{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/445h98zt1w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Anapol, Rudi"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-09-20 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRudi Anapol interviewed by Sandy Berman on September 20, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRudolph \"Rudi\" Anapolsky was born on March 11th, 1935 in Moscow, Russia. His mother’s maiden name was Slava Moiseevna Zhitomirskaya (which indicates that she was born in the city of Zhitomir, near Kiev, Ukraine). His Father’s name was Pontelei Grigorievich Anapolsky (which indicates that he was born in a small western Ukrainian Shtetel of Anapol). Rudi and his second wife, Nina, and his son Slavik (now officially named Steven) emigrated from Russia to the United States in 1976 and eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRudi describes many incidents of anti-Semitism including the time when his father, who was a professional tailor, was stripped of his business, arrested by the former Soviet authorities, and later murdered. Rudi developed an interest in art and architecture at a young age and grew to be a sculptor. He married twice and had two children, a daughter and a son. He also described how he, his second wife Nina, and his son Slavik (now officially named Steven) emigrated from Russia first to Italy, then to Austria, and then eventually to the United States. As Refugees they were first sent to Des Moines, Iowa in 1976 and then eventually moved by themselves to Atlanta. In general, Rudi is very satisfied with life in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27977"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Russia (Geographic)","tailor (topical term)","Communist Youth Organization (topical term)","Sohnut (topical term)","KGB (topical term)","Des Moines (geographic term)","Atlanta (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRudi Anapol interviewed by Sandy Berman on September 20, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRudolph \"Rudi\" Anapolsky was born on March 11th, 1935 in Moscow, Russia. His mother’s maiden name was Slava Moiseevna Zhitomirskaya (which indicates that she was born in the city of Zhitomir, near Kiev, Ukraine). His Father’s name was Pontelei Grigorievich Anapolsky (which indicates that he was born in a small western Ukrainian Shtetel of Anapol). Rudi and his second wife, Nina, and his son Slavik (now officially named Steven) emigrated from Russia to the United States in 1976 and eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRudi describes many incidents of anti-Semitism including the time when his father, who was a professional tailor, was stripped of his business, arrested by the former Soviet authorities, and later murdered. Rudi developed an interest in art and architecture at a young age and grew to be a sculptor. He married twice and had two children, a daughter and a son. He also described how he, his second wife Nina, and his son Slavik (now officially named Steven) emigrated from Russia first to Italy, then to Austria, and then eventually to the United States. As Refugees they were first sent to Des Moines, Iowa in 1976 and then eventually moved by themselves to Atlanta. In general, Rudi is very satisfied with life in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/099/879/small/Rudi_Anapol.png?1619293689","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Anapol_Rudy.mp4"]},"duration":7109.071,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/099/879/small/Rudi_Anapol.png?1619293689","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/099/879/original/Anapol_Rudy.mp4?1603694773","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7109.071,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/transcript/20652","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rudy Anapol [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/transcript/20652/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is September 20th, 2006 and I am here with Rudy Anapol who has\nagreed to do interview for the Elliott and Judith Cohen Oral History Project of\nthe Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection of the William Breman\nJewish Heritage Museum. Quite a mouthful, but I am glad that you have decided to\ndo this interview. It's really a thrill for me to get to ask you some of these\nquestions about your life in the Soviet Union and the immigration process that\nyou undertook so if you could just begin by talking a little bit about your\nbackground, your full name the names of your parents and where you were from.\n\nANAPOL: My full name is Rudolph Anapolsky. This name came from a small shtetell\ncalled Anapol. I did not know that before I came to the United States. I will\ntell you later how I found out, but I was born in Moscow in 1935 from not\nofficially married at that time it was not a mode in Russia to be officially\nmarried. We simply give word to each other and live with each other. My mother\nis Zhitomirskaya Slava Moisseevna.\n\nBERMAN: I think you need to spell that\n\nANAPOL: Zhitomirskaya it will be Z-H-I-T-O-M-I-R-S-K-Y Zhitomirsky. Slava S-\nL-A- V- A MOISSEEVNA from Moesche. Father is Anapolsky exactly like A- N- A- P-\nO-L- S -K-Y with a Y Pontelei Gregorievich. The name Pontelei is an old\nreligious Russian name he got this name in his passport because his Jewish name\nis Palty P- A- L- T- Y Gidalievich Gidaly his father was. But it was impossible\nI suppose I don't know because my father was destroyed by the Stalin regime in\n1938. But I suppose he changed his name because sometimes even in police we say:\n\"Hey change your name and nobody will be able to pronounce it this way\" and he\nchanged his name. Both families like I found here We came from an area\napproximately thirty-five miles from each other. We did not know each other the\nfamily Anapolsky like I already said came from the area near Zhitomir. Zhitomir\nis now a four hundred thousand people town near Kiev near that area about\nthirty-five kilometers or twenty-eight miles from Zhitomir.\n\nBERMAN: Would you spell that town\n\nANAPOL: Zhitomir it's S-G- I- T- O- M- I- R it's a famous town by name Zhitomir.\nWhat's happened is before the Revolution there was so called cherta osedlosty it\nwas a situation where the Jewish people could not go anywhere except where we\nwere born and after Revolution if you have Gilt do I need to spell gilt? Ok,\nafter Revolution if you have money you could buy your name because who you were\nyou were Moeshka, Petka, Vaska Kolka no last name. Before Revolution my father's\nside of the family and mother's side did not have a last name my father was born\nlike an invalid he had a problem with a leg and was born in 1889 in one day with\nAdolf Hitler unfortunately so he selected if it is possible to select in a small\nshtetel of four and a half thousand he selected the profession of Schneider. You\nknow what it means? In Yiddish Schneider it means tailor. But his family was\nrich enough it's not Anatefka it's bigger more Jewish population. My granddad at\nthat time was we say \"Poltora Zhida\". Zhid means Jew in Polish because Zhitomir\nwas very close to Polish territory and they used a mix of Polish and Yiddish, so\nmy granddad was Poltora Zhida one and a half Jews. Big strong if somebody tell\nhim \"Jew\" beaten to death, you know strong man. And his profession after a while\nstarted to transfer wood by river by Dnepr from Kiev to Herson by here you need\nto help me.\n\nBERMAN: By Barge\n\nANAPOL: Barge and because he was big and strong, he got some people to help him\ntransfer this thing and they eventually opened a small manufactory where they\nmade desks and move to Dnepropetrovsk it was Ekaterinoslav, a big city. Big city\nbigger than Odessa by the way, but it was a big city closer to Kiev. From\nmother's side, well I will finish with the father's side first. From the\nfather's side there was eleven brothers, one sister. Sister died eleven brothers\nall moved in different directions. My father started to be schneider, but\ndesigner schneider you know, and he started to make fraks.\n\nBERMAN: Dresses\n\nANAPOL: Well, dresses, but dresses for artists to sing songs you know. Tuxedoes.\nTuxedoes are a pale shadow of a real frak what it was before. Father went to the\ncity of Revel, it is now the capital of Estonia Tallinn. Father moved to this\ncity in 1907 and continued with one of the best European Schneider a zhid too\nZhid its Jewish too. And he studied from him and later made a big huge mistake.\nHe was a so-called \"patriot\" of Russia or maybe did not understand or maybe was\nafraid he returned to Russia. And all of his brothers moved in different\ncountries. Abraham, not the oldest, but one of his older brothers came to the\nUnited States in 1910 and I found his name at Ellis Island and plate number\nthirteen. So, we put right away spies in your territory, you know. Some of them\nI've been told by mother I spoke with her my mother died very early we spoke\nwith her we've been in Vienna, Austria. In Germany because the Germans before it\nwas a good place to go you know and in different countries even we stay in\nArgentina, but I know nothing about this. Here in the year 1970 I met with one\ngentleman , he found me, because you know sometimes when you stay in a hotel and\nthere is nothing for you to do you open up a phone book and look for your name\nso I looked and hey that is exactly the name of my father. So, he thought let me\ntalk to this guy so he called me and at that time I spoke I speak now terrible\nEnglish, but at that time it was practically nothing. Both named Anapol short\nname so he found me with his wife Sally from Miami stayed at Peachtree Plaza\nhotel, invited me so he met me, we organized a meeting. So, I asked him how you\nlook like and he asked me how you look like? I said Ok you'll never recognize me\nI'll have a newspaper in the right hand. When I came with my car my wife said\nyou don't need a newspaper, because you look alike you know absolutely the same\nbones the same complexion only, he got hair and I didn't.\n\nBERMAN: So How about your mother's side?\n\nANAPOL: Mother's side is a little bit easier. She was born in a town of Gradisk\nnear Kremenchuk, in Ukraine, its closer to Kiev, but approximately thirty miles\naway from the place where my father was born. Her family was a religious family.\nMy grandfather was Tsadik on my mother's side. Mother was born in 1905 and she\nhad never been religious. She was Komsomolka, you know Komsomolka is a youth\nCommunist organization. So, I grew up in a family where I practically did not\nremember my father and mother was not very religious. I was surprised with my\naunt from Kiev tetya Manya aunt Manya who the first time I used a knife to put\nbutter on my bread almost killed by that knife. She was super religious as was\neverybody in our family except for my mother.\n\nBERMAN: Well, why didn't you know your father very well?\n\nANAPOL: Because I was three years old when my father was arrested and disappeared\n\nBERMAN: What year was that?\n\nANAPOL: 1938\n\nBERMAN: And What happened?\n\nANAPOL: What happened is my father was famous\n\nBERMAN: And your father's name again is?\n\nANAPOL: My father's name is Pontelei Grigorievich Anapolsky. He was a famous\nschneider in Moscow, got his own magazine. Magazine is store where he made fraks\nand designed for famous people like Chaliapin. He was the Most famous bass in\nthe world, you know. He was arrested because: first tuxedo is a Western\ninfluence, you know, and you have problems with Western at that time Stalin\nstarted. Second my father was exactly like me with mustache, but he was totally\napolitical, you know apolitician, but they thought Jewish, his own store and\nfamous people him he could be Trotskyist. So, they put him in jail and\ndisappeared simply.\n\nBERMAN: And that was it.\n\nANAPOL: That's it. Never, nothing\n\nBERMAN: Did you happen to have any word?\n\nANAPOL: In 1956 we invite, and they say, \"we unfortunately cannot say anything\nwe don't even know the place where he was buried\". Because it was commonplace\nfor maybe a couple of thousand people to be put in the same grave. And that's it\nand we are sorry. Sorry for me it's like here I apologize, you know it's nothing\nit's simply zero.\n\nBERMAN: After that happened in thirty-eight how did you and your mother? What\ndid you do?\n\nANAPOL: It was tough for me exactly like it was tough for any son or daughter of\nenemy of the country. Things got the name was not recognizable it was not a big\nname it was a small store that's why not so many people knew, and it was war\nwhen I go to school and in war we don't ask where is your father? We suppose\nyour father is on the front. And plus, I grew up to be a big kid and you see\nthese scars it's a result. Beat and been beaten.\n\nBERMAN: Your mother, you said she was an ardent communist.\n\nANAPOL:She was not a communist. You speak exactly like the counsel at the\nAmerican Embassy in Italy.\n\nBERMAN: I was just wondering because you said that she was not religious and?\n\nANAPOL: I was the same Communist and you will be the same Communist and you will\nbe the same communist, because everybody in Russia is supposed to be in the\nYoung Pioneer Organization, it's like Boy scouts here and in the Youth Communist\nOrganization. I saw mother's book she finished to pay money for her membership\nin 1927.\n\nBERMAN: How did she make a living after your father died?\n\nANAPOL: She used to work for father in his store where they met after it was\ntough no question about that, but because she was a specialist plus designer. I\nstill remember her making from thick paper how you say etchings from Paris.\n\nBERMAN: Patterns\n\nANAPOL: Patterns. And How she looks and make told me \"Son, now will go this moda\nand made in layers in a small beckett and now you will take from this beckett\nand turn to here and after the beckett is full old moda becomes new again. See,\nto be a schneider in a country where there are no Schneider practically and no\nspecialists and no dress to buy it is a winning profession you are a winner. So,\nshe simply did on the left, on the right, on the left, on the right, you know.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have any siblings? Any brothers or sisters?\n\nANAPOL: No, only one only one son. See, the difference in age was sixteen years\nbetween my mother and father. Mother born in 1905 and father born in 1889 so\nit's like that. Plus, what helped by the way is I saw my birth card now this\ndocument you can see through, you know its glass it, s so old. And we used to\nhave our own names not like I will take the name of my husband. No. So this\nhelps you know my mother always kept the name Zhitomirskaya and father died with\nname Anapolsky.\n\nBERMAN: And what year were you born?\n\nANAPOL: I was born in 1935 11th of March in Moscow.\n\nBERMAN: If we can move on a little bit more to you now. Talk A little bit about\nyour schooling your friends, whether you associated. Talk a little bit about\nyour schooling first of all\n\nANAPOL: In 1941 when I go to school you know what happened June 22nd, 1941\nGermans attacked and we had to move fast. In 1941, you know in Russia you need\nto go when you are seven, I was not seven so we delayed, but we have been\nevacuated to Kazan in November an order by Stalin, not just for our family, for\nall the kids. WE have been evacuated to Kazan. In Kazan I spent approximately\nsix or eight months and I started studying I went to school and my first words\nwere its Kazan is Tatarstan my first words were in Tatar language and usually\ntraditionally, because I started reading at the age of four and read newspapers\nand it is still the same story with me now. I am factologist I like factology I\nlike to read materials interesting materials. I never if you ask me some novels,\nI like political things interesting things what's going on. I could not say\nbecause I was really little, but I was disappointed with how they taught us in\nKazan thank God they did not kill us. But we survived again because mother took\ntwo, I don't know this word in English two otrez otrez is enough fabric to make\na suit. For two suits or two overcoats.\n\nBERMAN: Bolt a bolt\n\nANAPOL:Bolt, yes. Enough for two suits or two overcoats. So, she made one suit\nfor one large Tatar guy, girl wife of a representative and one overcoat and this\nwas enough to survive through a really hungry period of time. Plus, we lived in\na small room and we had \"ogorod\" a place eight meters so twenty-four feet by\ntwenty feet,so, we put some kind of radish, cucumbers you know things like that,\nwe survived. We have never been rich, and we have never been hungry like the\npeople when you go to a bazaar and you see people who are dying. WE have never\nbeen like that, now about school I studied three quarters of my first grade in\nKazan. When I came back to Moscow it was year 42 and I go once again into first\ngrade, because Moscow Schools say Forget it. You will study again in first grade\nwe cannot he speaks half the language in Tatar. So that's what happened, and I\nstudy in school. See I was born in the center of Moscow and the center of Moscow\nit's like you are born in Greenwich Village. It's very cultured it's very\ninteresting area where nobody selects but the selection of people who live there\nis absolutely fantastic. It's Pre-Revolutionary period mothers and fathers and\nreally intelligent families.\n\nBERMAN: Well, what was Moscow like during the war years?\n\nANAPOL: War, war. During war in our central area, see in Moscow you don't move\naround by car at that time of course. Some trolleys and some trams were stopped,\nbecause it's not enough energy. So, you move we say by number eleven, number\neleven it's your legs. Do by number eleven you don't go very far away. But the\nplaces that I could see did not change, that's why for example the Kremlin was\nnot bombed, but our zoo was bombed and killed an elephant and a lot of animals,\nbecause over the zoo there was a decoration that looked like the Kremlin. And\nstupid, I cannot say stupid German pilots bombed the Kremlin and killed an\nelephant. But Moscow looked like they took exactly moda from London and you\nremember those big Aerostates like Zeppelin and this was we found people and\nthey go up and they hang over Moscow and there is no light if they see a light\nin your window right away you will be arrested because they say you are spying\nfor the Germans and all windows were crossed like that because you could not\nfind glass even for gold.\n\nBERMAN: So, after the war you were only seven?\n\nANAPOL: No, after the war I was only eleven.\n\nBERMAN: Eleven\n\nBERMAN: Only eleven. Now, let's talk about your later schooling and where you\nwent to school\n\nANAPOL: See I had very different interests mostly from the other guys. I've been\ncalled a lonely wolf. Because I was not Jewish Jewish looking and it was\ndangerous in Moscow to be Jewish looking because in the Soviet Union anybody can\nrecognize by face who you are. Here in America it's nobody because it's a\nmelting pot in the first fifteen minutes people recognize who you are. In Russia\nwe say we will not beat you because of your passport we will beat you because of\nyour face and everybody recognized that I am Jewish.\n\nBERMAN: They recognized?\n\nANAPOL: They did recognize this that's why I've been lonely I was afraid every\ntime fight.\n\nBERMAN: So, you went to a regular public school?\n\nANAPOL: There were only regular public schools.\n\nBERMAN: There were no Jewish Schools?\n\nANAPOL: No forget it about Jewish schools you could not go anywhere with your\nJewishness see--\n\nBERMAN: No let's talk about this I am trying to get a sense of what it was like\nto be a young Jewish boy growing up in the former Soviet Union?\n\nANAPOL: I understand. My mother even though she was not religious she got a\nmezuzah she kissed all the time I asked her a few times she said eh I will not\nspeak about this (in Yiddish). First, I studied Yiddish she spoke to me only in\nYiddish I asked her why she said that it's not good if the goyim you know those\nwho are goyim will listen and understand what we were talking about. Goyim did\nnot listen they did not understand only realized that we were Jews. And I\nexplained to mother to be Jewish in your yard and you don't live like house,\nhouse, house, house, house in Moscow no it's New York. Moscow is the biggest\ncity now in Europe bigger than London, Paris. And everybody lived in big\nbuildings we lived in a four-floor building and you come to the yard and you\nhear a lot of bad names because you are Jewish. We used to have in your yard son\nof a cleaner you know dvornik Mishka from Tatarstan a huge guy with big\nshoulders because he got probably forty-seven chromosomes he was not put into\nthe army because he was total idiot and he loved to beat me. Of course, it's no\ncomparison our power, but you see it's all mind and I still have these big\nteeth. One time he beat me, and I bite him in a place called tuchus you know\nwhat that means.\n\nBERMAN: Tuchus\n\nANAPOL: And took a piece of his meat, I guess it was ham, you know not good\nquality. After that Mishka if I go down the street on this side he will run and\ngo down on that side. That's why I little by little changed the name I've been\nLonely Wolf and then they started to call me Death. Rudy Death, Rudolph Death\nsecond what was bad Rudy it's Rudolph. Who got German names in Russia at the\ntime when I was born You have Alfred you have Rudolph, you have Herman you know\nall German names why, because Germany and Russia were brothers. I got the name\nRudolph, I could not explain that my mother gave me the name Rudolph, because of\nher mother Ruth so she simply called me like that. So, we we all the time in the\nstreet we cry \"Hey Rudolph how are you, German spy, Jewish\" and so on, so forth.\nSo, I tried to grow big and beat all steps of a Jewish guy, or you are afraid or\nyou go and fight openly and then they respect you.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have any contacts with Non-Jews?\n\nANAPOL:Yes. Yes, all my friends except for two were Non-Jews, because at that\ntime all the Jewish population in Moscow, especially, was evacuated. We returned\nback from Kazan we lost our flat, not flat room where we used to live, we so\nsuddenly moved out and we lost this, and mother said better we will go, or we\nwill not have ceiling over our heads. That's what happened, I still have an old\nman who is younger than me by one-year Sasha Stolov whom I met in 2004. First\ntime and last time as I returned to Moscow. Yes, I have two Jewish friends. If\nyou are speaking about friends of course I could meet a lot of Jewish people\nlater, it was half and half.\n\nBERMAN: Well, as you got older what were some of your career choices in the\nSoviet Union?\n\nANAPOL: Career choices, you see like I said I was a lonely wolf after the war in\nthe year 1946 I went by myself nobody else to a small planetarium in Moscow\nCentral Planetarium and I went to special astronomical courses. I like art from\nbirth, because what happened is my first book about art , architecture was\npublished before the Revolution a book about Rome that's why when I emigrated in\n1977 and came to Rome I cried. I am a big man and I cried it was some\nsentimental thing, because when I first saw the book I thought it was a dream\nand I will never see these things actually. But I actually saw them, but later\nyou see my mother started working after the war in the fifties, even earlier in\n1948, she started working for the Ministry of Cinematography why, because she\nmade a lot of dresses for women in movies.\n\nBERMAN: Costumes\n\nANAPOL: Costumes. And her skirt Plisse, I don't know this word\n\nBERMAN: Pleats\n\nANAPOL: Pleats, see it's easy you took a lot of our words, actually it's French\nPlisse. So, she made for the Parade of Physicals in 1946 when Stalin was in the\nstadium. Mother worked eighteen hours a day it was something tragic in my life\nand in her life, because you see when we speak, she gave birth I was born when\nshe was thirty years old. And when father was arrested, she was thirty-three and\nafter that she never married. You understand, a lot of times she cried and said\nI give (like every Jewish mother) I give you my life a lot of people I could\nmeet and be with them. And I said why not? See, I hate myself now, but at that\ntime I simply openly asked her why not and she said that if I married somebody,\nI will pay more attention to a man than to you and you are my love.\n\nBERMAN: So, she sacrificed for you?\n\nANAPOL: Yes, she sacrificed.\n\nBERMAN: But most mothers do that.\n\nANAPOL: I know, I know, believe me I know now. I don't know why but I know\nfathers are not this way, but women yes.\n\nBERMAN:So, how did you get into the arts?\n\nANAPOL: Into the arts? Through mother, one time she invited me, gave me an\ninvitation to the Ministry of Cinematography. It was the first house of movies\nand when I was young small boy I liked movies I went to see Dina Durbin in\nSerenade Of Solnichnaya Dolina I don't Know with Miller's--\n\nBERMAN: Glen Miller\n\nANAPOL: Glen Miller and Georgie's from jinky jazz or something like that. Of\ncourse, again and again and again I look at this exact Architectural Album of\nRome I thought it's what they call Heaven, you know, and I went to this place\nand I met with three guys. And these guys changed my life practically, they were\nvery famous sculptors, but young at that time one born in 22, one born in 23 and\none born in 28. And you know work after work they called me young encyclopedia\nbecause my copy at that time, I keep a lot of factological materials. I could\nanswer practically any question. And they love it so they say come to the studio\nwhere we work so I came to the studio and it was the studio of one of the most\nfamous artists in Russia so a lot of famous people poets, artists , writers,\nmusicians, scientists visited this studio . One guy was Jewish his name was\nSidur, Vadym Sidur if you go to the Jewish encyclopedia any place or simply put\nin Web Vadym Sidur it will be not just one page it will be more because it's why\nIsrael is proud. He died a long time ago; in Russia he got a museum named Sidur,\nyou know. Traveling in Germany I saw his sculpture in Germany many times, he is\nvery famous.\n\nBERMAN: So, what did you start to do?\n\nANAPOL: What did I start to do? Two of these guys Rambert who was born in 22 and\nSidur who was born in 23 were invalids of war. Rambert burned his hands and face\nand Sidur had only three fingers, so what I did I put up lots and lots of clay.\nI practically became the economical part of this studio later when I became\nolder, I used my Kopf and I organized a lot of stuff for them. And later I\nstarted working in special foundational Soviet art how my life goes, and I\nstarted working.\n\nBERMAN: So, is that what you were doing in the Soviet Union, representing artists?\n\nANAPOL: It sounds so simple representing artists it's like an agent here or\nsomething like that. No, I supervised until my last days in the Soviet Union\nfour thousand artists.\n\nBERMAN: Four thousand.\n\nANAPOL: Four thousand. I went with my son who came I came because of him. He\ncame to this country when he was three and a half years old. I came to Russia to\nshow him the things that I did during my life and people whom I know. He was\nimpressed because every object, big object in Russia there is practically no\ncity in Russia with population of two hundred thousand or more where I did not\nwork. Why? It's very easy to explain, because in every city like that it needs\nto stay Lenin, you know and I've been there, I see that. Plus, some interesting\nplaces in Moscow if you were one time in Moscow you will go to like Henson was\nthere it's a puppetry theater very famous Obrazcovy theater in Moscow. We have a\nhuge clock everybody knows in America an island America nobody knows, but in\nEurope everybody knows. Let's meet under the clock this under the clock did one\nJewish sculptor, one Russian Sculptor and the mechanical the scientific part did\nColmanson I don't need to explain who he by nationality is because Colmanson\nit's only Jewish and your friend Rudy Anapol was managing the whole big thing.\nBecause managing we are not in America, we don't have even tapes to get tapes\nfor a recorder in Russia you need top permission. What means top permission son\nof Mister Kosygin and Kosygin at that time was the prime minister of Russia gave\nus permission to get this from Germany, you know. So this is a very different\nstory to say, because Americans don't understand what we go through. I remember\nwhen I emigrated I will give you an example when I emigrated and I was in Rome\nand tomorrow I have to go to Des Moines, Iowa because our family arrived in Des\nMoines and I come to the American consulate and this guy looks at me with his\nblue eyes and says have you ever been a member of a Soviet Communist\nOrganization. I said yes, listen Youth organization it's Communist organization\nyou cannot understand.\n\nBERMAN: Right\n\nANAPOL: Here you can be a member or not member nothing will happen to you, but\nthere if you are not a member you will not study, you will not be in school, if\nyou are not a member of Komsomol youth organization you will not go to the\ninstitute to college.\n\nBERMAN: So, I just want to get back to the emigration aspect a little bit. You\nwere successful?\n\nANAPOL: Yes, after eight years yes.\n\nBERMAN: So, when did you start thinking about leaving the Soviet Union?\n\nANAPOL: With my sense of humor I will say that I started thinking before I was\nborn. No, but I started thinking very early, because I was surrounded all the\ntime by the Intelligencia and if you think what the intelligent people talk\nabout in the basement. First, we start Russian conversations we use it's a piece\nof paper we say yes, I like Stalin and write down what you want to say because\nthe walls have ears and they all the time speak about that all the time.\n\nBERMAN: When did you start seriously thinking about leaving?\n\nANAPOL: Seriously? The sixties.\n\nBERMAN: The Sixties So were you a part of this Refusnik group of people?\n\nANAPOL: I never called myself officially a refusnik. I had been surrounded by\nrefusnik I had been a refusnik, because for eight long years I could not receive\nan invitation from Israel. If you would know the people who sent me the\ninvitation you will be super surprised.\n\nBERMAN: And they just held all those up?\n\nANAPOL: Yes KGB, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me why were they not allowing you to get those?\n\nANAPOL: First of all, it's hard without operation it's hard to look inside these\nbrains. Selection process is very hard to understand, but I suppose that they\nkept me, because I knew too much. You know these things if you know what I saw\nyou will understand why I knew a lot of things. First, I knew, when you are in\nthis circle sometimes people on a really big level come and they say certain\nthings like at that time I had a really good memory, you know. I remember, I\nremember plus when you work with people like that you can read certain\nliterature. I started reading Solzhenitsyn much earlier than practically\neverybody who lives here and it was on paper where you make secrets, you know\nand you read like that . Now I could not even you know without binoculars I\ncouldn't I read Solzhenitsyn now of course I am not impressed with Solzhenitsyn\nfor many many years. At the same time, you knew Your horizon is narrower the\ncenter of Moscow.\n\nBERMAN: So, were your friends leaving?\n\nANAPOL: My friends were leaving; many were leaving, and one friend especially\nwas the biggest influence we need to leave. He was a very famous sculptor in\nMoscow who is now in the process of dying in New York Ernst Neizvestny.\nNeizvestny is his name first name Ernst.\n\nBERMAN: Spell his name, please.\n\nANAPOL: NEIZVESTNY. It's N-E- I -Z- V- E- S- T- N- Y.\n\nBERMAN: Thank You.\n\nANAPOL: I am sorry a complicated name.\n\nBERMAN: It's easier for the transcribers.\n\nANAPOL: But he was more famous than Sharansky. It's easy to say now everybody\nforgets about him he did the monument to Khruschev. He who fought with Khruschev\nin a famous manag story. You know, Ernst Neizvestny it' a name it's again Israel\nis very proud to have him.\n\nBERMAN: So, he was talking you into leaving?\n\nANAPOL: He was not talking me into leaving we always go together and after that\nparallel. You see I was his director. I was his director. And we did a lot of\nthings together. He emigrated in seventy-six and I emigrated a few months later.\n\nBERMAN: Were you already married at that time?\n\nANAPOL: Oh, yes, I was already married for the second time, because the first\ntime I got married in sixty and divorced in sixty got a daughter for the first\ntime and the daughter lives now here with me. I was married for the second time\nin sixty-nine, my wife lives here with me and my son was born in seventy-two and\nI was thinking only about my son, because I knew that how I can explain,\nespecially Jewish people. There are two categories of people , people who are\nafraid of everything , people who are afraid, but do not show that they are\nafraid and people who are not afraid of anything , because we come to a certain\npoint enough of this it does not matter what will happen with me. I am from the\nthird category you are now speaking to the guy who in Moscow when it was taboo\nwent to the diplomats' places, houses and police of course stopped me, but the\ndiplomat stood on his balcony and said. This guy to me let him go. Only for that\nI can go to Siberia for the beginning for ten or fifteen years, all right, but\nit's important how many people you know, very important. It's what kept me alive.\n\nBERMAN: So, you finally got the invitation from the states?\n\nANAPOL: Simply it happened in seventy-six in seventy-seven it happened on the\ntwenty-ninth of December. I remember even days 29th of December.\n\nBERMAN: Seventy?\n\nANAPOL: Six. And 11th of January I left Russia.\n\nBERMAN: With your wife and?\n\nANAPOL: With my wife and. Can you imagine? WE have everything we have with a big\ncooperative a flat and we left after fourteen, thirteen days. We have savings we\nhave everything, but we left.\n\nBERMAN: Describe that where did you go? What agencies helped you get out?\n\nANAPOL: Sohnut.\n\nBERMAN: Sohnut. The Jewish Agency.\n\nANAPOL: Sohnut. The Jewish agency. Uneducated totally, you know.\n\nBERMAN: I thought these agencies--\n\nANAPOL: See how this works. Generally, what's mean invitation. Invitation it\nmeans a letter from Israel where it will be my name and it will say your aunt\nHysura who is ninety five years old waits for you in Jerusalem and she is close\nto dying, come over she wants to see you before she dies and things like that.\nAzohondway I never know if I have somebody like that, but it's a name.\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nANAPOL: But it's very important, because, it's a document for KGB. We knew about\nthis, listen they have a thick pack of invitations where it's not only Hysura,\nbut half the population of Jerusalem, you know, invites me, but they need some\nkind of paperwork it's some kind of bureaucracy. Ok, so one diplomat asked me to\ngo to Tallinn, the city of Tallinn, because diplomats in Moscow could not move\nfifty miles away from Moscow and he asked me a lot of questions to help him. So,\nI went to Tallinn and I called to my wife and asked something new? And she said\nyou need to be here immediately. I said what's happened she said you need to be\nhere immediately, so I put myself on the jet, fly to Moscow and I saw in a few\nhours I saw this invitation.\n\nBERMAN: Wow.\n\nANAPOL: OK. And we started the process.\n\nBERMAN: Did she want to leave as much as you?\n\nANAPOL: No, she is not Jewish, she is not Jewish as a matter of fact my wife she\nis half Russian and Half German. Her last name is Opperman and funny thing is\nthat this girl blond with blue eyes, because of the last name Opperman was more\nunder attack for being Jewish--\n\nBERMAN: Than you.\n\nANAPOL: Than me. Ok this is life.\n\nBERMAN: But did she have family?\n\nANAPOL: She could not leave her family. Her mother, father, brother, sister.\nSee, at that time women. See, it's from cave times man goes hunting and woman\nsits near the fire with the child. You know, she got this kind of mentality what\nwill happen tomorrow how we will survive and things like that. And I have\nYiddish Kopf I say ok we will go tomorrow; I don't know what will happen\nsomebody will help us I have hands; I have kopf we will survive.\n\nBERMAN: Where was your first stop?\n\nANAPOL: Vienna, Austria, because of my diplomat's friends they gave me at the\nAustrian embassy in Moscow permission, visa to stay in Austria not one day or\ntwo days like it's usual for Jewish people, but a month to see art and churches.\n\nBERMAN: It must've been wonderful.\n\nANAPOL: It was wonderful. I've been told by friends from BBC, Bob Evans, I've\nbeen told if you go to Vienna see this, this, this and that and remember this\ntime will never return back why, because every day for three people me , my son,\nand my wife we got nine dollars from America. Nine dollars for the whole day, of\ncourse we paid our, not hotel, but the place where we stayed sleeping place, but\nfor food it's been enough, it's been enough. We stayed in Vienna for a month,\nthen it was a tough situation to move to Rome and it was a tough situation,\nbecause at the railroad station stayed guys with machine guns, because every\nsecond we were afraid that Palestinians, you know some Arabs will attack and\nthings like that. And they selected I remember this guy, because we spoke with\nhim a lot about the past and the future and the Jewish situation , he was a Jew\nfrom Sohnut , he selected big guys, you know and every big guy was responsible\nfor a car and we go. And the United States did one right thing at that time,\nthey spoke with the Mafia of Italy, really, it's CIA and we have an agreement\nthat when we arrive in Italy the mafia will take care of us. We will pay money\nto the mafia, and we arrived I remember one guy in the car with me with a\nmustache. I spoke with him, you know communicated I don't know how because my\nItalian is still bad. Quanta Quosto is the maximum that I can say, and we spoke,\nand he was responsible for the Mafia and I was responsible, because they put me\nin charge simply in case of emergency you know things like that. So, we arrived\nin Italy, arrived in Rome before we arrived in Rome approximately one hundred\nmiles, they stopped this train put us in buses, see, everything was done.\n\nBERMAN: How many were in your group?\n\nANAPOL: In the group probably around five hundred people at that time, during\nthe year that I emigrated four thousand nine hundred people. Next year fifty one\nthousand, ok so they put us on buses Via Alexandria four Via is street number\nfour and we stayed in a small room and I was tired, because I helped. It was a\nlot of elderly people with huge suitcases and I say what did you put in here\nbricks, gold or what? It's crystal, crystal now we don't know what to do with\nthis crystal, you know. Crystal from Czechoslovakia. And I moved to the sixth\nfloor with these two suitcases then returned back. I was forty-two at that time.\nStay, rest a little bit and after a while I said to my wife, Nadia you know what\nyou stay here, and I will go outside and look around. So, I went outside, of\ncourse she almost cried how could you go outside and leave me here with a son\nwhat will happen. Azohondway, so, I go down and go to the right I remember this\nhouse and I see a crowd of people standing near a store and looking at windows\nand it was a zoo store where you can buy cats small cats and stuff.\n\nBERMAN: A pet shop.\n\nANAPOL: Pet shop. I didn't even stay. I returned back and I said let's go for\nSlavik. Slavik he is now Steven, but Slavik at that time, so I said, Slavik\nlet's go I will show you something a small boy. And we went and we don't know\nit's our first evening in Rome we went and we stayed and looked in the window\nand it's doggy, doggy, doggy and I started to move the shoulders to put. And\nsuddenly I see something from the back, something familiar and I say to Nadia\nyou have to fly a thousand kilometers away to see Angelo. It was Angelo Genti a\nfriend of our who had been at my wedding who new us for many many years he used\nto work for Fellini, studied at the Moscow Cinematography Institute, you know\nand married a Russian Figure Skating from ballet figure skating and he was small\nlike that and she was tall and it's the combination that I know for many years.\nSo, I say Angelo that are you doing here and he said hey. And before that in\nMoscow I tried to communicate through common friends and I say I don't know\nexactly when , but I know the way Sohnut put us we will be in Rome so we come\nback in our room we sit together we thought about what he can do for us. And he\nput us in Ostia, it's near Rome, his aunt and her husband were famous fascists\nduring Mussolini times and his father was a famous Communist. You know Genti in\nthe Communist Party is the third man after Gramsci, it's who opened all the\nCommunist movement, you know. It's not Berlingo it's before Berlingo. So, what\nhappened you know he put us we met with her aunt she fell in love and she said\nyou will move to our dacha in Ostia. We come to this dacha and it's a huge house\non the seaside and we live there and we live there not in the entire house, but\nin one room.\n\nBERMAN: How long did you live there?\n\nANAPOL: Six and a half months.\n\nBERMAN: What was your eventual plan?\n\nANAPOL: Eventual plan. I applied for the United States in Vienna, Austria. I\nfought to go to Israel only for visit. Same question asked me a man by the name\nof Aaron typical Russian name you see Aaron. Aaron, I remember because he was\nwith the party of Kuznetsov and they stole a jet from Russia, do you remember\nthey wanted to fly and they got twenty years in Siberia. And Aaron I met, you\nknow and he said what are you doing here? But I explained to him the situation\nlisten finally I did everything right how I can possibly go to Israel and prove\nthat my wife, see my son is not Jewish by tradition, by law, you know, what can\nI do. And he told me I will put you in like a member of a delegation when you\nwill live in Rome, we will invite you to Israel. I wait for this invitation even\nnow, but it's typical, but it's ok. See, why he wanted to put me is because now\nnobody sees me and nobody remembers me it's a totally new generation, but at\nthat time I was influential, knew a lot of people let's say a fascinating guy\nyou know, so he wanted me to go to Israel, return back and tell hey , Jews you\nmade a big mistake why you stay here. Let's go to Israel no, but it's not\nhappened. And we came and I remember a conversation in Sohnut. They say, Rudy,\nRudolph with your profession you are supposed to go to New York because there is\na lot of cultured people a lot of galleries, museums things like that. But I use\ninformation and I always believe in this information in New York used to live a\ncouple of my artist guys Alexander Kosolapov Jewish famous guy, you know artist\nand he wrote me, Rudy never make this mistake you will be sorry. New York is\nsimply a zoo where a lot of Jews are in one place and they live maximum of what\nthey have they live exactly Soviet life. They don't know languages, they never\nstudy, they it's not America it's simply Soviet Union, but with stores where we\ncan come and buy Kolbasa and cheese, so I said anyplace except New York. They\nsay we don't have an opening now we can suggest you one place, but you probably\nwill not want to go there I say what? They say Des Moines, Iowa. I say how do\nyou write this Des Moines spell it for me you know in Russia nobody never\nspells. They wrote and right away I went to Via Ncionale the American Embassy\nand look at Des Moines. Des Moines it was eight small lines, you know six of\nthem say that it's a golden dome in the Capitol and it's international sometimes\ninternational agriculture, you know, because of how you call this Kukuruza, corn\nwe have pigs and all that I want to know. And of course, and I say finally you\nhave found a good place for me. And I decided I will go, because the Golden Dome\nI could not miss.\n\nBERMAN: That must've been a real culture shock for you?\n\nANAPOL: Yes and no. When I return my memories to back it was the best place to\nstart life in America, because, see what's happened with a lot of people here\neven I knew and I watched them. When I saw, now it's impossible to see, but\nbefore you look and you know at the end of the seventies when Jewish people\nespecially the elderly started to arrive in Atlanta we walk in the street and we\nlook terrible with these overcoats these raincoats, you know from the Soviet\nUnion we are afraid to say a word and things like that it's happened. And I\nalready was American guy I come through like knife through butter. Why? I will\ntell you. What do you have in Des Moines? In Des Moines you are young and you\ndon't remember who was farmer Garst. Who will remember Garst it was when\nKhruschev came to America he went to Iowa and that's why it's corn situation in\nRussia. And farmer Garst invited him.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nANAPOL: It was a good meeting. And what I have, because I was the director and\nmade the monument to Khruschev, you know I got a small portrait of Khruschev. I\ncame Tsuris farmer Garst died so I keep portrait even now, but, but you know\nlife before I started, you know can you introduce me to farmer Garst. And the\nDes Moines Register made an interview with me and one or two , you know one for\none everything it's less Jewish Community, of course much smaller two and a half\nthousand I became popular, you know Ardon stores this millionaire who helped a\nlot of Jews from Russia that live in Des Moines. We met and became friends he\ninvited our family all the time we've been friends with many people, see he\nasked me a question about what I think who is Sharansky who this, this, this and\nthat and I explained, because Sharansky was nothing at that time when I, but I\nexplained psychology how it works which is hell. So, Des Moines was not a bad\npart at all and I love it, because I study how to drive a car in Des Moines.\nIt's a lot of good things and I understand what's going on and Des Moines is,\nsee Des Moines is a town where the people when they found out that I am going to\nAtlanta they said why Atlanta. I said a friend of mine lives in Atlanta. No this\nis South, deep South, come on, things like that.\n\nBERMAN: When did you? I would like to get to a little bit of that. When did you\nleave Des Moines for Atlanta?\n\nANAPOL: In nine months after I came to Des Moines.\n\nBERMAN: So, you've been here for a very long time.\n\nANAPOL: A very long time. I came when there was only one lane on Buford Highway.\n\nBERMAN: And You first lived on Buford Highway?\n\nANAPOL: Every man and woman who arrived from Russia used to live in this famous\napartment on Buford Highway.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of this apartment?\n\nANAPOL: I don't know, because I lived not in this apartment. Because I come here\nfrom another city and they say you are starojil man who has lived here for a\nlong time. So, you better go it's still $ 195 Summit View next apartment and I\nlived on the hill Summit View this apartment I don't remember I remember I spoke\nwith the owner. It was a Jewish guy.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about the language problems you had when you came here? Was it,\ndid you speak any English at all when you emigrated?\n\nANAPOL: I could introduce myself if you ask me when I was born, I could tell\nyou. Practically after that in Des Moines, see the work I did in Des Moines I\nswept the floor at the Des Moines Steel Company for $3.95 per hour, in two weeks\nI stopped an engineer and simply told him give me another job, please. You know\nit's not enough my wife at that time used FEMA and studied some economics\ncourses. She is candidate, I mean Doctor of Economics; you know. So, the\nengineer said what can you do? I said, practically everything you want me to be\ndirector of this, you know. Joke it's always helps you in life and we walk and\nsee a crane which had a small command and controller, you know and he said can\nyou do this thing. I said yes and I never saw this thing this week. And this\ncommand and controller, but I said, listen I have Kopf I will figure it out.\nTomorrow you will start work here. Thank god right away they raised me thirty\ncents. I became rich. I came home and said, Nadia we will buy furniture, because\nwe rented furniture for thirty-five dollars at that time it's big thirty-five\ndollars per month. So, I started work in and worked pretty successfully in a few\nweeks the same engineer came to me, listen we don't have today one guy would you\nlike to work like chainer you know chainer what Pittsburgh Des Moines steel\ncompany does, I will tell you, you know St Louis this arch, they did it.\n\nBERMAN: The steel\n\nANAPOL: Yes, the Steel. They do plates. Chainer, it's a man who stands under the\ncrane and puts with hooks the steel plates, it's dangerous work a little bit,\nbut pay first it was for me it was relief I could not stand it, you know with my\nlungs I could not stand it to stay inside you know plant and impossible to breathe.\n\nBERMAN: Well, when you got to Atlanta, what did you do? What was your first job here?\n\nANAPOL: In Atlanta? You remember who was Lunden?\n\nBERMAN: Lunden Iron and METAL?\n\nANAPOL: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: I know them well.\n\nANAPOL: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: You worked for Max Lunden?\n\nANAPOL: Ask him about Rudy.\n\nBERMAN: He is no longer living.\n\nANAPOL: I know.\n\nBERMAN: Would be kind of hard to ask him.\n\nANAPOL: I will give you the phone number. So, it's what I did for him.\n\nBERMAN: And then?\n\nANAPOL: Yes, and after that one lady, no it was a man recommended to me, Rudy\nyou are easy going, outgoing man you will be good with people. I will introduce\nyou to the job that I do and I guess you will be better and he was a bartender\nin an Italian club. He was a Hungarian Jew ran from Hungary in 56, you know, and\nhe introduced me, but he was, what can I do for you, ok and that's it. This\nclient only paid him money. I am a different guy we speak we found out exactly\nwho is your wife and this and that, politics, anything. Anything and I was very successful.\n\nBERMAN: What did you do for him?\n\nANAPOL: Not for him. I worked for Ritz Carlton. For many years and I finished my\n\"career\" in Peachtree Plaza Hotel.\n\nBERMAN: Doing what?\n\nANAPOL: Bartender.\n\nBERMAN: Bartender?\n\nANAPOL: It's Kopkies. It's really smells, smell Kopkies, you know I come home\nbought a house one, bought a house second, moved to Tilly Mill, you know, good\narea with good house everything fine.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever regret leaving?\n\nANAPOL: Leaving Russia? No, it's-- This is a very interesting question. No, no\nwhat I, if you ask me a little bit different what I've been disappointed with\ncoming to America.\n\nBERMAN: Ok then, let's ask?\n\nANAPOL: I can tell you. I am disappointed with strange things what's going on\nhere with people. They have all the information in the world and they never\nstudy. Even the Government never study on their mistakes, never study on\nhistory. Listen, history repeats itself all the time, you know. They never\nstudy, they make a mistake and continue to make another mistake why? People\nabsolutely very hard to find somebody I am not saying you don't have it, yes you\nhave it like every big country, but very hard to find somebody who knows a lot\nof things. Third, a lot of people disappoint me that they are living in this\nbeautiful country, living better than anybody else in the world and don't like it.\n\nBERMAN: I agree with you.\n\nANAPOL: I know you agree with me.\n\nBERMAN: It's--\n\nANAPOL: It's a shame.\n\nBERMAN: It's a puzzlement.\n\nANAPOL: It's a Puzzlement. It's amazing, you know when. I work in galleries here\nand now sometimes they invite me as consultant I speak with thousands of people\nand I have a certain accent and they start asking me a lot of questions and\nquestions kill me, you know right away you cannot imagine the level of people\nwith whom I've been around correspondent they wrote about me, they interviewed\nme, you know things like that big disappointment. I am not looking for a career\nor something, please who needs it, I am an old man, but disappointment you\ncannot find people to speak with. You this is a great story I will give you. I\ngo all the time to Zaban Park swim and. One very old Jewish, Polish guy with an\nenormous biography simply fantastic ninety-five years old man. Swim and we sit\nwith him, you know and speak sometimes. He told me; oh I love you; you know you\nare the only one with whom I can speak, look people with my age here or younger\nthey know nothing they live like in the desert, you know he told me incredible\nstories what's mean life. He was the son of a very rich Warsaw banker when\nGermans came close to Warsaw war started everybody it's a big Jewish family\neverybody said, father let's immigrate we have money we have everything. No, he\nsaid I know Germans, Germans will be good. Ok, father ended his life in the\nWarsaw ghetto. He was the only one from the family that survived only because it\nwas one-time strike and he ran. He told me a story they have a collection where\nin their collection of pictures, we spoke about art been Rembrandt a lot of very\ninteresting things that cost millions and millions of dollars he says nothing\nnothing helps you gold, money nothing helps Jewish people are super naïve. They\ndon't understand this thing, nothing helps. You need to fight for your life\nbefore you are captured, you know, another way you are dead. He said father went\nto the commandant and spoke to the commandant they knew who is he and they say,\nyou know I will give you everything that I all my belongings that I have let my\nchildren I am an old man I will die in here let my children go. They say oh,\nyeah, yeah, we will give. He gave them everybody stayed and everybody died. You\nknow, and he is the only one, so what happened with him he was young and strong\nhe ran and somehow through entire Europe it helps that European guys know a lot\nof languages. Can survive. He ended up in England and he went to the army of\nPilsudski. You know who Pilsudski is and was one of the first who returned to\nPoland. This you can imagine, you know and he said no and he went when he saw\nPoland nothing left, so he went to Holland, met his wife the war is over met his\nwife Jewish lady and they moved, through relatives they moved to the United\nStates, you know, and when you speak with, I am seventy two, but when you speak\nwith a guy like that you understand what's going on nothing will help you we are\nborn with a certain stamp which says Jewish and it's good I love it, but it's\ntough, it's tough in Russia.\n\nBERMAN: Well, now today living in America, living in Atlanta I see that you go\nto Zaban Park. Do you go to Synagogue? Do you feel a religious kind of?\n\nANAPOL: You know, I am not. I've been a few times. In Des Moines I've been a\npermanent member of synagogue and, you know and go often at that time I used to\nhave a very good voice and they say you will be our cantor, things like that.\nBut I have lungs and heart problem, you know and I said, listen it will not be\nfor a long time I know I could sing at that time and now it's impossible for me.\nBut one thing is how I can explain my religion, I simply, see when you grow up\nin a big city like Moscow which is you are born you have never been religious\nand so and so on it's very hard for me. I understand many times I went to\nsynagogue I listened I cannot put myself to be religious. My friend here\nGoffman, Misha Goffman.\n\nBERMAN: I know him.\n\nANAPOL: Of course, you know he became a Rabbi and moved to Israel.\n\nBERMAN: Right, right.\n\nANAPOL: Yes, he was my best friend. I knew him in Moscow, see he was a very\nintelligent man. We both went to the same movie club, you know we've been very\nactive, but it's probably differences in nature, see what's happened with him,\nyou know, but look his native brother totally different. It needs to come from\nthe heart and the head. With the head I understand how important it is to keep\nour nation together with the same culture, with religion and so on, but I\nunderstand at the same time it's not for everybody I can be a Jew without\nreligion. And I am a very active Jew, by the way, I support everything what you\ncan imagine.\n\nBERMAN: No, many people are actively Jewish without religion.\n\nANAPOL: Yes, not religious at all and it's impossible, see when you are born and\nfrom birth your mother and father go to a synagogue and you got Bar Mitzvah, Bat\nMitzvah so on for your children I understand. If I go through all this process\nyou will ask me why you go, you know, I didn't go.\n\nBERMAN: Right. What about your son? Does he consider himself Jewish or not Jewish?\n\nANAPOL: He is considering himself exactly in the middle. He was in Alexandria\nschool, Alexander school, in Israel, you know, he was very active in Jewish life\nhe went to, this is a story he went to Washington D.C. like all our children do\nsometimes they say family is good, but I want to do things myself. He went to\nWashington D. C. lived by himself. We with mother simply became crazy about that\nit's tough it's a big city and he practically lived in this city all the time.\nHe met one time, and he is not smoking and not drinking, he could go into a bar\nand take a beer and dance. One time he took a beer and danced with one girl.\nThis girl used to work at that time for Mr. Clinton in the white house this girl\nis the one whom you will recognize when you see this movie how we did everything\nfor Mr. Clinton. And her name is Michelle Umberson with a mix that you cannot\neven imagine. She is one quarter, Umberson Norwegian, one quarter Italian, one\nquarter English and one quarter Irish and not religious at all. And Steven,\nSlavik in Russia he is half Jew and half with very strong Jewish orientation\nnumber one supporter of Israel. But he got his own company, it's a very\nsuccessful story.\n\nBERMAN: In Washington?\n\nANAPOL: Yeah. It's a very successful story I will not.\n\nBERMAN: And your daughter?\n\nANAPOL: My daughter lives here.\n\nBERMAN: And when did she come?\n\nANAPOL: She came in nineteen ninety-one.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult to get her?\n\nANAPOL: I did a lot of things stay like we say in Russia on my ears, you know,\nand I did it for her. And her name is Shamis and her husband is Michael Shamis\nwho is a technician one of the best works for your neighbors here at Equifax. He\nis one of the leaders of Equifax. Ok, Jew, of course Shamis and not Jewish.\nImpossible and Valerie is a homemaker, you know. We have my granddaughter Anna\nShamis and recently Steven and Michelle gave birth to a child man in the future\nand guess what kind of name we gave him?\n\nBERMAN: Russian?\n\nANAPOL: Samuel.\n\nBERMAN: Samuel?\n\nANAPOL: So, no more questions about belonging.\n\nBERMAN: I have a few more questions and then we can.\n\nANAPOL: And Samuel is a great name.\n\nBERMAN: I have a few more questions to wind it up. When did you become a citizen?\n\nANAPOL: Citizen. Five years after I arrived so, seventy-eight is when I actually\narrived in Atlanta so, citizen around eighty-two.\n\nBERMAN: Describe your feelings on that day if you can?\n\nANAPOL: I cried and for a big man like me it was the second time I cried. One\ntime I cried in Rome, because I could not believe that I could see what in\nchildhood I studied and simply read and here it was happiness, because for me\nAmerica is a lot. And it always will be, not so many people in my lifetime\nprobably have thoughts. Thank god that I have thought that I will die in\nAmerica, you understand.\n\nBERMAN: And if we could just go back to when you first got to Atlanta, for a\nminute. What were your first thoughts or recollections about being in this city?\nSouthern kind of flare and the population being so much different probably from\nthe one in Des Moines. What were some of your earliest thoughts about living in\nthe South?\n\nANAPOL: My first interview happened, I guess, in eighty-one. I organized here a\nlarge exhibit called the Incredible Russians in Francis Anderson Gallery on East\nAndrews Drive and I remember an interview in the newspapers. And I started my\ninterview with the words I am a patriot of Atlanta I guess it answers your\nquestion. I am a patriot of Atlanta. You know why? Because when the grandmother,\nmother of my wife my mother died in sixty-seven. When the grandmother called and\nsaid, Rudy where does Slavik go to Dacha, you know summer house, and things like\nthat. And I told her Alexandra Ivanovna he does not need to go to dacha, because\nI am sitting here in front of the computer and see my son playing in the yard\nwhich is totally covered by trees. We, of course were the victims of this\nhurricane, famous hurricane in Dunwoody and all these trees simply leveled my house.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, yes.\n\nANAPOL: But everything restored and everything is fine. So, you know, this is a\ngreat city. This is a great city, it's a shame that sometimes we, see I remember\nwhen we go and demonstrate for Sharansky and it was, you know, some black people\nand things like that, a lot of not educated people live here too, who don't\nunderstand how lucky they are to live here. This is, when people ask me about\nAtlanta, I say this is the most livable city in the United States. I travel a\nlot believe me you know, the first three quarters of the year I promise my wife\nand my son that we will go to every city with population let's see three hundred\nthousand in radius around Atlanta, so we went everywhere , you know, Charleston,\nSavannah, Macon. And after that Charlotte, New Orleans, you name it Memphis\neverywhere and when Bob Anapol met me we spent a lot of time. We lived in a\nwonderful house in Miami with tennis courts, he is a rich guy, so it was son of\nthe older brother who emigrated Abraham Anapol. And he changed his name that's\nwhy I changed my name too. I spoke with him and he said listen I will pay the\nmoney let's organize a meeting of all Anapolskys together I will pay money for\nthat. I said, if you pay money I will organize. I went to Canada, I went to\nBoston, I went to New York and I spoke with a lot of people with the name\nAnapolsky in this city too, you know we are not relatives. But in Montreal I\nspoke to Mike Anapolsky who used to play for the Braves, baseball and he is a\ncousin maybe third, I don't know, but we are relatives, because I saw his\nportrait and it's the same. It's the chin, you know, complexion, no neck things\nlike that, but he told me speak with uncle Louie I called uncle Louie was\nninety-two years old at that time in Boston he is not alive anymore. I spoke\nwith him the first half hour of our conversation he asked me who gave you my\nphone number, you know he did not believe finally he told me I was not so smart\nat that time to find out who and how. He told me all of us came with the same\nlast name from a small shtetel called Anapol. It was near Zhitomir. And before,\nhe explained me, because it was impossible to get a last name everybody that\ncame out, you know uriadnik, it means a relatively big lieutenant in the police\nhe will say where are you from? Anapol, your majesty. You will be Anapolsky. And\nuncle Louie said I will go to meeting, but I am very old. The idea was\nbrilliant, but like a lot of brilliant ideas it's whoosh coming to the sky and\ncoming back.\n\nBERMAN: Well, I have one more, actually two more questions. Did you participate\nin any of the marches, you were here so early for?\n\nANAPOL: For Sharansky? Yes, yes. Yes, I remember we went to the shoe big on\nPeachtree, you remember.\n\nBERMAN: And did the Jewish Family and Career Services help you here at all?\n\nANAPOL: Yes, I remember what is his name, bald guy? He never, listen we spoke\nwith him bald guy zillions of children he got a lot of children. He used to work\nin the old place at the old place where was a pool downstairs.\n\nBERMAN: Yeah, yeah.\n\nANAPOL: Downstairs. And usually when I came to him, he loved me and remembered\nmy name. When I needed a job he said, listen, listen to me you will find a job\nby yourself it will be one week, two weeks, but you will find yourself and I\nunderstand yes, because, what they could suggest me? They could suggest me to go\nand work for a chemical plant here outside of Atlanta, you know, places where I\ndo not belong. You know, see I am a little bit different guy. One more story\nabout disappointment with, you know, what disappoints me here is sometimes we\nthe Jewish people. See, we ask you go to synagogue, you not go to synagogue, you\ntry to help you love the Jews. Because I came so early in nineteen eighty-two in\nAtlanta came Boris Gurevich Grosmeister, chess Grosmeister, number six in\nRussia. And Russian grosmeisters are the best in the world, no question. He came\npoor and somebody told him here we have one schlepper Rudy Anapol he will help\nyou. He called me and I remember he spoke ah, ah, ah, ah ah I said what are you\nafraid of me? I will come and arrest you. We went to Zaban. I can't, I don't\nremember who the director at that time was. I came and I spoke with him and I\nsaid, listen here we have a Grosmeister maybe we can organize a group of\nchildren and they will come and families will pay for one , you know day and it\nwill be twenty five dollars maximum per day he will make. To make the ends meet\nit's impossible for him he cannot survive. No, I said listen can you imagine we\nwill speak about all you help Jewish people and things like that. I said can you\nimagine I came from a country which you call third country if I am in my\ncountry, Soviet Union and in a small place, in a small town in a village I will\ncome to a place any place and will say that Grosmeister Boris Gurevich is here\nand he wants to teach, people will stand in line all night long to do it. And\nhere you say no. Two years later Boris Gurevich became Champion of Atlanta,\nChampion of Georgia, third place in the United States, started to move\ninternational tours and things like that. Died from cancer, maybe ten years ago,\nbut he was super successful, can you imagine this?\n\nBERMAN: No.\n\nANAPOL: It's unfortunately true, you know. Strange thing you asked me about\nbureau. Now, I don't know I came I've never been in his place Alexander Kanchik,\nartist, who came from Israel who lived in San Francisco. Put his works in\nGallery 444 In San Francisco, very famous gallery. I saw his, it's not my style\nI like more half abstract maybe things like that. But it's Jewish, Jewish,\nJewish, Jewish style, it's unbelievably good. It's hard finally I got an\ninterview I will go in October with him, but it's exactly like banging your head\nagainst the Berlin Wall. Absolutely nobody pays attention to you. You know, and\nyou put things like that and nobody pays attention, you know this is amazing you\nask me what I like and what I don't like, of course I don't like this thing you\nask me about this Jewishness I give you on a silver plate , well, I don't know\nfive times Jewish guy with excellent. Third, in eighty-three, or eighty-four I\ngot a connection with a relative of Anatoly Kaplan to your knowledge Anatoly\nKaplan it has been a bigger name than Chagall. Why Chagall became Chagall,\nbecause a lot of people put money in his name and take it profit. Anatoly Kaplan\nis a bigger name. I came to our Jewish Times; I spoke with the editor and I\nexplained to him the interview with a big article. No one paid attention. A few\nmonths ago, I organized a Ukraine Jewish exhibit in Mason Murre gallery a big\nGallery Mark Kaufman, you know, big gallery it's East Paces Ferry eight 825.\nBig, among the artists Vladislav Shelischevsky in Ukraine in Kiev people stay\nsimply, you know, he doesn't have pictures in his studio. We ask him it's\nalready sold, immediately. I stand on my knees from my side of the telephone,\nyou know and say Vladik, please send to me and he sells he is successful in\nLondon, in Europe everywhere. Send to me, please I will buy from you, you think\nI sold one? No. This is life, Tsuris. But I hope, In hope that in our museum\nhere, I am impressed with the museum, we will have an exhibit of Alexander\nKanchik. You will be pleased I saw the kinds of works. He is much higher he is\nvery good.\n\nBERMAN: Well, we can talk after the interview. Thank you so much. I am so\nappreciative of you coming here.\n\nANAPOL: Thank you very much.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShtetel Hebrew plural Shtetlekh means a small generally poor rural town in eastern European Jewish community\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOdessa is a port city 350,000 on the Black sea coast of the Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDvornik is a Russian Word for Street Cleaner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVadym Siddur was a soviet avantgarde sculptor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA refusnik was a person from the former Soviet Union who was refused or denied the exit travel visa to a foreign country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Russian American sculptor, painter and philosopher. He emigrated to the US in 1976 and lived and worked in New York City. His last name in Russian literally means unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsraeli politician and human rights activist. Born Anaroly Borisovich Scharansky on January 20th, 1948 in the Ukraine. He was a refusnik in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and 80s. Spent nine years in Soviet prisons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSohnut is an organization founded by the New York city Jewish community ijn the year 1885. It’s main mission is to promote stronger economic, social and cultural ties between Israel and the world’s Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussian word for sausage\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/annotation_set/229/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolish statesman who served as the chief of state (1918-1922) and First Marshal of Poland (from 1920). He was considered the De Facto leader (1926-35) of the second Polish Republic. As the Minister Of Millitary Affairs. After World War I he held great power in Polish politics. He was a distinguished figure on the international scene. He is viewed as the Father of the Second Polish Republic re-established in 1918, 123 years after the partition of Poland by Austria, Russia and Prussia in 1795.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=0.0,7109.071"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rudy Anapol [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Background- Father's side","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=47.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My full name is Rudolph Anapolsky. This name came from a small shtetel l called Anapol. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=47.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pontelei Gregorievich","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zhitomirskaya Slava Moisseevna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=47.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Background- Mother's side","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=738.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So How about your mother’s side?\nRUDY: Mother’s side is a little bit easier.  She was born in a town of Gradisk near Kremenchuk, in Ukraine.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=738.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist organization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gradisk, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Komsomolka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-religious","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=738.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father's disappearance ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879#t=838.0,1254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31508/file/99879/index/47332/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father’s name is Pontelei Grigorievich Anapolsky. 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