and to Berlin [Germany]. All those times, I saw\nJews over there.\nKENT: [to Helen] Let us sort of bring you in even though you\nare a voice off camera. Are there things that you wanted to ask or say that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe you have not had the opportunity to for fifty years?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: [from off camera] He's carried an enormous amount of pain. My children, growing up, understood this, so, really, they didn't ask. It was an uncomfortable thing about being asked. I would question, but knew when to stop, too. He would just shut me out. He didn't want to hear it. However, our very beloved friend, Lola Lansky, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was able from time to time to get him to talk. We have two kinds of, or\nmaybe three kinds of survivors. Ones that talk, and fantasize they can sell\nmillions of books on it, and the only ones that would read it would be the\nAmericans. The survivors would know it's bubbe maisas [Yiddish: old wives'\ntales]. Then, you have the others who were able to express themselves a little\nbit better, talk about their home life, their experiences here and there. It's\nmeaningful and you know it's true. And you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others that everything is just .\n. . He just can't bring it out. It's just too painful. It sort of died within\nhim, but Lola was able to bring out things. Many times, she had him talking, and\nfor the first time, I would hear certain things. When we were in Crown Heights,\nthe rabbi there that we saw, the Lubavitch Rebbe [Yiddish: rabbi], threw it out\nthere [about] what his grandfather did. It's always . . . Yes. I mean, if you\nbelieve in God, or someone, or a miracle, it's not magic. I mean, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why did no one\nin his family survive, only him? What the rabbi said, \"You were the only one\nthat the rabbi put the prayer in.\" You either believe or you don't believe. I\nprefer to believe and what bubbe maisa . . . but now, I think he's beginning to\nchange a little. \nEINSTEIN: Let me ask you [Harold] on the heels of what [Helen]\nsaid. Was it hard for you to trust somebody, to start loving again after you\nhave lost so many people?\nHERSCH: Yes, I love my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife.\nEINSTEIN: I know. Was it hard to start to . . . \nHERSCH: It was hard [for me] to trust people because some\npeople disappoint me after the war. Especially here in the United States, the\ndisappointment . . . Those think I come from the moon, that Europe don't have no electricity, or here in the United States, they got toilets, in Europe, they\ndon't have no toilets. \n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Stupidity. Then, we had the first or second generation here that were embarrassed that their parents had no jobs or\nthat they were very poor, very humble. They didn't go to college and they\ncouldn't speak English properly, and couldn't read the newspaper, so they\ndistanced themselves from us because it was bringing back memories. \nEINSTEIN: The Greener.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Yes.\nEINSTEIN: Right. \nHERSCH: The Greener the\nmost successful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans percentage wise, because the hard work, because the pride what they did. They went to work and they didn't want no charity. Some\nlived on charity, just a few, but most didn't want no charity. They went to work\nand saved up the money. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: But that's not just charity. All [across the] United States, too. You have most survivors in New York. The one's\nin California and Chicago are not as populated, in Kansas City . . . I mean, all\nover, wherever you have a nice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group that not only were they most\nsuccessful--and I say successful, maybe monetary too, and giving to Federation.\nOkay, joining the synagogues even though they don't join for themselves, but\nbecause they want their children to be raised that way. Their children, all of\nthem, most of them, and ninety-nine percent--I forgot what I read in one of the\nJewish things reports that came in--are all college graduates, PHD, and no\ncrime, and . . . \nEINSTEIN: Yes, they have done great. \nHERSCH: What my case . . . We made a new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: A renaissance.\nHERSCH: Yes, a new generation over there. They didn't give us no credit. \nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: We\ndidn't do it for credit, we did it for-- \nHERSCH: They still didn't give us no credit much. They still say, \"You are the Holocaust survivor.\" \nEINSTEIN: Can you explain that? \nKENT: Yes.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: I don't think they understands what\nyou --. \nEINSTEIN: Can you explain that a little bit? \nHERSCH: We prove[d ourselves]. They still look down to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We're Holocaust survivor.\nKENT: Who is the 'they?' \nHERSCH: They, the American Jews.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: The second generation, our age that were born in this country. His age that were born in this country. Yet, their children aren't like that. The next generation is not like that. They're more accepting. But it's just that generation and our generation of the American Jew.\nEINSTEIN: Did you raise your children to be accepting of others, or were you worried ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether you could protect them?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: No.\nEINSTEIN: How did you feel about how you were . . .\nHERSCH: I raised my children the way you were supposed to raise them. I mean, I raised them better than nothing, because I raised them right. Discipline . . . I think we did a pretty good job compared to what's going on now in the other\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homes, dopes and everything. We did a pretty good job, or the Greener, what you call it.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: They knew they had to respect us and do the right\nthing. It was something that was innate like I knew from my mom and dad, who\ncame here just before the war broke out. I was born in this country. I knew\nnever to say 'no' to them and not to disappoint them. I think my children knew\nthis on their own. Whatever they did between them, whatever outside fun . . .\nbut as far as in the home and whatever we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew . . . I mean, maybe I screamed,\nbut we never raised our hand to them. We didn't need to. And they excelled in\neverything, all their activities. \nHERSCH: I think we did a pretty good job. To come out [from] where we come from, we did an excellent job. You can give us\ntriple 'A.\" \nEINSTEIN: I will give you a quadruple 'A'. \nHERSCH: I'm just saying this: the way you come from, the way we got out and looked to pictures, the way\nthe American, where we got out, the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days from the camp . . . I think we\ndid a pretty good job to [be] born again, born-again Jews. I'm not going to say\n[born again] Christian.\nKENT: Could you also talk a little bit about your\nparents and you said you had two brothers? \nHERSCH: Two brothers. I was the\nyoungest one. I supposed to be a girl. \nKENT: Can you just describe your memories\nof them? What kind of people they were? Kind of like a portrait of these people.\nHERSCH: It was heimish [Yiddish: home; familiar]. You know what heimish, home [is]? Over there in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old country, it was heimish. They always . . . You come home Friday for dinner and everything. You respect the parents.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Tell them the story about Pesach, with the sheep. \nHERSCH: No, I'm not going to tell this. \nKENT: Your brothers, how would you describe them?\nHERSCH: My brothers? Just like me.\nKENT: Just like you were?\nHERSCH: The oldest, we grow up\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: The oldest brother, he was so good looking. They were\nintelligent and they were wonderful. [to Harold] The middle one, you had wrapped around your finger.\nHERSCH: They were good looking.\nKENT: They were good looking and intelligent just like you. \nHERSCH: That's right. No, I was not. They were\nbetter looking than me. [to Helen] You got a picture from my brothers, no?\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: Yes, I had the family picture.\nHERSCH: Get the family picture. Show them.\nKENT: Anything else that you would like to add?\nHERSCH: We have another conversation. I'll bring out some more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/transcript/40169/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was enough for tonight, for today. I can tell you a hundred stories. I mean, about this.\nKENT: Maybe another time. I would be interested to hear more.\nHERSCH: Hundreds of stories.\nEINSTEIN: Thank you very much for sitting down with us today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4920.0,4950.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to ten percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold’s mother, Dwojra Rojza Hejszerek, was born 1898 in Lodz. Harold’s father, Salomon Hejszerek, was born in 1888 in Blaskow, a small village in south-central Poland. Salomon and Dwojra married in Lodz in 1917. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. Amid the upsurge in antisemitism and nationalism in the early twentieth century and the barring of Jewish members from youth groups, Jewish youth throughout Europe became active in the Zionist movement. All emphasized aliyah (the immigration of Jews to Israel) and community, with many also focusing on agriculture. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The Germans occupied Lodzt on September 8, 1939, renamed it “Litzmannstadt,” and annexed it into the Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 13,000 people were sent to 160 forced labor camps from the Lodz ghetto. In the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals. The first deportation began in December 1940 where about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. Records that have survived from Auschwitz-Birkenau show that Harold (using his brother, Szymon’s name) was “arrested” in Lodz on December 10, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe living conditions in the ghetto were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. With paltry food rations and little to no heating or water, conditions in the ghetto declined rapidly. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unknown when Harold began working as a forced laborer on the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e. Two organizations were involved in construction of the highway. An SS entity called \u003cem\u003eOrganization Schmelt\u003c/em\u003e was established in October 1940 to coordinate forced labor in Eastern Upper Silesia. \u003cem\u003eOrganization Schmelt\u003c/em\u003e established a string of camps placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn that would connect Frankfurt, Germany to Poznan, Poland. \u003cem\u003eOrganisation Todt\u003c/em\u003e was a civil and military engineering group also responsible for a huge range of large-scale construction projects, including building the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e network in Germany. It became notorious for using forced labor. About 1.4 million laborers worked for \u003cem\u003eTodt\u003c/em\u003e, among them concentration camp prisoners, prisoners-of-war and compulsory laborers from occupied countries. Many did not survive. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGdansk is the Polish name of a port city on the Baltic coast of Poland, where Harold may have been working. In German, the city is called Danzig and was center in an area referred to as the ‘Polish Corridor’ (also known as the ‘Danzig Corridor’), which was a small narrow piece of land ceded to Poland after World War I. It provided Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, but in the process divided the bulk of Germany from the German province of East Prussia. In the tensions leading up to World War II, Poland had denied German demands for construction of an autobahn that would traverse the area and connect Berlin with the East Prussian city of Königsberg. This became one of the pretexts Adolf Hitler used for the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. Partial construction had begun in late 1933, but slowed as Germany geared up for war in 1938. Work resumed after Poland was defeated and continued through 1942, mostly with a labor pool of forced laborers. The highway remains unfinished today (2017).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold seems to be referring to the Final Solution. The term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Auschwitz-Birkenau records, Harold’s prisoner number was 142032, which indicates he arrived in the camp sometime on or after June 06, 1942. He was then sent to another camp on August 28, 1943. This was probably when he was sent to the newly established Lagischa [Polish: Łagisza] subcamp. Lagischa was near Bedzin, Poland, about 25 miles (40 kilometers) northwest of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Between September 1943 and September 1944, prisoners were used in the construction of an electrical power station. When the Lagischa camp was closed down, some of the prisoners were transferred to Sosonoweic and later to the Neu-dachs subcamp. Neu-dachs was outside Jaworno, Poland, about 12 miles (19 kilometers) north of Auschwitz-Birkenau and 10 miles (16 kilometers) southeast of Lagischa. It was in operation from June 1943 until January 1945. Prisoners in Neu-dachs worked in coal mines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is estimated that some 5.7 million Soviet army personnel fell into German hands during World War II. About 3.3 million of those were dead by the end of the war. Second only to the Jews, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest group of victims of Nazi racial policy, which saw Slavs as subhuman. Little provision was made to shelter or feed most of the Soviet prisoners of war. Lack of proper food, clothing, and shelter took a terrible toll and epidemics soon emerged as a main cause of death. Starvation, exposure, and disease resulted in mass death of unimaginable proportions. Mass shootings and executions were commonplace. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS began evacuating Auschwitz and its satellite camps in mid-January 1945 as Soviet forces approached the Auschwitz camp complex. Nearly 60,000 prisoners were forced to march west from the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp system. Thousands had been killed in the camps in the days before these death marches began. From late 1944 through early 1945, 17 transports arrived at Flossenburg from Auschwitz-Birkenau. By that time, the camp was overcrowded and in disarray. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold is referring to a ‘death march.’ As the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the west, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFlossenburg [German: Flossenbürg] was founded in 1938 near the town of Flossenburg, Germany. It was originally meant for political and criminal prisoners. In was expanded over time and by the beginning in mid-July 1943 the camp had over 90 sub-camps. The number of prisoners in the main camp increased precipitously and by March 1945 its population swelled again to nearly 53,000 with prisoners evacuated from camps in the east and dumped there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFlossenburg was evacuated sometime between April 15 and 20, 1945. A transport of 1,700 Jewish prisoners that left Flossenburg on April 16 loaded into closed and open freight cars. The train was strafed by United States aircraft soon after setting out, causing the guards to flee temporarily. Many prisoners were injured or killed. After the raid, the guards returned and shot injured prisoners. The train arrived in the Black Forest around April 19 or 20. Another aerial attack disabled the train and prisoners were marched on foot. It is possible Harold was on this transport and escaped during the early strafing incident, but he likely left Flossenburg earlier. In another interview, Harold mentions Offenburg, which is a German town very close to the French border. A small labor camp was established there between March 25, 1945, when 700 prisoners from Flossenburg arrived to clean up the train station Allied air raids had destroyed. At least 8 died before they arrived in Offenburg and another 238 were so sick, they were sent to another camp or back to Flossenburg. On April 12, the camp was evacuated and three days later, on April 15, 1945, the French army arrived in Offenburg.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Black Forest is a mountainous region in southwest Germany, bordering France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis considered Poles to be racially inferior and intended to replace the Polish nation and culture with a German one. A campaign of terror was launched soon after the German invasion and occupation of Poland in September 1939. German SS, police and limitary units shot thousands of Polish civilians, including many members of the Polish nobility, clergy, and intelligentsia. Thousands more were sent to concentration camps. The aim was to remove those Poles considered most capable of organizing resistance to German rule and reduce the Poles to a leaderless population of peasants and workers laboring for German masters. Nazi officials soon imposed a labor obligation upon able-bodied Poles that included women as well as men and would eventually include children as young as twelve. Many were conscripted to perform labor in the Reich. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens were deported to German territory for unpaid forced labor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal. Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. At the universities, unofficial quotas restricted Jewish enrollment and Jewish students often endured harassment and physical violence. In Lodz, organized attacks wounded and killed Jews in April 1933, May 1934 and in September 1935. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom January to May 1942 another wave of deportations from the Lodz ghetto took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to the Chelmno death camp and murdered. On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion emptied three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto. After that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Approximately 13,000 people were sent from Lodz to 160 forced labor camps, established mainly near Poznan, to construct the Autobahn to Frankfurt an der Oder. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. After the major Aktion in September 1942, the Lodz ghetto was turned into a work camp. By August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrench in area?\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe circumstance and date of Harold’s mother’s death is unknown, as are his brothers’. However, his father died in Lodz on June 18, 1940 and was buried in the Jewish cemetery there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKonstanz, better known in English as Constance, is a city on the shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee), in southern Germany. The city shares a boarder with Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. In 1933, Konstanz was home to slightly less than 500 Jews, most of whom emigrated from Germany before the Holocaust began. In October 1940, the 110 Jews still remaining were deported to Gurs internment camp in France and later to Auschwitz-Birkenau. When World War II ended, Eastern European Jewish survivors who had been liberated from concentration camps settled in Konstanz. Some 160 Jews lived in Konstanz between 1945 and 1948, most of whom immigrated elsewhere. By the late 1960s, only 30 Jews resided in Konstanz. Today (2021), around 300 Jews live in Konstanz, mostly immigrants from the former Soviet Union. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945 by the British, who discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established in a former German army camp nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. While the British tried to name the DP camp “Hohne,” survivors insisted on referring to it as “Bergen-Belsen.” It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation. The majority of DPs from Bergen-Belsen immigrated to Israel, while many others went to the United States and Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Brichah [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operatives from the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille is a port city southern France. After World War II, until Israel became a state in 1948, Marseille served as one of the main points of embarkation for Jews trying to illegally flee Europe for the British Mandate of Palestine. French authorities did little to intervene as thousands of refugees boarded a variety of overcrowded, sometimes barely seaworthy vessels that set sail from Marseille and attempted to get past the British naval blockades trying to stop the flood of immigrants trying to reach Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market is economic activity that takes place outside government-sanctioned channels. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to let participants avoid government price controls or taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nurnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg. The French zone was in southwestern Germany, along the French boarder, and parts of Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDora Gutman Storch (1923-2009) and Marty Storch (1924-2007) were both Polish survivors who immigrated to the United States in 1949. The Storches settled in Atlanta, Gerogia, where they opened a grocery store with Marty’s brother, Jack (also a survivor). Dora and Marty were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. The Storch family’s testimonies are housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher or \u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael, a Middle Eastern country on the Mediterranean Sea, is regarded by Jews, Christians, and Muslims as the biblical Holy Land. Its most sacred sites are in Jerusalem. In 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared “the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as The State of Israel.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland after World War I, when it became a democratic independent state and nationalism increased. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism in Poland in the 1930s, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons, but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. The law stipulated that only DPs who had been in camps by the end of 1945 were eligible and gave preference to relatives of American citizens who could be guaranteed housing and employment. Finally, in 1952, Congress revised the Immigration Act. However, the 1952 Act really only revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs with the objective of protecting and enhancing the well-being of Jews worldwide. After the Holocaust, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the “Joint,” or JDC), the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), and other philanthropic organizations that later merged to form the JFNA worked together to support Jewish survivors. Refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy received funds to help them resettle in places like the United States or Palestine and create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristopher Columbus (anglicized from the Italian Cristoforo Colombo, 1451-1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, sponsored by the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabela, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaterson is New Jersey's third-most-populous city. It is approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) northwest of New York City, New York. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimpson Road, now called Joseph E. Boone Boulevard, is road that runs west to east in northwest Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Waluhaje Hotel and Apartments was developed in 1952 by Walter Henry \"Chief\" Aiken (1893-1965), a football coach at Atlanta University and Clark College, who became a real estate developer. The Waluhaje was located at 239 West Lake Avenue NW in Atlanta, Georgia. The name came from combining the first two letters of the names of Walter, his wife (Lucy), and two of her siblings (Hazel and Jefferson). Within the building was the Waluhaje Nightclub, which was popular for featuring jazz musicians. Since 1969, the building has been serving as the headquarters for Atlanta’ Job Corp program and a variety of other businesses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that was originally founded in 1884. It manufactures self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold seems to be referring to Morris Brown College, a private, coed, liberal arts college located in the Vine City community of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1881, Morris Brown was the first educational institution in Georgia to be owned and operated entirely by African Americans. It is a historically Black college affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJesse Hill, Jr. (1927-2012) was one of Atlanta’s most prominent civil rights leader as well as president and chief executive officer of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company from 1973 to 1992. He used his position in the black business community to promote civil rights in Georgia and Alabama, worked to desegregate University of Georgia in Athens, helped make it possible for blacks to get mortgages to buy homes and organized successful voter registration drives in which 50,000 blacks were registered to vote. He even employed Rosa Parks in his Montgomery office as a secretary during the Montgomery bus boycott. He supported Martin Luther King, Hill was active in the civic and business communities of Atlanta for more than five decades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorehouse College is a private historically black men's liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold’s store was located near the intersection of what is now Martin Luther King Jr. Drive and Peyton Road, less than a mile from the intersection Peyton Road and Harlan Road. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive runs through the West side, West End and downtown Atlanta, Georgia before reaching its east end at Oakland Avenue. Before it was named Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive in 1976, segments of the street had been called Gordon Road, for a Confederate general; Hunter Street, for one of the largest slave owners in the area; and Mozely Drive, for a businessman who donated land for a park that he insisted be made off-limits to blacks. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCascade Heights is a predominantly Black affluent neighborhood in southwest Atlanta. It is known for the “Peyton Road affair” in the 1960s when the City of Atlanta erected barricades to restrict Black residents from accessing what was then a predominantly white neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard Halpern (1922-1980) immigrated from Poland in 1938. He settled in Atlanta, Georgia, learned English by attending night school, and within two years purchased his own grocery store. Bernard later became a residential real estate developer of small apartment complexes. In the early 1960s, he exchanged his residential properties for shopping centers and began a company called Halpern Enterprises, which is still operated by his children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Inquirer\u003c/em\u003e is a weekly newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia that was started in July 1960 during the height of the civil rights movement. Earlier that year, a group of student activists in the Atlanta Student Movement created a newsletter to report on student plans and events. The newsletter quickly evolved into a larger publication with the help of leaders in the local African-American community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 17, 1962, Atlanta, Georgia mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. ordered barricades to be built across two streets in what became known as the as the ‘Peyton Road Affair.’ White homeowners in the area had become uneasy about the racial transition in the neighborhood and asked the mayor to erect barriers on Peyton Road and nearby Harlan Road. The reaction from the black community was immediate and furious. Petitions were filed in Atlanta’s courts, protesters picketed City Hall with signs referring to Atlanta’s “Berlin Wall,” civil rights organizations called for boycotts of white businesses around Cascade Heights, and black leaders publicly lambasted the mayor. The roads remained blocked until March 1, 1963, when a judge ruled the barriers unconstitutional. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Earnest Allen, Jr. (1911-2003), was an American businessman who served two terms as the 52nd Mayor of Atlanta during the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Kroger Company, or simply Kroger, is an American retail company founded by Bernard Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the United States' largest supermarket chain by revenue, the second-largest general retailer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Atlantic \u0026amp; Pacific Tea Company, better known as A\u0026amp;P, was an American chain of grocery stores that operated from 1859 to 2015. From 1915 through 1975, A\u0026amp;P was the largest grocery retailer in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, a wave of civil disturbances erupted in cities across the United States in what became known as the ‘Holy Week Uprising.’ Although there were marches and some incidents in Atlanta, the city was one of the exceptions to the broader unrest. When King’s funeral was held in Atlanta on April 9, tens of thousands of people gathered to watch the procession.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lovett School is a coeducational, private day school in Atlanta, Georgia, founded by Eva Edwards Lovett. The Lovett School was founded in 1926 and in 1957 became affiliated with the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. In 1963, after public schools in Atlanta began integrating, the Lovett School denied admission to three African American children: two members of the Episcopal Diocese, and Martin Luther King, III. In response, the Diocese disassociated itself with the school, and in the fall of 1963, Episcopalians from Atlanta and around the country picketed the school. In the fall of 1966, the school announced an admission policy that did not consider race or religion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Last of the Mohicans\u003c/em\u003e is a historical romance written by James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) in 1826. The story is set against the French and Indian siege of Fort William Henry in 1757, where two kidnaped sisters are rescued by a frontier scout and his two companions, the last members of a dying Native American tribe, the Mohicans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary (Marysia) Stawska Elkan (1921-) is a Polish Holocaust survivor who married fellow Polish survivor Morris Elkan. They immigrated to the United States in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where they opened a beauty shop.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack (Icek) Storch (1927-2001) was a Polish survivor. He married Jeanine Tchoudnovsky Storch, a French survivor. In 1949, they immigrated to United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he opened a grocery store with his brother, Marty (also a survivor).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold may be referring to Rubin Lansky (1923-2005), a Polish Holocaust survivor who had a successful career as a real estate owner and manager in Atlanta, Georgia. He and his wife, Lola Borkowska, (also a Holocaust survivor) were very active in the Atlanta Jewish community. Lola and Rubin’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel J. Schatten (1954-2008) was an Atlanta native. After graduating from New York University School of Medicine, he completed a residency at Harvard Medical School and Emory University. He continued to work as a Rheumatology Specialist in Atlanta, Georgia until his death. He served as president of Ahavath Achim Synagogue from 2000-2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2021, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWhen Bad Things Happen to Good People\u003c/em\u003e is a 1981 book by Harold Kushner, a Conservative rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million, which was more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population. Most European Jews lived in eastern Europe, with about 5.5 million Jews living in Poland and the Soviet Union. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million. Among the estimated six million Jews killed during the Holocaust, Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children. Children were not specifically singled out because they were children, but because of their alleged membership in dangerous racial, biological, or political groups. Children had on of the lowest rates of survival in concentration and extermination camps. In Auschwitz-Birkenau and other killing centers, young children were immediately sent to the gas chambers. Adolescents (13-18 years old) had a greater chance of survival as they could be used for slave labor. Tens of thousands of Romani, between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children living in the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Schindler’s List” refers to a list of Jewish workers transferred to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia from the Plaszow concentration camp by factory owner Oskar Schindler in the fall of 1944. There were multiple drafts of the list, but ultimately almost 1,200 Jews were saved during the Holocaust thanks to their inclusion on the list. The list of Jewish laborers to be transferred to Brunnlitz in October 1944 included around 800 men whom the SS deported from Plaszow via Gross-Rosen and between 300 and 400 women who were transferred from Plaszow via Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is also the name of a 1993 American film by director Steven Spielberg, based on the novel Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally. In the film, Liam Neeson portrayed Oskar Schindler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1950, the total Jewish population in the United States was between 4.5 and 5 million. By 1992, it was 5,828,000 and up to 6,544,000 in 2009. As of 2020, it is 7,153,065.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, often informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian, Christian restorationist church that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Amish are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships in North America with Swiss German and Alsatian Anabaptist origins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky (1926-1999) was a Polish Jew who survived the concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ravensbruck, Buchenwald, and Bergen-Belsen. In 1964, she co-founded Eternal Life-Hemshech, a membership organization for survivors living in Atlanta, and in 1965 led the campaign to have a Holocaust monument erected in Atlanta. Her efforts resulted in the Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Lola was married to Rubin Lansky, another Holocaust survivor. The couple had two children. Lola and Rubin’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Crown Heights also contains a significant number of Hasidic Jews. It is the location of the Worldwide Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement. An Orthodox Jewish community which established itself in Crown Heights in the 1940s has continued to thrive around that location.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The movement is best known for its outreach activities, introducing secular Jews to more stringent religious observance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Greener’ refers to a ‘greenhorn,’ which is an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group. The form “greeny” or “greenie” was also widespread in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/annotation_set/891/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4860.0,4890.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Harold Hersch [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersch's childhood and family and his experiences during the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=0.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Okay, could you start with your name and birth and where and when you were born?\nHERSCH: My name was . . . The original name?\nKENT: Yes.\nHERSCH: The original name—I changed my name—was Hejszerek, which, when I got here, I changed my name to Hersch. I cut it in half. I was born in Lodz [Poland in] 1923.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=0.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black Forest (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death marches","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Farmers--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flossenbürg (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust victims","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paint industry and trade","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroads--Poland.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichsautobahnen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typhus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Łódź (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Łódź Ghetto (Łódź, Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=0.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersch's post-war experiences in Germany and learning about his families' deaths","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=771.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: At the end of the war, you said you went to that farmer and he fed you for a few days.\nHERSCH: Yes\nKENT: How did the Polish people in that area respond to the . . . \nHERSCH: He was a Polish guy working for the German farms. After the war . . . I hardly saw him twice, three times—because he put me in the stable and then he gave me food—because he was scared.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=771.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen (Displaced persons camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration camp inmates","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced persons camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust victims","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Konstanz (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marseille (France)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Swiss Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typhus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=771.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersch's Jewish identity and antisemitism in Europe after World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1409.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When did you meet your wife?\nHERSCH: My wife, I meet in . . . She is a family from mine, a far family [distant relative]. I got . . . Her mother sent the paper to me to get to the United States. She was a little girl. How old? She was about sixteen years old then, and I was twenty-six. She fell in love with me, and I fell in love with her.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1409.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish cemeteries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews-Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Konstanz (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pogroms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Storch, Dora","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Storch, Marty","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zurich (Switzerland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1409.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersch immigrating to the U.S. and his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement through his grocery business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1985.0,2759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Then, let us continue in . . . How did you end up getting to America? What was the process?\nHERSCH: I have to make a choice between staying in German, and take a citizenship paper for Germany, or be a German, and marry the German woman or the Jewish woman over there, or to get out from Germany and start a new life. The time was becoming for the . . . What you call it? Two hundred thousand . . . Holocaust [survivors].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1985.0,2759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1950s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Inquirer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cashiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery industry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIAS (Agency)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hill, Jesse, 1926-2012","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrants--United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Georgia--Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crowism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kroger Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York (N.Y.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paterson (N.J.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"race relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"racism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Super Valu Stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=1985.0,2759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish and Holocaust survivor communities in Atlanta in in the 1950s and 1960s ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2759.0,3582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What kind of involvement did you have with the Jewish subculture in Atlanta in those days?\nHERSCH: Some disappointment.\nLEFKOWITZ HERSCH: A big disappointment. They looked down on us.\nKENT: They looked down on the immigrants or what?\nHERSCH: They were ignorant, the Southern Jews.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2759.0,3582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elkan, Mary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elkan, Morris","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfathers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery industry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors--United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrants--United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Georgia--Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schatten, Samuel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trauma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welfare","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=2759.0,3582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersch's leisure activities, his relationship with Oskar Schindler, and the legacy of the Holocaust for Hersch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3582.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: As you started to work less and you had a little bit more time for yourself, what were some of the other things you were getting into? Did you have other interests or values?\nHERSCH: I was a workaholic.\nKENT: You were always working?\nHERSCH: Yes.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3582.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dancing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dreams","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"golf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grocery stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish businesspeople","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Konstanz (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leisure","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prejudice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real estate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schindler, Oskar, 1908-1974","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stock market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=3582.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hersch's thoughts on minorities in the U.S., and his relationships with his family and grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4103.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You think for the Jewish people that assimilation is better than, let us say, the ghetto type of culture?\nHERSCH: The Jews, the last few years, they opened the door more to conversion, to bring in all, but it still not enough. Because if you a minority, you going to be a minority. Pretty soon, you going to be a little minority here in the United States. You can control the gelt [Yiddish: money] in the United States, but that’s why you going to be hated because you don’t have no kind of majority to be count on you.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4103.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin (Germany)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"computers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"displaced persons camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interreligious relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lansky, Lola","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parenting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris (France)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trauma","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4103.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thoughts on Jewish immigrant experiences, Hersch's parenting, and his childhood family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4549.0,4942.905"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Let me ask you [Harold] on the heels of what [Helen] said. Was it hard for you to trust somebody, to start loving again after you have lost so many people?\nHERSCH: Yes, I love my wife.\nEINSTEIN: I know. Was it hard to start to . . . \nHERSCH: It was hard [for me] to trust people because some people disappoint me after the war.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4549.0,4942.905"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318/index/51860/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brothers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"California","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago (Ill.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English language","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrants--United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parenting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welfare","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79297/file/167318#t=4549.0,4942.905"}]}]}]}