{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/416sx6647m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Reed, Tom (2001)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-12-16 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Reed, Tom (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Children of Holocaust Survivors Project (CHS)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTom Reed was interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on December 16, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eThomas was born in Miskolc, Hungary in 1931 and he grew up in Mezocsat where he attended a school in his Temple. He was taught, after the war, in the American displaced peoples camp at a Jewish Gymanisum. He was also taught by Private German tutors. After years of work in various level jobs in America, he began formal secondary education which included studying at Case College (Cleveland Ohio), Franklin Law School, and many different types of military schooling. During the war, Thomas was a prisoner in multiple concentration camps including, Auschwitz, Munich-Allach, Dachau (specifically in its subcamps which include Muldörph). He lived in a displaced persons camp before his father and he eventually moved to Munich where Thomas was a reporter. His father and he then went to America and eventually settled in Ohio. Thomas had many jobs during his time in Ohio, Maryland and Kentucky including working at: a machine factory, pill factory, military work (became a Kentucky Colonel, Platoon Leader [Third Platoon]  and part of Military intelligence in Maryland). His advanced education led to work as an engineer with North American Aviation (which became Rockwell and then eventually Boeing). He worked on the Hellfire missile which was sold to Israel. He worked with many embassies including Israel, Sweden, and Germany. This job led him to settle in Atlanta, Georgia where he lived the rest of his life until his death in 2020. Thomas was in retirement for a short time, but at this time of the interview was working 16 hours a week for his friend's company. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eReed introduces his parents, his birth, his hometown as well as theirs. Throughout his entire presentation (a word used by Reed), he speaks of his father’s kindness and resourcefulness, frequently alluding to the fact he would not be alive today without his fathers presence and guidance. He talks about life before the war, including the fact families and children were “segregating themselves.” Both of his parents were well educated and hoped to pass this gift on to their children\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReed gives an overview of the history of Hungary so his audience will understand the national pride in the empire. He presents Jewish life in his community including a description of the mikvah. He then unveils how Jewish rights were slowly taken away by new governments. In 1944, the Bluth family were pushed into a ghetto, then were taken by the Nazis. Throughout their time in the ghetto, his father was viewed as a community leader. Later that year, his three brothers, sister and mother were killed. Tom and his father were sent to Auschwitz. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom his intake at the camps, to work details, to the horrific living conditions, Reed recalls with great clarity (and the assistance of notes) his time with his father in  Auschwitz, Munich Allach, Dachau, Wildlager, Stammlager, Camp Gruber, Mittergras, and Muhldorf. He reveals horrible abuse as well as unexpected kindness from other prisoners as well as the Nazi’s in his life. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II ended, the slaughter continued for a short time and Reed was in the center of that too. He not only witnessed others being killed but he was shot too. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReed presents the move, with his father, from the displaced persons camp in Feldafing Germany, to Munich, and then Cleveland Ohio. He talks about his low-paying jobs and the hard work he and his father had to do to survive in the States. He shares the story of being drafted from college into the army where he went to Camp Breckenridge in Kentucky to Fort Meade in Maryland. Tom used his time in the service to supplement his education, taking as many training courses as he could. He then presents his college journey which ended with a law degree, a family, and a high-level job. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Thomas eventually moved for his job to Atlanta and had retired but then got back into work to help his friend's small business. He also works with SEL [Seniors for Enriched Living] and lectures about his time in the Holocaust for up to 16 hours. Thomas is now living a very good life with his wife Laura.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe exposes the belief one must look forward, not focus on negatives of the past. This is how he believes he made it through.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTom Reed was interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on December 16, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas was born in Miskolc, Hungary in 1931 and he grew up in Mezocsat where he attended a school in his Temple. He was taught, after the war, in the American displaced peoples camp at a Jewish Gymanisum. He was also taught by Private German tutors. After years of work in various level jobs in America, he began formal secondary education which included studying at Case College (Cleveland Ohio), Franklin Law School, and many different types of military schooling. During the war, Thomas was a prisoner in multiple concentration camps including, Auschwitz, Munich-Allach, Dachau (specifically in its subcamps which include Muld\u0026ouml;rph). He lived in a displaced persons camp before his father and he eventually moved to Munich where Thomas was a reporter. His father and he then went to America and eventually settled in Ohio. Thomas had many jobs during his time in Ohio, Maryland and Kentucky including working at: a machine factory, pill factory, military work (became a Kentucky Colonel, Platoon Leader [Third Platoon] \u0026nbsp;and part of Military intelligence in Maryland). His advanced education led to work as an engineer with North American Aviation (which became Rockwell and then eventually Boeing). He worked on the Hellfire missile which was sold to Israel. He worked with many embassies including Israel, Sweden, and Germany. This job led him to settle in Atlanta, Georgia where he lived the rest of his life until his death in 2020. Thomas was in retirement for a short time, but at this time of the interview was working 16 hours a week for his friend's company.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReed introduces his parents, his birth, his hometown as well as theirs. Throughout his entire presentation (a word used by Reed), he speaks of his father\u0026rsquo;s kindness and resourcefulness, frequently alluding to the fact he would not be alive today without his fathers presence and guidance. He talks about life before the war, including the fact families and children were \u0026ldquo;segregating themselves.\u0026rdquo; Both of his parents were well educated and hoped to pass this gift on to their children\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReed gives an overview of the history of Hungary so his audience will understand the national pride in the empire. He presents Jewish life in his community including a description of the mikvah. He then unveils how Jewish rights were slowly taken away by new governments. In 1944, the Bluth family were pushed into a ghetto, then were taken by the Nazis. Throughout their time in the ghetto, his father was viewed as a community leader. Later that year, his three brothers, sister and mother were killed. Tom and his father were sent to Auschwitz.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom his intake at the camps, to work details, to the horrific living conditions, Reed recalls with great clarity (and the assistance of notes) his time with his father in \u0026nbsp;Auschwitz, Munich Allach, Dachau, Wildlager, Stammlager, Camp Gruber, Mittergras, and Muhldorf. He reveals horrible abuse as well as unexpected kindness from other prisoners as well as the Nazi\u0026rsquo;s in his life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II ended, the slaughter continued for a short time and Reed was in the center of that too. He not only witnessed others being killed but he was shot too.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReed presents the move, with his father, from the displaced persons camp in Feldafing Germany, to Munich, and then Cleveland Ohio. He talks about his low-paying jobs and the hard work he and his father had to do to survive in the States. He shares the story of being drafted from college into the army where he went to Camp Breckenridge in Kentucky to Fort Meade in Maryland. Tom used his time in the service to supplement his education, taking as many training courses as he could. He then presents his college journey which ended with a law degree, a family, and a high-level job.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Thomas eventually moved for his job to Atlanta and had retired but then got back into work to help his friend's small business. He also works with SEL [Seniors for Enriched Living] and lectures about his time in the Holocaust for up to 16 hours. Thomas is now living a very good life with his wife Laura.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe exposes the belief one must look forward, not focus on negatives of the past. This is how he believes he made it through.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/286/107/small/Reed_Tom.mp4_1754935507.jpg?1754935508","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Reed_Tom.mp4"]},"duration":13829.96508,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/286/107/small/Reed_Tom.mp4_1754935507.jpg?1754935508","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/286/107/original/Reed_Tom.mp4?1754935495","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":13829.96508,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Reed, Tom [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e It is December 16, 2001. Let's start with your name and birth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=0.0,6.49714"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e I am Thomas W Reed. W stands for Weiszbluth. W-E-I-S-Z-B-L-U, u is umlaut U, T-H. That was my family name. After I came to the States, my relatives indicated that I should anglicize my name. I actually picked out a name out of the telephone book. I like the double E’s, and then I became a Reed. I was naturalized when I was in the army. And that's my legal name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6.49714,41.90613"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e When and where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=41.90613,45.40535"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e I was actually born in Miskolc [Hungary]. What happened . . . My grandfather was Rabbi Shaukat Mile [.53], cantor of a small Jewish community near Miskolc. At one time it was a large community. That was when Jews could not live in Miskolc. When they did get the permission to move there, a lot of them did. This suburb became a small Jewish community. My mother and father were visiting my grandparents, and I decided to come in a hurry [to have a rapid labor and delivery]. I was born in Saint Elizabeth Hospital in Miskolc. All my useful life, up to 12 [years old] to time of deportation, I lived in Mezocsat [Hungary] [Hungarian: Mezőcsát] , which is spelled with M-E-Z-O, which is an O with umlaut, C-S-A, with an apostrophe, T. Mezőcsát. That was about 35 km south of Miskolc. Miskolc itself is east and north of Budapest, Hungary. That was never occupied in terms of long-term by Romanians or Slovaks. Those borders used to shift quite a bit. That's where I lived until deportation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=45.40535,134.32019"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were the people in your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=134.32019,138.31916"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e My family consisted of five children and parents. My mother, Rose Rosenbloom [2.30], her maiden name, came from Sarospatak [Hungary] [Hungarian: Sárospatak], Hungary–a little more east and north of Budapest [Hungary] than Miskolc. And my father’s name was Eugene Weiszbluth [2.49] and, my brothers, I was the oldest. My brothers were George [2.57], Oscar [3.00], Alfred [3.01] , and Judy [3.02]. And I was 12 and a half and we were about two years apart. My little sister was pretty young, and my mother was pregnant again at the time of deportation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e And what were your parents doing or your father doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=184.66094,190.1589"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was a teacher and director of the Jewish school in a Jewish elementary and middle school in Mezocsat. Those days every religious group in the smaller towns had their own school, and the two shall never mix . . . the three, I should say Protestant, Jewish, and Catholic schools were all different. The kids were starting to segregate themselves at a very, very early age. In the cities there were Jewish groups, but there were also general schools where everybody could go. My father was born in Mezoszentgyorgy [Hungary] [Hungarian: Mezőszentgyörgy], which was a very small town at that time. My grandfather was employed there. He was the first one in the family to get a college degree. He became a teacher. My mother was in Sarospatak, the place where they had the Catholic seminary. There were some very good Catholic schools. She went to Catholic middle school taught by the nuns. She was an amateur painter and very well read. They even taught them how to cook, and she was an excellent cook. My grandfather had a business with his son in Sarospatak. My grandfather had seven children, five girls and two boys. They had a lumber yard, in addition, he would buy forest and put it in a little railroad that was quite portable and made wooden stuff for the railroad that goes under the what do they call them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=190.1589,307.12946"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e Tons?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=307.12946,307.62946"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e That goes under the wooden rails. Then with what was left he made charcoal. Charcoal was a good business because all the irons where charcoal operated. My grandfather and his family lived in what later became Slovakia at the First World War when the Reds were coming down. They wanted to stay in Hungary, so they came down to Sarospatak and moved out–just put everybody on a horse drawn car and brought them down to Sarospatak and started business all over again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=307.62946,348.50508"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e How would you describe your parents? Their personality and character? What were they like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=348.50508,356.00114"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was a very unique person. He always believed that everybody should do good, mitzvah. He was doing his very best since I can remember. There were some very poor Jews in Mezocsat–he would go and make friends with the Hungarian officials to cut their taxes and to get them out of trouble. He kept that up all through his life. We were, interestingly, surprised when he passed on, and we have gotten hold of his papers. All the checks that he wrote were easier for children and grandchildren, our charities. He was truly a person who was, what he called cloud tour [indistinct: 7.08], a good doer for the community. Let me tell you a little bit about Hungarian history . . . Hungarians came all the way from Asia minor. In fact, the Huns were a menace in China. Some of the Great Wall of China was built to keep them out. In fact, their being busy there perhaps kept them away from Europe and a renaissance could occur. With them there, they probably would have ruined the climate for a new start. They [the Huns] left the mountain about the year 500. They wandered around about 400 years, doing a lot better than Moses and the Israelites did in Sinai. In 900, more or less, [the Huns] settled in Hungary and subjugated the existing population. They kind of wedge themselves between Slavs. If you look at the map, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, the South, that’s where they settled down. There were not enough Hungarians, so they tried to convert people to become Hungarian, which was very difficult. Later they got into a lot of trouble because of that. In 1250, the Mongols invaded Hungary and took it over. The Turks invaded 150 years later, around 1530. The Austrians, who drove out the Turks, annexed Hungary and that [Austria/Hungary] became a dual monarchy. Hungarians didn’t like that very much, and they fought against it. Finally, after the first World War, the Dual Monarchy ended. Hungary became Hungary, Austria became Austria. Naturally, the Austrian Hungarian Empire was very large at one time including part of the Czech Republic, part of Italy, part of Germany. Franz Joseph [9.24] the emperor for 70 years, made a mess of things, and lost almost all the possessions. 99 percent of the Hungarian landowners were peasants who owned 56 percent of the cultivable land. The State only owned seven percent. The remainder of the land, 37 percent, was owned by the Catholic Church, large landowners . . . the nobility. A lot of Hungarian parents had very little or no land at all. In Hungary when you had a daughter, to get her married, you had to give something that enabled a young couple to start a living. If the peasants had so much land, you had to give a piece of land to the son-in-law and the daughter. My grandfather gave 14 and a half thousand pengo [Hungarian: pengó] dowry with my mother. That was enough to go on a honeymoon, to buy a house, to furnish it and start a living. My poor Grandfather was borrowing money from his business, where he was an equal partner at one point with his son. He ended up owning less and less [of the business] as he was marrying off his daughters, but he managed to do it. Another problem was the Hungarian nobility was getting bigger and bigger in number because fewer people died–health conditions improved. What were they going to do with all those people? The land had to be kept together. That was one of the things the nobility did manage to do–didn’t fracture its land into small pieces. There are those surviving [in the nobility] became government officials, military men, Hungarian Army, all of it was . . . price of nobility. They didn’t want to dirty their hands with commerce or anything to do with business; that’s what’s left to the Jews. Hungarian Jews were kind of tasked to bring about a modern industry in Hungary and modern financial system, which they did. But, as soon as we did that, the nobility looked at us and said, “You have more money than we do? We are noble, and you’re not.” It created antisemitism. It was okay for the Jewish people to do it [the work], but it was not okay for them to have it [the reward]. Eventually Hungarian Jews could not be in the army, or at least not an officer, and not hold a government job. The Hungarians were kind of very different from the surrounding people, as I mentioned, the language is only similar to Finnish, and belongs to a language group called Finno-Ugric language group. Hungarian Jews were in Hungary under Roman times in 300 A.D. in the Roman province of Pannonia. Which is P-A-N-N-O-N-I-A. Which was the province of a Roman Empire [and the] Hungarian Empire. Thus, when Hungary became Hungary in 1787, there were already 80,000 Jews there. [In] 1930, there were about a half a million, or five percent of the total population. By the time Hungary got back some of its possessions, lost during the First World War to Romania, the number of Jews–including those that were counted Jews because of the loss, they may have not been born Jews, but their Parents were–was about 850,000. The Hungarian Jewish citizens were 38 percent self-employed, 28 percent salaried, and 34 percent were workers in commercial enterprises. In my town Mezocsat, generally Jews owned the retail businesses. One [Jew] owned a nice sized farm, but Jews worked for Jews. There were tailors. We were only 477 souls among 6,000. That includes all the children–due to lack of birth control, families had five, six kids, that was pretty standard. There were not that many families, the distribution of Hungarian Jews in Hungary–50 percent lived in Budapest. Today that’s much higher I would say 90 percent. [Talking again about his town of Mezocsat] [back in the day] communities with less than 1,000 people, about 24 percent live there with fewer than 1,000, 18 percent. About 20 percent of Budapest’s population were Jews. As time went on, there was quite a bit of anti-Jewish legislation in Hungary. In 1938 ‘restrictions of profession’ identified Jews in racial terms. Very often individuals who consider themselves Christian and practice Christianity [were identified as Jews]. [There were] numerous clauses that Jews could only go to universities in relation to their percentage among the Hungarian population, rich Jews sent their kids out to France, and even Germany to get educated because the numbers had to match. In 1940, the war was going on with Russia already. Jews, instead of being constricted to fight in the Hungarian army, were put into labor battalions or companies [Companies were then combined] and then built up into battalions, depending how many companies they put together. There was a unit that had Hungarian soldiers, not as guards, but a kind of other company commanded by the Hungarians. A company had five or six Hungarian soldiers’ kind of taking care of them. Most of them ended up in Russia with the Hungarian Second Army. They had quite a few losses. About 100,000 Jews served, 50,000 of them on the Eastern Front, [that was] about 13 percent of the Jewish population, 20,000 of 100,000 perished and 20,000 became prisoners. Half gone. Most survivors, when they got back home, like my father, got deported to Auschwitz. I’d like to say a few more words about the way Jews lived in my town. Jewish homes were sprinkled among the Christian ones. We had a temple. On the temple yard, we had a school which had two school rooms with a little corridor in between. That’s where my father taught and was directing it. It was an excellent school. In fact, some of the well-to-do Hungarians had their children go there instead of the Protestant or Catholic school because of the quality of education that they received. The temple could not be heated or cooled; we have to have a winter temple. But the Winter temple had no accommodation for women because women had to be segregated. In the big temple, they had balconies where the women sat in a horseshoe arrangement. The Winter temple was much smaller. It was heated by two stoves and the heat derived from people because we were that crowded. This was in a complex where there was a rabbi’s house, a big house [with a] big garden behind it. There was the yeshiva, the ‘cheder’, which is a ‘school’ for the younger students, there was a corridor, there was a room with a big baking oven for matzo, which wasn’t used until Passover, and the winter temple, which was normally used as part of the cheder. It was quite a complex. The mikvah was in another place. [It was] a complex where the two Cantor’s lived. There were a couple rooms for very poor people who had just one room kind of apartment, and the mikvah. That’s where we had the cemetery. This was community owned property. The mikvah was the popular place where you clean yourself just like in the Japanese bath; you wash yourself up with soap, and then you go into the mikvah and the requirements to go under the water three times. A friend of mine and I one day went to the mikvah a little early. There was a big wooden tub in there, and my God, we looked at it. I said, “My gosh, we have a boat.” We started paddling around with our hands. And then the cantor who had also taken a mikvah came in and saw this and said, “My God, get out of there, that's where we wash the dead ones.” It was fun, I would have stayed in there since I was in there already. That’s why they have Chevra kadisha that did that. The Jewish community was very tight. Anybody who came in from another place, any Jew, had to be taken care of, because that’s how all Jewish communities were. We had to take care of our own. We had to give them shelter, food. There was no such a thing as not taking care of a fellow Jew. We had poor people, and poor people had to be supported. We did that. We collected money so they could live and exist. Luckily, our poor population wasn’t that large, but they probably had about five, six families that we had to support and they had a lot of kids. The rabbi was very, very important. He did not give a sermon every Saturday, but he gave a ceremony [on] Yom Kippur and Rosh Ha-Shanah. And I remember other people used to cry, and he had managed to make all the women cry. You could hear it all. You could hear people crying and crying. One of the terrible things that I experienced recently when I went back home to visit Mezocsat. . . I walked into the temple and I closed my eyes. I could see my fellow Jews praying and praying year after year. And look what happened to them . . .very, very, very few exist. They all perished. What happened to all their prayers? Most Jews [in] Mezocsat were very religious. On Saturdays, absolutely no store was opened, no business was done, and almost all of us ate kosher. And then and that itself segregated us from the rest of the population. I mean, how can you make friends? You can't go over there and even have water because the glass wasn’t kosher. And the Hungarians decided to give us as many problems as possible; one of them was they forbid this kosher slaughter of anything beyond a fowl. Therefore, we who ate kosher couldn’t eat any meat. I remember carrying chickens and geese and all the stuff to the Shochet to get it slaughtered Kosher. Jewish women were taught by their mothers, when they cut open these animals if they see anything unusual they had to go back to the Shochet and ask a kasher; can they eat this animal? If he could not make a decision, they sent you to the rabbi, and if there, a decision was made, it wasn’t kosher, you couldn’t eat it. Even with eggs. You had to know the rules. [If] You broke open an egg and you saw a red spot, a blood spot and you could take a knife and it would come off without breaking the egg yolk, it was kosher. [If] You broke the yolk, you had to throw it away. There were a lot of rules. A lot of rules that they live by. I would say, most families were extremely religious. When the Germans came in 1944. It was around March, my father was already back from Russia. But let me talk to you a little bit about that because it was interesting. There was a young lieutenant whose name was Gesztesi [25.41]. G-E-S, yes, Z-T-E-S, I mean, S-I. Geszte, Gesztesi [25.55] and he was in charge of getting two companies of laborers for the Hungarian army from and Mezocsat vicinity. My father had an exemption because he was a teacher and his age was already exempt from that. What this guy did . . . he got everybody inducted in the Army and sent them out in such a hurry that nobody could do anything about any exemptions. He had taken some of the sickest people and sent them out to Russia. On the way I remember a young man died just from his stomach problems. These two companies got out to Russia and they did different things, but most of the time they’re building a bridge. My father was always a very smart person who could always adapt to the environment. The company commander of these two companies said I’m trying to think of his name, I think Sully [27.11], but I’m not sure. He was a teacher and a drunkard. My father, a fellow teacher, became friends [with the commander.] And ran the two companies. He censored the letters. Because he was the company commander’s friend, all the Hungarian soldiers were friendly to him. When they would come back on furlough, my father would send back letters set for un-censors. For example, if a can of almost anything, butter, top of it was butter, below it was a letter. I remember that our house was being watched by Hungarian police because of this activity. They would take it and distribute it. Somehow they got hold of this information and they searched our house. I remember that my father had a library of 2,000-some books, and they were going behind the books and looking for this, [and] they found nothing. But my father did this. And one of the accomplishments of my father which he was very proud of. And this was something other people acknowledged that he did. The Ukrainian police found two Russian Jews or Ukrainian Jewish women and they were going to kill them. My father befriended some Germans and got two watches from his fellow soldiers, and bribed the Germans and they let this Hungarian Jewish woman loose. He saved their lives. He did all kinds of good things for that, his fellow laborers. When he finally came back, they gave him two diplomas, beautifully done in hand. Everybody signed it, thanking him for all the things he did. This was my father doing all these good things. The Hungarian government decided that Jewish teachers will not get paid by the government anymore because they were government employees. They [the teachers] had to be paid by the community. Our Jewish community would pay us a penny. My mother was penniless. It’s almost unimaginable they could do that, but they did. My father came back not too long after that and went to his friends and [the] money got squared away. They paid Arthur back money, for which my father bought my mother a silver fox stole and a silver candelabra which had five branches, one for every child. I remember well . . . Not long after my father came back, the Germans occupied Hungary, because Hungary was trying to get out of the war. A platoon of Germans came into our town, we were still, in our homes, living like normal people despite all the Hungarian antisemitic loss, they managed to survive with reasonable normality. I remember them [the Germans] marching down the main street, the only street that was paved in Mezőcsát (everything else was dirt) and singing and going by the synagogue. And we were kids, they didn’t bother us. Within two months thereafter, we were forced to evacuate our homes. In Mezocsat they had no newspaper (and there still isn’t any.) [There was a] little bulletin issued by the government, once a month, but there was no newspaper. There was what they called a town crier. He would go from one corner to another, and he would read the news and the orders, the first, second, blah, blah, blah. We were told that we had to evacuate our homes and put everything into a room, or, if necessary, two rooms, and they, the Government, would seal it and [we had to] move into an area designated for Jews. We ended up moving in with a watchmaker, Mr. Farency [32.14] and his family. We had one room, all seven of us. We were lucky because some people didn’t have any rooms. Your family couldn’t keep more than one room--everybody had to fit in. Some people lived in the yard; they took straw mats and whatnot [to] construct the chanties. You couldn’t go to a store anymore to buy food. Luckily we were not there very long. But we all moved into these houses, big and small and we could take only a bed. You can only fit so much into a room. We took all the food we took with us. We were there about one or two weeks, no longer. As a kid, I had a lot of fun, too. I met all these new people who were brought in from the areas. We were together, and kind of compact, we could play a lot, [and] meet people. After two weeks, they told us, you have to close down those houses and everybody has to move in the yard. In getting us out of those houses, the Hungarians were examining the women to make sure they don’t take things in various orifices, and the police would not leave the room when the examination was being done. Very degrading. Hungarian police thought that some Hungarian Jews did not turn over all the jewels, including the wedding rings. During this time, we were in the ghetto, they would beat the living daylights out of some of them [the women], and some die soon thereafter, because they got so weakened by the beatings. We were in the yards for about two, three days. [It] rained. Finally they told us we have to gather together and march to the railroad station. We didn’t have any luggage . . . very few people had luggage. You could see every one of us carrying a pillowcase with whatever belongings they had. We tried to dress for winter because, even though it was summer, it was June, we didn’t know what would happen. It’s always easier to undress than dress. So . . . we are in heavy clothes, marching together through the streets to the railroad station. There were cattle cars built for eight horses or 40 men, so to speak. They jammed us in them. They were not worried about us running away because they felt they could keep track of us. After a while they put us into these railroad cars and took us to a place the Amishcolts [indistinct: 35.20] called dios Geurge [indistinct: 35.34]. [Consults notes closely here] I may be wrong on the pronunciation of this particular place. There was a big brick factory, and apparently the Hungarians found that the brick factories were ideal places to gather the ghettos. The bricks were dried in sheds which had only a roof and no sides. They put us in there and we had water, but no food. Whatever we brought ourselves, we were eating. The latrines were such that there were no backs to them. My father was very upset seeing that Jewish women exposed to everybody. There we met my grandfather from Hejobaba [Hungary] [Hungarian: Hejőbába], which is near Mezocsat–my father’s parents–grandfather and grandmother. We were there for about a week. [At the] end of the week they started emptying this large ghetto. They were siding up on a hillside where the freight trains would be coming in. They would take us shed by shed. “This shed goes today.” If you didn’t want to go, you could go to another shed, but we didn’t know where we were going to go. We had no no idea what was waiting for us . . . Slowly but surely, the place was empty. As our turn came to move up there, they walked up this thing [indicates an upward slope with his hand], and we had to climb into these cars [continues to indicate moving up with his hand]. They have given us two buckets, one for water and one for the other end and jammed us full [in the car]; There was not enough space to lay down. They close the door. Until that very time, I never saw a German who had anything to do with us. [It was] all Hungarians. They [the Hungarians] collected us into the ghetto, took us to the ghetto, to the brick factory, put us on the train . . . and that’s when the Germans took over and our journey to Auschwitz began. I could manage to look out through different cracks and see the interesting landscape going by. I remember seeing Katowice and it was a Polish industrial town; at one time it was German and shifted back and forth. You could see how the rails were heavier. You can see all those industries there. It was fascinating to me as a child. We still had enough food. We were not that hungry–we were miserable. All people, they’re with children and crying. One night about a week later, we were sleeping and all of a sudden people just shoved the doors open on the car and we saw people in striped outfits. Prison outfit yelling “Raus, Raus!” “Out, out, out!” in German. [They were] pushing us out and grabbing us and pulling us out. God, what is this? We looked out and we saw darkness, and the outline of barbed wire and some barracks and as we stood there to our right . . . [Tom gestures to the right with right hand] that way and that way. Further to our right, [there were] flames shooting out of some chimneys, ten-foot-tall. Where are we? They all finally got down from the cars. Then they started yelling, “Men to the left, line up” [Tom gestures to the left], line up to our going to. Our left side. “Women to the right.” [Tom gestures to the right] They lined up in that direction. My grandfather who saw my father said, ‘Eugene Yankive’ [40.11] [Eugene Weiszbluth] was his Jewish name. “Come with me.” My father decided that I [ Tom gestures to himself] will go with him, with the men. They kissed goodbye [Tom gestures to himself] our mother and our brother . . . my brothers and sisters. Eventually my Grandfather stepped in between two cattle cars, and grandfather said, “My son Eugene [40.36], bow your head.” and he gave him his rabbinical and fatherly blessing, and told him that he had been an outstanding son, and he will have a long life, and he’s blessing him and his next generations to generations. My father kissed his father’s hand and I kissed my grandfather. There was no time to bless me. People were [pulls hands apart] tearing us apart, and we went our way. My grandfather and grandmother went with the women and children [hand gesturing with both hands] and we went to the left [Tom gestures to the left with left hand]. As we were standing in line, I was wearing a heavy winter coat. I was 12 and a half years old, but looked older because I was tall for my age. My father says, “If anybody asks you how old you are, If they ask you in German,” which they would, It looked like everybody was German around us, everybody spoke German, “you say ‘Siebzehn’,” ‘17’. As we’re standing and standing and moving ahead slowly, they came to these German officers dressed to kill . . . I mean, beautifully shined boots and riding crops. They looked at my father, “Wie heißt du?” [What is your name?] [Tom gestures to the right with left hand] My father told them his name, and they said, “Go to the right” [Tom gestures to the right with his hand] for where we stood. They looked at me and they said, “Wie heißt du?” [What is your name?] [gesture with right hand to left], “ ’Leben auf Zeit.’ ” [spitting motion] That meant ‘life,’ but ‘temporary life’. That meant waiting to go to the crematorium to get gassed, as we later knew, but meant that we’re going to get killed by labor. They had something that they wanted, and enhanced our value. If I remember, as we were facing toward the well-known Auschwitz gate, where the railroad comes in, and here were the Germans. The line, the biggest line, like a flow of water, [makes a trailing motion left to right with his hand] went to the right and made another right turn and went toward those flames. I can never forget it. I remembered, long as I live the flow of people to death. We didn’t know that at that time. We ended up between two wires, which ended up being a street between the in between the wires with the camps. They lined us up and started marching us forward, then we made a left turn. They marched again and then we made another left turn and ended up in a brick building [gesturing with his left hand] I don’t remember exactly . . . it was stone or brick . . . and they ended up inside in a big hall. [He continues to switch between ‘they’ and ‘we’ during this narrative] We are told, “Take all your clothes off and don’t take anything but your shoes, no socks, nothing, and your belt. And line up.” They lined us up and whoever had any hair on that body got shaved off. I remember one man they [the Germans] had such a hurry to get a dry shave that they cut his nipple off. It was just hanging down there. I remember it well. We had our shoes in one hand [raises left hand], belt [raises right hand] then they put us into a shower and it was a real shower. I don’t remember if we had soap or not. When we got out of the shower it was hot first, and then they turned the cold on. They just threw at us a blouse, a pant, and a hat, a kind of prison hat. They got dressed. When we arrived in Auschwitz it was dark, [after the shower] this time it was already light. They marched us out of the place. We made a right turn. They marched into a nearby camp, which was where they had to make a left turn into two rows of barracks and a main street [throughout his description of the walk, he is gesturing the route with his hands]. In Auschwitz all the camps were arranged so that every wire fence was covered by a machine gun [fingers pointing upward]. Between the barracks were machine guns covered as well. They isolated every barrack. They could shoot any barrack they wanted any time. They took us, on the as we are as they faced into this street [Tom gestures street with both hands] in one of the first barracks . . . the kitchens [hand gesture with his right hand] and magazine on one side that was along the [Tom gestures with both hands] wire fence, kind of length lengthwise. The other barracks were 90 degrees to the wire fence. In one of these barracks [gesture with left hand] they took us inside. These barracks were originally designed for horses [Tom gestures with right hand in different ways]. There was a concrete pad on both sides, and long, where the horses would have been. The slight dip of concrete, then a kind of a heating system, and the heat would go through this long flu and the end of the barrack [throughout the entire description of the barrack, Tom gestures with hands to point out positions of things he is describing]. There were two rooms. I ended up near the wall where we marched in . . . The side wall [hand gesturing with his left hand]. There were the dead man and there were the German and there were prisoners with big sticks [aggressive right hand gesture]. We’ve been told, “If you have anything hidden in your shoes, we’re going to X-ray the shoe, if you don’t give it up now and they find it, they’re going to kill you. You see that man down there right next to me?” [Tom gestures toward floor] First time I saw that person dead like that. A lot of people came forward and they pried their heel loose and handed it over. The prisoners who were with this German turned out to be a Slovakian Jew named Weis [47.44] and two gypsies. Weis’ [47.48] official title was ‘dolmetschen’, which means ‘translator’. In German, they have two words for translation: for ‘verbal translations’—‘dolmetschen’, for ‘written translation’ is ‘ubersetzen’ [German: übersetzen]. He was a dolmetschen, a big guy. He did not look thin to me, he had a well-fed big stick, I mean that long [big gesture with right hand to indicate length]. The two others were gypsies. One gypsy was a block elder the other one was his assistant. They marched us out from there and marched us into Block 10. I remember it well. In Block 10, the two gypsies lived at the end, which was closest to the street [hand gesture with both hands]. One each had a room and had a family there, and Weis [48.39] would live with us in the barrack. But he was laying on this [motion with right hand], an oven arrangement that ran the length side of the barrack. Make a long story short. They didn’t take us into the barrack right away, they lined us up and they gave us breakfast. They lined us up ten deep [gesture with right hand]. They had all these utensils--some of them were just night pots, and they would bring the coffee. They put many spoonfuls in this utensil and they would hand it to the first man. He would hand it back and so forth. They all kept drinking from the same pot [during this description of breakfast, he uses hands to indicate filling of the pot and passing the pot down the line]. I think they may or may not have given us anything else that morning. They wouldn’t let you into the barrack unless it rained. We had been standing outside or sitting between the two barracks. You couldn’t go to the latrine unless they authorize you to. At the end of the barrack, there were two barrels [Tom gestures with right hand] that’s where you went at night. You [Tom gestures with two hands, two different ways] open the door and you couldn’t go away from the barrack, but there were two barrels. We were very, very, very confused . . . Can you imagine the translation [transition] in our life? The first day, we didn’t know what was going on. I told you about the fact that my father was such an optimist. He would talk about the good things that are going to happen, things will work out, and people would gather around him. First day at lunchtime they repeated the process and gave us what they called ‘Dorrgemuse’ [German: Dörrgemüse].” It was just ‘soup’ with some vegetables thrown in, piece of potato, turnips, and things like that. Tasteless, terrible, and nothing in it but liquid. And we [Tom gestures with both hands] handed these utensils. Some day, you had a night pot, next day you had a wash basin, you never know what you’re going to get, but we were happy to get it because we’re hungry. At night we got a piece of bread and with a little piece of margarine on it, and they gave us a little bit of preserve. I’m trying to think of what they called it in German, but you see, since we had no way of receiving this; just held out your hand [Tom gestures with both hands] and they would take a spoon and just go [gesture with left hand dumping toward right hand] marmalade. That’s how you ate [Tom gestures with right hand]. We had no knife, fork or anything. Next morning, I saw two people carrying away the barrels to be emptied. They look like they’ve been around for a while, so I went up to one of them and I said, “Could you tell me, please, when are we going to see are our families?” They said “You have family?”, I said “Yes, I had my mother, my grandfather, my brothers, my sister.” He said, “Come, let me show you where they are.” [He] pulled me between the two barracks to where the place where you can see the crematoriums. You didn’t see flames anymore, but a lot of smoke. He says [points with left hand to the left] “You see that?” “Yeah.” “There they go.” That’s how I found out [gesture with left hand] what happened to my family. Naturally, I started crying, I ran back to my father and he said, “No, that’s impossible.” But it was. We spend our days just sitting for a while, waiting to be picked for work. In the morning, they would kick us out [of the barrack] as soon as [we got up] and they would count us. Later during the day, sporadically, a German would come. They [the prisoners] would stand in the same rows [Tom gives two different gestures with both hands], but a step between each or two steps . . . I forgot, but a certain space [holds hands parallel to each other, palms facing in, indicating rows]. We had to take off our tops, and drop our pants and he would select people for work. By the way, before I go any further . . . This had happened once or twice, sometimes three times a day, sometimes none. We’re just idling. The Germans gave us little scissors like nail scissors . . . and people would cut their beard. You would cut somebody else’s it [gesture with both hands along cheeks and chin]. That’s how they kept their face trimmed. The latrines where, were [gesture with the left hand] the Barrack. I only remember the latrine in the other row of barracks. Whether there was any in ours, I don’t know, because they always went across the street. There was a long concrete surface with holes in it. At the side of the Barrack there was a water faucet, highly chlorinated. There was no toilet paper [Tom gestures with both hands]. If you want to wipe, you had to use your hands and then you can wash it off [Tom gestures with both hands]. No soap now. We were . . . it was not easy to get used to . . . we're not exactly used to that ever. But on the other side of the wire there were some young kids, and we started talking to them. They’d been getting good food, milk, and they had beds to sleep in. They were Mengele’s twins who he’d run the experiments on, but at that point they didn’t complain. I said to myself, “Oh my God, I wish I would have that.” You see how one can begrudge others not knowing what they have in fate? During the days they [the Germans] would periodically come out [and say] “Children, anybody who is young, who’s a child, step forward, [Tom gestures with right hand] we will put you in a barrack and give you better food.” A lot of the fathers with sons would say to the son, “Go, get better food.” They got gassed eventually when the Hungarian transports seized . . . they all got killed. One night, they marched them out and gassed them, and cremated them. The side that we were on [in] this row of barracks generally speaking [was] for the Jews, the other side of it were all gypsy families living in barracks. But as much time as they spent outside, I never saw a gypsy kid play or anything outside--they were truly living in those barracks. They must have been permitted to go to the toilet once in a while, but they were just . . . It’s unimaginable how those kids and women and children, being cooped up in those barracks. It turned out that gypsies were in charge of the Jewish barracks. They had their families who were in charge with them in that one room and the other gypsies that lived in this barracks across the street near the latrine row. If you went in Auschwitz, you would understand what it was all about. It turned out two months later, I’ve been told [the] Germans decided to get rid of the gypsies, gas them and cremate them. But they couldn’t just march them out because they wouldn’t. They had nothing to lose. They would have dragged them. They told them they were going to transfer them to a camp more inside Germany, and issued them rations for the trip. They loaded them up on trucks one night and took them to the gas chamber. They had to beat them, to push them in . . . That was the end of the gypsies. While we were there the gypsies were totally in charge. One of them decided he wanted a new pair of boots. He would line us up. We marched by him, and then they looked at the boots. They wanted your boots, they would take it and give you a wooden shoe. It didn’t pay to have a good looking set of shoes. We were there almost three weeks and we went through the routine piece of bread, and the drinking from drinking our [gesture with both hands] intake from these various vessels. And one day there was the selection and my father was selected. The SS looked at him, said, “Go over there,” then came to me, he told me, “Go with your, go there,” He didn’t know my father, “Go there.” Weis [58.45], this Jew, the Slovakian Jew told the SS, “Sir, he’s too young.” They were going to keep me to die. Can you imagine a Jew taking away a kid from his father, depriving him of a chance to live a little longer? That happened. The SS was in good mood and told him “Just go, Tommy [59.20], let’s go.” I started crying, by the way, with the “Just go,” That truly happened. I’ve been told, by the end of the war, when he lost his power, Weis [59.33], the other prisoners beat him to death. I would have been one of them, been happy to kill him [interview pauses, and resumes]. I’d like to mention before we leave the camp, which was the so-called Gypsy camp, we slept on the concrete. I remember now, we had this: blouse, pants and hat. They [the barracks] are so crowded that we had to sleep on our side. We couldn’t turn around once we settled, because everybody would have to turn around. The first night, the person I slept next to, before he lay down he said, “I am Doctor Fekete,” [1.00.26] introduced himself, Doctor Schwartz [1.00.29], Hungarian name. I slept on that concrete for almost three weeks, pretty hard concrete. The person who went crazy was Doctor Holosh [1.00.49], who was a psychiatrist, director of psychiatry at the Saint Elizabeth Hospital when I was born. I also like to mention that in almost three weeks, once they let us have a bath. When we were kind of loafing between the barracks, between waiting for selection, or waiting to be fed, German cars with soldiers, open top cars, convertible type of arrangement, used to go along the street to the back [gesturing the car route with left hand] of the camp where there were their “hospital.” There were shelves near the driver side of the car. There were glass containers with organs traveling by us as the cars passed so they were taking organs from wherever, I don’t know. I had no insight at that time. I mentioned to you that we got selected for labor. They marched us to the end of the camp near the gate, to the right, to the kitchen. I remember a Mr. Fisher [1.02.36], who was an older man. Mr. Fisher [1.02.42] had a big store in Mezocsat, a Women’s clothing store, with beautiful, beautiful windows. I never saw that prettier window projecting out all glass. There we stood, in a row waiting to be taken someplace, and he had to go, they stood around him shielding him from, other eyes because if they would have been caught in the process, they would have killed him. As we were waiting and that incident went by, a prisoner came out of the kitchen and he went up to some garbage cans. He was whistling a catchy tune. I was listening to it, and I was, I said to my father, “Father, what is this tune that he’s whistling?” And my father said, “Son, that is the Hatikvah.” We left the camp, the gypsy camp, and they took us to the last camp away from the crematorium, [at the] other end. There was only one row of barracks. That was the quarantine camp. We spent two weeks in the gypsy, and that quarantine camp one week. The quarantine camp differed in the sense that I had nothing to do except being in quarantine. We were in block four there and in charge of that block was the Cheslovakian Jew, who was crazy, pure crazy. The barracks differed in that it had [Tom gestures with left hand] two shelves on each side instead of the concrete. Shelves, wooden planks, no straw, anything like that for sleeping. You can get an individual dish, no spoon or anything like that, but you didn't have to have this common 10 [people to share] a dish. We were in seventh heaven compared to what we had--everything, nothing but wait and the food was the same. Evening, when we were going to sleep, there wasn’t enough space, in reality just barely enough on the shelf to contain us. He would yell out, “Everybody go to sleep.” They would [Tom gestures with both hands] climb in there and a couple people didn’t have spaces. These are old people, he would look at them and yell out, “Everybody out! You are no good so-and-so Hungarian Jews. You were eating chicken when I was here. And you have no respect for all the people, what terrible people you are.” And on and on and on and berating us for a half an hour. Then he would say, “All older people go up on the shelf.” And then finally said, “Everybody else.” That time, half a dozen younger people didn’t have places. [The Czechoslovakian Jew who was in charge of the barrack] started over again. “You don’t have any respect for your young.” And on and on. This went on for about one or two hours before we could go to sleep. And always that we had been eating chickens while he was already there. That was the common thing with these Slovakian Jews. They were there for one week. [At the] End of one week they lined us up, took us to the railroad where we came in [Tom gestures with left hand] and put us in railroad cars, in these cattle cars. Prisoners were at either end, and between the doors there were two German guards [indicates guards by placing hands side by side with palms facing each other]. The doors were open according to what the German guards wanted open usually on one side. That was their space. In other words, one-third or so of this cattle car was German guards, and we were crowded in the other end. They made us face towards [Tom gestures with left hand] a dead end of the rear of the cattle car, and said, “Anybody who looks out will be shot right then and there.” They didn’t want us to see how they got it or observe anything about Auschwitz. The car started and they went and we left Auschwitz. [After a] good way they tell , “All right, you can turn around,” one of the guards’ names was Viktor Kirsch. He became one of the camp commanders in one of the camps I was in. He remembered me, I was a blond, blue eyed little boy. The train was going and going. They gave us some food, they gave us some water, they gave us some coffee. They wanted to keep us alive. We went through Vienna [Austria] and I recognized it because of a giant wheel, in the Prater, in their park. I don’t know how many days, but it must have been a week. We arrived next to what looked like another concentration camp, and that was Dachau. We stayed in the cattle cars. They decided that they should go to Munich Allach where there was the big BMW aircraft engine factory. They took us there and we went under the camouflage, the camouflage netting, the anti-aircraft, next to the anti-aircraft guns. We arrived at this camp and my God, the barracks were heaven. They were nice stone barracks, and they had decent latrines. That was to be our three weeks in isolation, [to] find out if they don’t carry any sickness. We were there for three weeks. The stay there was very interesting . . . Several things, number one, they’re all Hungarian Jews; the charge of each barrack were German communists who hated anybody who had any religion. There were bunks, my God, I had my own bunk. Every evening and during the day sometimes, really during the day and evening, airplanes, American and British aircraft, British aircraft night, were flying over the barracks to bomb Munich [Germany]. The anti-aircraft guns would fire and fire, and you see a lot of splinters, a lot of pieces flying all over. We had to go out and get into a ditch, but you could collect all these pieces. We saw Munich bombed. It was beautiful, I enjoyed it. One day I got assigned to the kitchen, and there was the German cook, a German company cook. He looked at me and he said, “You are the dirtiest thing in the world, your neck has probably about a quarter inch dirt on it, take everything off,” and he took the hose and gave me a big piece of soap [Tom gestures with both hands], and he stood there while I cleaned myself. Gosh, that soap was terrible and that water was so cold. I can still remember it, but I got cleaned. Nothing was done to clean my clothes, but I was cleaner. That was only one day when I worked in the kitchen. That’s what happened. When there was nothing else to do and most of us were religious, we prayed, and the Communist couldn’t stand it. They found out who the rabbis were and they punished them. They just would not want us to have anything to do with prayer. At one time they lined us up and at the, there were some clerks again communist, camp clerks, who had a little book with a perforated middle of it, kind of a little piece of paper there were numbers on it. They asked for your name, they wrote it on one piece that stayed with the book, they tore off that other part and gave it to you. That was your Dachau number. I got a number in the 80,000’s. My father’s number was sequential. In fact, my father and then I came. We had our Dachau number not long after that, they made us fall out and they counted us so many off and put us on trucks and ended up taking us to a concentration camp called Muhldorf [German: Mühldorfland]. As we were leaving our Rabbis were kneeling, they forced them to kneel. If they passed by, they saw rabbis kneeling helplessly. They took us through Munich. They crowded us in the truck, they couldn’t sit down, they were standing. They took us through Munich and we saw the bombed out situation, and the trucks kept driving. We arrived at a concentration camp that seemed to be empty. There were some prisoners in there, but essentially it was empty. They were some Luftwaffe prisoner barracks, they were next to an air and airport, Luftwaffe air base. And these barracks were holding some prisoners, and they were in bad shape. They had some concentration camp inmates before us, putting them back into shape, before our arrival. There were no more than 12, probably around 15 blocks of barracks. They call them blocks. When we arrived, they were all double fenced. Compared to Munich-Allach, they were not good, but compared to Aushwitz, they were excellent. This spot next to the airbase, in fact, the hangar was right up against the fence. When they arrived, they counted us off-so many for each barrack. Then they called out “Anybody who speaks German and can write German step forward.” My father stepped forward and he was made the block elder for block 10. I recall well. Block 10 comes back again. His job was to clean them, keep the barrack clean, get the food, and keep order more or less. Then they started to send us off to various workplaces. My father didn’t have to go out to work because his job was to take care of the barracks. For some reason, the Germans gave everybody a pair of wooden sandals, just a wooden sole and a piece of canvas in the front. Everybody had their bunk straw. Just some straw and one cover. Then, all of a sudden they brought in some Greek Jews. They put so many Greeks in every barracks, and they’ve already been in concentration camps for a long time. They stole everybody’s shoes because people got out to work. They call it organizing, they didn’t steal, they organized, organized everybody’s shoes. The Hungarian Jews came back and saw the Greeks stole their shoes and whatever else they could steal. There wasn’t much else. They beat every Greek Jew, they started beating them. My father stopped it in the barrack. He said, “We are all Jews, how can they beat each other? You steal, they stole your shoes. But come on now.” He said, “Look at them. How can you do that to another Jew?” The Greeks were so appreciative. The Greeks were kind of organized, they had an elder who came over to my father and said, “We really appreciate what you did. You and your son, from now on, are our brothers.” So that’s how I became [and] my father, the brother in the Greeks brother. The Greeks were the only other group organized. Besides the religious Jews, who congregate around, the rabbis. If there is no rabbi, they congregate anyway and help each other as much as they could. The Greeks were truly brothers. If a Greek had a piece of bread, everybody had a part of it. That wasn’t true with the rest of the bunch. They were younger and they were truly a cohesive group. The religious Jews were a cohesive group too, but not as strong as the Greek. We were there a short time, and they found out that our prime purpose was to build a messerschmitt aircraft factory underground in the forest. For that purpose, the Germans set up several camps. One was what they called the forest camp, the wildlager [indistinct 1.18.59]:  which was a number of miles away from where we were. And the main camp, what they call the stammlager was Muhldorf, at the Airport, at the airbase. They would call us out in the morning and they would organize us into workgroups. I remember one morning they called out, “We need some carpenters.” Guess who was the first one out? Me. I’m a carpenter. I had a couple good days doing very little, but hammering things. I ended up at that point working on building a potato cellar, which a firm Fritz undertook to do the Todt, labor service, which German masters were executing using as prisoners. I still maintained that I was a carpenter. I was doing this, I was nailing planks on a form, to form the top for this cellar. My meisters [masters] name was Peter [1.20.54]. And by God, I missed a couple nails, . . . f they go into the support but I was a carpenter! I did that for a while, then I was lucky. I ended up in a little work detail called Camp Grubar [indistinct: 1.20.54]. And we went out to see Camp Grubar [indistinct: 1.20.57] and that time there were barracks in this valley. The cloister was on top, the valley had some barracks in it, and water was coming out springs from the side of this hill. That was about the best assignment I got. One day I went to one of the springs and I found an aluminum spoon, and that was my treasure. I worked there for a while then I got replaced and I was again opened for assignments. One day they got hold of me and they sent me out to building this factory. I got assigned to build some utility line ditches, ditches to put utility lines in. When I got there, they kind of broke half-down and I ended up in this ditch digging outfit. The meister gave me ten-foot space, dig a ditch and a big, heavy pickaxe with a shovel. No way could I do that, so I faked that I was sick. Apparently he went along with it, and I laid down, not far away. The guards, by the way, surrounded this whole area, within the area you could move. Evenings they would bring us all together and counted us. That’s when the guards would come in. So I faked it. Lunchtime I went to get my lunch along with the others. I stood in line with my fellow Hungarian Jews, and one of them pushed me out of the line. This adult pushes the kid so he gets there faster. I kicked him in the shin and ran back to the line. Luckily, that’s the only time I was there. In this area, the Germans didn’t have enough machinery and when they even had machinery, they had no gasoline; everything was done by manpower. There was this cement mixing machine set about 40 feet up on a platform. They took the prisoners and set up an assembly line--like a rolling line--every prisoner had to carry 110 pounds of cement or sand consistently just walking up the steps. Up and down, up and down, 110 pounds. Some of them [the prisoners] didn’t weigh under 110 pounds. I don’t have to tell you how long those people survived. At Auschwitz after we left, somehow they collected doctors, physicians. They kept announcing “If you’re a physician, we’re going to give you a better condition to come to . . . we’ll put you in [a] barrack together.” The Hungarian physicians saw it, the Germans needed them as physicians. What happened? We were nearing Muhldorf one day, about 300, 350, could have been as many as 400 physicians arrived. You know where they put them? Right on Tarling [indistinct: 1.24.52] cement. Out of them, about two, three or four, five, no more than five survived. That’s why that terrible, terrible place, after the war, the Americans forced the Germans to blow it up. It was terrible, difficult to blow it up, it took two attempts to blow it up. There is a little arch that remains. And I brought back some pieces, I am sure that every piece has the soul of a Jew in it. That many died. In Muhldorf, after I had this unlucky experience at the main workplace, hauptarbeitsplatz I got luckier. I got to be on the camp cleaning detail. I had a switch broom, and I was picking up junk and cleaning the streets. That was quite a good job. I had my own wagon, and when it got full, they took it out to a big hole, on a farm near the camp. They would take it down and dumped it. After the war, they filled it in, and it’s now a sports place, a soccer field. That was one way I could identify where the camp was. I kept it up, for quite a period of time. Then the latrines were getting full, so they borrowed a big wagon with that big tank on it, from the farmer that was nearby. There was a pole end of it, and a bucket had to be dipped into the latrine and poured into the top. The people, the men [Germans] wanted me to do it, but I was too small, too weak. I was a kid, I couldn’t do it, so my job was to steer the wagon. There was a well-known German Cologne. It had a number, 4007? Everybody knew it, just like you say Channel Five. They put a big sign on this tank, equivalent to Channel Five. At the end, where the horse would have been, I steered the thing and everybody else was pushing. The smell was better there [in the back], then next to it. They did that for a long, long time . . . Emptying the thing. They take it out to the field, open the valve and let it flow out as we were pushing it. I did that for a while. Then some Hungarian women and Jewish women were brought into the next camp next to us. Some of them started working in the men’s camp, like in the kitchen and whatnot. In charge of the Hungarian prisoners was another Hungarian, the Hungarian Jews called Herta [1.28.22]. She was what they call the lageraltester [German: lagerältester] [camp elder]. Equivalent to her in the men’s camp [was] Hans Roar [1.28.35]. Hans Roar [1.28.37] was a German Christian who joined the Foreign Legion and went back home, on a furlough. The Germans snatched him and put him into the prison, into the concentration camp. His assistant was Lawrence [1.28.58], I could dig up his name, but I don’t remember it offhand, a deputy German national, [who] committed some kind of a terrorist act and they had him there. Jewish women started working in this camp. Lawrence [1.29.20] definitely raped one of them. I know that for a fact. Hector [1.29.27], [who] was taking care of the lageraltester [German: lagerältester] [camp elder], Roar [1.29.34], was a very cruel person. They [the women] had no choice. Some of the women working in the kitchen looked at me-I stood out; I was just a little kid. They decided to give me some milk and I got typhoid. In the meantime, the Germans liked my father’s handwriting, so made him the clerk, the camp clerk working for Hans Roar [1.30.14] . . . By the way, don’t put in the segment about Herta [1.30.23]? [doesn’t want this included in his segment] Cut it, don’t put that. In fact, I would appreciate it if you cut it out. No need to do, bring shame, [on] families. But he [Reed’s father] was very good, he learned [to] get along with Germans in Russia and he could get along with them real well. Because of him, I got special treatment in the hospital. There were two barracks. People were at that point getting very weak. I remember the hospital, I was very, very sick, there was no medicine they could give me, absolutely no medicine. I remember people couldn’t go to the bathroom and would yell. They had to have a tube inserted [urinary catheter]. They would yell day and night for the male nurse, flare tube [indistinct: 1.31.28], and they would cry in pain. They would die like flies, many dead around me. There are about two weeks I can’t even remember. I don’t know if it’s two weeks or three weeks or months, I can’t remember. I had this typhus, and I had a recurrence of it. I was going to die, no question about it. My physician’s name was Richter [1.32.04]. He managed to die of flea related typhus. He decided that the only thing he could try is [to] give me a blood transfer [transfusion]--take blood from my father and give it to me. That's what he did. Somehow he got hold of an ampoule of vitamin C, and he gave that to me. I remember how much that hurt. I got to the rear end [received the shot in the buttocks], did that hurt, I still remember it. In the meantime, they were starting to select people to ship back to Auschwitz. Because of my father, they left me alone. They were emptying the place, putting people on trains, giving them a piece of bread and closing the train door [Tom gestures with his left arm] and it sent them off. My father, having been the man who had to go along and write down the names whenever he could, was risking his life. He would go back in the evenings to the office and rewrite the list and leave people off. He was risking his own life and my life, but he did it. He had to meet people he could talk to, and say, “You’re not on the list. Don’t say anything, please.” It’s very, very risky, but he did it. The commanding officer of the camp, his name was Sigmund Eberle [1.33.43], was an American German who went back to Germany to fight the Nazis swarm. He ended up a Master Sergeant rank, in charge of the camp--camp commanding Officer. My father had knowledge come to him from various sources. The wife of Eberle [1.34.14] was very upset with him, and she would tell him, “You ought to be ashamed of yourself in this Nazi uniform.” On and on and on. But nevertheless he was in charge. I met Eberle face to face only once. I was sweeping the street, and he came up there and he asked me something. He didn’t like my answer, he slapped me a few times. His assistant who was directly in charge of the prisoners inside the prison, his name was Schallemaier. Eberle’s [1.35.04] boss was in charge of all the camps, the Germans called ‘circle of camps’. Anything belonging to Muhldorf was a subcamp of Dachau. There were sub camps to Muhldorf, and the SS was in charge of all those. Eberle [1.35.26] was [in] charge of the main camp. Schallemaier was a Rapportfuhrer [German: Rapportführer], who was in charge of the prisoners inside the camp. Langlice [1.35.36] got hanged at Landsberg after he got convicted in Dachau after the war. So did Schallemaier. And Eberle [1.35.43] got off scot free, despite the fact he was cruel. He permitted people to be beaten to death. It was not unusual seeing these Germans and other criminals with their big sticks, beating people to death. Even if the person didn’t die, [they were] dragged out to work. When you are in such a weakened condition you die. Finally Roar [1.36.14], who killed so many people, got convicted by the Germans of killing one. He was punished--he had to stand at night in a corner of a guardhouse, so many hours every night. That’s a token punishment. But anyway . . . I was getting a little bit better. I was going to live, perhaps. They opened up a camp called Mittergras. M-I-T-G-R-A-S, Mitter . . . , no, M-I-T-E-R-G-R-A-S, two T’s. They decided my father should be in charge of the magazine, which was where they kept the food and potatoes, and so forth. He would have to go back to Muhldorf ferry humphing [indistinct: 1.37.20] and get every month’s supplies. He would have to give it to the kitchen, and make sure the food was distributed. The Germans were very accurate in giving what was coming, but no more. Because my father accepted [the job], he said “I’d like to take my son.” One November 1944, there were some trucks lined up at the gate, and they helped me up on a truck. The new commanding officer for that place, his name was Housman [1.38.05]. Housman [1.38.07] looked at me and said, “We are taking our first debt.” We started driving and we arrived about 15 kilometers away at a camp. There were huts, kind of Scandinavian huts. There were only two buildings in the camp. That was a barrack, one with the kitchen. Another one [the second building] was, latrine and bathroom. Latrines and bathrooms were just about the same as in Auschwitz. The little barracks had one window. The front . . . There was a double bunk, and then in the back were the two shelves for people. There was no heat. There was no place to disinfect clothing. There was no gravel or anything. It was just mud and these huts. The rations were very short, just the death rations. My father did everything possible to maximize. He couldn't give more or less, it had to be exactly [the amount he was told to give.] The commanding officer would come in and weigh the rations randomly. The kitchen was supervised by the assistant. My father had Greek brothers in Ampfing [Germany] working in the warehouse where he had to go. The Greek brothers would throw him some extra bread or some this and that or whatever they could steal and give him without arousing any suspicion. It was a very limited quantity. I was put into the hospital barrack. There was a barrack where the sick were, and there was a barrack where the examining room was. That’s where Doctor Goldstein [1.40.36] lived with me. I was still pretty sick because then I had fluid on my lungs, I couldn’t walk, but I was getting better. I lived there with Doctor Goldstein [1.40.51], and I used to help him. Our supplies were zilch. We had a knife, a scissor, a tweezer, a needle, some thread, two little bottles of numbing stuff, whatever it was, they could spray on and numb that little bit. They had cold tablets for diarrhea. They have paper bandages and, I think, a bottle of aspirin. That was it. Naturally, he had a thing that he could listen to a patient’s chest. I was getting better. I used to help him [Dr. Goldstein [1.41.43]. People were getting very heavy legs, full of water. We have to sometimes operate on it, open it up and drain the water, drain the pus. But people didn’t get better. They ended up going into the hospital and they died. Then there was [a] new-place for somebody else. The dead people had to have their gold teeth extracted, then they were buried in mass graves. If two died, they put it in a little bigger point of sampling. If three died a little bigger. They were buried outside the fence. I remember it well. I used to help him a little bit. I remember going to the hospital barrack where people were dying; nobody ever left it. There was a father and a son, someone about my age, both dying. The father was a little better off than the son. And he was [a] physician. The father was telling his son what the other world would be like and how much it’s going to be better-no more suffering. I heard a little bit. I listened to a little part of the story. I got so upset, I was crying so hard. For such a terrible, terrible situation. How about if this father had to talk his son into death--kind of taking him to his end. This camp was full of lice. I used to get up in the morning and take my shirt off. I could always find 20, 30 lice. I remember once finding a lice must have been probably a half an inch. I have never seen a lice like that. That must have been the grandfather of all lice. I was afraid to kill it . . . I got better. I finally got assigned to the kitchen peeling potatoes and then finally assigned to help my father. I lived with him in the magazine, the warehouse, the magazine it’s warehouse. Camp commander Housman [1.44.15] has throat cancer and he went to Doctor Goldstein [1.44.23] and asked him if he could do anything for him. This damn doctor . . . Here he had a camp commander who was in pain, and he looked at him and he said, “Sir, you have throat cancer. nothing can be done for you.” My father heard about it and he said to him, “Hauptsturmfuhrer [German: Hauptsturmführer]I studied medicine in Vienna, and I think I can help you.” Next time he went into Ampfing to get food for the camp, he went to a pharmacy and talked the pharmacy into giving him something that would make his [the Commander’s] throat feel better. Sure . . . he had throat cancer, but it made him feel better. First thing he did was come back and said [he felt better]. That’s how cheerful he was . . . He used to get up in the morning early, and kept talking to people for hours and calling them names in the cold winter standing out there. He told Housman [1.45.33], based on his medical experience, being up early for him and being out in the cold is not good. “Please stay out of the cold. Let perhaps, somebody else run it.” The assistant’s name was Greive [1.45.50]. He saved my life later and I will talk about it, knowing that his job was to get it over with as quickly as possible. Housman [1.46.02] was in [inside] and wouldn’t come out, standing in line in the morning became shorter. He would inhale this stuff that my father gave him. My father kept bringing him new stuff to help his throat. My father assured him that this can be cured indeed--and they did cure it, by the way, by hanging him. The Americans had a permanent cure. Everybody was better off. Then suddenly they got a new, new commander, Who was that?, but Viktor Kirsch, the guard in the train from Auschwitz to Munich-Allach. He recognized me right away, recognized my father too now, son and father. He only beat me once, but he was again very, very strict. He also got cured of anything he may have had by getting hung. He didn’t do anything terrible at our camp, but he did hang a few people from the camp previous to where he was. [When] he got hungry, he would go out and catch frogs, and he would ask the cook to prepare the frogs for him. He would not take anything from the warehouse. It was crazy. He would eat this frog . . . when you throw the frogs in the frying pan, the muscles move. He would eat the frog legs. He would come in and make everything very punctual. Both Housman [1.47.55] and him were extremely punctual in terms of giving only what was exactly permitted, nothing less. People were dying of typhus, typhoid and something needed to be done. The first camp elder was a Jew, a Lithuanian Jew. He didn’t know much about what to do, so they brought down, Lawrence [1.48.18], the raper; he wasn’t very effective either. But then they brought down Roar [1.48.26] and Roar [1.48.31] had capabilities. He has set up a disinfection chamber, set up a bath, and started getting the sanitation to where it should have been. [He] did everything that could have been done. Very, very capable. As the weather got milder, the situation improved. [In] winter people die of all the things associated with it. Food was extremely scarce, even the potatoes. My father tried to push as much as possible. They used it up earlier than it should have been. Luckily for my father all of a sudden they brought in some non-Jewish concentration camp prisoners. And a Wehrmacht camp commander and a wehrmacht assistant to him, and the camp started improving. This wehrmacht commander was so good that he purchased potatoes with his own funds for the camp. I mean, you are a human being. There are people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKENT:\u003c/strong\u003e You remember his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3664.98708,3667.48638"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I don’t remember his name. Neither do I remember the assistance name. But, he was a decent human being. He couldn’t eliminate all the evils. This was coming into 1945. I don’t know exactly when the war was over, but it was maybe a week before the war was over . . . the Germans decided to pull in all the Jews from the outlying camps into Muhldorf. In fact, they took the women’s camp and put it into the men’s camp, and put us on trains and shipped us out to a place unknown to us. We’d been in Mittergas, order came in to take all Jews and evacuate them to Muhldorf. The Housman’s [1.51.18], Deputy Greive [1.51.19], the Rapportfuhrer [German: Rapportführer], I don’t know his first name anymore, volunteered to be on this train, as a guard. [He] came and got me and my father specially, and took us by train to Muhldorf. My father had an agreement with him--He saved our life, and we'll save his life. We went to Muhldorf. We stayed one night. They put us in this train and Greive [1.52.00] had the train that had the bread--that’s the only thing that was on it, just some bread; so many loaves of bread on one side and the other side were two Jewish women, Greive [1.52.17], my father, and I. At this time, like most of the guards, he had an Italian carbine, the bayonet kind of folded. And every car, just like from Auschwitz, had some guards in it. Greive [1.52.40] was our guard. He was the Scharfuhrer [German: Scharführer], I think maybe a sergeant or a corporal. I don’t know offhand. The train started moving slowly. It must have been a troop train, troops also been using these wagons. For some camouflage on it [there was] mostly twigs, just twigs stuck here and there. We went from Muhldorph[German: Mühldorph] toward Munich and one of the stations was Poing. It must have been about two days, the train didn't move very much. They stopped and moved it . . . stopped and moved. We’re at Poing. People were hungry and thirsty in the cars. At Poing, there was a Luftwaffe facility of some kind. As we were at the station, just to stop there on a railroad siding, American fighters would come over and shoot up the place. Not us, they left us alone. They knew that we were prisoners. Whatever it is, I don’t remember. My father decided to go in with Greive [1.54.14] and talk to the Luftwaffe commander. He had the nerve to ask him if he would surrender to him, [Reed’s father asked the commander] my father had nerves. But no, he would not. By the little air base, they came back . . . and pretty soon the SS and others would tell prisoners, “The war is over, you are free.” The first thing they did is to come to the wagon that we were in and took out the bread, fought over it, scrambled in, took all the bread. There was nothing left. I think we had saved a loaf or two ourselves, but that’s it. They would stand back, the one half of the car, and they would just take everything apart. The people started running all over the place, into the forest, into the village. My father and I, and Greive [1.55.29] were saying, “What’s going on?” They took Greive’s [1.55.33] gun too. We have no gun, we kind of scrambled out from the wagon to stand in front of it. Should we go? Or shouldn‘t we? My father said, “This is not a good situation.” In his judgment the best thing to do is wait. Stay there and wait. About an hour later [there was] gunfire all around us. There was an SS unit camping in the vicinity, and then the Luftwaffe guards and officers, and our own started shooting people and herd them back. He shot, we’d lost a lot of people that were trying to come back into the thing [the train car]. We scrambled into our wagon. My father, Greive [1.56.30] without a gun, he may get shot. My father saw a prisoner with a gun, he took it away and gave it to Greive [1.56.39]. Now he was armed again. He was our future at that point, and I remember clearly . . . there was a man leaning against the wagon now, the railroad wagon that we were in . . . his head shot through, and he was munching on a loaf of bread. He was holding the bread and eating it while he’s still eating it, when his head and a bullet hole in it [puts both index fingers on either side of his head]. I noted a young soldier and a young guard, his name was Saur. S-A-U-R. He must have been about 18, 19. He was a guard in Mittergras, so I knew him by sight. He was smoking a cigarette, and he had an Italian carbine. He would load, he would take a puff, load a round in it and shoot a woman. Then he would take another puff, load, another case, shoot another woman. He was shooting women. When we got done, they loaded the dead in the last two cars--full of dead, the last two wagons. And they pulled us out of Poing. I have forgotten some of them, one of the most interesting things, at least for me--account of an incident that I shouldn’t say interesting could have been tragic--a young Luftwaffe officer came up to the car that we were in, and he pointed to me and said, Either I try to run away and he’s going to shoot me. And he pulled out his Luger and [was] going to shoot me. I don’t know why he picked on me, but he did. Greive [1.58.42] and him were arguing. Greive [1.58.45] said, no, I was with him. I didn’t run away. He said, no, I did run away. But Greive [1.58.52] was SS and he won the argument. The thoughts that I have had when they were arguing about it, I would get shot or not. But Greive [1.59.07] saved my life. He didn’t come back, the train started moving again. We were at a station in a day or so after going through Munich and heard about the potential coup that didn’t work out. Somehow words got around through Greive [1.59.35] to us. At the end of the train, they put an anti-aircraft gun unit [interview pauses, then resumes]. I’d like to go back and talk about two people in Mittergras. One was the SS Barber, Isaac [2.00.00], a Greek Jew. Another one was Max [2.00.05], the prisoner barber, a German Jew. Let me talk about Max [2.00.16] first. Max [2.00.18] was among the very unfortunate Jewish prisoners who were sent to Warsaw [Poland] after the uprising was put down. To clean up the ghetto and gather anything that the Jews may have buried there for the Germans. Upon accomplishing a task, and [considering] the Russians were very close to Warsaw, they who were in that camp, were taken on a march. No food, no water. They were so desperate that when they went by a little creek, despite the fact that there were the guards and [believing] they’re going to get killed, they ran into the creek and they were drinking water. The Germans shot an awful lot of them. But that’s desperation, [they] didn’t care anymore [they] just wanted water. After a while, they put them on a train and they didn’t give them water or food. They closed the doors on them and [the prisoners] started dying. Max [2.01.30], was seen by several people that I talked to nibbling on a person’s leg, upper thigh. That’s my buddy Max [2.01.43], a cannibal. Continuing with Max [2.01.47], when I mentioned they evacuated the Jewish prisoners from Mittergras. Max [2.01.55] was one of the prisoners who had a civilian outfit, but with big pieces of prisoner striped cloth on it and underneath it’s supposed to be cut out. If you took it off, there was a hole. But Max’s [2.02.15] outfit wasn’t cut out. As Max [2.02.19] was marching with the other prisoners to Muhldorf [he] came to a point in the forest where he just jumped out and ran. Max [2.02.31] managed to somehow have some German money, not a lot, and he spoke German perfectly, and he ran away. The Germans were chasing him, but he ran faster. He had a good incentive to run faster. After the war, Max [2.02.48] became a police officer, either in Stuttgart [Germany] or Frankfurt [Germany]. Now come to Isaac [2.02.58]. Isaac [2.03.00] in Poing, he ran away and he got shot in the foot. He staggered back and we helped him into our wagon. Now we had Isaac [2.03.12] with us as well. My father was always very much respected, no matter what he did. One day, a prisoner sent word to Muhldorf that he liked to talk to my father. My father went there. He saw a man who was dying. He wasn’t in the hospital, he was in the barrack, but he was dying. He said, “I’d like to talk to you and tell you my feeling. You, Weiszbluth [2.03.53], are a lucky man.” My father said, “How can you say under these circumstances that I am lucky? Look what’s happening my son is sick, We have-look at what’s happening.” He [the man] said “You are lucky because you may die. But you know at least why you died, you are a Jew. I come from a Christian family and my parents were Jewish, but I am a Christian. What am I dying for? You are a lucky man.” That’s kind of a very interesting anecdote, but it’s true. Back to the train . . . The only thing that you could see from Mittergras, was a farmhouse the owners [were] called VogelMeyer [2.04.47]. The VogelMeyer’s [2.04.50] had this farm, and they were the ones who had a contract to bring water into the camp, and they sold us the potatoes. And VogelMeyer’s [2.05.01] were very nice people, whenever they could help prisoners, they did. And there were a couple other people in Mittergras as the prisoners walked through, one woman who would have steamed potatoes and would hand it to the prisoners. The guards would threaten her, and she would take a pitchfork and threaten the guards. And, the priest in Mittergras, was saying to the people, help the prisoners as much as possible. There were some nice people there as well. The VogelMeyer’s [2.05.34] were especially nice. We got to know them a little bit because of their connection with the camp. I'm in touch with the VogelMeyer’s [2.05.45] even today. Let’s go back to the train. The train was going through Munich, and we heard the rumors of the uprising that didn’t get any place. We ended up parked at the railroad station, and our train at this point acquired an anti-aircraft unit at the tail end, about two cars worth of anti-aircraft guns. We are sitting in the Cars on the siding. One side of the siding had kind of a slight decline, and the other side was a station. All of a sudden, American fighters attacked the train. And they made one run. At that point, a bullet that’s kind of skinned my father’s side head, [runs his index finger along his right temple] hit the stove in the car. They killed and wounded a tremendous number of prisoners. Everybody was in the train full of prisoners and 50 caliber machine guns all over. We made a calculation . . . We had to get out of this train before the second run was made. We jumped from the train. We jumped, running down this slope, and started running. And all of a sudden I had this feeling on my left side like someone had taken a hot, wet towel and hit me with it, I mean, I could feel the physical thing hit me, with a hot, wet, towel. I kept running but I laid down, when I thought [it] was safe and the airplane made another strike. I couldn’t get up, I got shot. One of the sentries who was in the ditch? POW! [makes a gun motion with his hand and when he says pow he mimes pulling a trigger] My Greek brothers helped me back to the car. I could see people doing any first aid. I had a hole in here [points to abdomen], [but] I couldn’t see a hole going out. What happened? The bullet landed in the bone is still in there and it’s encased by the bone. I saw one person [whose] leg was opened up like you would cut it, open in situations like that. I was still lucky. They got back on the train, and they took away the dead, threw them in the last two cars. Those that were seriously wounded died, the last two cars . . . Other wounded, just put them back on the train bleeding and not, there was no first aid. Greive [2.09.00] went to the meetings, in the with the other with the other guards. [He] came back and said to us, “We are going to be taken into the mountains, to our Garmisch in the Alps and they are going to get all executed.” The dispatcher unit was waiting for us. His plan was when we get to a place like that he would walk away with us, with me and my father. [He would] take gasoline [as if] for a special task. But, here I was . . . wounded. How can he explain taking me wounded? My father said he will not go without me. “Our fate is the same.” Knowing that the next day or day after, knowing we’re going to get killed, a bullet in my leg, I went to sleep. We happened to be at a place called Tutzing [Germany], which is a village in a little town, in Germany, Bavaria. Next morning we hear this tremendous rumble--the American seventh Army, captured our train. They rounded up all the guards, took them away. We kept Grieve [2.10.28] in our car. Next morning, early, he got into his civvies and left. He left his wallet and his uniform there. I still have that hat, and I have his wallet. He gave me a knife, I have his knife. We don’t know where he is, what he is, what happened to him, but he indeed saved my life. We promised we’d help him, and we did. I don’t know what he did all his life, but in Mittergras he was a decent human being, did his very best under some difficult conditions. There was a German train right next to ours, a hospital train. Anybody who was wounded would transfer to this train where there were German doctors who'd take care of them. I would never have gone in there. I refused to have anything to do with German doctors. The Americans all of a sudden told us to get back on the train, and they pushed the train away from Tutzing back to Munich. There was the place next to Tutzing called Feldafing [Germany]. They had a big Hitler Youth school that they were going to convert into a hospital all set up but it was still empty. They made that into our camp. They pulled up, it was on high ground, and people walked down, got fed and [were] put into this beautiful, clean barracks. I couldn’t walk, they took two German doctors and they had to carry me down on their back. American soldiers with their guns walked out with them. We got into this room and got fed. They put us into this room with a Hungarian pharmacist, there were three beds. The man in charge of the Liberation Task Force was Irving J. Smith [2.13.06], an American Jew and lieutenant, first lieutenant. He had a Belgian girlfriend, I forgot her name anymore, a mistress. He set himself up in a villa overlooking the camp, just like the concentration camp, almost no transition. Just go from top to bottom, here from bottom to top. I could not imagine how I felt the day before, all the fear that I had, just like an animal looking out every minute [knowing] he’s going to get killed. I could not induce a feeling in just one day’s time. Our clothing, we are Maxs [2.14.07], [like Max was] we just took off the prisoner patches and we have civilian clothing. Downstairs is the barracks for men, upstairs for women, all Jewish, and almost everybody Hungarian. They all were in a concentration camp together. We were there for a short period of time. There were some kids, some of them were 18, 19, 20, but they were still young people. They asked my father to set up a barrack for them. They called it school, but it was more like a dormitory. The religious kids started studying the Talmud, that was maybe a minute amount of a distraction. My father became the director, and J Smith’s [2.15.10] girlfriend, mistress, called it the Kinder Casino. My father and I had a room, and he had an office. There we were, together. My Greek brother showed up a few days after liberation and said they heard we are not far from Munich. I could not walk. It took me about a week, then I could walk. Nobody ever put a Band-Aid on it, didn’t even have a compress or anything. They like to take me to Munich, they like to look around Munich . I went to Feldafing, to the railroad station. That’s where the German conductor, with his [makes hand motion, clicking with his thumb] letting you into the gate. We just jumped across the fence. Got to Munich. What is the fence for but to jump over it. I jumped over the fence. Believe it or not, in Munich, about a week after liberation, some street cars were running. People were hanging out the doors . . . three, four people, on the stairs hanging on. My Greek brothers were strong, they got hold of the Germans hanging there, they took them off. They put me up on this [puts fists on top of each other miming a pole] nearest to the door. They hung themselves on it. We went from station to station. They got to a place, a big ground circle, a fair location. They heard some music. I said, “Let’s get off.” They all got off, they took me off, and we started walking towards the music. There was a crowd, it was the Salvation Army. They were preaching and playing some music. It’s hard to forget. We’re getting hungry and we don’t know what to do, and we don't want to go back yet. We heard [about] the camp in Munich, based on a former army barracks outside Munich. We figured we’d go in there to get food and sleep overnight and then continue going back to Feldafing. We went to the camp and there was an American guard, and there were all kinds of wire fences around it. Then, my God, they fed us, they gave us a place to sleep. Next morning we want to walk out and they said, “Uh Uh, You can’t go out.” Here we were . . . my father in Feldafing, locked in a game. I’m locked in, so . . . we went under the wire, got back to Feldafing, after we roamed around Munich a little bit. We were there for a few weeks when things [began to] settle down a little bit. Americans, the crazy Americans went around and were de-infecting everybody. They had these DDT trucks. If they caught you, the woman, they DDT-d you under your skirt, your blouse, they put it up your . . . whatever they found, and they were all full of white powder. If they had that much white powder, we would think that anthrax broke out all over the country. They just did that religiously, everybody they found. You may get that disinfected a couple of times a day, but they had no problems. Feldafing, the thing is, was a beautiful, beautiful place. [It] used to be the summer home for some of the richest people in Germany. The beautiful lake, alpine lake. You can see the white peaked mountains of the Alps. They had boat houses and everything. If anybody had to be liberated, a nice place we were locked in, re-locked in these barracks were great. As time went on, the liberated people started looking around and recognizing people who were Jews, who misbehaved. Sometimes they didn’t misbehave, but they were angry at [because of the feeling] ‘you had it better than I did.’ Some of these people walked around this where they found [people they were angry at] on the street, [then] a big bunch of people would collect and beat the hell out of them, even lynching. Not killing them. I have seen it done to people who had it better. [People who were perceived as not having it rough enough during the war were persecuted by other Jews.] They did that. Nobody ever raised a finger on my father. Later, they formalized this situation, and everybody who had any position except just plain workers, had to appear in front of a committee of their peers and, [be] judged. My father was praised rather than anything else. He went through this clearance process. We lived with the people we were in concentration camp with, all the way until they moved to Munich in 1948. We were in the camp for about a month. The Americans try to get rid of us as much as possible. They had organized ‘ways of Jews going back home.’ Quote unquote. I remember the first Hungarian transport consisted of American Army trucks. The Hungarian Jews who were kicked out of Hungary just like I was [were] getting on those trucks. I didn’t buy that. They had a Hungarian flag. That made me sick. I was a kid, but I was already an adult. Can you imagine being Hungarian after what they have done to you? And . . . They went back home [makes quote marks with fingers when he says home]. I said to myself, “You may go home. But if you stay there. I never, never will help a Hungarian Jew who got deported to a concentration camp and went back home.” I still think I have some pictures, they are small pictures, but it shows clearly black and white, what they did. Later, there was the railroad transport. Now some of these people came back out. But, I stopped being Hungarian--I tell you exactly when--when we went from the ghetto to the Mezocsat train station. On the way. I, 12 year old Tom Reed, Tom Weiss would stop being a Hungarian. To me being Hungarian is offensive. Here we were in this camp, this kinder casino was going on. HIAS [The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society], the American Jewish Relief Committee, set up a camp in Germany. Trying to think of the name, but near Ludwig’s Castle at Herrenchiemsee. They took kids who might want to come to America, who were orphans, and most kids were orphans. Then, kids started going home to various countries. The Jews from Eastern Europe started filtering into the American zone after the Polish programs. [There were] Similar situations all over. The population of the camp changed. There were the original ones, who were concentration camp [survivors], liberated Jews and most of them in that location were Hungarians. I think percentage wise, Hungarian Jews survived more than any other Jews because they were the last ones so they could live a little longer. A larger percentage of Hungarian Jews in concentration camps ended up living than any other nationality. The camp was filling up. In 1945 [on] Yom Kippur, General Eisenhower with Patton I have a picture of him . . . Patton and Eisenhower came to visit the camp. Eisenhower dragged Patton because Patton was really an anti-Semite, that idiot. He was pro-German, he appreciated the fighting spirit of the German SS and so forth. He kept the SS in camps longer than he should have in the ordinary SS, and their weapons nearby, just in case he can use it against the Russians. [They] came to visit the camp and Eisenhower saw all these beautiful villas next to the camp. Beautiful big villas [with] nobody there, owned by all these German magnets, and we are crowded into the camp. So what he did . . . he took them all and made it part of the camp. Don’t expect that somebody [the survivors] lived in this beautiful villa by himself, they were crowded. There were people, families, several families per room. My father and I moved into what used to be his office, which had a small fore-room, toilet and a wash basin, in a little room with one window. Having a toilet in that room was an exception, it was only one in the whole barrack. We had it. We didn’t have any heat in the winter, we had a little stove with a pipe goes through the window . . . Let me go back to the summer, let’s not get winter yet. The summer was beautiful, nobody did anything. People were coming, people were going. The women took the bed covers and made dresses for themselves. It was amazing, everybody had the same color dress. We went out to the lake and swam. Initially there were some Russian prisoners, including women. There was a little concentration camp at Feldafing, a small one, but a couple barracks. The Russians would bathe in nude. You went down [to the lake] as a kid, It looked interesting. First day especially. Then as time went on, I stopped looking. It’s amazing, you see all these nude people, women and men, but especially women. After a while, it becomes uninteresting. The Russians got rounded up and sent back to Russia--and good riddance to them. We didn’t like them anyway, they are very aggressive people, and they stuck very, very, very much together. Winter weather [was] approaching, and we had all these families coming out of Russia and Poland and God knows where, Romania . . . Jews who managed to survive. A school was established, and my father became a teacher there. We managed to get some wood and cut it up, and we had a stove. One night, they used some coal and the fire went out. I didn’t know, [and] my father didn’t know what was happening. I was in an army cot and my father had a bed and I felt something was wrong. It was the middle of winter 1945, and I pulled the window open a little bit, and my father must have felt something, and he opened it more. In the morning when we woke up, the room was full of smoke and we could hardly see. If we wouldn’t have opened up a window, we would have died. I had a headache for a whole week after that. My father was always good hearted. There were these people coming out of Hungary, two men; one was a pharmacist, one was somebody my father knew from his family, Fred Israel [2.29.18]–the other one was the pharmacist. They came from Hungary, and Fred [2.29.25] has nothing left from his family but a necklace, or some piece of jewelry. They stayed with us overnight and the pharmacist stole it. Fred [2.29.43] and we found out that the pharmacist was staying at the German Museum in Munich. By the way . . . Hitler said at one time that he’s going to annihilate all Jews, and if one wants to see a Jew, we’ll have to go to the Deutsches Museum, and by God, it was full of Jews. We got there and we found this guy, and said, “Hey, you took this thing.” He admitted [it]. I said, “What did you do with it?” [He said], “I traded it with this German.” [I said,] “Where is the German living?” He took us for a walk and we walked and walked. There was nothing. Stealing this one last thing that a person had, unfortunately, things like that happened. We lived in this camp and my father was teaching. He didn’t have to teach very many hours, but he got rations for that, and we could live in this room. And then, there was the Jewish Central Committee that was organized, representing the Jews in the American sector of Germany, there were American, French, and English sectors. At one time, you had to have passes to go between, then they opened them up. The Jews organized the federations. There was the Hungarian Jewish Federation, organized by a man called Winton [2.31.25]. He was the president, and my father became the vice president. My father organized a newspaper for Hungarian Jews called Az Utunk, which is our way. He became the editor of it. The offices were in Munich. My father was now teaching and going back and forth to Munich. He gave up the teaching job and full-time went back and forth every day to Munich. By 1948, we decided to move to Munich. We moved to Munich into a room; again we had the stove and he had his offices. It used to be a Jewish owned building, Jewish owned villa, a very nice place. Mheresi [2.32.21] and Theresi [2.32.22] street, next to a beautiful park. I will never forget moving to Munich, where my father somehow arranged to have a truck come down from Munich to pick [up] us, our beds and so forth. We didn’t tell anybody about it. We locked the doors, but there was a window and they passed everything through the truck to the window. We were about two thirds of the way through putting in a few things that we had, people realized that we were moving. They couldn’t open the back door, They started climbing in the window--pulling at each other and pushing each other. You’ve never seen people try to take over the room, but not [just] one person, two persons, one family is about six, seven of them, and all clambering through that window. Finally, it got so bad there were fights. We managed to load most of the stuff in one take away and we left the rest of it. I still swear [as] they pulled away, you could see people fist fighting over the room. I don’t know who got it. It was a terrible, terrible situation. It’s hard to describe. We got to Munich, we had this one room at a school. A school teacher’s apartment. Every room had a different occupant. The interesting thing about this building--a bomb went through the middle of the building and knocked out the boilers, but didn’t hurt the rest of it, we had no hot water. In Germany in those days, most people took a bath every month at the bath house whether they needed it or not . . . and when you’re in Rome, you do like the Romans do. I had a bath every month, approximately. And I was in Munich, I went to school, Jewish gymnasium, and I explored Munich quite a bit in detail. I still know Munich quite well. Munich had, even then, some beautiful botanical gardens. The zoo was pretty much intact [it] was still beautiful. Laura [2.35.01] and I have been together there several times. My father’s newspaper was going. I had a press pass, at the age of 15, 16 or so, and I was a reporter. Every time I show the pass with my picture on it, they let me in free most places. One time we were in the offices, and we heard this terrible, terrible noise coming from across the river--Isar flows right through Munich. Me, being inquisitive, left the office and started moving down next to the bridge, crossing Isar and my God, there was a demonstration of Ukrainians. They wanted to reach the Russian consulate, which was on our side of the Isar. The Americans reacted late and they [Ukranians] came across the bridge. They should have stopped them at the bridge, but they didn’t for some reason. I found myself looking at the bayonets of the American troops. That’s an interesting sight. you kind of have to be there to appreciate it. Not very pleasant, by the way. I showed my pass, [but] they didn’t care. Then, they decided to disperse the crowd by taking jeeps and running at them full speed--you had to jump into the doorways [to get away from the Jeeps.] Then they threw teargas. And that’s not very pleasant either, and neither is it friendly. I had quite a sniff of it. They managed to disperse the crowd before they got to the Russian consulate. When I look at the riots and tear gas and bayonets, I can understand a little better having been there as an innocent bystander. Nevertheless, I experienced it. Life in Munich was fairly smooth. My father and his paper. He attended several meetings that Jewish organizations had, and [was] running his office. We signed up to come to the United States. Actually, we signed up way before we left Feldafing and were on the third 12/13 list. [The] list had so many names on it, your time came, but you had to have an affidavit. An affidavit was a document that somebody in the United States had to sign, that if you come out here and you cannot get a job, they will support you, you’re not going to become a public burden. My mother had some family, they were poor there in Europe, and my grandfather was very generous to them. My mother’s father. Because of that, they were willing to sign an affidavit for me and my father, which was really appreciated. They found a job for my father, on paper, that he would be a rabbi of a small congregation. Many could have done it, but it was a real job. June 1949, our turn came. We have had five suitcases, mostly full of books. I never had a new garment or anything, all used, I wore used clothing all the time. They paid our rent, and went to settle at an ex-German military barracks. They stayed there overnight for processing, or maybe two days. They took us to Bremen [2.39.22] [Germany] and put us on the ship and the American Transport ship, USS Ballou, and we are on the way to America. The Americans wanted to bring Germany back to economic and political freedom, to build them up against the Russians, therefore they tried to get rid of people like ourselves who had a thorn, who have no respect for Germany. We have no respect for anybody, they are stateless people, get us to where we wanted to go. The displaced person camp was under pressure by fellow Jews that went to Israel. There was immigration that was illegal immigration, especially after young people went to fight. They resented anybody who wanted to go to America, most of the people ended up going to Israel, and a smaller number came to the United States. While we were there in 1949, I think it was 1949, there was the change of money. They got rid of the German inflation. The Germans paid us a little bit of the money that they later would deduct from what they were awarding us for our concentration camp time. Later, living was pretty difficult because the money, [It] just wasn’t there. We managed somehow. When we got on this train, we ended up in Bremerhaven [Germany], which is a Bremen [2.41.40] port, in the city Bremerhaven and we stayed a few days, again processing. They put us on this ship that I mentioned. It was very confusing. We didn’t know what America was like. We read about the streets paved with gold . . . beyond our comprehension. One day, after about seven days [at sea] a lot of people were getting very sick. [We] ended up in New York and we saw this big sign, Maxwell Cafe. I remember that very well. And saw the Statue of Liberty and these huge, crazy buildings. Huge buildings. As we were drawing into the harbor, things became real. The harbor was very active and steady in 1949. They pulled us into a dock and they said, “You are free. You don’t need any papers. Go on your way.” [We] Went through customs. My father had a fiancée at the time. In Feldafing my father met a German lady whose husband was Doctor Goodman [2.42.59], the editor of a German Newspaper in Berlin [Germany]. She got out, to the United States ahead of us, and she waited for us, Along with a cousin, with several cousins. Who were my [recording silent /broken here for a second] mothers children. They stayed in a hotel for one night or two nights. Then we moved in with my cousin, who I had no room to speak of, had a little child already. My father was trying to get a job in New York with a Hungarian newspaper. It became very obvious to him there were no jobs. We called the distant relatives who gave out the affidavit and said, “If we go to Cleveland [Ohio], could you get us jobs?” And they said, “Yes.” They had a friend who had a factory and I could get a job. We took our last monies, we had $70 when we arrived in New York, and we had most of that left. Go[t] two tickets. We ended up in Cleveland, Ohio. We have brought for these people for their kindness, a set of silver silverware, 12 people, that was our savings invested into it to repay them. We stayed with them for about two, three days. They said, “There’s a Hungarian divorced woman, Mrs. Gallahay [2.44.43], who has a room you can have for $10 a week with one bed in it, one double bed and you have kitchen privileges, and Tom can go to work in this factory.” We gave them the silverware that we brought them, and we moved into this one room in an old building, it was the second floor Mrs. Gallahay’s [2.45.12] apartment. Mrs. Gallahay’s [2.45.13] husband was a cook who divorced her and they had a son who was playing the oboe. Isn’t that that long instrument? The oboe. He was practicing all the time. I thought that I was going to get an oboe craze out of it, try it, and listen after working. I started working at this factory. I was working mostly with, very unsuccessful low life in Cleveland. I had to buy myself what they call dungaree, the pants--the long side rolled up. One of them threw a live cigarette and burned a hole. I couldn’t replace it, I didn’t have any money, and we were so poor. We didn’t even have money for a newspaper, we ate out of cans, and my father was trying to get a job and he couldn’t. In 1949 There was a minor recession. I worked there for a while, and all of a sudden, the job opened up, at a clothing factory in the shipping room where my father could go and work. I was getting $0.75 an hour minus deductions. He was getting about $0.85 minus deductions. Now we have two jobs. We talked to the Jewish Family Service and told them that I like to go to college. Mrs. Nowack [2.46.49] or Nowick [2.46.52], told my father, he’s dumb to let me go to college, he should make me work, I don’t need it at college, just become a worker. Mrs. Novik [2.47.06] was her name. I don’t have much good to say about her. Then she said she found a job for my father to be a teacher in Israel. If I wanted to go to Israel, I would have gone there to begin with, directly. This is the kind of service they got from the Jewish Family Service in Cleveland, Ohio. I’m sorry, it leaves a bad taste in my mouth. They were of no help. My father somehow got a job. My father is a very capable man, he worked himself up into the office. He’d been told that since there are so many people who respected him and liked him and they needed insurance, to get into the insurance business, which he did, and he’s pretty good. I, in the meantime, worked in this factory. I loaded trucks with steel, did some work on machines, cutting steel, and I worked in this degreasing, it’s a-big pen using about maybe six foot-foot tall, full of this, this degreasing liquid that gives off a fume. There was a fan in the window behind it. I tell you, [because of] working there, I used to cough for weeks after each batch had been cleaned. It was terrible. Today, no doubt nobody would even dare to think about having a work facility like that. Then, I heard that there was a factory making pills on the west side of Cleveland that needed somebody. I applied for that job, and I was getting $0.90 an hour. What I had to do is . . . They had the chemicals in big drums. They would arrive and put them in a room that was the next room where they mixed the chemicals. The third room they punched the pills and the fourth room, if it needed coating, put the coating on. First time I went there, I would get a list of chemicals, and I would lay them out, including strychnine, which is, what a strong poison. They were making all kinds of pills, I weighed them out. Then, they brought in a Hungarian pharmacist who had the pharmacist, and he got that job. I was mixing things and putting water in it and coming out with what they call granulated, they were dried. We dried them and, it’s kind of sticky stuff, that we broke up with a machine full of knives into not powder. It wasn’t a fine powder, but little pieces were still in it. We use that to press the pills from it. And there was a Hungarian Jew who was incharge of that, Alex [2.50.45], I don’t remember his other name. I worked for him for a lot. I wanted to go to college. I was making a little bit of money, and we started saving money. My father got married, and they had to buy an apartment; because apartments were very hard to get, you had to buy the furniture from somebody who lived there, and naturally they overcharge you for it. We had a little apartment. There was one bedroom and I slept in a Murphy bed in the dining room . . . living room, dining room, one bedroom, one kitchen and one bath. I had the Murphy bed. I wanted to go to college. There were two colleges, engineering schools, in Cleveland, Ohio. One was Fenn College, which was a cooperative school where you worked and studied--that’s what had been the idea for me. [The other] one was Case, which was the highfalutin school in those days, you studied and that’s it. In fact, after the first year, in the summer, you had to go to a surveying camp, giving you less time to earn money. Fenn would get you jobs. I applied at Fenn College, and they told me my English wasn’t good enough, and even if I would pass the examination, not being an American citizen, they wouldn’t guarantee a job. They didn’t want me. I applied at Case, my God, they wanted me. I started Case. My father had some stamp collections, he sold his stamp collection to pay my tuition. I went to Case. There were a few other foreign students there, not many, but about six or seven more. Then came my first examination, which was in Physics. My English wasn’t very good. You know what I got out of 100? Six. I decided I better learn English, which I managed to do, more or less. Then came The Korean War in 1952. Those students in colleges who were in the upper 10 percent of that class, and I was far from that, or who could pass the exemption test, could continue staying in college, and others would be drafted. I flunked my exemption test by about two, three points . . . And guess what . . . They go to draft me. I asked for reconsideration here, reconsideration there, but by 1953, February, between semesters, they said, “You come into the army.” I got drafted. The Korean War [was] still going on. That’s kind of where I said, “I’ve got to learn English much better and learn about the American way of life.” They took me to Cleveland, Ohio, to Fort Meade, Maryland, where they put us in uniform [and] sent my civvies back home. From there they took us by train to Camp Breckenridge, Kentucky. Before I go much further, I like to mention something where my wife comes in. When I was about to become a freshman, there was a Jewish fraternity at Case, Sigma Alpha Mu, they arranged for potential pledges to attend one of their parties. My wife, my lovely wife, was the date of a fellow Dick Hockman [2.55.00], who was a very nice fellow, who became a friend of mine, in fact a partner in chemistry. I was with some other girl whose name I don’t remember. There was another couple with us. That’s the first time I met Laura. I decided not to pledge because I had no need for that. They wouldn’t help me, any [of the] actives, they didn’t understand me. I could have used a lot of help from the fellow students, but they had no interest in it, and no understanding of me, and they never knew my story. They would ask me about it. And this was true . . . I don’t remember a single American Jew that I got in contact with when I was a student who had any interest in what happened to me, with the students or anybody. They assumed they knew everything they wanted to know. Laura [2.55.17], by the way, got engaged to this boy. She was in nursing school. She quit nursing school, got dis-engaged, and went to Ohio State. I didn’t know all this. I was in the army and ended up at Breckenridge, Kentucky, where the One hundred and first airborne was at the academy to train recruits. We arrived there, and next morning our captain, who was a company commander, a Filipino, and usually they’re lieutenants, but he was the captain, had us fall out and he yelled out, “Anybody with college degrees, stand forward! Anybody with military experience, stand forward!” Not enough people stood-got out of the rank. They said, “Anybody with three years of college stand for-step forward!” I had two and a half, I thought, ‘it’s close enough’, I stepped forward. Finally he came by, he looked at me, didn’t he even talk to me, “Platoon leader, third platoon.” [points with left hand out to the distance] What!! A platoon leader? I accepted they were short of cadre. As the platoon leader, I was the platoon guide, my buddy of mine, Lee [2.57.30], became the platoon leader, we had a room for ourselves, and we had an armband. I was a sergeant first class. He was a master sergeant. We had certain privileges, but we had to go and train with the troops. The platoon leader was usually an officer, but the platoon sergeant, Lee [2.57.55], had to march the platoon, it was his job. When he wasn’t there, it was the platoon guide, that’s me, the platoon guide to march it. I didn't know anything about marching. I have a position but I didn’t know anything about it, I noted one fellow who said he had experience. I went up to him and I took a little five by seven card and I said, “Hey, help me. Tell me, how do you call people to attention at ease and all that?” I got all the commands from him. I wrote it out. Next day, Lee [2.58.31] wasn’t available, I had to march the platoon. I did the march then by looking at the little card and worked out. In a few days, I knew how to do those things. We went through 16 weeks of training and at the end of 16 weeks, they gave us assignments. I got assigned to military intelligence at Fort Meade, Maryland. I took a vacation--they gave us a few days off. I ended up walking into the military intelligence unit’s orderly room with all my bands and everything, the infantry [ribbons], looking like a horse on parade. The sergeant looked at me, he said, “What? What are you wearing? What are all these things?” I said, “Well, that infantry, I’m an infantry man.” He said, “Take them all off.” They set it on the side, little signal and that’s it [Indicates the points of his collar]. That’s how I ended up in military intelligence [interview pauses, then resumes]. I’d like to mention to you something that has to do with human relations in the family . . . When I was in Feldafing, living in this barrack among fellow Jews, next to me moved in a family--a Polish tailor, his wife and a couple of his kids. My bed happened to be on that side of the wall, adjacent to that room. The next morning, the woman was crying and crying and screaming, that went on for days. And Monyack [3.00.17] was a pretty decent guy. He was a tailor. One day, the woman was really screaming and carrying on unusually loud, I went up to Monyack [3.00.31], I know that nobody should intrude on a husband and wife relationship, but I said to Monyack [3.00.36], “Monyack [3.00.37], I’m a young kid and I don’t understand much about women and families. Do me a favor, tell this morning your wife is really carrying on what’s going on?” He said, “Tom, you’re right. You don’t know much about it, but being a kid, I will explain it to you . . . A good woman that’s beaten in the morning, can’t find her place. I beat my wife every morning, and then she’s all right all day. But today I took the broom handle to her, and that’s why she was crying so much.” I thanked him for being so informative. This was a true story. Regarding my father and his marriage, my father married Trudy Gutman [3.01.28], who had a son in Poland and a daughter with her. They, by miracle, survived the concentration camp. When the Germans started really going after the German-Jews, Katowice was German. Trudy’s [3.01.49] parents were owners of their clothing factories, she came from a very well-to-do Jewish family. They went back from Berlin, the husband and wife and the children, Max [3.02.03] and Vera [3.02.04], the children went back to Katowice. Trudy’s [3.02.08] husband had no job, so she opened up a lending library using their own library. Libraries were common in families because books were not available in libraries like they do it here. I love to collect them even though they are available here. The family decided to split up, the husband, and I think that may have been a disagreement between Trudy [3.02.35]. What to do, stay or leave as Poland was split between Russia and Germany. The husband and son went to the Russian side and Trudy [3.02.51] and daughter stayed on the German side. I heard different versions of it. One was that Trudy [3.02.56] wanted to go with the daughter after them, but they couldn’t. Anyway, Trudy [3.03.01] was a real feminist and very much on her own, woman and hard headed. I don’t know the real story, but the husband died in Russia, and the son managed to survive and end up back in Poland. He married a half Jewish woman, a Polish girl, and, with Trudy’s [3.03.29] help they emigrated to Israel. From there they emigrated here, and they live in Cleveland. We don’t have any relations with any of them. They were hard to get along with. And we just leave each other alone. Let’s see, where was I? Oh yes. At Muhldorf, [the] military intelligence unit was basically an outfit that was providing services in terms of personnel to the Second Army headquarters. There were many of us who were unassigned. Most embassies have military intelligence personnel there, and they would leave them there forever. You have to rotate back every two years, three years. We had some very high ranking people whose job was going from one embassy to another, but with so many years back in the States [in between assignments]. We were an outfit that was one third officers, one third senior enlisted men, mainly high ranking sergeants and one third, us . . . recruits. Most of us were not volunteers, but draftees, and we spoke about 60-some languages, English wasn’t necessarily one of them. We got along quite well generally speaking, however, in the barrack, it so happened that I was at the end of the barrack next to me, in the last bed was a Greek fellow. Across [on the] the other side was a Syrian, next to him was a Lebanese, and on and on. You name the nationality in the real world would have killed each other, but in the American Army, they got along. We have gotten schooling in military intelligence, we attended schools most of the time, and when we ran out of schools, there were schools available on the post. I volunteered for radio repair school, radio operator school, CBR warfare--which is chemical, Biological, Radiological Warfare school--typing and correspondence school. I was in school most [of] the time and time didn’t go by that fast. It helped to be in school and I didn’t mind that at all. That was much better than working at some job that I didn’t want to do. I had also learned how to be a photo interpreter and many other things. At the end of the week, if we could get off, we used to go to Baltimore [Maryland] to the Jewish Center, and we met some local Jewish girls. My best buddy came from Poland. He survived the war, I think in Russia. He was never in [a] concentration camp, Arch, I’m still in touch with him. Now, he’s a Navy captain, Coast Guard auxiliary and the highest rank he had, he was a corporal with me in the army. We keep laughing at it. I must also mention that I am a Kentucky Colonel, and I outrank him. Time went by, and he met a girl, Bobby Krieger [3.07.18], who he fell in love with. Bobby [3.07.22] did not want to marry him, [she] had another boyfriend, an American Jew. But I talked Bobby [3.07.29] into it, and thus far, Bobby [3.07.31] has not complained. He got a degree in accounting and became a CPA and he had his own stores in a mall and finally retired and lived happily, hopefully, ever after. In 1954, I think in the High Holy Days, I went back to Cleveland on a leave. I was still going to go back to school, I was interested in Hillel. I went down to Hillel and there was a cute girl, I remember her name, oh, yes. Yes, yes, yes, yes, Laura Reed [3.08.23]. At that time she already broke up with my buddy and there she was. I looked at that girl, and I said, “My God, what a catch.” I had a policy--I always left my friends and their girlfriends alone, but here she was, free as a bird and looking better than ever. When she was in nursing school, she had messy hair, but here, now, her hair was okay, and she will wear that little silly cap . . . And . . . I fell in love with her. I remember wanting to go back as much as I could to go to Cleveland to see her and try to talk. She was a junior at Mather at College, Western Reserve, studying biology. I was anxious to get out of the army. And my God, my two years were up. February third, 1955. And they gave me a going away, kind of, I don’t know what you call it, but they gave me $200-some. 235 or 300.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Bonus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5239.14533,5240.14512"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e Bonus! I bought a diamond ring for my girl, and gosh, now we are engaged. She stopped going to school, became the biology librarian, and I went back to Case and finished my school. We had a cockroach and water-bug ridden apartment. Those cockroaches were so big that they were scary. The water bugs were about yay big. [spreads fingers 2.5 inches apart], but we kept killing them. Happiness overcomes everything. And, we went to the Planned Parenthood after we got married in September, Labor Day, to get their advice. They told us all about what caused it, but you know what happened? She did get pregnant. We had to resign from Planned Parenthood. But, in 1956, two years after I originally wanted to 1954, I graduated, became an electrical engineer. I had 16 job offers . . .16. We kind of wanted to be near the family and away from the family, we wanted to be a family of our own. Cleveland is not far from Columbus, Ohio, and that’s where they gave me the highest offer at North American Aviation. We decided we didn’t know anything about any other place, and we didn’t want to move away so we cannot get back to the family easily enough, I accepted a job with North American Aviation. Laura [3.12.06] was pretty darn big at that point. In June, we moved down to Columbus Ohio and my God, my salary was $450 a month. For $100-some low, 115 out, maybe 189, perhaps the first apartment, we could get a beautiful clean apartment. No water bugs, no cockroaches, brand new. We were in seventh Heaven. Laura [3.12.39] couldn’t go back to biology because the lab and all that, she was very, very pregnant anybody could have told that by looking at her. She decided to switch to history, American history. She went to school when our first son was born. My son when he was born, he had bookmarks on his head,various things had to be taken off. I think that was from some of the heavy books that she bore on her stomach. Then we got a babysitter and Laura [3.13.20] got her degree in American history. We knew that American history was a great degree, provided that you get a PhD at least if you want to make any money on it, we decided that she should go back and get a degree in education. She went back and got a degree in American history and a minor in biology/high school education. By that time we had the second on the way. We were quite prolific in those days. Laura [3.14.10] started student teaching and went through all that, but she didn't like the . . . she was very busy taking care of two kids already . . . and the schools that she taught were terrible. They were down in the bad section of Columbus, so her teaching career at that point came to an end. I was working for North American Aviation, as a systems engineer. They had a contract for a brand new airplane. I came in pretty soon after they got the contract awarded, and I got to be in charge of about 200-some pounds of communication equipment and navigation equipment. Communication was the major item in it. They introduced me to the vendor who was providing it, and I was in charge of receiving it. I had some technicians working for me and testing it to make sure that’s what we’re supposed to get, integrating it with the airplane and other systems in the airframe, as well as connecting it with other systems and see that it works. I enjoyed this the first time. I was, among the people who had money, who could buy lunches and steaks and all that, travel to where . . . I was just a kid. I didn’t know much about anything. I learned quite fast. Collins Radio, which later became part of Rockwell, now it’s Rockwell Collins. One vendor and I used to go down to Cedar Rapids [Iowa] to visit them once a month, and then next month they would come to Columbus and they kept alternating. A highlight of that came--that couple things . . . Number one, I had GI Bill [benefits] left to finish my engineering last three semesters. I took the professional engineering test, I had ‘engineering training’. That was a 10 hour test. I still had some GI Bill left, I didn’t want to waste that. In my family education was highly respected. I wanted to go to Ohio State to get an advanced degree in engineering. They told me, “Forget it. You’re either full time students, or no student.” I was about to give up my job. That’s the first time we lived decently. We did have a little Chevrolet, no air conditioning or nothing, six cylinder, was a great car, It always worked. [Then] I heard about this law school, night law school, Franklin Law School. And I said to myself, what am I going to do? I’m going to spend this money somehow. If I go to law school at night and I take nine semester hours, I can get two thirds of the GI Bill, which was a couple $100 a month. That’s a good deal. And it doesn’t cost me nearly as much to go to school. We’ll have extra money. Nice income. I went to the law school the first night. There are about 50, 60 people, including a rabbi, sitting, crowded into this room into a big room, big crowd. By the time half of the first semester was over, we had half of that many. By the time I graduated, there were seven or nine of us left. I was still working for North American Aviation. I went from engineering to advanced engineering and I passed a bar, the first time, which was a pretty damn good accomplishment for somebody who was working four to eight hours, during the day and going to school. I used up my GI Bill, but the North American paid the rest. I got a free education. Then, I started practicing on the side and I got associated with a law firm, but I couldn’t leave the good salary and the security of North American, the insurance and everything else to start. After you get used to that, just starting at the bottom was difficult. I stayed with them and after going through different periods of time--they decided to sell the Columbus Division, I was with 300 or so people somewhere in there in advanced engineering, they laid off everybody except three of us. We went from 18,000 people that started out at one point to 700, and they still kept me. In the process of all these ups and downs, engineering didn't have any more work for me, but they kept me beyond the life of advanced engineering--[they decided] to lay me off. I got two job offers, one from Battelle Memorial, one from Industrial Nucleonix as a patent engineer. Before I could accept it, they picked me up in International [division], at North American Aviation. I spent 28 years in international operations, all aspects of it. I ended up writing the agreements between the company and foreign companies, governments, doing all the export licensing associated work, managing the dealers, writing dealers agreement, confidentiality agreements, technical assistance agreements, contracts for manufacturing licensing. You name it, I did it. I was in charge of representing the company--my division that is--in Washington and all the other military facilities and all with people who were here from foreign companies. I used to meet the Israeli embassy at least once a month. I also had the Saudi embassy and the Jordanian you name it, I had it . . . the UK, Sweden, Germany, I had all these embassies. The Israeli embassy was the only one who knew that I was Jewish. The Pakistani, not the embassy, but the embassy’s procurement office, was kitty-corner from the Israeli Embassy at one time. I had to go there too. They could see me. I went to the Israeli embassy before I started. I said, “Look, I want you to know that I have to represent the company with the Pakistanis too. Now, I’m giving you [a] warning. If you don’t want to tell me something, you have any doubts.We have a good relationship. Please be aware of it. That I’m going to do that. You’re going to see me. I don’t have to tell you that I’m not going to go between embassies and tell them your business.” And they said, “Tom, somebody will have to do that for your company, and we are just too happy that it’s you. Please feel free to do it.” And I did that. I remember, meeting, they used to invite me for all their parties. I met Weitzman [3.22.11]. I met this man who came out from Russia who became a pretty high ranking person, . . . Krensky. . . or Sharansky. I met almost everybody over a period of time at the embassy. I used to go there every year. They invited me to the celebration of their independence and then private parties where the attaches [attachés] changed. Once in a while, I went into the embassy and they had a drill that assumed penetration. They would ask me to stay in a room where they run around with their machine guns chasing the theoretical intruders. I assumed a relationship with the English. Generally, embassies respected me, and they never would ask about anybody else’s business. There was one attache and he started asking me--it didn’t involve Israel--about those adversaries, because I went between adversary parties. “What are you selling? So-and-so and such-and-such. What are they buying?” I looked in the eye of this attache and said, “Look, let me ask you this. Let’s assume that I know all the answers and I will give it to you. Will you ever trust me?” He said “No.” I said. “Need I say more?” And that was the only incident that I ever had. As Rockwell merged with North American Aviation, became North American Rockwell, they dropped the name North American, its Rockwell family name stuck, this company, and that’s what they wanted. Finally, Boeing purchased the military end of Rockwell, and that’s how I became Boeing. In the meantime, I ended up with a pretty good reputation, especially in the export licensing area where there were difficult licenses, very difficult ones. I would handle it. I had ended up with two offices, one handling all of them, all just different things for the legal division of the company--Boeing and Rockwell depending what we were at that time . . . North American Aviation, Boeing, Rockwell, Boeing. Then I had an office in Washington when I was manager of defense trade policy for the corporation. And I had two offices, and whenever the situation was difficult, they would call me in and I would give them guidance as to how to approach it, and then try to help them to implement the strategy that I came up with. And this was a very pleasant job and a very interesting one, because I could travel as much as I wanted. I reported to the manager of the company whether he was Vice president, president, in Columbus, Ohio, and then a direct corporate director in Washington. The company got a production order for the Hellfire missile, which is an anti-tank missile used quite a bit by the Israelis to knock out cars, among other things, of different Arab leaders. When they got the contract they didn’t want a union, they moved out to a facility that the corporation had here in Atlanta [Georgia], in the Duluth area, and I was asked to move. They moved us, paying for everything, plus giving us a couple $1,000 for utilities and miscellaneous things. I was the first person that got an export license to sell missiles to Israel directly from companies to governments. That was the Hellfire. Israel said, It’s very surprised that I could do it. But, I had the reputation and the performance to go with it. I have left out a big, big part in Columbus, Ohio. We had our three children, after the third one was born, we bought a house. The street name was Laurabarry [3.27.14], obviously named after Laura [3.27.16]. The developers didn’t know it at the time they named it, but we assume that’s what happened. You know how sometimes people think about saying that they don’t know why? We lived there quite happily and the kids went to very nice schools, neighborhood schools, except Suzy [3.27.38]. By the time she came about, the schools had deteriorated; the schools that get integration brought bussing and have gone down the quality. She started going to schools and, when the Hellfire production contract was given, they moved us down to Atlanta [Georgia]. We bought a very nice house in Spring Ridge of old Atlanta. We lived in it until two years ago. Our son got married, he’s an attorney. He’s part of that law firm in Cincinnati [Ohio]. He had a wonderful wife, and they have three sons: oldest one is 17, 15 and 13, almost. My daughter got married and she had her daughter 17 and a son 13. We’ve got a bar mitzvah next year. Our youngest daughter got married, and they have no children. Laura [3.29.03], in the meantime, in Columbus, I forgot I have to keep jumping back and forth a little bit. [Laura [3.29.09] went to, decided to get a master’s degree in special education. She did it again with outstanding grades. [She] student taught there. When we moved here, she started working for Schenck school, where she, after a year or a half a year, became a principal teacher of a class. She had an associate teacher, and later became the coordinator as a, for the lower school. She kind of went in between--a go between teachers and management. She taught there for quite a few years. She retired about four years ago . . . is that Honey [Looks to the right, and we hear a small ummm coming from another person. This is the first indication his wife is in the room]? Four years ago and I retired about three years ago. The company was very decent to me in every respect. We decided to move into a larger house because once you retire, you spend more time at home, you need space to walk a little bit more between one room to another besides running into a wall. I retired happily until very recently when a small company, due to a friend of mine, a colleague, who is the director there, needed some help in the licensing area because he got pretty messed up. They came after me, and I named my price, and I’m working now, 16 hours a week. I’m getting tired. 16 hours a week. I am free to work anytime I want to go 16 hours, any day, any hours. It’s working out pretty well for me. In the meantime, through my wife Laura, I got involved in what they call SEL, Seniors for Enriched Living, an interdenominational organization that provides courses of various kinds, crafts and economic courses to seniors. I think it’s supposed to be 55 and over, and they have about 400 members. They meet four times a week for eight weeks at different churches, because you have to have a pretty big place to provide us with the necessary facilities. We have some Jewish members, but very few Jewish members, relatively speaking, because most Jews to go to the Jewish Center for courses and whatnot. We have about 400 active members, about 1,200 people come and go. Sometimes they are active, sometimes they are not. I started teaching, Courses of the Holocaust, eight hour courses and followed up by another eight hours. I can teach 16 hours very easily. [In] these 16 hours, we go through the background of the Jewish people and through Holocaust, to my experiences. [We] usually have about 20 people, sometimes more, the courses are always well attended. I don’t give it very frequently. I give it every few years so that it’s not becoming something that few people are going to attend, I like to have a bunch. Some Jewish people attended, but I would say, 85, 90 percent is Christians, and they have a great deal of interest in it. I also took up painting and you have seen some of my work. I enjoy that particularly. I take courses, and the courses vary. Some of them are very high caliber, some are less. It’s a good place to meet people and have some fun. They have Tuesday and Thursday courses. Thursday we all have lunch together. It’s a wonderful group to be with. They are seniors who have ‘get up and go-ness’ with them rather than sitting at home and giving them some excuse that I don’t want to learn anymore and God knows what. I look forward to the future with great hope and expectations. Hopefully this little presentation that I gave you, along with pictures that I will provide you, will give people an insight into my life, which [is] unique in many ways since I was a young kid and went through different events to come where we are. As you can see, I have managed to pull myself up from a kid, 12-and-a-half-year old kid who you who had nothing in his pocket, who have no socks, no underwear, for whose youth closes, even to 1949 and somewhat thereafter--to a man who has a beautiful home, a beautiful location, and, naturally, I have to mention a beautiful wife, as well as wonderful kids and it just shows it can be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e You organized very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5777.88565,5780.37968"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you [interview pauses, then resumes]. I was talking originally about the suddenness with which we ended up in a concentration camp and the suddenness with which we got liberated, and the emotions that went with it. I believe that we were helped, without the help of a psychiatrist and psychologist, in that everybody had a story that was terrible. Knowing that you were not unique, this happened to others and if you talk to them, they were worse off than you were in many respects. I had my father, most kids didn’t have any parents. I managed to live through this thing. If you look at the children who I went to school with, they were practically without. Except for two young girls, all dead. You could not feel sorry for yourself. You have to realize that just to be alive and having a parent, being [one of the] so few people who survived, you were a very fortunate one. That, I think, kept my emotional balance in check. It was very difficult for years . . . to try to think back of what happened. Being a younger person, it was easier for me than for my father who lost his wife and children. Even so, I lost my mother and my brothers and uncles and aunts. As time went on, I always kept looking forward. I did not feel that I could afford to look backward and go through the emotional strain, and have the strength left to move forward at the rate that I had to go to achieve my goals. Even today I have a habit of looking forward, not looking back. That helped me a great deal. I have noted in the displaced person camp that many of the Jews that I was with were very emotional; they would flame up in no time at all, and do things or say things that were totally inappropriate. They did not have that emotional balance. I think that because the people went through such traumatic experiences. If you look at Israeli Jews, their emotions are probably not anything that you would expect from American society, Christian society, where they are much more emotional, much more afraid. They react much more violently to what’s happening around them. In their all relationships [they are] more argumentative, than you would expect without looking at the terrible background that most of them had. I would say that I was fortunate in many respects, I could wipe out from my mind what happened, not that I did that 100 percent, but enough to focus on the future, rather than on what went on in the background. It was still very hard not to think about it. It’s especially very hard to talk about it like I do now. I’m not emotional very much, but over the years, time heals a lot of the wounds, and that’s what I am. I can think about it rationally, and talk about it without hurting myself, but I have noted that some people who survived the Holocaust unfortunately cannot even do it today, after 50 years. I still feel that I owe to those who [are] deceased, to go ahead and recreate the family, which I have done with my wonderful wife. To go ahead and not backward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5780.37968,5965.59957"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e One of the things I was curious about, you were taken out of school at such a young age and didn’t have the opportunity to learn academic subjects for a period of time, then you had to work as soon as you came to America. What was education? What did that mean to you? And for the opportunity to go on to college then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5965.59957,5996.2341"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to camp schools in Munich . I mentioned The Jewish Gymanisum, from which I graduated. The camp schools were not schools like you imagine it. We didn’t have any books at all. We listened to the teacher, and the teacher would put things on the board, and we wrote it down. I went without books for years. There were no books. Later, yes . . . but originally no. My education was spotty. But my father believed in education, so I have had private tutors, Germans who taught me physics, mathematics. What was the second part of the question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5996.2341,6042.33306"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e What it meant to you to have to come to America and have the opportunity just . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6042.33306,6052.13306"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s a very interesting point. When I came to America, I saw all the people, all the kids in High schools. People, the government, the authorities were begging them, please stay in high school, please get an education. I said to myself, My God, in Europe, to get in gymnasium, you have to take tests. You have to qualify. They keep you out. They try to keep you in four years of middle school and go to work. Look at what a country, where they are begging you to get educated. Then, being in Ohio, Ohio State, which was a land . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6052.13306,6098.3801"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Land Grant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6098.3801,6099.87648"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e Land Grant University. They were giving you an opportunity to go to university as long as you had a degree from a high school, regardless how bad it was. You may have to start in the spring semester rather than the fall, but you had an opportunity, and I said, this is unbelievable . . . what a country where the opportunity is there. And, if you flunk out of college, a year later you could start again. To me, it was amazing, like being in heaven. I’m still amazed at it. What opportunity and how few kids realize what’s being offered to them compared to the many that should and don’t take advantage of it to advance themselves. This is why I think that children of those who came over here, the first generation Americans in terms of having been born here, usually are more likely to take advantage of the educational opportunity than later generations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6099.87648,6163.86074"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6163.86074,6166.34579"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e You’re very welcome. When I came over, I wanted to make a decent living. Here I was broke, eating out of cans, sleeping with my father in the double bed. We didn’t even have individual underwear, we were that poor. Used clothing, used shoes, used everything. The family background was, my father [an] educator, literature, history, geography, liberal art and that’s what I really enjoyed. I read a lot. By the time I was 12 years old, I read all the Hungarian classics and my family always read, read. When we got together, we talked about books. It would have been natural for me to go into liberal arts, but I realized one thing-if you become an engineer, you can always make a very decent living. If you put money away when things are very good, [when] things go bad, you can go through those periods of time and you will come out very well at the end. I did not want to become an engineer. I don’t like mathematics, but it is like taking a pill, you take it, you swallow it and you get better. That’s what make me choose engineering. I have used that as a basis for establishing my credentials, my economic future, and the future of my children [interview pauses, then resumes]. Regarding my father, he worked in the office of a clothing manufacturer in Cleveland. [Then] he started selling insurance. My father never knew how to drive a car. He was so respected by people we knew from Europe, that they would come and pick him up and take them to their house. They give him all kinds of goodies to eat, and they buy passes from him. My father, in terms of marriage, was proud of his wife Trudy’s [3.46.31] level of culture, her education, and her background. She spoke about five, six languages, wrote poetry, wrote stories. Very, very educated person. She was a German Jew, and German Jews are a little different than Hungarian or anybody else. They are very potent, but a circle [indistinct: 3.47.08] is something else. My father was very proud of her. She was a very hard headed woman, but I think they lived a decent life. My father got to the point where he left his office work and became a full time insurance man with a good clientele. He worked till he was in his 80s. Unfortunately, [there] came a time when he was relatively healthy into his 80s, in fact, he had a minor surgery that had to be done. He didn’t believe in doctors very much, we had to go to the hospital. His clothes [were] taken away because he was not going to let doctors operate on him. The operation was successful, and I think later he said, “Hey who did nothing to it.” He got Alzheimer. At least we think it was Alzheimer. At that time [Alzheimers] were diagnosed only if they dissected your brain. You could have some other dementia. So we don’t know for sure. He ended up in the old folk's home, the Orthodox one in Cleveland, Ohio. Since they couldn’t take care of him [at home] Trudy insisted that he stay in Cleveland because she was there. That [was] about 1980. In 1990, over ten years ago, he passed away. His burial was on a very cold, windy day. I felt that I should be speaking at his funeral at the cemetery and I made a from [the] heart speech. I owe a great deal to my father. He had a great deal of impact on me and he sincerely was a person who did good for people. He was president of two synagogues sequentially, and always gave to the poor and helped people whenever he could and an optimist, beyond what I am. His life really lived up to the blessing received from my grandfather at Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6166.34579,6173.20895"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEINSTEIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you for sharing his story as-well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6173.20895,6175.20895"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/transcript/82628/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eREED:\u003c/strong\u003e You’re very welcome. Anything Else?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6175.20895,6177.70895"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Weisbluth Reed was born in Mezocsat, Hungary in 1931. He was the oldest of five children born to Eugene [Jeno], an elementary school principal and teacher, and Rosza, a housewife. In 1944 he and his father were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, then to Dachau, Munchen-Allach, and Muhldorf. Both he and his father survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6.49714,41.90613"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiskolc is a large city in northeastern Hungary. In the 1940s, the city was reported to be the second largest city in Hungary, with a population of about 100,000, which included approximately 14,000 Jews. In May 1944, a ghetto was established in the city and thousands of Jews from surrounding towns and villages were crowded into it along with some 7,500 Jews from Miskolc. Conditions in the ghetto were deplorable. Hungarian gendarmes and police tortured well-to-do Jews searching for hidden valuables. On June 5, the gendarmes began to empty the ghetto forcing the Jews to move to a open brickyard in an area on the outskirts of the city known as Goromboly. On June 11 or 12, deportations began. Five transports over four days carried all the ghetto inhabitants to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a majority was sent to the gas chambers on arrival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=45.40535,134.32019"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan or cantor is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=45.40535,134.32019"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMezőcsát is a small town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, northern Hungary, 35 kilometers from county capital Miskolc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=45.40535,134.32019"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRose Sarospatak Rosenbloom was the mother of Tom Reed. She was captured by the Nazis and put to death in the Gas chambers in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSárospatak is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, northern Hungary. It lies 70 kilometres northeast from Miskolc, in the Bodrog river valley. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital of Hungary. On the eve of war, the Jewish population was about 200,000. In 1941, the Jewish population of the city was 184,453 (15.8 percent). Jews lived throughout the city, but their proportion was much higher on the Pest side (18.9 percent) of the Danube River than on the Buda side (6.1 percent). Within Pest, Jews were especially prevalent in the central districts of the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHungary’s antisemitic laws, modeled after Germany’s Nuremberg Laws, hit the Jewish community hard. In 1940, Jewish men were called up into labor service battalions. The Hungarians never established a formal ghetto but did force the Jews to live together in communal houses. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Germans invaded Hungary on March 19, 1944 and immediately began to implement their anti-Jewish policies. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relocations of Jews in Budapest first came about when Jewish-owned apartments were seized for use by non-Jewish families made homeless by Allied bombing of the city in early April 1944. These Jewish families were rehoused in central Pest, where something like a “ghetto” was being formed. However, it was not until May 9, 1944 that formal plans for a ghetto were developed. Jews were to be gathered in seven ghetto areas—four in Pest and three in Buda. These locations were intended to be in close proximity to strategically important sites such as factories, railway stations and government offices that were targets of Allied bombing. In mid-June, a more dispersed form of ghettoization was adopted instead. A mass registration of the city’s inhabitants was undertaken on June 1-2, 1944 that identified which properties were owned by Jews and where the majority lived. On June 16, 1944, there were 2,637 apartment buildings and family homes listed as ghetto houses. These properties were marked on the exterior with a large yellow star on a black background. Jews were to move into these properties by June 21. After a series of complaints and petitions from non-Jews living in some of the apartment buildings, on June 22, a new list reduced the number of ghetto houses to 1,948. Most of these were located in the central districts of Pest. Although Jews had no choice but to move into these buildings, non-Jews who lived in these buildings were allowed to remain in their apartments. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn June 5, Jews in the city were restricted to shop between 11 am and 1 pm. Their access to other places in the city—a limited number of cafes, bars, restaurants, bathhouses, and cinemas—was also reduced to set days and times. Jews were instructed not to leave their homes at all between 11 am and 5pm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe deportation of Hungarian Jews began on May 2, 1944. In June 1944, 17,500 Hungarian Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and another 25,000 were deported in the first week of July 1944. Nearly 400,000 Hungarian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in total. The deportations started with Jews in communities outside of Budapest, and in Transylvania and territories taken from Romania. When those towns were Judenrein [German: Jew free], the Germans turned to their final task: emptying Budapest of its Jews. However, on July 7, 1944, Regent Miklos Horthy, the puppet leader of Hungary, called off the deportations before the Budapest Jews could be deported. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom July to October, 1944, the Jews of Budapest still lived in relative safety. However, after the fiercely antisemitic Hungarian fascist Arrow Cross party seized power with the help of the Germans on October 15, 1944, they immediately introduced a reign of terror in Budapest. Nearly 80,000 Jews were killed in Budapest itself, shot on the banks of the Danube River and then thrown into the river. As Soviet troops had already cut off rail transport routes to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Hungarian authorities forced tens of thousands of Budapest Jews on death marches west to the Austrian border. Hungary was under heavy bombardment by American, British and Soviet forces in World War II, with Budapest carpet-bombed on 37 occasions \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the autumn of 1944, Diplomats from neutral countries like Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain, and the International Committee of the Red Cross stepped in to help save as many of Budapest’s Jews as possible from deportation. In November 1944, an “International ghetto” was set up in for “protected” Jews. A little over 15,000 Jews held official papers issued by neutral legations, but up to 35,000 Jews crowded into the International ghetto houses, a cluster of around 120 houses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNearly 50,000 were placed under Swiss protection as potential emigrants to Palestine by Carl Lutz (1895-1975). Lutz arrived in Budapest in 1942 as the consul general of the Swiss legation. Unwilling to turn away the hundreds of Jews who thronged the entrance to the Swiss legation every day, he came up with the idea of Schutzpässe [German: protection passes] or Schutzbriefe [German: protection letters] using 7,800 emigration certificates to Palestine that he acquired from Great Britain. Lutz began distributing the passes—documents German and Hungarian officials only reluctantly recognized—to entire families rather than individuals, saving an estimated 62,000 Jews. He then managed to extend diplomatic protection to 76 buildings in Budapest that housed, fed and helped Jews. One of the most well-known was the “Glass House,” a factory where Miklos Krausz (1908-1985), a Hungarian Jewish Zionist activist, operated the Jewish Agency for Palestine. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRaoul Wallenberg (1912-1945) was a Swedish diplomat who arrived in Budapest in July 1944. Assigned to the Swedish legation in Hungary as first secretary, he also began issuing certificates of protection to Jews in the city. Wallenberg used WRB and Swedish funds to establish hospitals, nurseries, and a soup kitchen, and to designate more than 30 safe houses that together formed the core of the “international ghetto” in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the Spanish consul in Budapest, passes of protection were also issued to Jews under the rouse that they had Spanish ancestry and citizenship. Posing as the Spanish consul-general to Hungary, Italian businessman Giorgio Perlasca (1910-1922) helped distribute the passes to over 5,000 Jews in Budapest. Perlasca also established eight safe houses, including one for Jewish children. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJews without “protection” were forced into a ghetto established in the traditional “Jewish quarter,” on the Pest side of the city. By December 10, 1944, all non-Jews had moved out of the area and the Pest ghetto was fenced in. According to a Jewish Council survey, 44, 416 Jews lived in 7,726 rooms in 4,513 apartments in 242 buildings. When the Red Army encircled Budapest on December 25, food supply within the ghetto became a major problem, especially as the ghetto population grew to an estimated 70,000 by January 1945. Thousands died of cold, disease, and starvation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy the time the Russians liberated Budapest in January and February 1945, around 100,000 Jews remained. Both of Budapest’s ghettos had been liberated by Soviet forces between January 16 and 18, 1945. Around 20,000 to 25,000 Jews survived in the International ghetto and a little less than 70,000 survived in the Pest ghetto. Another estimated 25,000 Jews had survived in hiding in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Russians advanced east rapidly in the autumn of 1944. By the first week of November, they had reached the eastern suburbs of Budapest. Budapest, however, was stubbornly defended by the Germans and Hungarians. One of the bloodiest sieges of World War II began and the city collapsed into chaos. About 38,000 civilians died through starvation or military action. Meanwhile, frustrated and angered Arrow Cross militia indiscriminately attacked and killed hundreds of Jews who remained in the ghetto houses. By December 26, the Russian Army and Romanian Army had encircled the city and advanced through the Pest side of the city. The Germans and Hungarians withdrew to the Buda side of the city on January 17, 1945. After a failed offensive effort, the remaining defenders finally surrendered on February 13, 1945. By April, Soviet troops had driven the last German units and their Arrow Cross collaborators out of the rest of Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHungary’s alliance with the Axis powers meant the Soviet army saw Budapest as enemy territory. The civilian population had not been evacuated and after a drawn-out siege, Soviet soldiers plundered, looted, and raped the populace. It estimated that around 50,000 women in the city were raped by Russian soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugene Weiss Bluth was the father of Tom Reed. Born in Mezoszentgyorgy, Hungary he became a teacher and director of the Jewish school in a Jewish elementary and middle school inMezocsat. In 1944, along with Tom, He was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, then to Dachau, Munchen-Allach, and Muhldorf. Both he and his son survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Rosenbloom was the brother of Tom Reed, approximately two years younger, born in 1933. He was killed in the gas chambers in 1944 along with his mother, brothers and sister.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOscar Rosenbloom was the brother of Tom Reed, approximately four years younger, born about 1935. He was killed in the gas chambers in 1944 along with his mother, brothers and sister.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred Rosenbloom was the brother of Tom Reed, approximately six years younger, born about 1937.He was killed in the gas chambers in 1944 along with his mother, brothers and sister.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudy Rosenbloom was the sister of Tom Reed, approximately eight years younger, born about 1939. She was killed in the gas chambers in 1944 along with her mother and brothers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=138.31916,184.66094"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=190.1589,307.12946"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jews or Jewish people are an ethno-religious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=190.1589,307.12946"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is a Christian religion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=190.1589,307.12946"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMezőszentgyörgy is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=190.1589,307.12946"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=307.62946,348.50508"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe forces led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks were called the “Reds.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=307.62946,348.50508"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word “mitzvah” refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the Torah at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew “mitzvah” refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Huns were nomadic warriors, likely from Central Asia, who are best known for invading and terrorizing Europe in the fourth and fifth centuries A.D. and hastening the downfall of the Western Roman Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China, as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranz Joseph (1830-1916), also called Francis Joseph, was emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916). His empire was into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany, and in 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe pengő was the currency of Hungary between 1 January 1927, when it replaced the korona. The U.S. value at that time was approximately $12,500 USD.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Finnic division of Finno-Ugric languages is composed of five groups. The Baltic-Finnic group consists of Finnish, Estonian, Karelian (including Olonets), Ludic, Veps, Ingrian, Livonian, and Votic. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePannonia was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian Second Army was one of three field armies raised by the Kingdom of Hungary which saw action during World War II. All three armies were formed on March 1, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Although enslaved by the Pharaoh, the Israelites continued to survive and even increase in numbers. Dismayed, the Pharaoh declared that all sons born to Hebrew women must be killed, but Hebrew midwives defied the Pharaoh’s decree. One mother, who had given birth to a son, placed him in a basket in the Nile River. The baby was found by none other than the Pharaoh’s daughter, who scooped him up, named him Moses, and raised him as her own. When Moses had grown up, God spoke to Moses saying that he, along with his brother Aaron, would be the one to take the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses challenged the Pharaoh, demanding freedom for the Israelites. When the Pharaoh refused, God sent a series of plagues upon the Pharaoh and Egyptian people. There were 10 plagues in total: blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, diseases, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the most severe of all, the death of every Egyptian first-born son. In order to protect the Israelite children from the Angel of Death, the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood, so that their houses would be passed over (hence the holiday name, “Passover”). Finally, Pharaoh surrendered and ordered the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave Egypt that their bread had no time to rise. Pharaoh had also soon changed his mind and sent his armies after the Israelites. When the Israelites came to the Red Sea, they were trapped until God miraculously parted the sea. As soon as they passed through, the sea closed up, saving them from the Egyptians and beginning the Israelites’ epic journey to the Promised Land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn organization of Jewish men and women who see to it that the bodies of Jews are prepared for burial according to Jewish tradition. The task is considered a laudable one as the recipient cannot return the gift. It is referred to as a “good deed of truth.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh-HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh-HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAsking if it is fit for consumption under kosher restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCompany Commanders are the supervisors of recruits, occasionally beginning in training. The goal of a commander is to ensure smartly disciplined, physically fit, and basically trained troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA small house, usually made from pieces of wood, metal, or cardboard, in which poorpeople live, especially on the edge of a city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHejőbába is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary. Hejőbába. Village, about 15.4 km from Mezőcsát.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in the Upper Silesia in southern Poland. It became a city in the Prussian Province of Silesia (part of Germany) in 1865, and was mainly inhabited by Germans, Silesians, Jews, and Poles. In 1967, there were 624 Jews in Katowice. In 1884, 36 Jewish Zionist delegates met in the city, forming the Hoveivi Zion (Hebrew: Lovers of Zion) movement. By 1932, the Jewish population was 9,000. After World War I, Katowice was attached to Poland. Antisemitism increased in Katowice during the 1930s, and in 1937, pogroms and bombs thrown into Jewish shops led to emigration from Katowice although the Jewish population remained at 8,587. On September 3, 1939, when the Nazis entered the city, the Jewish population had increased due to an influx of refugees, and was approximately 11,000 to 12,000. Flight and expulsions left 900 at the end of the year. After World War II, about 1,500 Jews, most of whom were from other parts of Poland and had spent the war years in the Soviet Union, settled in Katowice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReed says this means out, literally translated Rouse is rouse or get up.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom’s father’s Greek name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiebzehn is German for seventeen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhat is your name?\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlovakian Jew who was a Dolmetschen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDolmetschen is German word to interpret for.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mikveh or mikvah is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eÜbersetzen is German for translate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe blockalteste refers to the block elder or inmate responsible for a single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDörrgemüse translates to dried vegetables, Reed uses it when speaking of the soup.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German SS officer and physician during World War II. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few other camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHatikvah [Hebrew: hope] is the national anthem of Israel. It was the unofficial national anthem of Israel from its founding in 1948, and was adopted officially in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSS. guard Johann Viktor Kirsch stationed at Dachau, who was arrested when the camp was liberated by American forces on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Prater is a large public park in Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. The Dachau concentration camp operated a vast network of 140 subcamps. Most of these subcamps were in southern Bavaria, in close proximity to armaments factories. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Allied air offensive intensified after 1943, Nazi leadership decided to construct underground installations in order to produce weaponry and related war material. Muhldorf [German: Mühldorf, and also spelled Muehldorf) was a complex of camps hastily constructed in mid-1944 in Mühldorf am Inn in upper Bavaria as a satellite system of the Dachau Concentration camp system. Between July 1944 and April 1945, more than 8,300 prisoners (800 females and 7,500 males) passed through the camp. Most were Hungarian Jews, but there were also Jews from Greece, France, and Italy, as well as political prisoners from Poland, Germany, and Serbia. The camp’s purpose was to provide labor for an underground installation for the production of the Messerschmitt 262 jet fighter. Prisoners frequently worked 10-to-12-hour days hauling heavy bags of cement and carrying out other arduous construction tasks. Prisoners were housed in two larger camps near the towns of Muhldorf and Amfing, at a forest camp, and in two smaller camps in nearby communities (Mittergars and Thalham). Mettenheim (M1) was located in the barracks of a former clothing depot, while Waldlager V and VI were newly constructed in the nearby forest. Prisoners in the Waldlager forest camps were housed in earthen huts and barracks partially submerged in the ground with canvas roofs that rain and snow penetrated in the winter. The Mittergars Lager, also referred to as Cone Lager, was across from the Muhldorf-Rosenheim rail track. The camp measured 75 x 150 meters (150 by 500 feet). It was surrounded by a barbed wire fence and had one guard tower. At first, this camp was primarily composed of tents. Later, the 300 prisoners lived in small wooden barracks. The dead were buried in a mass grave near the SS barracks just outside the camp. In addition to the concentration camps, there were several Todt Organization work camps and foreign labor camps in the vicinity of Muhldorf. Although these were not subordinate to the concentration camp in Dachau, they were mostly assigned to similar construction projects. Living conditions in the camps were catastrophic. There was no firewood in the winter, inadequate rations, little or no running water, and medical care was non-existent. Typhus raged through the camp. It is estimated that more than half of the prisoners held in Muhldorf perished following deportation or on site from overwork, abuse, shootings, and disease. In the fall of 1944, SS guards deported hundreds of sick and disabled inmates to the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau. In late April 1945, the US Army approached the Muhldorf camps. On April 26, 1945, the order was given to evacuate. The SS guards evacuated some 3,600 prisoners from the camp on death marches and trains. Many of the prisoners on the marches died, while survivors were liberated all along the road. On the morning of April 28, 1945, the accompanying SS guards opened the doors of the trains and told the prisoners that the war is over and they’re free to go wherever they wish, and then the guards fled. After plundering the supply train, the former inmates dispersed throughout the area. Suddenly, shots and screams were heard. An SS field police unit from Poing had materialized and with them, some of the former Muhldorf camp guards. Some of the prisoners were shot or bayoneted. The surviving prisoners were rounded up and forced back into the freight train. Meanwhile, a low-level air attack by American fighter aircraft, which had mistaken the train for a troop transport, claimed the lives of several inmates. Nevertheless, the train went underway and for days, traveled around aimlessly with no set destination before coming to a halt near Tutzing and Seeshaupt. On April 30, 1945, American troops finally liberated the prisoners. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Allied air offensive intensified after 1943, Nazi leadership decided to construct underground installations in order to produce weaponry and related war material. Muhldorf [German: Mühldorf, and also spelled Muehldorf) was a complex of camps hastily constructed in mid-1944 in Mühldorf am Inn in upper Bavaria as a satellite system of the Dachau Concentration camp system. Between July 1944 and April 1945, more than 8,300 prisoners (800 females and 7,500 males) passed through the camp. Most were Hungarian Jews, but there were also Jews from Greece, France, and Italy, as well as political prisoners from Poland, Germany, and Serbia. The camp’s purpose was to provide labor for an underground installation for the production of the Messerschmitt 262 jet fighter. Prisoners frequently worked 10-to-12-hour days hauling heavy bags of cement and carrying out other arduous construction tasks. Prisoners were housed in two larger camps near the towns of Muhldorf and Amfing, at a forest camp, and in two smaller camps in nearby communities (Mittergars and Thalham). Mettenheim (M1) was located in the barracks of a former clothing depot, while Waldlager V and VI were newly constructed in the nearby forest. Prisoners in the Waldlager forest camps were housed in earthen huts and barracks partially submerged in the ground with canvas roofs that rain and snow penetrated in the winter. The Mittergars Lager, also referred to as Cone Lager, was across from the Muhldorf-Rosenheim rail track. The camp measured 75 x 150 meters (150 by 500 feet). It was surrounded by a barbed wire fence and had one guard tower. At first, this camp was primarily composed of tents. Later, the 300 prisoners lived in small wooden barracks. The dead were buried in a mass grave near the SS barracks just outside the camp. In addition to the concentration camps, there were several Todt Organization work camps and foreign labor camps in the vicinity of Muhldorf. Although these were not subordinate to the concentration camp in Dachau, they were mostly assigned to similar construction projects. Living conditions in the camps were catastrophic. There was no firewood in the winter, inadequate rations, little or no running water, and medical care was non-existent. Typhus raged through the camp. It is estimated that more than half of the prisoners held in Muhldorf perished following deportation or on site from overwork, abuse, shootings, and disease. In the fall of 1944, SS guards deported hundreds of sick and disabled inmates to the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau. In late April 1945, the US Army approached the Muhldorf camps. On April 26, 1945, the order was given to evacuate. The SS guards evacuated some 3,600 prisoners from the camp on death marches and trains. Many of the prisoners on the marches died, while survivors were liberated all along the road. On the morning of April 28, 1945, the accompanying SS guards opened the doors of the trains and told the prisoners that the war is over and they’re free to go wherever they wish, and then the guards fled. After plundering the supply train, the former inmates dispersed throughout the area. Suddenly, shots and screams were heard. An SS field police unit from Poing had materialized and with them, some of the former Muhldorf camp guards. Some of the prisoners were shot or bayoneted. The surviving prisoners were rounded up and forced back into the freight train. Meanwhile, a low-level air attack by American fighter aircraft, which had mistaken the train for a troop transport, claimed the lives of several inmates. Nevertheless, the train went underway and for days, traveled around aimlessly with no set destination before coming to a halt near Tutzing and Seeshaupt. On April 30, 1945, American troops finally liberated the prisoners. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the Wehrmacht before and during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMesserschmitt AG was a German share-ownership limited, aircraft manufacturing corporation named after its chief designer Willy Messerschmittfrom mid-July 1938 onwards, and known primarily for its World War II fighter aircraft, in particular the Bf 109 and Me 262. The company survived in the post-war era, undergoing a number of mergers and changing its name from Messerschmitt to Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm before being bought by Deutsche Aerospace (DASA, now part of Airbus) in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 12, 1942, Camp Forrest officially became a prisoner of war camp. All totaled, more than 22,000 Italian, German and Japanese prisoners were received during the war. At the camp, the prisoners worked in the general hospital, the bakery, kitchens and automotive shops and assisted with local agriculture crops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eName of the Forest Camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Germany, stalag was a term used for prisoner-of-war camps. Stalag is a contraction of \"Stammlager,\" itself short for Kriegsgefangenen-Mannschaftsstammlager, literally \"main camp for enlisted prisoners of war\". Therefore, \"stalag\" technically means \"main camp\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFritz Todt was a German construction engineer and senior figure of the Nazi Party. He was the founder of Organisation Todt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiterally translated meister is master, Reed is describing his boss. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHauptarbeitsplatz is main work station or work place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e4711 is a traditional German Eau de Cologne by Mäurer \u0026amp; Wirtz. Because it has been produced in Cologne since at least 1799, it is allowed to use the geographical indication Original Eau de Cologne.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInmate who was responsible of the discipline in the camp, most of the time a criminal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlmost 350,000 men served in Hitler's Foreign Legions during World War Two. These Legions were filled with non-German volunteers, who were normally recruited from Nazi occupied nations. Many men volunteered because they wanted to fight against the communist USSR. The Waffen-SS was the military wing of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMurine typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi. People can get the disease through contact with infected fleas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSergeant who gives leadership as specialists in MOS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorg Schallemaier (1894-.1951). SS-Hauptscharführer (SS-Master-Sergeant) at subcamp Muehldorf August 1944 until 1945. In the Dachau Camp Trial (part of the Dachau Trials) he was sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed at Landsberg prison.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCircle of camps refers to the primary camp and its subcamps. Subcampswere outlying detention centres (Haftstätten) that came under the command of a main concentration camp run by the SS in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. The Nazis distinguished between the main camps (or Stammlager) and the subcamps (Außenlager or Außenkommandos) subordinated to them. Survival conditions in the subcamps were, in many cases, poorer for the prisoners than those in the main camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn SS-Rapportführer was usually a mid-level SS-non-commissioned officer who served as the commander of a group of Blockführer who themselves were assigned to oversee barracks within a Concentration Camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech (or simply “Landsberg”) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945, Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly composed of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors. The town is also noted for the prison where Adolf Hitler was imprisoned in 1924. During his imprisonment he wrote his book Mein Kampf. His cell, number 7, was a place of pilgrimage for fervent Nazis during the Nazi era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA small village near Mühldorf [Germany].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmpfing is a municipality in the district of Mühldorf in Bavaria in Germany, and a name of a small town of the same name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHauptsturmführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was used in several Nazi organizations such as the SS, NSKK and the NSFK.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWehrmacht was the name of the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1934-1945. It included the army (Heer), the navy (Kriegsmarine), and the air force (Lauftwaffe).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=356.00114,3664.98708"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRapportführer was a paramilitary title of the SS, specific to the Totenkopfverbände. An SS-Rapportführer was usually a mid-level SS-non-commissioned officer who served as the commander of a group of Blockführer who themselves were assigned to oversee barracks within a Concentration Camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eItalian bolt-action, internal box magazine fed, repeating military rifles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eScharfuhrer/ scharführer was a title or rank in the Germany military. The term can be traced to World War I and later became most recognizable as a rank of the SS and a title of the Sturmabteilung (SA). Scharführer initially it was associated with shock troopers and other special force soldiers. Between 1925-1945 it was more widely used by the Nazi Party paramilitary organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoing station (German: Haltepunkt Poing) is a railway station in the municipality of Poing, located in the Ebersberg district in Bavaria, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGarmisch-Partenkirchen is in Bavaria, formed when 2 towns united in 1935. IThe town lies near the Zugspitze, Germany's highest peak, with a 2,962m summit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 km across eight Alpine countries: Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTutzing is a municipality in the district of Starnberg in Bavaria, Germany, on the west bank of the Starnberger Sea. Just 40 km south-west of Munich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Seventh Army was the first U.S. Field Army to see combat in WWIIand was activated at sea when the I Armored Corps under the command of Lieutenant General George Patton was re-designated July 10, 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. In Feldafing, 450 children and adolescents were housed in a separate block known as the Kindercasion or kinderblock [Kinder is German for “Children”]. Many of the youngsters in the kinderblock organized kibbutzim (Zionist communes). Newspapers were published. Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung(SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SAwith similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReed uses the phrase Liberation Task Force when talking about the displaced persons camp. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons (DPs) lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. These facilities were administered by Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration(UNRRA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first director of the Feldafing displaced persons camp was Lieutenant Irving J. Smith. Little biographical information is known about him, although one source indicates he was Jewish and had been an attorney prior to World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Salvation Army is a Christian organization founded by William and Catherine Booth in 1852 in London, England. The Booths worked among the poor in the East End, seeking to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their physical and spiritual needs. Today it is in 126 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless, and providing disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDDT was initially used by the military in WWII to control malaria, typhus, body lice, and bubonic plague. The DDT was in a truck with spray nozzles attached and was administered through the nozzle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn alpine lake is a high-altitude lake in a mountainous area, usually near or above the tree line, with extended periods of ice cover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.In 1864 Ludwig II acceded to the throne at the age of 18 without any experience of life or politics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwig II, the prince was born on the name day of the canonized Louis IX, King of France and founder of the House of Bourbon. His grandfather and godfather Ludwig I of Bavaria, had Louis XVI of France as his godfather.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerrenchiemsee is a complex of royal buildings on Herreninsel, the largest island in the Chiemsee lake, in southern Bavaria, Germany. The castle was Ludwig II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral George Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first camp liberated by American troops was Ohrdruf, a subcamp of Buchenwald near the town of Gotha, Germany. When the soldiers of the 4th Armored Division entered the camp on April 6, 1945, they discovered vast piles of emaciated, half burned prisoners who had been too weak to be evacuated on a death march. The ghastly nature of their discovery led General Dwight D. Eisenhower to visit the camp on April 12 along with Generals George S. Patton and Omar Bradley. The visit made a powerful impact on Eisenhower, who immediately requested delegations of journalists and members of Congress be sent to the liberated camps so that they could document and publicize the atrocities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral George Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II. Patton’s diary entries of September 14 and December 3, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe museum was founded on 28 June 1903, at a meeting of the Association of German Engineers (VDI) as an initiative of Oskar von Miller. It is the largest museum in Munich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Central Committee of the Liberated Jews in the United States Zone of Germany was the official representative body of displaced Jews in the American zone of Germany from 1945 to 1950. It was founded on July 1, 1945, at the first meeting of representatives of Jewish DP (displaced persons) camps held in Feldafing. It came into being through the joint effort of Dr. Zalman Grinberg, the head of the St. Ottilien hospital DP camp, and former director of the Kovno ghetto hospital, and Rabbi Abraham Klausner, an American Reform rabbi serving as a chaplain in the United States Army. It headquarters were in Munich, Germany. The Central Committee was involved in every aspect of Jewish life, either independently or in conjunction with one or more of the Jewish welfare agencies operating in the area. It played a central role in education, culture, religious affairs, historical documentation, employment and training, supply and distribution, politics and public relations, family tracing and immigration, and legal affairs and restitution. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe representative body of Hungarian Jewry is the Federation of the Hungarian Jewish Communities (MAZSIHISZ), an affiliate of the World Jewish Congress.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA newspaper for hungarian Jews which is also a translation for“our way”. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaura Reed is the wife of Thomas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Isar is a river in Austria and in Bavaria, Germany. Its source is in the Karwendel mountain range of the Alps. The Isar river enters Germany near Mittenwald and flows through Bad Tölz, Munich, and Landshut before reaching the Danube near Deggendorf. With 295 km length, it is among the longest rivers in Bavaria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA consulate is the office of a consul, in this case the Russian consul. A type of diplomatic mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country, usually an embassy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremerhaven is a port city on Germany’s North Sea coast. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCleveland, officially the City of Cleveland, is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and lies approximately 60 mi west of Pennsylvania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Family Services was an organization that began its life in 1890 as the Montefiore Relief Association. Its name and focus changed multiple times. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNow a part of Cleveland State University, Fenn College of Engineering was established in 1923. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1947 Case School of Applied Science changed its name to Case Institute of Technology. The name change in 1967 was to Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. Case Western Reserve was established after Western Reserve University—which was founded in 1826 and named for its location in the Connecticut Western Reserve—and Case Institute of Technology—which was founded in 1880. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Korean War, basic training was held at Fr. Meade Maryland. Fort George G. Meade was established as Camp Meade in 1917 as one of 16 cantonments built to prepare American Expeditionary Forces for WWI. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArmy camp was designed primarily for infantry training,primarily in Union County and the remaining in Henderson and Webster counties. The camp was opened in 1942. During WWII, it served as a POW camp for German prisoners, primarily from Africaa. Between 1946 and 1954, the camp was active for the Korean War. The bodies buried in the cemetery there were moved to Ft. Knox, Ky when the base was closed in 1966. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSigma Alpha Mu (ΣΑΜ or “Sammy”) is a college fraternity founded at the City College of New York in 1909. Originally a Jewish-only organization, the fraternity became open to men of all faiths in 1953.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 101st Airborne Division is an air assault infantry division of the United States Army that specializes in air assault operations. It was created in July, 1918. Beginning in 1945, the Airborne Division (Air Assault) (\"Screaming Eagles\") became an air assault infantry division of the United States Army that specializes in air assault operations. It can plan, coordinate, and execute multiple battalion-size air assault operations to seize terrain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ohio State University is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio, United States. A member of the University System of Ohio, it was founded in 1870.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA group of trained or otherwise qualified personnel capable of forming, training, or leading an expanded organization, as a religious or political faction, or a skilled workforce.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSergeant First Class (SFC) is the seventh enlisted rank (E-7) in the U.S. Army, ranking above staff sergeant (E-6) and below master sergeant and first sergeant (E-8), and is the first non-commissioned officer rank designated as a senior non-commissioned officer. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaster sergeant (MSG) is the eighth enlisted grade (E-8), ranking above sergeant first class and below sergeant major, command sergeant major, Sergeant Major of the Army, and equal in grade but not authority to a first sergeant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA platoon guide is a position, but not a rank, in the United States Army and Marine Corps. The guide sets the direction and cadence of the march.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProvides essential information that often saves the Soldiers fighting on front lines. As a Military Intelligence Officer you will specialize in these specific areas: Imagery Intelligence: Perform collection and analysis of imagery using photogrammetry and terrain analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort George G. Meade is a United States Army installation located in Maryland, that includes the Defense Information School, the Defense Media Activity, the United States Army Field Band, the Headquarters of United states Cyber Command, the National Security Agency, and many other important American programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States Army, although there are several ranks of sergeant, the lowest carries the title of sergeant. Sergeant is the enlisted rank in the U.S. Army above specialist and corporal and below staff sergeant, and is the second-lowest grade of non-commissioned officer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrudy Gutman married Eugene Weiss Bluth, the father of Tom Reed. This was a second marriage for both.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in Upper Silesia in southern Poland. It became a city in the Prussian Province of Silesia (part of Germany) in 1865, and was mainly inhabited by Germans, Silesians, Jews, and Poles. In 1967, there were 624 Jews in Katowice. In 1884, 36 Jewish Zionist delegates met in the city, forming the Hoveivi Zion (Hebrew: Lovers of Zion) movement. By 1932, the Jewish population was 9,000. After World War I, Katowice was attached to Poland. Antisemitism increased in Katowice during the 1930s, and in 1937, pogroms and bombs thrown into Jewish shops led to emigration from Katowice although the Jewish population remained at 8,587. On September 3, 1939, when the Nazis entered the city, the Jewish population had increased due to an influx of refugees, and was approximately 11,000 to 12,000. Flight and expulsions left 900 at the end of the year. After World War II, about 1,500 Jews, most of whom were from other parts of Poland and had spent the war years in the Soviet Union, settled in Katowice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense (CBRN defense) or Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection (NBC protection) is a class of protective measures taken in situations where chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (including terrorism) hazards may be present. CBRN defense consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed, non-military volunteer component of the United States Coast Guard. Congress established the unit on 23 June 1939, as the United States Coast Guard Reserve. On February 19, 1941, the entity was renamed the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKentucky Colonel is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky. It is the most well known colonelcy in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh Hashanah (new year) and Yom Kippur (days of atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1923 and adopted by B'nai B'rith in 1924, Hillel is the Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. It is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world, working with thousands of college students globally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Flora Stone Mather College for Women, known as just the College for Women until 1931, was established in 1888 as a branch of Western Reserve University designated for women’s education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=3667.48638,5239.14533"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlanned Parenthood is a non-profit organization that provides reproductive, maternal, and child health services, including cancer screening, HIV screening, contraception, and abortion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorth American Aviation was a major American aerospace manufacturer that designed and built several notable aircraft and spacecraft.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter facing financial difficulties, the Collins Radio Company was purchased by Rockwell International in 1973. In 2001, the avionics division of Rockwell International was spun off to form Rockwell Collins, Inc, retaining its name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRockwell Automation, Inc. is an American provider of industrial automation and digital transformation technologies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRockwell Collins was a multinational corporation headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, providing avionics and information technology systems and services to government agencies and aircraft manufacturers. It was formed when the Collins Radio Company, facing financial difficulties, was purchased by Rockwell Internationalin 1973. In 2001, the avionics division of Rockwell International was spun off to form the current Rockwell Collins, Inc., retaining its name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act), was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It provided veterans of World War II funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1902, Franklin University in Columbus, Ohio ​​Law organized law courses into a Bachelor of Law degree, and this evolved into a fully accredited law school in 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded by Gordon Battelle in 1929 in Columbus Ohio, Battelle is an independent nonprofit organization that advances science and technology to have the greatest impact on our society and economy. With more than 90 years of experience, we turn knowledge into profound innovation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIndustrial Nucleonics Corporation was the brainchild of brothers, Bert and Roy Chope and their friend George Foster. Founded in April 1950 in Columbus, Ohio, the goal was to develop, sell and service devices using radioactive materials to very accurately measure the physical properties of industrial products while they were being manufactured in continuous processes as rubber tire fabric, paper, plastics, steel, aluminum, cigarettes and other products.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNatan Sharansky is an Israeli politician, human rights activist, and author. He served as Chairman of the Executive for the Jewish Agency from June 2009 to August 2018, and currently serves as Chairman for the Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy, an American non-partisan organization. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a leading global aerospace company, Boeing develops, manufactures and services commercial airplanes, defense products and space systems for customers in more than 150 countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe AGM-114 Hellfire is an American missile developed for anti-armor use, later developed for precision drone strikes against other target types, especially high-value targets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital of the U.S. state of Georgia. Reed and his family moved to Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuluth is a suburb of Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuzy is the youngest child of Tom and Laura Reed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Schenck school provides education for students with dyslexia in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA non-profit, interfaith organization which has been providing senior adult continuing education since 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=5240.14512,5777.88565"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890, or a beneficiary under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6099.87648,6163.86074"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107/annotation_set/1977/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/156274/file/286107#t=6166.34579,6173.20895"}]}]}]}