{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/416sx65s97/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Klug, Anna"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2010-03-08 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Anna Klug (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Klug is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on March 8, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAnna talks about her family and life in Vilna, Poland before the war. She recalls how life changed when the Russians occupied Vilna, Poland. Anna describes life in Vilna after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. She relives life in the Vilna ghetto and losing her parents.\u003cbr\u003eAnna recounts antisemitism before the war and being sent to concentration camps in Estonia. She remembers the chaos at the end of the war. Anna talks about the conditions in Bergen-Belsen during the final weeks of the war. She details the trip to Estonia. Anna compares life before and immediately after the war. She describes life in the DP camps. Anna introduces her first husband and leaving Europe. She shares details of her new life in the United States. Anna explains how she reconnected with her brother. She offers memories of her husbands, moving to Atlanta, and Jewish traditions. Anna considers the second generation. She recounts a history of antisemitism and considers current events. Anna talks about the discrimination she witnessed in the South and the difference between Americans and Europeans.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eAnna Klug was born Chana Rosin in Vilna, Poland on January 12, 1924. She was the second child of Noach and Hinda Eljanow Rosin. Her father owned a small factory and her mother was a housewife. Anna attended a private Jewish school and was a member of Zionist youth organizations. Although religious, her family was very assimilated and enjoyed the rich cultural life of Vilna, attending theater and forging friendships with non-Jews. When the Russians and Germans invaded Poland in 1939, Vilna was occupied by the Russians. Although many of their friends and neighbors were deported to Siberia, life continued relatively normally for the Rosin family. Then, in 1942, the Germans invaded. Anna’s brother, Wolf Rosin, had been visiting family and was trapped in the Soviet Union. Anna and her parents were forced into the Vilna ghetto. Anna worked in a garden, but her parents did not find jobs. When Anna returned from work one day, she learned they had been rounded up and murdered in the nearby Ponary woods. When the ghetto was liquidated, Anna was sent by train to Estonia. In Estonia, she endured multiple concentration camps. In the winter of 1944-1945, the Baltic camps were evacuated and anna found herself on a boat headed to Germany. In Germany, she was sent to the Hamburg-Langenhorn concentration camp, where she worked in an ammunition factory and survived Allied air raids in underground tunnels. At the end of the war, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen. After the war, Anna was in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp, where she met her husband, Jonah Katz (1912-1966). The couple later moved to Konstanz, Germany, where their first daughter was born. Thanks to Jonah’s relatives, the young family was able to immigrate to the United States in 1949. They settled in Syracuse, New York, where a second daughter was born. In the mid-1950s, Anna learned her brother had survived the war. She was reunited with him in Israel, where he had immigrated. In the mid-1960s, the Katz family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jonah’s sister lived. They opened a kosher butcher shop called Katz’s Meat Market, which Anna continued to operate after Jonah’s death. In 1968, she remarried another survivor, Mendel Klug (1919-2001), and closed the butcher shop. Anna passed away on August 9, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Klug is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on March 8, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnna talks about her family and life in Vilna, Poland before the war. She recalls how life changed when the Russians occupied Vilna, Poland. Anna describes life in Vilna after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. She relives life in the Vilna ghetto and losing her parents.\u003cbr /\u003eAnna recounts antisemitism before the war and being sent to concentration camps in Estonia. She remembers the chaos at the end of the war. Anna talks about the conditions in Bergen-Belsen during the final weeks of the war. She details the trip to Estonia. Anna compares life before and immediately after the war. She describes life in the DP camps. Anna introduces her first husband and leaving Europe. She shares details of her new life in the United States. Anna explains how she reconnected with her brother. She offers memories of her husbands, moving to Atlanta, and Jewish traditions. Anna considers the second generation. She recounts a history of antisemitism and considers current events. Anna talks about the discrimination she witnessed in the South and the difference between Americans and Europeans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnna Klug was born Chana Rosin in Vilna, Poland on January 12, 1924. She was the second child of Noach and Hinda Eljanow Rosin. Her father owned a small factory and her mother was a housewife. Anna attended a private Jewish school and was a member of Zionist youth organizations. Although religious, her family was very assimilated and enjoyed the rich cultural life of Vilna, attending theater and forging friendships with non-Jews. When the Russians and Germans invaded Poland in 1939, Vilna was occupied by the Russians. Although many of their friends and neighbors were deported to Siberia, life continued relatively normally for the Rosin family. Then, in 1942, the Germans invaded. Anna\u0026rsquo;s brother, Wolf Rosin, had been visiting family and was trapped in the Soviet Union. Anna and her parents were forced into the Vilna ghetto. Anna worked in a garden, but her parents did not find jobs. When Anna returned from work one day, she learned they had been rounded up and murdered in the nearby Ponary woods. When the ghetto was liquidated, Anna was sent by train to Estonia. In Estonia, she endured multiple concentration camps. In the winter of 1944-1945, the Baltic camps were evacuated and anna found herself on a boat headed to Germany. In Germany, she was sent to the Hamburg-Langenhorn concentration camp, where she worked in an ammunition factory and survived Allied air raids in underground tunnels. At the end of the war, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen. After the war, Anna was in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp, where she met her husband, Jonah Katz (1912-1966). The couple later moved to Konstanz, Germany, where their first daughter was born. Thanks to Jonah\u0026rsquo;s relatives, the young family was able to immigrate to the United States in 1949. They settled in Syracuse, New York, where a second daughter was born. In the mid-1950s, Anna learned her brother had survived the war. She was reunited with him in Israel, where he had immigrated. In the mid-1960s, the Katz family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jonah\u0026rsquo;s sister lived. They opened a kosher butcher shop called Katz\u0026rsquo;s Meat Market, which Anna continued to operate after Jonah\u0026rsquo;s death. In 1968, she remarried another survivor, Mendel Klug (1919-2001), and closed the butcher shop. Anna passed away on August 9, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/243/568/small/Klug_Anna.m4v_1719588523.jpg?1719588524","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Klug_Anna.m4v"]},"duration":5810.138,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/243/568/small/Klug_Anna.m4v_1719588523.jpg?1719588524","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/243/568/original/Klug_Anna.m4v?1719588519","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5810.138,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Klug, Anna [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Today is March 8th, 2010. We are here with Anne Klug doing an\ninterview for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the William\nBreman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. Our interviewer is John Kent. Thank\nyou both for agreeing to do this and take it away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=0.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You made it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=28.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let us start at the beginning with your name at birth,\nand when and where --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=30.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I was born in Vilna [Poland] in 1924, [on] January 12th.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=38.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your name as you were born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=44.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: My name was, Chana Rosin, R-O-S-I-N.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=48.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Who were the people in your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=51.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: My family, we had two children. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=55.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had an older brother, about four and a\nhalf years older than I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=59.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: His name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=67.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: His name was Wolf [or, Yiddish:] Velvel, Rosin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=69.0,74.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Your parents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=74.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: My mother was Hinda Rosin and her maiden name was Eljanow. And my father\nwas Noach. What else?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=76.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Describe what early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=87.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family life was like, if you remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=89.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: All my mother's family were in a small town on the outskirts of Vilna. I\nhad a grandfather. I can barely remember my grandmother, but I had uncles, and\naunts, and a lot of cousins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=92.0,109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Again, talk about your parents and what you remember about the early\nnormal days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=109.0,116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [In] the early normal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=116.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days, my father had a little factory and some people\nworked for him. My mother was a housewife, and I was sort of spoiled, two\nchildren. When I grew up, I, they took me to ballet classes, and I used to love\nwinter sports. I use to ice skate and snow ski. Vilna was a very modern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=118.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. My\nfather used to go to synagogue once a week on Saturday just to please my mother.\nI think she came from a more religious home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=148.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your involvement with the Jewish life as a child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=163.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I went to a Jewish school. It was a Jewish day school, a private ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=170.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I\ngraduated seven classes and then I went to a vocational high school. I finished\nit already when the Russians came in, before the Germans came in. I graduated\nthat school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=178.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What are some other normal happy memories before we get into the war\nperiod, when you think back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=193.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: There were a lot of the happy memories. I mean, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=202.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a good life. We\ndidn't think that things will happen like this. But always I remember as a child\nlistening to my father reading the newspaper or my mother hearing that in\nGermany, [Adolf] Hitler's coming and this, but it's never going to come to us\nlike, but it happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=207.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How mixed were the Jews and non-Jews in your city, or was it more separate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=229.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=236.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not. Where I lived, we had in the same building a lot of\nnon-Jewish tenants. The owner of the property, they were Jewish, but all the\ntenants were -- It was 50 -- It was a big apartment. It was three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=238.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories and it\nwas mixed. I used to play with non-Jewish kids. In fact, a non-Jewish girl\nhelped me in a concentration camp. I was lucky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=268.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Okay. Remember to mention that when we get to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=279.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=284.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Okay. You mentioned when the Russians came in. About when was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=285.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: In 1939, when the war started, Poland --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=291.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You were about 15, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=295.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=298.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. Poland was cut in half. Half of it was under Russia and half was\nunder Germany. And we were under Russia. So we had to -- I was in school and I\nhad to learn Russian. But the population in Vilna [was] a lot of Russian people,\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=298.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanians and Jewish people, but a lot of Russian was spoken. My father\nused to speak Russian. Originally, my father used to -- He came from Russia and\nit [Vilna] was under Russia years ago, before the First World War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=328.0,349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What other changes did you notice after Russia took over? How else did\nlife change for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=349.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=358.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We were always afraid that they are gonna send us to Siberia because a lot\nof people from our building was. They rounded them up. We were hiding in [the]\nbasement, and they caught them, and they sent them away to Siberia. But life\nwent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=359.0,388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on and then, the Germans came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=388.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Were the Soviets considered more the good guys compared to Germany or were\nthey both the enemy to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=392.0,404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=404.0,406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Describe a little more of a day to day life as things got into the war\nmore? Like in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=406.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939, go through that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=418.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: When fighting was going on, it was alarms. We went to the basement to\nhide. It was all these bombs. It was scary. It was very scary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=420.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there any talk of trying to get out or was that impossible?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=434.0,441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Not in my immediate family. I remember that's how my brother was caught by\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=441.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians. He didn't end up by the Germans. He went to visit the family, my\nmother's family. Then the war started between Russia and Germany. He got caught\nup over there. We went in to the Vilna ghetto and he was sent to Siberia. I\ndidn't find out that he's alive [for] ten years after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=449.0,479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the liberation. He ended\nup in Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=479.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You will have to remember to mention that later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=483.0,488.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes. The way I found out [was that] when I was liberated, I remembered\nwhen I was about seven years old, a cousin of mine, he stayed with us because he\nwent to -- like Georgia Tech, like a technical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=488.0,509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school in Vilna. He stayed with\nus. He graduated and his father didn't wanted him to go to Polish military, so\nhe sent him to Palestine at the time. I remember that maybe he's alive. I looked\nhim up. I found him when I was in Germany. He telephoned me that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=509.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had read in\na newspaper that my brother is alive and is looking for me. My brother was in\nPoland at that time. Then, he came to Israel. But that was [when] I was in the\n[United] States. It was ten years after the liberation. I went the first time to\nIsrael with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=539.0,569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter to see him the first time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=569.0,573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Continuing with the ghetto, how did that occur?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=573.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I went with my parents to the ghetto. It was in that section of Vilna. We\nwere put in, like in a house where one family lived, like maybe five, six, seven\nfamilies were all put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=578.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. It was -- They gave us out, like to go to work.\nMy parents never got to go out to work. I got to go out to work, but they never\ndid. One day, I came from work. I was working, like in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=599.0,629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"garden, gardening. When\nI came back, they were gone. A lot of people they rounded up. Once in a while,\nthey rounded up so many people and so many people. Overnight, people are gone\nand they were killed outside of Vilna. It's called Ponar. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=629.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was -- In good\ntimes, people used to go there for vacations, but it was woods and they had mass\ngraves. That's where they were shot and killed in these mass graves. I was left\nby myself. I was not quite 17. My 17th birthday was already in the ghetto. I was\n16 when I went in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=659.0,686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was the ghetto for only Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=686.0,689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people or for everybody?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=689.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Jewish ghetto for all the Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=691.0,694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was that area German at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=694.0,697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=697.0,698.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did the authorities tell you about what was going on and why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=698.0,704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: They didn't say nothing. If you had a job, if you worked -- Then, I got\nthe job in a Kriegslazarett [German: war hospital], which is a hospital for they\nused to bring the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=704.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German soldiers from the fighting. I used to work in the\nSchneiderstube [German: tailor's shop], which is, I used to sew. We used to fix\ntheir uniforms and all their stuff that they wear. Then, it used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=719.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come for the\nholidays. They used to bring materials. We used to make dresses for their wives.\nI had a job and I used to go out from the ghetto. Of course, we used to go with\nguards and they would bring us home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=749.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What contact did you have with people on the outside? Any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=770.0,776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Not much. I remember once, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=776.0,779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went -- We couldn't go on the sidewalk. We\nwere in the street and the guard used to take us to work. I remember one of the\nChristian men that he used to do business with my father. He asked how come he\ndoesn't see my father. He sees me going to work. I didn't want to tell him that\nhe got killed. I said, \"He's in the ghetto. He cannot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=779.0,809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go out.\" I just told him\nthis. We did leave a lot of stuff with the Christian families, neighbors. I did\ngo once with this Jewish man. He took a German soldier that -- You had to pay\nhim to take me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=809.0,839.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was a risk for the Jewish man and for me to go to get\nsome stuff back. I picked up a lot of stuff that my -- which was nice of them to\ngive you back. I sold it. It helped me, and it helped this man, and he paid\nsomething for the soldier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=839.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: The day when you learned that your parents had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=864.0,869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed, what was that\nlike for you that day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=869.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was awful. I had nobody. I had friends my age. Some had their parents;\nsome didn't. They were in the same boat as I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=874.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember any other particular people who you were close to at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=888.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=896.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Any other names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=897.0,899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=899.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. I was close -- When they sent us -- When they rounded us up from the\nghetto, they sent us to Estonia. I was very close to my friend's aunt. She was\nlike my mother. I was with her the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole time. I was in several camps in Estonia\nand I was always with her. She always managed. She was older than I was. She was\nlike my mother. She had a son my age and he was taken away in a different camp.\nShe always managed to get a job like working in the kitchen, so she helped me\nout with some food, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bowl of soup and stuff until in one camp. Her brother\ncame. They shifted from camp to camp. Then, they took him away to a different\ncamp. She begged the SS man that she wants to go with her brother. He says,\n\"Go.\" She asked me to come with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. I had a girlfriend that she was also my age\nand she says, \"Chana.\" She says, \"We'll stay here. What for? We don't know\nwhat's going to be there. Here, we work.\" We used to work in the woods. I didn't\ngo and they killed them all. So, that was sometimes luck.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=990.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you hear about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1016.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1019.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We found out. It was -- At that time, they took ten percent from each camp\nto get killed, because it was after they had the -- They wanted to kill Hitler.\nRemember? It was an attack on Hitler. He was not killed, of course. But just\nbecause of this, they took ten percent from every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1019.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1049.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was that woman's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1050.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was Dora. Now, I can't think of it. The last name, I forgot. It'll come\nto me because my friend, I went to school with her and she's in Florida. I just\ncame back. I went to a reunion from the Vilna [survivors]. Each year, it's less\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1053.0,1079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less people. It's just a shame.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1079.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How much of a community life for the people able to have in the ghetto?\nWas there anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1082.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was a theater. It was a school for some people have little kids. They\nwent to school, but little by little it was less and less people. They used to\nhave, they used to call it the \"aktion.\" They used to take so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1090.0,1109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many people out\nand the ghetto was less and less until they liquidated the ghetto. Then, they\nsent -- Some of them went to Ponar and some of them went to work. We went. I was\nlucky to go to Estonia. I was in Estonia in several camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1109.0,1131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What are the names of these different camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1131.0,1135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: The camps I was in Vaivara, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1135.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Vivikonna, and I was in Narva. Narva\nwas on the Russian border with Estonia. They were fighting, the Russians with\nthe Germans. We used to dig the trenches for the German soldiers. As the war\nstarted to go near, they took us back and we went to Germany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1139.0,1169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1169.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Who were the people in charge in the ghetto? Were there authorities running?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1170.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [Yes.] There were a lot of Jewish authorities, too. Some of them pretty --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1178.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember any particular names or personalities?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1186.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: There was [Jacob] Gens. He was the Ghettoaltester [German: Ghetto elder],\nthe head of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1191.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto. He was not from Vilna. He was from Kovno [Lithuania]\noriginally, but he had a home outside Vilna because his wife was not Jewish. He\nworked with the Germans. It was a Judenrat and it was Jewish police. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You went\nout to work. When you came back, if you were able to bring in some food or\nsomething, they -- You were searched. It was not easy for stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1230.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Had you experienced any anti-Jewish attitudes before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1245.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: There was antisemitism, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1250.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Even before the Germans came in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1252.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, it was antisemitism, yes. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1255.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once going to school. I went to\na Jewish school, so we didn't go Saturday to school, but we went Sunday to\nschool. Once, I remember coming Sunday from school and then this young,\nnon-Jewish boy hit me over the head. I remember this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1259.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your understanding about why this was happening?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1281.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It's like now. You feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1286.0,1289.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like there are a lot of them are antisemitic. We\nlived our life and there was no other way. My father, I remember he had a\nbusiness people that did business with him, but in order to go into their\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1289.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businesses, he had to go through the back. People shouldn't see that a Jew goes\nin through the front. I mean, he was a \"good Jew\" to this man, but he was afraid\nfor other people, that [they would see] he deals with Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1319.0,1337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you have any knowledge of what was happening outside the city and\noutside the ghetto? Like what else was happening in the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1337.0,1347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We heard sometimes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1347.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes when you got to work, people are talking,\nbut too much we didn't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1349.0,1357.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Radios were not available?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1357.0,1360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [No.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1360.0,1361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: No newspapers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1361.0,1363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No newspapers. We never got -- No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1363.0,1367.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Describe more of those camps in Estonia. What was day to day life like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1367.0,1375.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Day to day life was we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1375.0,1379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slept on, like -- Women were separate from men. The\nmen worked in different jobs than the women. Sometimes, we worked together.\nLike, in the woods, we worked together. We came home, we got a -- I mean, \"home\"\n[was] we came back to the barracks. We got, like a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1379.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bowl of some kind of soup. In\nthe morning, we got slice of bread. But not too much food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1409.0,1419.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Were you ever sick or injured?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1419.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We just existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1423.0,1425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Were you ever sick or injured during that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1425.0,1430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I was sick. I had typhus. A lot of people died. I was just lucky. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1430.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\na hospital [with a] high fever. A lot of people in Narva -- It was in that camp\nthat I was sick. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1439.0,1454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Who was running those camps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1454.0,1458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: SS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1458.0,1459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Okay. It was not Estonians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1459.0,1463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, some guards [were] Estonians, yes, like the Lithuanians also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1463.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nworking with the Germans, and the Estonians, the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1470.0,1477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What year was that? Just to get a time context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1477.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We went to the ghetto in 1941 till 1943. In 1943, we went to Estonia and\nthen to Germany. When we went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1484.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany, they took us -- They took us from\n[Estonia] in cattle cars. You've probably seen all this. Then, they took us on\nboats to -- I went to a camp. It's called Stutthof. In Stutthof, it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp\nthat we didn't stay there too long. They took us, like 500 women, and we went to\nOchenzoll by Hamburg. There, we worked in an ammunition factory. We used to make\nthe grenades, anti-aircraft. [There was] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a night shift and day shift. Once in a\nwhile, a German worker would put a piece of bread, like -- He wouldn't -- He was\nafraid to give it to us, but [he would] put it in a corner, so we can --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1560.0,1581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there any conflict about making ammunition for the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1581.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, we said we were doing -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1586.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe it'll kill us later with the same\nammunition. We were talking about [it]. But in that camp, when I came, they told\nus that we will have showers, taking showers. But we should keep the shoes. I\nhad a pair ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of military shoes. It was wintertime. They were giving us the striped\nclothes afterwards, but we had to keep -- We had to put our shoes, whoever had\nshoes, put the shoes -- I came from the shower, got my striped clothes, and I\nlook for my shoes. My shoes is gone. I don't have my shoes. I said, \"Oh, my God,\nthey are sending us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away and winter is coming.\" It was in the fall of the -- I\nsaid, \"No shoes. I am going to die in the winter. So, so bad.\" I walk out and I\nsaw this -- I was a young girl and I saw this lady that was like my mother,\nmaybe that age. I said, \"Why did you take my shoes?\" She said, \"Mein Kind\n[German: my child], you had shoes till now. Now, I want to have a pair of\nshoes.\" She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't give it to me. I walk out and I see near the gate, near the\nbarbed wire, there are two girls, but they had armbands and I knew they are not\nJewish. I looked and it was this Polish girl, that neighbor of mine. When she\nsaw me, because she knew that all the Jews were taken away from the ghetto, she\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says -- I said, \"Okay, I'm Jewish, I'm here. But what are you doing here?\" I\nwent to school. We were not in the same school, but the same classes. Sometimes\nwe used to talk about the books, the same -- I told her the story and she says,\n\"Where's that woman?\" She got -- I said, \"She's in this barrack.\" She walked in\nand she took away the shoes from the [woman]. She gave me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back the shoes. I was\nliberated in these shoes. I didn't take off the shoes. If I took off the shoes,\nI put them under my head and I slept instead of a pillow. I should have kept the\nshoes for remembrance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1740.0,1759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Where the guards men or women?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1759.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Mostly men, but some SS women too. In fact, one SS woman, I remember she\nwalked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1762.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the barrack once. She says she came from [Auschwitz-Birkenau]. She\nworked there. She says, \"You know where we're going to take you? We will take\nyou in the gas chambers.\" That's how I knew about [the gas chambers].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1770.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there any sabotage, any fighting back, or any kind of underground activity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1791.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: If you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1799.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped, you were shot. They'd [catch] you. There are a few people\n[that] escaped when we were in Narva. They escaped. We knew we were going to\nGermany. They escaped, but they found them. They brought them [back] dead in the\ncamp. I knew some Vilna people that three of them escaped. They escaped. I\nescaped myself when they rounded us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1801.0,1831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up from the ghetto, before they put us on\nthe trains. I said to a girl--I met her over there--and I said, \"You know, let's\njump the fence. I'm going to go to some Polish people. Maybe we can ask they\nshould hide us.\" We jumped over the fence. A soldier caught us. I thought for\nsure he's gonna shoot us both, but he put us back. So it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1831.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was just luck and the\nwill to live that you survived. If you gave up, then it's --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1861.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you describe what you were like? What kind of a young person were you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1872.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I took chances. I took chances like to maybe escape, maybe this, maybe\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1882.0,1891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. But I always had the feeling that I am going to survive, that they are not\ngoing to kill me, and this was -- It meant a lot. If you gave up, you were\n[dead]. I went into this camp with so many beautiful, tall, beautiful girls and\nI was like, thin and small. I survived and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1891.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they just went, a lot of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1921.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: About when were you all moved to Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1928.0,1937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was in 1944 already, I guess, end of 1943. Then, they took us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1937.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to -- I\ntold you that we worked in this ammunition factory until they saw that they will\ncollapse. They felt already [they had lost] because we heard the bombs coming.\nThey used to put us in the -- it was like underground, the factories. We used to\ngo even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1952.0,1982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deeper when they had an alarm that bombs are coming. Over there, the\nBritish used to bomb; not the Americans. We were glad. We said, \"Maybe at least\na bomb will hit us. At least we're not going to get killed from a German\nbullet.\" We were glad that we don't have to work and could sit there. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1982.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nalways [saying], \"Look how they --\" They were wondering why we are so calm. They\nwere nervous, the guards. We had some women guards also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2012.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you ever have any interactions with the guards at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2023.0,2028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Not where I was, never.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2028.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: They did not talk to you or tell you --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2031.0,2036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No, they used to say, \"You are a number.\" We used to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2036.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"numbers. They\nused to call us 'this and this number.' You're not a person. You're a number.\nWhen they saw that they are collapsing, they sent us already to Bergen-Belsen,\nwhich was not too far from Hamburg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2042.0,2063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the train ride like from Estonia first to Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2063.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We went by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2070.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2072.0,2073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2073.0,2074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Like in --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2074.0,2076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Along the coast?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2076.0,2078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, but what kind of a boat? I mean, it was -- They piled us on. In\nBergen-Belsen, when we came, that was the end already. We knew something is\ngoing to happen. When we came to Bergen-Belsen, all we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2078.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw is piles and piles of\nbodies, dead bodies they didn't have time to bury. People were dying like flies.\nWe were in Bergen-Belsen not very long, luckily, because otherwise I wouldn't\n[have] survive. We were lucky that we were in that ammunition factory almost\ntill the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2102.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2131.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of 1944?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2132.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2134.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Till early 1945?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2135.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2138.0,2139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What condition were you in towards the end?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2139.0,2145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I was weak, but luckily I had the typhus earlier and I didn't catch it\nbecause otherwise they would keep me. Like, if I would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2145.0,2162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sickly, they would\nkeep me in the -- They sent a lot of people in different places. Like, Bella\n[Katz] went, I think, to Switzerland. She had TB [tuberculosis], I think, or\nsomething like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2162.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Describe Bergen-Belson. What do you remember exactly? Take us through that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2181.0,2188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was just barracks and a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2188.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of dead bodies all over, outside the\nbarracks. Outside the barracks, wherever you turn, it was piles and piles. I\nthought it's a barrack. It was piles and piles of dead bodies. They didn't have\ntime to bury it. It was just -- They gave us bread the last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2192.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day and it was\npoisoned. A lot of people died from it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2222.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you eat any of it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2226.0,2229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: You had to stay in line for the bread. I said, \"Oh, we didn't have bread\ntill now, I don't mind if I don't have the bread now.\" It turns out, whoever got\nbread got sick and a lot of them died. They said they give good bread in one of\nthe barracks. We were standing there and then, all of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2229.0,2252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sudden, I see that the\ngates were opening and tanks are coming in. I said, \"You know, it's not the\ngreen collar like the like the German army. It's a different green.\" It was the\nBritish Army. A lot of the Jewish soldiers were in the British Army. A lot of\nthem were from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2252.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2282.0,2283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Backing up just a little bit. What memory do you have of the train ride\nitself, that cattle wagon? What was that like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2283.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: You know, I went to Tennessee to that -- They have the museum about the\nHolocaust. Have you been there? Near Chattanooga.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2297.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Is that with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2310.0,2313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paperclips?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2313.0,2314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2314.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Yes, I have not been, but I have heard about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2315.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: They have a train [car] over there. I walked in there and it brought back\nmemories. I couldn't go in, but I went there. It was just like herring [tightly\npacked in a can], and filth, and dirt. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2321.0,2343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad. We went in cattle trains like\nthis from Vilna to Estonia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2343.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How long did it take?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2349.0,2352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2352.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How long did it take?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2353.0,2356.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It took probably a day and a night or something like this. It was long.\nThe trains are not like trains here going. It's very slow, and --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2356.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did people talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2371.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about during that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2374.0,2376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: -- filth, and dirt. In the camps, it was lice. People got sick, a lot of\nsickness. I was lucky I never had diarrhea, but a lot of people had this. People\ndied from it. They call it -- There's a name to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2376.0,2402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Dysentery?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2402.0,2403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2403.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. I was lucky not to [get it], but I had the typhus before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2404.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did people talk about whenever there was time to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2414.0,2422.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We were hoping that we'll survive. We girls said, \"If we are liberated,\nwe'll never tell anybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2422.0,2435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we are Jewish.\" But as soon as we got liberated --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2435.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Why did you make that agreement?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2443.0,2448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Because we thought that we'll be suffering again if we were liberated and\nwe'll never tell the truth, but we couldn't do it. It's born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2448.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2466.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you feel about being Jewish, considering the price?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2467.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I felt very proud of being Jewish. I belonged to an organization, to\nBetar, the Jabotinsky organization, when I was a young girl. We were hoping to\ngo to Israel and stuff like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2474.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2496.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you have any other memories of Bergen-Belsen? Like, how long were you there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2496.0,2503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Not too long. I would say between in Bergen-Belsen maybe three months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2503.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: That is a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2509.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, it's a little long time, but that was not long because some people\nwere -- Anne Frank died in the barrack next to mine. The were a lot of Jewish\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2512.0,2527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Holland in that barrack. That's where she died. If we would be\nlonger there, would be the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2527.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What else was happening there during the day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2536.0,2540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I couldn't -- When we got liberated, there was one girl in my group and\nshe got to a SS woman. She pulled off -- She knocked [her] down and she pulled\noff her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2540.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boots. She really gave it to her. I couldn't do it. I was timid, I\nguess. I don't know. But some of them were really -- She was -- But they got\narrested anyway. They got --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2557.0,2579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember the sounds and smells of the place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2579.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2585.0,2587.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horrible. I mean, how could I [explain]? In the camps, in\nBergen-Belsen when we came, part of the camp, it was not just Jewish. There were\npart of the camp [that housed] like British soldiers --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2587.0,2612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Prisoners of war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2612.0,2615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, and there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2615.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were people, gay people. They had a different sign. But\nthey were under -- separate. Everybody was separate. Jews were separated and\nthey were separated. Yes, but we knew that they were there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2618.0,2638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When the tanks came in on liberation day, what was that like for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2638.0,2647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2647.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whoever was strong enough to -- Because we were the strongest ones because\nwe were not that long there. We surrounded them. They were questioning. We saw\nthe Germans putting on the white armbands and [waiving] the white flags. We knew\nthat they are collapsing. We knew that the end is going to come. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2648.0,2678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Luckily, we\nsurvived, but in some camps, they started to burn, and gas, and -- Bergen-Belsen\nhad also crematoriums, but that was done before we came. They didn't have\nalready enough people to take care of the -- enough Germans to take care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2678.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2708.0,2709.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Go through the liberation, that day, the day after that, and the day after\nthat --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2709.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: They rounded us up. They sent us to some barracks also in Bergen-Belsen.\nThey have some barracks, but not barracks like [ours], where soldiers used ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2720.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nlive, their soldiers used to be, which was build nice, like a home. We were\nthere for quite a while. The UNRRA came and we got some food. A lot of people\nstarted to die afterwards, after they ate. I know some people from Vilna died\nafter. You were all hungry and then you started to eat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2737.0,2767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You got sick and died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2767.0,2770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What languages were you speaking during those years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2770.0,2775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Between us -- I was with Vilna girls. We were like 15 girls, all from\nVilna. Some were a little older; some were a little younger. The older ones we\nused to call them \"Mother,\" and this one was -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2775.0,2797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We all survived. Everybody went\ndifferent ways: some to America; some to Israel, a couple; some to England --\nShe went to France. They had family there. We kept in touch for a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2797.0,2816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you go about deciding what to do next and where to go? Did you\nhave any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2816.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2827.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Some people had family different places. We stayed in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2827.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: At that time, you did not know your brother was still alive, so you\nthought you were alone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2831.0,2839.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I didn't, no. I was afraid to go back to Vilna. Some people [said], \"I'm\ngoing back to Vilna.\" I said, \"No, I'm not gonna go back to Vilna,\" because I\nwas afraid for the Russians. They will take me away from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2839.0,2856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one camp to another. I\ndidn't want to go. I was afraid. A lot of us didn't want to go to Vilna. I\ndidn't want to go to the Communists. I never went back to Vilna. We were going\nto go to Vilna, but -- We had already paid to go for a trip to Vilna, me and\nMendel. At that time, they were fighting, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2856.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanians were fighting the\nRussians, when [Mikhail] Gorbachev -- It was, fighting going on, so they\ncanceled the trip. I never went. Now, it's Lithuania. My city is now the capital\nof Lithuania, yes. Vilna was a beautiful city, a modern city. It was not -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2886.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It\nwas very modern. We used to go to the theater, to the Jewish theater, to the\nPolish theater. There was a lot of art.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2916.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was Bergen-Belson a DP [displaced persons] camp at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2930.0,2936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2936.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was that considered a DP afterwards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2937.0,2941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, Bergen-Belsen. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2941.0,2943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How was it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2943.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided where people would go who didn't have family, who\ndidn't have homes, like you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2945.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We stayed in Bergen-Belsen for a while. Then, you meet with people. Some\npeople came from Vilna, some came -- I met Zelman Sosne over there in\nBergen-Belsen. I was with his father in the same camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2953.0,2972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Ask what about the Jewish organizations ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2972.0,2976.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2976.0,2977.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What were the Jewish organizations in the camp or was it all strictly\nBritish run?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2977.0,2983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No, it was Jewish. Yes, it was the people that took care was Jewish\npeople, too. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2983.0,2990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did any ideas come to you or did they tell you like these are the\npossibilities or --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2990.0,2998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2998.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: -- you could immigrate, or whatever?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2999.0,3002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: You could -- A lot of people went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3002.0,3006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to -- not Holland, but -- A lot of\npeople went like -- Was it -- It wasn't Holland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3006.0,3031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Belgium?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3031.0,3034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Belgium, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3034.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland -- They sent people to get well, some people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3037.0,3042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Sweden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3042.0,3043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Sweden, yes. A lot of people went to Sweden. I have a friend that went to\nSweden, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3043.0,3052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Since you did not want to go back home --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3052.0,3057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I knew that -- Well, who will I find? If I would know that my brother is\ngoing to come back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3057.0,3068.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna, I would go, but I figured my brother is dead. Then,\nI would go and I would find him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3068.0,3079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you have thoughts of going to Palestine, or America, or Canada, or what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3079.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes. The reason we went to the [United] States is because my husband had\nfamily in the States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3087.0,3097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3097.0,3098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your husband. Where and how did you meet him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3098.0,3104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We met in Bergen-Belsen. I met [him] through his sister. I met him and we\ngot married. We lived in Germany from 1945 to 1949. My older daughter was born\nin Germany. We lived in Konstanz am Bodensee. That's on the Swiss ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3104.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3128.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was it like to live in Germany after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3129.0,3137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We lived -- It was a small community. They gave us -- It used to be the\nbuilding was Jewish, like an old home for old people, a senior ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3137.0,3158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. They gave\nevery family a room and we had -- The kitchen was downstairs. We hired people to\ndo the cooking for us. It was like a -- Everybody was eating in the dining room\ntogether. That's where a lot of the children were born. We used to have parties\nover ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3158.0,3188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. The Swiss people, the Swiss Jewish people used to come and help us.\nA Swiss rabbi used to come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3188.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3198.0,3200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We used to observe the holidays there. This little -- It was a village,\nbut a lot of Jewish people escape to Switzerland, so they had the Torahs and the\nChristian people used ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3200.0,3218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to -- They gave us all this stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3218.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you feel about living amid Germans after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3223.0,3231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Some of the Germans were saying that they missed the Jewish people and\nsome Jewish people were, like, intermarried over there. I remember the\nGuggenheims. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3231.0,3248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was not Jewish. He was Jewish, but he survived because of his\nwife. They got together, were nice to us. Several families [were] like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3248.0,3264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What kind of talk did you hear about the war and what happened afterwards?\nWhat did the locals make of it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3264.0,3278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3278.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: A lot of them didn't say that they were with the SS or the -- The Germans\nwouldn't talk about it, not in that area where we were. There were a lot of\nSwiss people over there. A lot of people from this village, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3279.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in\nSwitzerland. You go over the bridge and it was Switzerland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3308.0,3317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Tell us about your husband, moving on to more pleasant things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3317.0,3326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He remembered that he had -- His mother's sisters went to the States.\n[No,] his father's three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3326.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters. He remembered one uncle. The name was Lepidus.\nThere was [an] American man that came. He was with the army, but he was -- He\nhad an American uniform and he worked maybe for some kind of an organization. My\nhusband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3339.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"I remember the city was Syracuse [New York] and I remember\nLepidus.\" He said, \"I went to school in Syracuse University with some boys by\nthe name of Lepidus.\" He went home and he got in touch with the Lepiduses. My\nhusband had four cousins, four first cousins [who were] doctors, that went with\nthis guy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3369.0,3399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Syracuse University and to medical school. That's how -- This\nuncle--the aunt was dead already--but this uncle, they sent us money and we were\nable to live a little bit better. They made for us the papers to come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3399.0,3429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nStates. At that time, they had to guarantee a job for my husband. My husband\nsaid, \"If I would maybe be born in America, I would be a doctor, too,\" because\neverybody was doctors [or] lawyers. One cousin that was -- She was married to a\ncattle dealer, and they had a cattle farm, and they had a slaughterhouse. He\nguaranteed a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3429.0,3459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job for my husband. That's how we came to the States. We lived in\nSyracuse for 17 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3459.0,3467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did you decide to leave Europe instead of staying there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3467.0,3472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We knew we were not going to live in Germany. We didn't want to stay\nthere, but a lot of people did. We didn't want to stay in Germany. We wanted to\ngo either to Australia, or to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3472.0,3489.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, wherever it was possible to go. But this\nhappened that we found his family and they were very nice to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3489.0,3498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You already had one child when you moved to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3498.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3503.0,3504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: A baby?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3504.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: She was three years old. I'm here sixty years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3505.0,3509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Where was Jonah during the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3509.0,3512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Where was Jonah during the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3512.0,3515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was also in the camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3515.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Tell us a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3518.0,3520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3520.0,3521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: The same camps that I was. [He was in] the same camps, but he was\nliberated in a different place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3521.0,3528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: He was from the same city, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3528.0,3531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was from a small town near Vilna, but he lived for a while in Vilna. He\nwas in the Polish Army in Vilna. He was older than I was. He was 11 years older\nthan I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3531.0,3544.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Then, he was in those same, like, labor camps in Estonia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3544.0,3548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, until -- He was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3548.0,3550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Estonia and then he was taken in different camps.\nI didn't see him. Then, I met with his sister and that's how we --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3550.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you know him at all before you met at the end?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3563.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: See, when I was with my girlfriend's aunt that I was with her together,\nand my mother sewed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3570.0,3581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some a few gold pieces in my clothes. Little by little, I\nhad to get rid of it and get some food. She knew him. The men used to work in\nthe port. In Narva, was a port where the boats used --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3581.0,3608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: A harbor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3608.0,3610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3610.0,3611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. She used to give it to him and he used to bring us bread. That's how\nwe got to know each other. But then, we didn't see each other because they were\nsent different places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3611.0,3629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was he like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3629.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was a wonderful man. He was real. He was a good man. He was a good\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3632.0,3641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father and a good husband. He also survived because he had guts. At one point,\nthe Germans, they put you and they counted you and then -- when they brought you\nto a camp. This German says, \"Who is a shoemaker,\" for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3641.0,3671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example, \"will go to work\nas a shoemaker and who is a --\" People that make clothes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3671.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Tailor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3679.0,3680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes. [The German asked,] \"And who can steal?\" He said he can do it. He\nsaid, \"Then you go and you do some jobs for me.\" He was lucky to get a good job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3680.0,3697.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Talk about your early days in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3697.0,3700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America about 1949.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3700.0,3703.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes. When we came, our uncle had for us arranged a flat. He had property,\nso we lived in a flat. They were wonderful to us, the uncle and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3703.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousins.\nSome of them were, during the war, they were doctors, but they were sent -- They\nwere officers in the army. They went in the war. One went to India. They were\nofficers. But when we came, they were -- Two where in Syracuse and two were in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3730.0,3760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"California. Two or three were in Syracuse. They were real good. Always holidays\n-- I never knew what is Thanksgiving. We were invited for Thanksgiving. I used\nto invite them after I got settled. Of course, my husband had a job. We lived in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3760.0,3790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Syracuse for 17 years, bought a house. We had our own home [and] afterwards, a business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3790.0,3798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What kind of job?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3798.0,3801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What kind of work was he doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3801.0,3805.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He learned to be a butcher, so we bought a meat market. An older man was\nretiring. Then, we came here and we had a meat market here in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3805.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. [It] was\nKatz's Meat Market on North Highland [Avenue].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3820.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You had a second child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3826.0,3830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: In Syracuse, yes. She's 53 -- 54, yes. It's a big difference between the\nkids. I think they are nine years apart, so how old is she? I get mixed up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3830.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3850.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Along with being a mother, did go back to school or were you trying to do\nother things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3851.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I did go. I have -- I finished like an elementary school, so I have a diploma.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3862.0,3872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there anything in particular you wanted to do with all this freedom\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3872.0,3880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and opportunity here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3880.0,3882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I worked in the beginning. I finished a vocational high school. I learned\npatternmaking and then I was going to be like a designer of clothes, so I could\ndo this. I worked in alterations in a very fine shop in Syracuse, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3882.0,3910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3910.0,3910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: The people you were living with, were there a lot of survivors around\nthere or was it mostly Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3910.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Survivors? We didn't have too many survivors. Atlanta had more survivors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3920.0,3926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was it like coming from that entirely different world and being with Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3926.0,3933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I integrated because of the family. There was one more family that didn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3933.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have where to go, from Vilna, and they were friends of mine, so the same uncle\nmade papers for them and they were also in Syracuse. They are both dead. They\nwere a little older than I was, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3940.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did the war experience affect you? How did you carry that with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3961.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: You always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3969.0,3971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think about that. You always -- Like, with Bella, we talk, and\ntalk, and then we come on the same subject [of] how it was this camp and that\ncamp. She lived through a little bit different. She was liberated with her\nmother. Sometimes, I tell her that she's spoiled because her mother spoiled her.\nI said, \"I was left by myself.\" I was 16 years old. I was already on my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3971.0,4001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own. I\nsometimes will tell her this because I have two friends--and they are both in\nFlorida--that I went to school with, and we graduated together, and we were\ntogether all the time. They knew my family. I knew their families. A lot of\npeople don't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4001.0,4031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me from years ago. When I get together with them, we have a\nlot to talk about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4031.0,4037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was it like for you when you learned that your brother was alive and\nwas looking for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4037.0,4045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I right away found out where he is, and I called him, and I didn't\nrecognize his voice over the telephone [after] so long, so far away. I said, I\nhope --\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4045.0,4057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was he still in Europe then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4057.0,4060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4060.0,4061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Israel. He died before Mendel. I would say a year or so before\nMendel. I went to see my brother so many times. I was maybe a dozen times in\nIsrael and my daughter, too. Mendel was with me several times. I have a nephew\nand I keep in touch. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4061.0,4091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister-in-law died already, too, last year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4091.0,4094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did you know about what happened to your brother during the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4094.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He ended up in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4101.0,4104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4104.0,4105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was, like, in a labor camp over there. He was in Siberia. Then, they\nsent him in the military, also, to fight the Germans in the Russian army. He was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4105.0,4121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wounded. He was a sick man afterwards, but he got married. He married a woman\nthat her husband didn't survive and she had a child. Then, they had together a\nchild. I have a nephew who is named after my father. Yes, I see them, but it's\nbeen already quite a few years [that] I didn't go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4121.0,4151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel. It's hard to travel\nwhen you get older. It's a long journey. I go to my daughter in Washington or to\nFlorida, to my friend. That's as far as I [travel]. It's hard to travel when you\nget 86.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4151.0,4169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did the move to Atlanta happen after 17 years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4169.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: The reason we moved to Atlanta is because my husband had a sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4174.0,4180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\nThe section where he had the business over there [in Syracuse] went like, black\nand people didn't want to come. We sold the business over there. Then, she said,\n\"There's a business here,\" so we moved here. We got established here. We bought\nthe business here. I stayed in the business for two and a half years [after\nJonah died] till I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4180.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married [again].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4210.0,4211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: After Jonah died?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4211.0,4213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [Yes.] I was on myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4213.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: So you --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4216.0,4218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I carried on the business. It was not easy. My older daughter was in\ncollege. She was in college in Buffalo [New York] because she didn't want to go\nto a Southern college. My younger daughter was in elementary school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4218.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You were a butcher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4237.0,4239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4239.0,4240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orders, yes. I was on the telephone most of the time. I could help\nwith the delicatessen, but I couldn't cut meat. I know meat very good, but I --\nI hired. I had a non-Jewish butcher, and I had a Jewish butcher, and they all\nhad problems. They liked to drink, both the Jewish one and non-Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4240.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. They\nlose the license. I had to pick them up. I had this one man that was a wonderful\nbutcher, and he was a nice man, but he liked to drink. If he didn't drink, he\ncouldn't work. He used to like shake if he didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4270.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: It was not a kosher --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4289.0,4292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was kosher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4292.0,4294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: It was kosher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4294.0,4296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was not Jewish, but he was more kosher -- He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4296.0,4301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew about kashrut more\nthan the Jewish guy, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4301.0,4305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When your husband passed away, that was the second time in your life you\nwere really left alone. How did you deal with that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4305.0,4316.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: This time? After my second husband passed away?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4316.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Your first husband, when --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4320.0,4323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Oh, my first husband.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4323.0,4325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: It was like late 1960s, or 1970, or something?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4325.0,4329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4329.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"42 when my husband died and I remarried when I was 44, 44 and a half.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4330.0,4340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: So, like 1966 or 1967?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4340.0,4344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I met I think in 1960 -- Was it 1968 maybe? I thought my daughter should\nget married because she graduated college. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4344.0,4360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hesitating, but she said, \"Ma,\nI'm young and I will get married. Don't worry about it. You and at that age, if\nyou -- He's a nice man.\" She used to tell me. Hilda used to tell me. She said,\n\"He's a nice man. He has such a good reputation. It could be the first and the\nlast time that you have a chance. You get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4360.0,4390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married,\" and then --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4390.0,4392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Wait, Hilda told you to marry Mendel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4392.0,4395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4395.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Okay, and Hilda is Jonah's sister?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4396.0,4399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4399.0,4400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: No. The other --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4400.0,4402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Hilda is Jonah's sister. Her name was Hilda, too. But my daughter is Hilda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4402.0,4408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4408.0,4409.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did how did she know him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4409.0,4412.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: She heard about him. He used to play cards with my brother-in-law. They\nknew each other and everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4412.0,4420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that he's a nice man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4420.0,4423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was he American?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4423.0,4425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4425.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4426.0,4427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was also a survivor, but he was from Poland. He was from a more\nreligious part of Poland than we were. We were Litvaks and they were -- When I\ngrew up, I didn't -- My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4427.0,4449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father didn't have a beard or payess. He shaved. He was\nclear shaved and he would handle money on Saturday. He would give me money to go\nto a movie with my friend. And not from where Mendel is. They were very\nreligious values.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4449.0,4471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Where was he from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4471.0,4474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He was from Swieciany [Polish: Święciny], which is a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4474.0,4480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part. I\nam from northeast Poland and he's from southwest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4480.0,4484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the Jewish --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4484.0,4487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: They speak different. Their Yiddish is different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4487.0,4491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the Jewish community like in Atlanta in the mid 1960s, late 1960s\nwhen you got here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4491.0,4499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It was a smaller community than it is now, yes. I had very good customers.\nA lot of people kept kosher, which is now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4499.0,4510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. A lot of people do. I still keep\nkosher, but my children don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4510.0,4516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You said that you were really by yourself since the age of 16. You\nknow, your mother, your parents --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4516.0,4525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: In the ghetto, they took them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4525.0,4528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Yes, so how did you learn how to be a woman and to be Jewish? I guess\nyou started becoming more?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4528.0,4537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I went to a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4537.0,4540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I had a Jewish upbringing--Jewish, but not\nfanatic Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4540.0,4548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Misnagdim?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4548.0,4550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, Misnagdim. Yes, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4550.0,4555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Different from Hasidim?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4555.0,4558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes. See, Mendel was more from the Hasidim, Hasidic. I -- Even our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4558.0,4570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis\nwere not like Mendel's part [of Poland].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4570.0,4575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did the war experience change your attitude about Jewishness in any way,\nfor better or worse?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4575.0,4585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No, I'm still Jewish, no matter what.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4585.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How about your husbands? How did the war affect them, and their attitude,\nand their beliefs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4590.0,4600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Mendel got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4600.0,4602.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more modern after I -- He -- I mean, we kept kosher and\neverything, but he was not like when he grew up. He was more worldly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4602.0,4622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Talk a little bit of how you and your second husband had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4622.0,4632.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different levels\nof Jewishness, so to speak. Was there any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4632.0,4636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: He got more modern because of me, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4636.0,4640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You influenced him more than he did you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4640.0,4644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No, it evens out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4644.0,4646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Both?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4646.0,4647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I mean, I knew about the -- When you grow up, you see your mother kasher\nthe meat. You know how to do this. I learned Hebrew as a language in school. I\nwent to a Jewish school. Everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4647.0,4663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Jewish, but we learned languages, like\nHebrew was a language. He was in a yeshiva, so it was a little bit different. It\nwas more Jewish, I guess, more --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4663.0,4678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: During the years, when you were raising your kids, how did you decide what\nto tell them about the past and what not to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4678.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We didn't talk about it to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4690.0,4694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children till they got older. Yes, we\ndidn't talk about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4694.0,4700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What did you tell them when they asked where their grandparents were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4700.0,4707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: We said that they got killed from the Germans. That's what, yes. And our\nfamily, in my case, was so close. They had children my children's age and they\ngot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4707.0,4724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. You know, that cousin who was a physician? His children were the\nsame age. He used to pick up my older daughter to go to Hebrew school, to go to\nSunday school. It was -- We got integrated. They were very nice to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4724.0,4749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Have you been back to Europe over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4749.0,4754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4754.0,4755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: To Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4755.0,4757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Or only to Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4757.0,4760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: My husband, Mendel, had a cousin in Switzerland and we visited them. They\nare not there anymore. They are both dead, but the children are in Israel. A\ndaughter is here. One daughter is here, and two daughters are in Israel. So, we\nwent and we traveled. We went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4760.0,4786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Egypt and we went to France. We went for a\ncruise. I went with my husband for a cruise to Alaska. We traveled a little bit.\nBut to Europe, like to the camps, like some people, I didn't go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4786.0,4801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You said originally you did not want to go back because you were afraid of\nthe Russians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4801.0,4808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: That was to Vilna. I didn't want to go back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4808.0,4812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: After the Soviet Union ended, was there any curiosity, like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4812.0,4816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homesickness,\nor wanting to go back and see the place when it was safer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4816.0,4825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, it was safer and I know my one of my friends went. She says, \"You\nwouldn't recognize the city, everything is different,\" so I didn't have a desire\nto go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4825.0,4845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Vilna had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4845.0,4847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such a remarkable Jewish community. You talked about it a\nlittle bit. When you think back to that community -- I mean, not -- We know that\na lot of people were killed, but it was also the culture and the civilization\nalmost that was destroyed. How do you feel about that? Have you talked to your\nchildren about what you what you knew about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4847.0,4871.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4871.0,4872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: How do you grieve for the community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4872.0,4875.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, I talked. You know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4875.0,4877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna -- In fact, a big author just died in\nIsrael that was also from Vilna. I get the Forwards. I read the Forwards and I\nget a lot of Jewish news [about] what's going on in this world. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4877.0,4907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the YIVO --\nYou know the YIVO? The Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut [Yiddish: Yiddish\nScientific Institute] was -- It started in Vilna and now it's in New York. They\nbrought -- They were hiding a lot of--[during] the war--literature and a lot of\nstuff. They bought everything after the war in [to] New York. A lot of people --\nI remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4907.0,4937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my principal's daughter was in New York working for the YIVO. I think\nshe died already. But it's -- If you go in the YIVO--that is an institute--you\ncan find everything about Vilna. It's a lot of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4937.0,4961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you ever wonder why that whole experience ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4961.0,4967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened to you and to Jewish\npeople in general?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4967.0,4973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: That's an old story. I mean, history repeats itself. I remember when I\ngrew up in Vilna, there was a section. They said, \"That's the old Vilna ghetto.\"\nThere was a Vilna Ghetto before [Adolf] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4973.0,4997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler. [There] was a section that\nJewish people used to gather, that they kept the Jewish people. The antisemitism\nwas going on [for] ages. Look in France with the Dreyfus protests. I mean, in\nRussia before [Joseph] Stalin, what happened, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4997.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5027.0,5028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Is that why you think people were not as nervous as they maybe might\nhave been when the Nazis were coming in? They thought, \"Oh, this has happened\nbefore and we survived last time, so we'll survive this time.\" Is that -- Do you\nthink people were talking about it in those terms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5028.0,5050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I don't know. I remember my -- When the Germans came in, my parents said\nthe Germans in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5050.0,5058.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the First World War, when they came in Vilna, were not bad. They\nwere okay, but they changed. Hitler grew up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5058.0,5073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Before Hitler, what was your understanding of where that antisemitic\nattitude came from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5073.0,5083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I guess I didn't think about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5083.0,5089.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5089.0,5090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Like when that boy hit you, did you wonder, \"Why did he hit me?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5090.0,5096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Of course. I went to my mother and complained. I didn't even know where he\nlived or anything. It wasn't like a neighbor or something that I could complain\nto his mother or to his -- so -- Because some were nice people, like I said,\nthat a lot of them we trusted with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5096.0,5119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of our stuff and we got [it] back from\nthem, so -- I left my ice skates. That was my life because I used to like to\n[skate]. I left [them] with my neighbor, and I picked it up, and I sold it for\nbread. I brought it to the ghetto. She gave it back to me. I didn't need it in\nthe ghetto, the ice skates, but it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5119.0,5149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expensive, and it was mine. I came to get\nit and she gave it back to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5149.0,5158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you ever find out exactly where your parents ended up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5158.0,5164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I knew all the [people] from Vilna ended up in Ponar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5164.0,5170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was that a forest, or a little town, or --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5170.0,5176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: It's like you go for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5176.0,5179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vacations. You go [and] you rent a place for a vacation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5179.0,5184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: [Yes.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5184.0,5185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: That is beautiful forest, beautiful woods over there. And they dug big\nmass graves and that's where they were killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5185.0,5195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Had you ever felt like going there to just to have a ritual of some kind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5195.0,5203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, I felt, but now it's too late. Like I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5203.0,5208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, we had already paid for\nthat trip, and then we got back the [money]. It was canceled because it was of\nwar. Then, afterwards we just lost -- didn't want to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5208.0,5225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What do you suppose the world has learned from what happened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5225.0,5231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: That it can happen again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5231.0,5234.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Explain that a little.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5234.0,5237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5237.0,5238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look in Iran what's happening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5238.0,5242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: After the last survivors fade away, do you think the memory will disappear\nor weaken in some way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5242.0,5257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: That's why a lot of the children of survivors take over. Like, here in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5257.0,5269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, it's not that big, but up north and in Florida, the --When I went now\nto the reunion, survivors are dying or they are old and cannot come to --\nChildren are taking [over], the second generation and the third generation. You\nwould be surprised how active they are. [They are] very active, which is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5269.0,5299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good.\nWe should never forget. I mean, this kind of work is very important because\nlittle by little, the survivors are dying. It's like the soldiers that liberated\nthe camps. They are dying, too. Same thing. They are like my age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5299.0,5321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What is it like for you when you hear some of the revisionists say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5321.0,5329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nmaybe it happened, but it is exaggerated, and it is propaganda for Israel, and\nthat sort of thing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5329.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: This is antisemitism again. The same thing. That's why the girl--I knew\nher very well--one day in England -- What's her name? Do you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5340.0,5355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Lipstadt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5355.0,5356.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Deborah Lipstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5356.0,5358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5358.0,5359.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I used to work out with her. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5359.0,5363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: If you think ahead to your grandkids and great-grandkids seeing\ntestimonies like this, what else would you want to tell them? What else would\nyou want them to know about your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5363.0,5379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: My granddaughter always says, \"I'm strong like my grandma.\" She always\nsays, \"My grandma survived. I'll be okay, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5379.0,5388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too.\" They know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5388.0,5389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: That is actually really important, that that she got a message of\nsurvival and not of being a victim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5389.0,5399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: That's right, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5399.0,5401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Is that how you taught, when you started teaching your children, that\nyou --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5401.0,5408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Of course. My grandchildren, they know. Yes, they were taught in school\nand they asked me questions. [They] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5408.0,5417.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote about their grandmother and their\ngrandfather. Yes, they know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5417.0,5422.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you think of anything else you would like to add that we have not\nasked about? Any other memories?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5422.0,5432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I'm not much of a talker. I don't know. If you ask me questions, I can\nanswer, but I'm not much -- Some people are very good. Always, when I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5432.0,5447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\nschool, if I had to go out in front of my class, I always used to get -- My\nheart used to pound. I'm not very good. Some people are good at it. I'm not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5447.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I think you are doing great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5460.0,5463.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: If you ask me questions, then I can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5463.0,5466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What about when you came to Atlanta? Who were the survivors who you\ngot to be friends with? Bella. Did you have -- I mean, did you start having\npeople to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5466.0,5477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5477.0,5478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: My sister-in-law was here and my brother-in-law, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5478.0,5482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You talked more about the war years? Were you able to talk to people\nwho were not survivors about that? Did anybody ever ask?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5482.0,5493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes, sure. A lot of American people, when we came in Syracuse, too, they\nsaid, \"Oh, the war. We had a bad time, too, during the war.\" They were telling\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5493.0,5507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us it was a bad time, so we told them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5507.0,5515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you notice any differences between American Jews, whether in New York\nor here, compared to the Jewish world, the Jewish culture where you grew up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5515.0,5535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5535.0,5537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. I can't. I don't know if American Jewish people believed in\nthe beginning how bad it was. It was hard to believe. Because they say that\nsomebody, a Polish man, came and said what was happening. President [Franklin\nD.] Roosevelt didn't do anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5537.0,5567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they didn't think it was that bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5567.0,5572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: After the war, everything was known. How did Americans -- What was their\nattitude towards you and other survivors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5572.0,5585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: No, in Syracuse, I found that everybody was decent and nice when we came\nand were happy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5585.0,5597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we survived. In fact, my husband had people from his town.\nJonah, he came from Swieciany, which is a small town near, not far from Vilna.\nHe remembered, when this man went to the States as a young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5597.0,5627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boy. Then, he saw him\nin Syracuse. He was very nice. He left. He left a family there. They didn't\nsurvive. But I think there's a lot of tragedies that people left families. They\ncame, like a husband came, and then they left the wife and children, and they\ncouldn't bring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5627.0,5657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them because the war started. There was a lot of tragedies like\nthis, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5657.0,5664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What is your guess of Germans, and Poles, and people in Europe -- How much\ndo you suppose they --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5664.0,5674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: There were good people in every walk of life and there were lousy people.\nIt's here the same thing. It's all over the world like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5674.0,5687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. No matter what,\nthere are some good people that would help, that would feel for you, and some\nthat are really bad. You try to associate with the good people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5687.0,5705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When you first came to America--I assume there were not a whole lot of\nblack people in Europe during ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5705.0,5717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those days--what did you notice about the races\nand how they relate here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5717.0,5723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I could not stand it when I saw. I came to visit in Atlanta, from Syracuse\nto my sister-in-law. She took me to Rich's downtown on the bus. We went\nshopping. On the way back, we were taking the bus, and I remember a black woman\ncame over and said, \"Here is ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5723.0,5747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cents for a Coke. They wouldn't sell it to me\nin a store near the bus station. Please buy me the coke.\" And on the bus, they\nsat in the back. I just could not stomach this because it reminded me when we\nhad to walk in the street, not on the sidewalk. It was the same feeling and I\njust could not stomach it. I was against ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5747.0,5777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. It's discrimination. In every walk\nof life, it's not right. That's the way I feel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5777.0,5785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Maybe tell us a little of what your life is like now. What is important to\nyou now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5785.0,5795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: To be healthy and have nachas [Yiddish: pride and joy] from the children,\nthe grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5795.0,5803.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: The great grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5803.0,5805.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: [What]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5805.0,5806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5806.0,5807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The great --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5807.0,5809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: And the great-grandchildren, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5809.0,5812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Thank you for telling us your story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5812.0,5817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I hope I did a good job. I hope. I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5817.0,5826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You did a wonderful job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5826.0,5830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5830.0,5831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5831.0,5832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/transcript/68380/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KLUG: I hope you --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5832.0,5835.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilnius [Polish: Wilno; Russian: Vilna] is the largest city in Lithuania and its capital. It is located on the Neris and Vilnia rivers, near the Belarus border. Although heavily damaged in World War I and II, it is known for its medieval Old Town and baroque architecture. At the time of Anna's birth, the city was part of Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=38.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe city of Vilna city has changed hands many times throughout its long history. Once part of the Russian Empire, the Germans occupied the city during World War I. When they withdrew at the end of 1918, Poland took over the city. Over the next year, the Polish, Soviets, and Lithuanians each took turns claiming the city. From 1920 to 1939, it was included in Poland, where it would remain until September 1939, when the Soviets invaded eastern Poland and restored Vilna to Lithuania. The Soviets annexed Lithuania, including Vilnius, in June 1940. Following World War II, the city became Lithuania’s capital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=178.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=207.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=291.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eve of World War II, Vilna had a population of 200,000, about 40 percent of whom were Jewish, 50 percent Polish, and the remainder of various nationalities including Lithuanians and Belarussians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=298.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=328.0,349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Soviets occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940, the traumatic changes only fueled later violence against the Jews. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalized farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. The Soviets sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=359.0,388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=388.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans established two ghettos—ghetto # 1 and ghetto # 2—in Vilna in early September 1941. The larger ghetto (ghetto #1) was for 11,000 Jews considered able to work. The smaller (ghetto #2) was for 9,000 sick, the elderly, and those without work permits. In a series of operations conducted by German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian auxiliaries, ghetto #2 was completely liquidated between September and October 1941. Between 9,000 and 11,000 inhabitants were taken to the Ponar woods and murdered. The remaining Jews crowded into the larger ghetto (ghetto #1) were forced to work in factories, on construction projects, or sent to nearby labor camps. Periodic killing operations murdered many of the ghetto’s inhabitants at Ponar. Liquidation in the larger ghetto began on October 23, 1941 when 5,000 Jews without work permits were shot in the woods. Roundups and executions continued through November and December. By the end of the year, 34,000 Jews had been murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=449.0,479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, which is commonly referred to as Georgia Tech is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1885.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=488.0,509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, the newly independent Polish state made military service mandatory for all male Polish citizens over 21. In the final days before the outbreak of World War II, Poland conscripted one million men, among them over 100,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=509.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=509.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Ponar” or “Ponary” was a wooded area approximately seven miles from Vilna where the Soviets had dug large pits for fuel storage tanks, but had been forced to evacuate the incomplete project when the Germans invaded. The Germans and their Lithuanian auxiliaries used the site for mass executions from early summer 1941 to July 1944 when 70,000-100,000 people were brought to Ponar by foot, truck, and train and murdered. Most were Jews from Vilna and the surrounding area, although Soviet prisoners of war and other enemies of the Nazis were also murdered there. In the early phases of the Ponar exterminations, the victims were buried in the same pits where they had been shot. However, in September 1943, the Nazis forced 80 Jewish prisoners to dig up the pits and burn the bodies in order to destroy evidence of mass murder. Most of those prisoners were killed, but 15 escaped.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=629.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lithuanians carried out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces. Under German direction, Lithuanian nationalists formed a local administration and soon introduced a series of anti-Jewish measures. Jews were forbidden to use sidewalks or any means of public transportation and could not maintain relationships of any kind with non-Jews, Jews were required to wear a yellow star on their clothes and Jewish houses had to be marked with a sign saying “Jude” [German: Jew]. Jews were also forced to perform labor including agricultural work and domestic service, as well as demeaning tasks such as cleaning outhouses. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=779.0,809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 21, 1943, Heinrich Himmler decreed all remaining ghettos in the Baltic states be closed, with ghetto inmates sent to newly formed concentration camps and as many able-bodied Jews as possible deported to Estonia to work in oil-shale production. On September 23 and 24, 1943 the Vilna ghetto was liquidated. Children, the elderly, and the sick were murdered at Ponar by Germans and Ukrainian auxiliaries or sent to the Sobibor extermination camp. The majority of the surviving able-bodied men and women were sent to labor camps in Estonia and Latvia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of July 1944, a strict selection occurred in the Vaivara concentration camp. Prisoners called it the “ten percent selection.” A full ten percent of the prisoners were loaded onto trucks, taken to an area near the village of Ereda and shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1019.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 20, 1944, German military leaders attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler. In what became known as the 20 July plot, they planned to kill Hitler, seize control of the government and make peace with the Western Allies. The leader of the conspiracy, Claus von Stauffenberg, planned to kill Hitler at a conference he was attending by detonating an explosive hidden in a briefcase. When the bomb detonated, four were killed and 20 wounded. Hitler suffered only minor injuries. Although the briefcase had been positioned right next to Hitler, at the last moment, another conference participant unwittingly moved it underneath a table, inadvertently shielding Hitler from the explosion. Within five hours, the subsequent coup, known as Operation Valkyrie, in which Wehrmacht units attempted to take control of several cities, had also failed. In the months that followed, 7,000 people were arrested and 4,980 (including von Stauffenberg) were executed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1019.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA varied and rich cultural life took place in the Vilna ghetto. A ghetto theater staged plays and musical productions. Various sports clubs popped up and even a small sports field was created. The ghetto had two elementary schools, a religious school, a high school and nursery schools. Although ghetto conditions and the demand for forced labor seven days a week made religious observance difficult, three small synagogues opened and community events were held for all of the holidays. A variety of concerts and lectures also took place in the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1082.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiquidation in the larger Vilna ghetto began on October 23, 1941 when 5,000 Jews without work permits were shot in the woods. Roundups and executions continued through November and December. By the end of the year, 34,000 Jews had been murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1090.0,1109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVaivara was a transit and concentration camp established in northeast Estonia in 1943. Originally, the camp was created for Soviet prisoners of war. From August 1943 until February 1944, however, it served as the main branch of the 22 camps located throughout Estonia. Some 20,000 Jews from Latvia and the Vilna and Kovno ghettos and later from Germany, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia passed through Vaivara. Around 1,300 prisoners, mostly Jews as well as some Russian POWs, Dutch and Estonian forced laborers were permanently housed at Vaivara. The prisoners constructed railroads, dug antitank ditches, worked in quarries or cut down trees in forests and swamps. Estonian and Russian policemen guarded the camp, which was run by the SS. Prisoners lived in poorly constructed wooden huts, received meager food rations, and suffered from a lack of fresh water, disease, cold, and exhaustion. Selections of the weak were conducted regularly and they were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered. Those who died of illness or exhaustion, they attempted to burn on pyres in the camp. A typhus epidemic broke out in December 1943. As the camps further east were evacuated to Vaivara in February 1944, conditions only worsened. At the end of July 1944, a strict selection the prisoners called the “ten percent selection” occurred. A full ten percent of the prisoners were loaded onto trucks, taken to an area near the village of Ereda and shot. In August and September 1944, as the Russians neared the area, the Germans began to retreat from Estonia and Vaivara was evacuated. Some prisoners were put on ships or dumped into the crowded Klooga sub-camp and a makeshift camp in Lagedi, near Tallinn, Estonia to die. During the evacuation, several ships were sunk. Most of the inmates were sent to the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig and then on to other camps in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1135.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eViivikonna was once an important shale mining settlement in northeastern Estonia, near the port town of Sillamäe. Today, it is a near-abandoned village. During World War II, it was the site of a subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp known as Vivikoni, or Werk IV Sillamäe. Most of the prisoners were from the liquidated Vilna and Kovno ghettos, as well as some Jews from Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland and Hungary. Prisoners were separated into two camps at Vivikonna. About 500 Jewish prisoners worked for Organization Todt at “Vivikonna OT” building railroad tracks, clearing forests, and digging trenches. Another 700 Jewish prisoners alternated shifts with Russian POWs at “Vivikona Baltol” in open pits for Baltische Öl GmbH, a German company responsible for all of the oil shale industry in Estonia. The camp was evacuated in February 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1139.0,1169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNarva is a city in eastern Estonia on the Russian border. In the fall of 1943, a small subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp was opened in a former factory in Narva. The prisoner population peaked in November, with around 1,700 men and women living in separate sections of the factory. The prisoners suffered from cold, hunger, exhaustion, illness, lice and typhus. Guarded by Estonian and Latvian auxiliaries, the prisoners built fortifications, dug trenches, did road construction, woodcutting, and worked in a quarry. When the camp was evacuated in February 1944, just over 700 prisoners still in the camp were marched to Vaivara.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1139.0,1169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Gens (1903-1943) was born in Lithuania. After serving in the Lithuanian army during World War I, he studied law and economics and became a leader of Betar. Gens moved to Vilna in 1940, after the Soviet Union annexed the area. He divorced his non-Jewish wife when the Germans occupied Vilna, in order to spare her and his daughter persecution as Jews. When the Vilna ghetto was established in September 1941, Gens was made the head of the Jewish police and later, \u003cbr\u003ethe head of the Judenrat (Jewish Council). Gens mistakenly believed that cooperating with the Germans would allow some Jews to survive as long as they could work and refused to support the ghetto \u003cbr\u003eresistance movement for fears it would cause the Germans to liquidate the entire ghetto. Gens was shot by the Germans on September 14, 1943 and the ghetto was liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1191.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. The Judenrat or Ältestenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were installed to manage the communities and provide the Germans with forced laborers. A Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas and often were responsible for rounding up Jews selected for forced labor or deportation. They were often referred to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1930s, the rise of nationalism and antisemitism increased among Poles and Lithuanians, making Vilna a hostile place for Jews. Within Poland, a series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. At Polish universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities. Jewish students often endured harassment and even physical violence from right-wing students. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937. When the Soviets took over the city in 1939, the hostility toward Jews only increased. Lithuanian nationalists and others claimed Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers, even though the majority of Jews did not support socialism or communism. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1245.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a disease spread by lice, fleas or mites. During World War II, typhus epidemics killed many individuals in POW camps, ghettos and in concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1430.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1458.0,1459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and occupied their Polish territories in June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) followed the German army as it advanced. The Germans often drew on local civilian and police support to carry out their operations. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and ethnic German collaborators played a significant role in killing Jews throughout eastern and southeastern Europe. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1470.0,1477.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk (Poland)), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg-Langenhorn (Ochsenzoll) was a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. It opened on September 12, 1944, when around 500 Jewish women—mostly from Lithuania, but also from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary—arrived from the Stutthof concentration camp, where they had been selected to work in Hamburg a few days earlier. In early March 1945, another 250 women—a combination of women who had been branded “criminals” by the SS and Roma from the Ravensbruck concentration camp—arrived in Ochsenzall. The women were housed in two huts that had been constructed on the northern outskirts of the city near a forced labor camp for non-Jews from Eastern and Central Europe. The women worked in the Hanseatische Kettenwerke armaments factory and for the Messap (Deutsche Messapparate GmbH) engineering firm. In the final weeks of the war, some of them were forced to carry out excavation work for the construction of prefabricated buildings for the Hamburg city council. The SS evacuated the camp at the beginning of April 1945. Most of the women were sent to the “reception camp” at Bergen-Belsen, while the others were taken to the Sasel satellite camp in Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=1770.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. A tent camp was erected in Bergen-Belsen in August 1944. Initially, it served as a transit camp for non-Jewish women from Poland, whom the Germans had deported to the Reich to work in armaments factories, but the SS soon began using the tent camp to house sick and injured prisoners transported from other concentration camps who were no longer able to work . By November 1944, the tent camp also held around 8,000 women who had been evacuated from Auschwitz-Birkenau, most of whom were Jewish. Eventually, the tents were so badly damaged by a storm that the prisoners from the tent camp were moved into already overcrowded barracks. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2042.0,2063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is spread when a person coughs or sneezes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2162.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the chaos of the camp’s final days, many rumors circulated through the camp, including one that the Germans were poisoning the prisoner’s rations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2222.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2252.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1998, middle school students in Whitwell, Tennessee began collecting paperclips in what became the Paper Clips Project. Whitwell is a small town in southeastern Tennessee, approximately 24 miles northwest of Chattanooga. Struggling to comprehend the scale of the Holocaust, the children decided to collect paper clips to represent the victims. After receiving international media attention, over 30 million paper clips arrived at the school. In 2001, a monument known as the Children’s Holocaust Memorial, was opened. A German railcar is surrounded by a small garden. Inside are 11 million paperclips and other memorial artifacts. Outside is a series of sculptures including one that incorporates another 11 million paper clips.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2313.0,2314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Betar Movement is a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe. Chapters sprung up across Europe. After World War II, and during the settlement of Mandate Palestine, Betar was traditionally linked to the original Herut and then Likud political parties of Jewish pioneers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2474.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2474.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank (1929-1945) was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and, after the Germans occupied the Netherlands in World War II, went into hiding with her family and others. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2512.0,2527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle, Germany became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it “Hohne,” survivors insisted on referring to it as “Bergen-Belsen.” It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation. The majority of DPs from Bergen-Belsen immigrated to Israel, while many others went to the United States and Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2720.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2737.0,2767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied, and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death. Although army medical units did the best they could, numerous survivors died in the hours, days, and weeks immediately following liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2737.0,2767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoviet troops invaded Lithuania in the summer of 1944, capturing Vilna on July 13, 1944 and Kaunas on August 1, 1944. On August 3, 1944, Lithuanian partisans initiated an insurgency against Soviet occupation. By the time Soviet forced suppressed the insurgency in May 1953, some 20,000 partisans, 13,000 Soviet soldiers, and 2,600 civilians had been killed. Lithuania would remain part of the Soviet Union until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2839.0,2856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 11, 1990, Lithuania became the first republic to declare its independence from the USSR. The Soviet government responded by reinforcing troops in Lithuania and enforcing an economic blockade. Supplies of oil, coal and other raw materials were halted. Medicines, paper, some foods and even electricity were also stopped. Inflation skyrocketed and many factories, newspapers and other businesses closed. Mass protests erupted. The Soviets also launched a propaganda campaign meant to destabilize the Lithuanian government and create further unrest. Despite the increasing pressure, Lithuania refused to comply with Soviet demands it restore the constitution and power of the USSR. In January 1991, the conflict came to a head. Soviet tanks and armed troops began seizing buildings of state institutions. On January 13, they attempted to seize control of a radio and television station in Vilnius. When Lithuanian protestors attempted to block them, 14 were killed and over 500 were injured. Some 90 percent of Lithuanians voted in favor of independence in a referendum on February 9, 1991. Lithuania finally achieved its political independence and international recognition in August 1991. The USSR State Council recognized the independence of Lithuania on September 6, 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2886.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev (1931-2022) was a Russian and Soviet politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union. He held to Marxism-Leninism ideology but he moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. He pushed for a policy of glasnost (openness) which allowed for greater freedom of speech and press. He also implemented perestroika (restructuring) which worked towards decentralized economic decision-making to improve efficiency. His efforts in the Soviet Union led to various Eastern Bloc countries abandoning Marxist-Leninist government and he refused to intervene militarily. Eventually, leading Marxist-Leninist hardliners launched an unsuccessful coup attempt against him. The coup attempt led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and his resignation as President. Gorbachev was awarded the Noble Peace Prize and was praised for his role in ending the Cold War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2886.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Soviets outlined new borders for the Baltic republics of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. As in 1940, Vilna remained in Lithuania.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2886.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZelman Sosne (1925-2014) was a survivor born in Vilno, Poland. He lost his mother and sister after the Vilna ghetto was liquidated. His brother and father survived concentration camps in Estonia and Germany with him, but died towards the end of the war. Zelman immigrated to the United States after the war. He settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he married, raised a family, and worked at a meat company. Zelman’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=2953.0,2972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKonstanz is a city located in south Germany on the western end of Lake Constance. The German-Swiss border runs along the southwestern and southern edge of the city, demarcating it from the Swiss town of Kreuzlingen. Its proximity to neutral Switzerland meant Konstanz was not bombed by Allied Forces during World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3104.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSyracuse University is a private research university established in 1870 in Syracuse, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3369.0,3399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3429.0,3459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHighland Avenue is a major thoroughfare in northeast Atlanta, forming a major business corridor connecting the neighborhoods of Morningside, Virginia-Highland, Poncey Highland, Inman Park and the Old Fourth Ward.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=3820.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4289.0,4292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Litvak” refers to Lithuanian Jews or Jews with roots in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: (present-day Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, and the northeastern Suwalki region of Poland). The term is sometimes used, especially in Israel, to cover all Orthodox Jews who follow a “Lithuanian” (Ashkenazi and non-Hasidic) style of life and learning, whatever their ethnic background.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4427.0,4449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4449.0,4471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Eastern European Yiddish contains three main dialects: Lithuanian, Polish, and Ukrainian/Galician Yiddish. Lithuanian or Northeastern Yiddish, is spoken in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, northeastern Ukraine, and northeastern Poland (Suwalki Gubernia). People speaking this dialect are called \"Litvaks\" and speak \"Litvish.\" Polish, or Galician, or Central Yiddish is spoken in the area between the German-Polish frontier of 1939 and the Vistula and San Rivers, including Poland, and Central and Western Galicia.  People speaking the dialect of Poland and Galicia are called \"Poylish\" and \"Galitsyaner.\" Ukrainian or Southeastern Yiddish is spoken in most of the Ukraine, parts of Eastern Galicia, Romania, and southeastern Poland. This dialect is called \"volinyer/podolyer/besaraber\" Yiddish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4487.0,4491.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Orthodox opponent of Hasidism, Misnagdim or Mitnagdim is a Hebrew word meaning “opponents.” Most prominent among the Misnagdim was Rabbi Elijah (Eliyaju) ben Shlomo Zalman (1720-1797), who came to be known as the ‘Vilna Gaon.’  The term ‘Misnagdim’ gained a common usage among European Jews as the term that referred to Ashkenazi Jews who opposed the rise and spread of early Hasidic Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4548.0,4550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4558.0,4570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4663.0,4678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republic/USSR was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was made up of fifteen national republics. It was a communist state with the capital in Moscow. The nation had its foundation in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks established the Russian Soviet Republic. After World War II, the Cold War began with the Eastern Bloc of the Soviet Union confronting the Western Bloc, which was led by the United States and eventually NATO. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union’s last leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to implement various reforms. Additionally, various Soviet satellite countries overthrew their Marxist-Leninist regimes. By 1991, a coup attempt against Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed with various republics of the Soviet Union remerging as independent nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4812.0,4816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forward, formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward, is an American news media organization for a Jewish-American audience. Founded in 1897 as a Yiddish-language daily socialist newspaper, The New York Times reported that Seth Lipsky \"started an English-language offshoot of the Yiddish-language newspaper\" as a weekly newspaper in 1990. In the 21st century The Forward is a digital publication with online reporting. In 2016, the publication of the Yiddish version changed its print format from a bi-weekly newspaper to a monthly magazine; the English weekly newspaper followed suit in 2017. Those magazines were published until 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4877.0,4907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYIVO is the Yiddish acronym for the Institute for Jewish Research. Founded in Vilna, Poland in 1925, it was originally known as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (or Yiddish Scientific Institute). After relocating to New York City, New York in 1940, the organization became the leading institution for scholarship in Yiddish and about the history and culture of East European Jews and their emigrant communities. Although the Nazis looted some of the documents that remained in Vilna, many were later recovered and brought to YIVO’s New York library.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4907.0,4937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna’s Jewish quarter dates back to 1633, when it was established by King Vladislav IV in the area known today as the Old Town. Initially, Jews could only live and trade in the quarter, which was restricted to two streets and one alley. By 1861, Jews were free to live and trade anywhere in the city. The area remained a popular neighborhood for Jews, however, as the Great Vilnius synagogue was located in the quarter. Following World War II, little evidence of the area’s Jewish history remained.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4973.0,4997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dreyfus Affair was a political crisis in France that began in 1894 when Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), a French Jewish military officer, was wrongfully tried and convicted of treason. Dreyfus was accused of passing military secrets to the Germans. In 1896, evidence was discovered that pointed to another French military officer, Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, as the real traitor. In 1898, Esterhazy was court-martialed but quickly found not guilty. In 1899, Dreyfus was court-martialed for a second time and found guilty. Although he was pardoned days later by the French president, it wasn’t until 1906 that Dreyfus officially was exonerated and reinstated in the army. The Dreyfus Affair became one of the most significant political events in French history in the late 19th and early 20th century. France became deeply divided, not just over the fate of Dreyfus, but also over a range of issues, including politics, religion and national identity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4997.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4997.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnna is referring to pogroms, a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century, after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815. Sporadic violence continued throughout the 19th century and early 20th century, with three large-scale waves of violence occurring during periods of severe political and social upheavals. Following the assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881, more than 200 incidents of anti-Jewish violence occurred in the Russian Empire, most notably in Kiev, Warsaw and Odessa. From 1903 and throughout the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, an estimated 2,000 Jews were killed in pogroms, mostly in modern-day Moldova and Ukraine. During the Russian Civil War of 1919-1921, another wave of violence broke out, mostly in Ukraine, with an estimated 50,000 Jews killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=4997.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring their occupation of Lithuania during World War I, the Germans exploited Vilna’s Jewish community, confiscating food and other goods and abducting many for forced labor. Thousands died of starvation and disease. At the same time, however, the Germans allowed the Jewish community some autonomy. New social institutions emerged and numerous schools were opened. In contrast to Russia’s strict censorship and anti-Jewish restrictions, Vilna’s Jewish community flourished culturally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5058.0,5073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnna is referring to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (b. 1956), who was Iranian president from 2005 to 2013. During his presidency, Ahmadinejad was viewed as a controversial figure within Iran and internationally because of his economic policies, disregard for human rights, and his push for a nuclear program. He was also a vehement Holocaust denier and outspoken opponent of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5238.0,5242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (b. 1947) is, as of 2022, Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies, Tam Institute for Jewish Studies, and the Department of Religion at Emory University. She created the Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory and was its first director from 1998-2008. Lipstadt authored numerous books about Holocaust deniers including Denying the Holocaust, The Eichmann Trial, and History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier, which chronicles the libel case involving herself and David Irving — a case which Lipstadt won.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5356.0,5358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s (FDR) legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. By 1942, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies. In December 1942, FDR met with prominent figures in the Jewish community, who expressed their horror at the news and provided him with a report on mass murder in specific countries, but the president did not promise any new rescue action. In July 1943, FDR met with a Polish resistance member, Jan Karski, who described what he had witnessed in the Warsaw ghetto. A seminal moment in the Roosevelt Administration’s response to the Holocaust was a January 16, 1944 meeting at the White House involving the President and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. At the meeting, Morgenthau presented a lengthy and blunt report to FDR on what he and other Treasury officials believed to be the State Department’s obstruction of efforts to rescue European Jews. As a result, FDR established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to coordinate governmental and private rescue efforts. The Board is credited with saving at least 200,000 Jews, but critics argue that if FDR had acted earlier, and more boldly, even more lives could have been saved.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5537.0,5567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until 2005, when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5723.0,5747.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/annotation_set/1411/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended what were known as “Jim Crow” laws, racial segregation was mandated in practically every aspect of public life in the South beginning in the 1890s. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions also created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=5747.0,5777.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/index/84334","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Klug, Anna [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/index/84334/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=32.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/index/84334/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anna talks about her family and life in Vilna, Poland before the war.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568#t=32.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/130212/file/243568/index/84334/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born in Vilna [Poland] in 1924, [on] January 12th.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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