{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/416sx64m42/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spielberg, Gisela Meyer (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-11-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGisela Spielberg interviewed by Sandy Breman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGisela ‘Gia’ Meyer Spielberg was born September 29, 1926 in Berlin, Germany to Jewish German World War One veteran Henrich Meyer and his wife Lieselotte Kohn. Four years later, her younger sister Erika was born. The family watched and experienced the ideological changes happening around them as Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGisela faced much discrimination in school. German girls would taunt and torment her which made her glad when she had to leave for the Jewish school after the law was passed that German and Jewish children could not attend the same schools. Gisela and her family, though, became increasingly fearful of living life in German as the situation got worse. The final straw was when her father was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp for a couple weeks. Upon his release, the family was determined to leave Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEventually, Gisela and her family were lucky enough to escape to England where they lived for a year in separate locations across the country. When their quota numbers eventually came forth for them to immigrate to the United States, they were able to get passage on one of the final ships taking passengers to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter arriving in the United States, Gisela and her family eventually settled in Atlanta, GA. Her father opened his own business while her mother worked in a candy factory. Gisela did her best to settle into high school there, beginning to build for herself a new life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinishing high school, Gisela attended two years of college at Agnes Scott College before transferring to the University of Iowa. After completing her bachelor degree, she married Sol Spielberg on January 9, 1949. The two were married for 63 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGisela used her experiences in National Socialist Germany to educate others and was a charitable volunteer for many organizations, including the Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. She died in February of 2018.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eGisela discusses her family’s life in Germany in the early days of German National Socialism. She primarily focuses on her father’s life for the majority of the interview, talking about her father’s involvement in World War One, his run in with the Gestapo, and his metal business that he ran. She peppers his story with her own recollections of life in Germany as a schoolgirl and noticing the rising antisemitism around her. Her story continues with her family’s escape to England months and weeks before the Second World War started. She also covers her family’s crossing to the United States and how they finally settled in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28037"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGisela Spielberg interviewed by Sandy Breman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGisela ‘Gia’ Meyer Spielberg was born September 29, 1926 in Berlin, Germany to Jewish German World War One veteran Henrich Meyer and his wife Lieselotte Kohn. Four years later, her younger sister Erika was born. The family watched and experienced the ideological changes happening around them as Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGisela faced much discrimination in school. German girls would taunt and torment her which made her glad when she had to leave for the Jewish school after the law was passed that German and Jewish children could not attend the same schools. Gisela and her family, though, became increasingly fearful of living life in German as the situation got worse. The final straw was when her father was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp for a couple weeks. Upon his release, the family was determined to leave Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEventually, Gisela and her family were lucky enough to escape to England where they lived for a year in separate locations across the country. When their quota numbers eventually came forth for them to immigrate to the United States, they were able to get passage on one of the final ships taking passengers to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter arriving in the United States, Gisela and her family eventually settled in Atlanta, GA. Her father opened his own business while her mother worked in a candy factory. Gisela did her best to settle into high school there, beginning to build for herself a new life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinishing high school, Gisela attended two years of college at Agnes Scott College before transferring to the University of Iowa. After completing her bachelor degree, she married Sol Spielberg on January 9, 1949. The two were married for 63 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGisela used her experiences in National Socialist Germany to educate others and was a charitable volunteer for many organizations, including the Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. She died in February of 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGisela discusses her family’s life in Germany in the early days of German National Socialism. She primarily focuses on her father’s life for the majority of the interview, talking about her father’s involvement in World War One, his run in with the Gestapo, and his metal business that he ran. She peppers his story with her own recollections of life in Germany as a schoolgirl and noticing the rising antisemitism around her. Her story continues with her family’s escape to England months and weeks before the Second World War started. She also covers her family’s crossing to the United States and how they finally settled in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/540/small/Gisela_Spielberg.png?1619303933","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Spielberg_GIsela_1995.mp4"]},"duration":2135.934,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/540/small/Gisela_Spielberg.png?1619303933","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/540/original/Spielberg_GIsela_1995.mp4?1604344347","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2135.934,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gisela Spielberg [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sandy: What's your name?\n\nGisela: My name is Gisela Meyer Spielberg.\n\nSandy: Where were you born?\n\nGisela: I was born in Berlin, Germany, 1926.\n\nSandy: I'd like you to begin by telling us a little bit about your family, your\nbackground, how many people were in your family, how long your family lived in Germany, and just some of your early recollections.\n\nGisela: Well, to -- our family on both sides actually live in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany a long\ntime. In fact, I just found some pictures of my grandmother's great grandfather and great grandmother and her great grandfather was born in 1783. From that time on is our history in Germany. Eventually both my father and my grandmother and mother moved to Berlin [Germany].\n\nSandy: Where did you start out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Germany?\n\nGisela: My mother's hometown was Krefeld in the Rheinland and my father came from near Frankfurt am Main which is in Hessen, Germany.\n\nSandy: And they moved to Berlin--\n\nGisela:--my father moved to Berlin after World War One in which he was a soldier in the cavalry, which was called the [German word], and he spent four years of that war in the Balkans with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the horses and the cavalry. Then he came back and the French and the English had occupied his home state and he moved to Berlin.\n\nSandy: Wasn't he the recipient of a bravery medal?\n\nGisela: Yea, he has an Iron Cross and some other little medals which I don't\nknow what they are, but,-- my mother and father met on horseback. He loved\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horses. That's why he was in the war with horses and that's how they met.\n\nSandy: So you were saying that they met on horseback.\n\nGisela: Right and got married in 1924, March 1924 in Berlin.\n\nSandy: Berlin. And you were born --\n\nGisela:-- in 1926.\n\nSandy: What are some of your earliest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories of growing up in Berlin? What was life like there?\n\nGisela: Well, we were pretty middle classed. We first lived in a big apartment\nin downtown Berlin which, people lived in these big apartments. In 1933, we\nmoved to a suburb called Grunewald which was right opposite a park, a big park, more like a forest, called the Grunewald. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I mostly remember that, growing up in the suburbs. I went to the -- it was just my mother, father, sister. I had one sister who was younger, who is younger. My grandmother lived in a big apartment in downtown Berlin. I went to the neighborhood school which was called the VolksSchule [German: \"People's School\"]. Used to walked there, it was within walking distance. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in 1933, of course, was when the Hitler was elected and things started to change. The reason he was elected was because there was this tremendous crash and economic upheaval in 1929-1930\n\nSandy: Do you remember what your parents were discussing when he was coming to power, about the election?\n\nGisela: I don't really remember. The election, he only got a third of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vote\nand got in by all kinds of manipulations. But they [her parents] thought it\nwould be just a passing thing, that he would not stay long, and that things old\ngo back to normal. Not -- he was starting right away with spreading all this\nhate propaganda, changing laws and making laws against Jews.\n\nSandy: If we could backtrack for just a moment, what did your father do for a\nliving? What was his occupation?\n\nGisela: He was a metal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealer. He dealt in nonferrous metals, which was of\ncourse, when Hitler came in, started [unintelligible 5:06] that business got\nbetter than it had been before.\n\nSandy: Did he--he owned the business himself?\n\nGisela: Yes, he owned his own business.\n\nSandy: Did he have a lot of people working for him?\n\nGisela: I don't think he had people working -- he mainly bought and sold metals, and so I think he just worked for himself.\n\nSandy: What about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relationships of your family with the German community? Did you tend to stay mainly within the Jewish community in Germany before Hitler or did you have friends in the Christian community as well?\n\nGisela: Well, I think my parents probably had friends in both communities at\nthat time but mostly probably Jewish people. Most of the Jewish people were very secular, they weren't so terribly religious anymore even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though grandparents had been -- well, my father's family was Orthodox, they still lived in Southern Germany, but my mother's family was more assimilated. They still kept all the Jewish customs like kosher and going to service and things like that.\n\nSandy: All the holidays?\n\nGisela: Holidays, right, yes.\n\nSandy: Do you remember celebrating the holidays?\n\nGisela: Yea, I do remember celebrating the holidays, going to services on the\nHigh ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holidays and going to--celebrating Hanukkah and Passover.\n\nSandy: Then Hitler came to power and things began to change. What was the first thing that you remember changing?\n\nGisela: Well there were all kinds of subtle changes. We weren't allowed to have a maid anymore. We weren't allowed to go to restaurants. There -- Jews when they had a car they would give them a license ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plate that had a high number. You kept your licenses plate for life in Germany and so they would assign them a very high number so the police would know it was a Jewish car. Younger professionals weren't allowed to practice their profession anymore and so they mostly left and were lucky because they could leave then, and --\n\nSandy: What year was--in 1933?\n\nGisela: 1933-1934, yes. They kept saying \"Oh, veterans of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first World War\nwill always be welcome in Germany. We wouldn't do anything against them. We'll just doing it against people that come from Eastern Europe, against these young upstarts,\" and that sort of thing. It slowly, I mean, there was a lot of propaganda and hate material being passed around but as a child I was not aware of that.\n\nSandy: Then with the Nurem -- with the different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legislation and the Nuremburg laws coming into effect things began to get worse.\n\nGisela: Right. I think the Germans kind of -- in 1936 the Olympics took place in Germany and I think the Germans waited sort of because the world was coming to Germany in 1936. I know my parents were always saying \"Oh my gosh, they will see what's going on here, what they're doing,\" because there were already concentration camps and they were doing all kinds of terrible things and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll see what's going on. But of course they [the Nazis] hid it all very well and people didn't really want to see what was going on. They [the Nazis] sort of held off on the really rough stuff until 1936. Some of the more harsh laws came into effect. After 1936 it really got much much worse.\n\nSandy: What were some of the -- were you allowed to stay in your school?\n\nGisela: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No. In Germany, the basic school is four years of a sort of an\nelementary school and then four years a sort of a high school. I had finished\nfour years in this basic elementary school and after that I had to go to a\nJewish school, you could not --no Jewish children could mix with German children and go to a German school. So I went to a Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school.\n\nSandy: Was that very difficult leaving your friends?\n\nGisela: Well, the German children were not too friendly. I don't remember having a lot of really good German friends. Maybe one or two, but not a whole lot. They already didn't associate much with Jews.\n\nSandy: I think I remember you telling me you were invited to only one birthday party?\n\nGisela: Yea, I remember just one birthday party which was the daughter of the Japanese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Counsel. One from somebody besides a Jewish relative or friend, yes. She was the daughter of the Japanese Counsel in Berlin and she -- I think it was either her birthday party of her going away party, they were leaving.\n\nSandy: Your father --your parents obviously were becoming more and more aware that the situation was worsening. When did they begin to think about leaving?\n\nGisela: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I think they probably began to think about leaving in 1936 but in\norder to leave you had to have a pace to go. Most of the European countries did not allow Jews to enter unless they had relatives or -- some way of getting\nthere. America had a quota and you had to have a number to get in on the quota. The first thing you had to do was get a number, get on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"list. I know they got on the list to get a number, which I think our number was to come up in 1944. You had to get an affidavit from someone in America who would guarantee that you would not go on what's now welfare and become -- because there was a worldwide depression and there were a lot of people without work and it was very difficult to get jobs. I remember my father's mother -- you were also trying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everywhere, every place you could to find a way to get out of there and she [her grandmother] found out that Mrs. Felix Warbug was a distant cousin and so she wrote to her. Evidently the Warbug's were very charitable people, had set aside money for any German relatives who applied. She [Mrs. Warbrug] provided us with an affidavit. But then, having a quota number in 1944 meant you had to go somewhere in between to try and get out of there [Germany] as fast ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you could. In 1938, my father was arrested for supposedly dealing with some German underground. They had left some books at his house or something and he didn't know some of these people that were more liberal, and there was a small pocket\nof opposition to Hitler. He [her father] stayed there for about six weeks, but\nmy mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't tell us. She said he'd gone on a trip to England.\n\nSandy: You did not know.\n\nGisela: I did not know he was in a prison, no. And when he came back, he\nactually spoke English. He'd studied in prison and he'd learned English.\n\nSandy: Which camp was -- he was in a concentration camp?\n\nGisela: No, that was a prison. He was in prison somewhere in Berlin. I don't\nknow which one.\n\nSandy: Why did they release him?\n\nGisela: I'm not real sure. Mother must have used some connections, some bribery, something, some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"promises to get him out of there. And -- go ahead.\n\nSandy: If we could backtrack for just a moment, I know that he was able to still make a living. How was he able to do that with the new laws?\n\nGisela: Right, the laws didn't permit Jews to have business. I think he\nostensibly sold his business to a friend or a business friend, really, who let\nhim operate and take some -- I think he probably shared whatever the profits\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. There wasn't that great of a living anymore. It was very difficult in\nthose days, trying to make a living. But that's what he did.\n\nSandy: What about your home? Were you able to stay in your --\n\nGisela: We didn't own a home. We rented a house from, we lived in half of a\nduplex with a German family and then in 1936 when the bad laws came in, they didn't particularly want us to live there anymore. So we found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another house in the same suburb, maybe a half a mile away, a mile away, something like that, that was owned by a socialist German who didn't care whether Jews lived in his house or not, because he was already persona non grata then, he didn't have a job. He just kinda lived on his investments or whatever it was his financial income and existed there. He rented us a house in this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other part of Grunewald. Eichkamp was the name of it.\n\nSandy: How aware were you and your sister of what was going on? You were very young and --\n\nGisela: Well, we were aware. We didn't know some of the terrible things that\nwent on but we knew we were trying to get out of there and that it was very\nscary and that the Nazis were doing terrible things against the Jews. We hardly\never went to downtown. We lived in the suburbs and we hardly ever went to\ndowntown Berlin. Hardly ever went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the stores. Can't even tell you were the\nstores were. My grandmother lived sort of in a part of Berlin -- we used to go\nand see her in her apartment. But that was -- we did go to the zoo sometimes\nwhich was near where she lived. And some of the museums. We just stayed mostly\nat home or went to school, saw friends. We didn't--\n\nSandy: And by this time you were forced to leave the public school and go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--\n\nGisela:-- left the public school in 1936, right, and went to the Jewish school\nwhere I stayed until 1939.\n\nSandy: How did you feel having to leave the school you've spent so much time at?\nI know you said you weren't that friendly with the German girls.\n\nGisela: Well, it was kind of the end. Four years was kind of like graduation.\nAnd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of them went to this other school which was also in the suburb, but we\njust didn't go there. We went to the Jewish school and that wasn't really a\nterrible part. The terrible part was trying to find a place to go. I knew my\nparents were really searching and desperate to find a place to go and leave\nGermany and get out of there and you just couldn't do it. Finally, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1938,\nNovember 9 was Kristallnacht and all Jewish men were arrested and put in\nconcentration camps and a lot of all the synagogues were burned and Jewish\nstores were attacked. All the glass was broken, that's it why it's called\nKristall, broken glass. Somebody had warned my father, he wasn't at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. He\ncame home the next day, which he shouldn't have done. I remember the officers\nfrom the Gestapo coming to our house and knocking on the door, two men, very\nordinary looking men, and asking for him. He said \"oh my gosh,\" seeing they from\nthe Gestapo, \"I still have some work to do, will you wait for me?\" They sat in\nour living room waiting for him about an hour while he finished his work and\nthen they took him off to the concentration camp, where he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky. He only\nstayed about two weeks. Most of the other men--\n\nSandy: Which camp?\n\nGisela: It was Sachsenhausen. Most of the other people stayed about six weeks,\nand it was cold winter and they didn't give them very warm clothes. He was\npretty lucky in getting out. After he got out, then the Gestapo, the secret\npolice, said to him: \"You better get out of here by March 15. If you are not\ngone, you will have to report to us everyday.\" Well that meant, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end, cause\nthen he would just disappear. Somehow they [her parents] managed to get a visa\nfor England where we had some friends.\n\nSandy: You know how they managed to do that?\n\nGisela: Well, they just --I think maybe the Jewish organizations helped, the\norganization in England, some friends we had there, some friends we have in\nHolland. He [her father] got a visa to go to England and he left actually on\nMarch 15, the day they had told him, on a plane, which was actually very\nunusually in those days to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get out of there by plane. My sister and I left in\nApril on a Children's Transport which the British had put together. I think they\nwere feeling a little guilty about not letting hardly anybody come into their\ncountry and all these desperate Jews in Germany. They said \"We'll save about\n10,000 children.\" We got onto this children's transport and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both of us were sort\nof taken in by English families.\n\nSandy: How old were you when?\n\nGisela: 1939, I was 12, 12 and a half. My sister was eight. We were very lucky\nwe had --I had a very wonderful family in England who sent me to a boarding\nschool. My mother, the only way she could get out was to take the only jobs the\nEnglish would allow people to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take, because there was all this unemployment, was\ndomestic. She got a job as a domestic in an English family, to take care of the\nchildren in the house while the woman, man, worked.She left Germany August 28,\n1939. Which was, as you know, three days before World War Two started, before\nHitler invaded Poland.\n\nSandy: What about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother?\n\nGisela: Well, my grandmother was left in Germany, all by herself. She really\ndidn't have any other family. Her parents were dead, her brother wasn't there.\nMost of the relatives had left and she was left there all alone. She was very\ndetermined woman. She stayed in somebody's basement room in this suburb where we\nwere where people were nicer than most of the other Germans. She worked in some\nsort of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lunchroom for her food and she said, when she finally got here, she\nsaid: \"My only daughter and my two grandchildren had gone and I was going to\njoin them.\" And she did. What she did, somehow, I don't know exactly how she did\nit, she got a ticket on the Trans-Siberian Railroad and left Germany about\nSeptember, I think. Beginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"September 1940. Travelled for two weeks through\nRussia. Then crossed over to Japan and got on a boat in Yokohama, Japan and this\nboat was full of refugees. The boat went all the way to San Francisco\n[California]. They [the Americans] wouldn't let anybody land. Most of these\nrefugees had visas to other South American countries but those countries sold\ntheir visas so they weren't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really very good. But, they allowed them to get out\nof there anyway. This boat with all the refugees went all the way down to Chile.\nNobody would take them. Finally, I think, the Joint Distribution Committee [?]\ngot a visa for everybody for Ecuador and she landed in Ecuador. And\n[unintelligible 21:57, something about harbor] is very very hard because it's on\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equator. What she did there --I think she got herself a job as a domestic,\nits what a lot of refugees did, they worked as governesses or domestics or\nsomething like that. She got that and then she applied in Quito --she moved on\nto Quito, which is the capitol of Ecuador. She applied at the American council\nfor visa for America. She did have an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affidavit from the same Mrs. Warburg. We\nhad already settled in America. We stayed in England a year and a half and we\nhad arrived in New York September 10, 1940 and then we had moved on to Atlanta\nin October. So, we had sort of settled there and my parents, I think, sent her a\nvisa. It just so happened the counsel in Quito was from Macon, Georgia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since\nshe wanted to go to Atlanta, Georgia rather than to New York, where most\nrefugees went, he gave her a visa very quickly. She came to Atlanta via New\nOrleans in March of 1941.\n\nSandy: The rest --you were all reunited in England?\n\nGisela: Well, we were all in different places in England. My sister and I were\nboth in families, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father stayed in a boarding house in London, he just kind\nof lived there, he wasn't allowed to work, and my mother was near Oxford in a\nfamily as a domestic. We stayed there about -- the family I was assigned to sent\nme to a boarding school in Derbyshire. In August, end of August ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940, our number\nhad come up, our quota number, because a lot of people of course, with the war\nin Europe had been cut off from the quota and our number had come up more\nquickly. So we got passage on a ship to America, August 31, 1940. We went from\nGlasgow to New York. It took us about ten days. The war in the Atlantic was\nalready going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on and I think the boat, we were not in a convoy, we went a very\nnorthern route, and the boat before us and the boat after us were sunk. After\nthis, I don't think they allowed anymore refugee boats to cross into New York.\nThe name of the boat was the Cameroonian from the Anchor line.\n\nSandy: Again, to backtrack for one second, were your parents able to go to any\nof their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christian associates or friends to ask for help? Did they try to do that?\n\nGisela: I think they tried somewhat, but most of the Christians were pretty\nscared to help in any way. I just remember one family that used to invite us --\nthey had a sort of estate outside of Berlin and they'd sometimes invite us over.\nThese neighbors of ours who belonged to the International Socialists\nOrganization were friendly and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helpful in that they introduced my mother to some\nEnglish socialists who found a place for my sister in a family in England and\nalso found her [her mother] the job as a domestic. There were some gentile\nGermans that were helpful, but most of them no.\n\nSandy: And then you -- how did you end up in Atlanta?\n\nGisela: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we have family in -- my father's two sisters and their families\nlived in Birchfield, Connecticut and we went there first and stayed about a\nmonth. Then the Joint Distribution Committee, which is now the Federation, said:\n\"Well, would you all like to go to Atlanta. We have some places there and it\nseems to be a good place.\" My parents said: \"Well, all we know about Atlanta is\nGone With the Wind. Sounds good, we'll ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go.\" So we went. But we really didn't\nhave any connection to Atlanta.\n\nSandy: Then your grandmother came in 1941.\n\nGisela: She came in 1941, in April.\n\nSandy: Wasn't she on one of the last, right before--\n\nGisela: Well, she came via Panama. So, she came in April and of course the war\nwith Japan started in December.\n\nSandy: Do you want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to talk about any of the other incidents that come to mind?\n\nGisela: Oh gee, it's hard to remember all the incidents that happened. Can't\nthink of anything right now. Do you remember something I've told you?\n\nSandy: Tell me a little bit about your -- can you go back and tell me a little\nmore about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family and the genealogy and how long they were in Germany,\nbecause that was so interesting when you showed me the genealogical chart.\n\nGisela: Well, my mother's family lived in the Rhineland which is of course very\nclose to Holland and many of their relatives were Dutch and many of them came\nfrom Holland and intermarried there. As I said I've found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this great grandfather\nof my grandmother's, I don't know how far that is from me, was born in 1783 in\nthat area. The town that they lived in for many years is called Krefeld which is\nnear Dusseldorf in Germany. They established one of the earliest wholesale\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fabric concerns [?] in Krefeld and I think it traded all over Europe in fine\nfabrics. Widely known it was called Gebaude Michiales [?]. It existed until the\ncrash after World War One, about 1920, and then the whole economy crashed and we\nhad terrible inflation in Germany. That was my grandmother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. My\ngrandfather's family is from the same area and I have a cousin, a distant cousin\nwho has traced that family back to the Spanish Inquisition. They came to Holland\nand then they came to Germany quite early on, in 1700s also. My father's family\nis from Frankfurt am Main, near there, a small town. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also lived there quite\na long time but I don't have the background from them. Nobody kept the records\nas well then.\n\nSandy: And you mentioned that under the Nazis regime that World War One veterans\nwere promised safety. When did that change?\n\nGisela: Well, I think probably everything changed in 1938 when this young man\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposedly went to the German consulate in Paris and killed one of the attachés\nand he was supposedly a Jew. To take revenge they [the Nazis] really started the\nwhole business of persecution, burning down the synagogues and that sort of thing.\n\nSandy: What do you remember about Kristallnacht specifically?\n\nGisela: In our suburb it was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quiet. Nothing happened there except that\nthese men came the next day to arrest my father, because there were socialists\nand, what people called communists, workers living there and they were not rabid\nfascists as in other parts of Germany. I know my aunt's family, my cousin's\nfamily, they [the Nazis] came to their house and threw the furniture out the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"window and roughed them [her aunt/cousin's family] up in this small town where\nthey knew all the Jews. But they [the Nazis] pretty much left us alone and we\nheard all the terrible things that happened downtown, all the stores were burned\nand trashed and that sort of thing.\n\nSandy: Did you pretty much stay close to the house after that?\n\nGisela: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes--\n\nSandy: Were you able to bring anything with you when you left Germany?\n\nGisela: Well, what we did is, we had furniture that had been handed down for\ngenerations and all kinds of nice things and we didn't know where we were going\nso you couldn't send it. What we did was, what my grandmother and mother did,\nthey put it into what they called the lifts which are containers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had it\nstored at the docks in Hamburg (Germany) and paid in advance for shipping so\nthat when we settled somewhere in America we could send for it. But the war came\nin between and we never could send for it and by the time the war was over the\nrent that we had paid on it had run out and they told us all the furniture had\nbeen bombed to pieces anyway. We took some things, they took a few little\nthings, which were not the good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things, some of the everyday things. Of course\nwe took clothes. My grandmother had a basket with all the keys to all the\nfurniture. There's this whole basket of keys and each one is labeled to which\npiece of furniture it belonged. And she has that but doesn't have the furniture.\nWe took pictures. They [her parents] did take their pictures and that's how I\nhave some of the pictures I have. They took some mementos. My father took his\nspurs that he used when he rode his horses which he loved and he took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his Iron\nCross and a couple of other decorations and there are few things like that that\nwe took with us. I don't even remember -- I took a couple of books, children's\nbible stores that I loved and maybe some toys but I can't find them anymore, we\ndon't have them anymore. Really nothing much. We didn't take very much with us\nwhen we left Germany. We left it there and hoped it would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come.\n\nSandy: Were you taxed very heavily to bring these things out?\n\nGisela: Well, you were not allowed to bring any jewelry. I think probably we\nsmuggled a little bit out of the jewelry. But you weren't allowed to bring any\njewelry or silver or anything like that so we didn't have anything like that.\nAnd of course you had to pay very high price for the shipping of the furniture\nand you paid it all in advance and of course never got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of that back.\n\nThere were some reparations after the war that the German's paid. You had to pay\nfor your visas and all your exit visas from Germany too, from the police.\nStamped your passport. I have my grandmother's passport with all the stamps and\nmy father's too. Those were the sort of things that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/transcript/20671/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember about Germany.\n\n 3","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=2040.0,2070.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Prussian Eiserne Kreuz [German: Iron Cross] was first awarded during the Napoleonic Wars in 1813. It was a standard medal awarded in various classes to soldiers during World War I. Wearing the Iron Cross represented service and valor\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’ The word ‘kosher’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable. Kosher can also be used to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘dedication.’ An eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Pesach. The anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of anti-Semitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The first major law to curtail the rights of Jews was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service in April 1933, which excluded Jews from civil service. Germans also began boycotting Jewish businesses in 1933 and Jews were soon effectively expelled from almost all professions and commercial life. Jews were gradually removed from German economic life. At first, the confiscation of Jewish businesses and property was, according to the Nazis, “voluntary.” Especially after 1935, Jewish property was forcibly transferred to so-called “Aryans” (non-Jews) in a process known as Arisierung [German: Aryanization]. Jewish citizens found themselves increasingly disenfranchised. In 1933, German law restricted the number of Jewish students at German schools and universities. After Kristallnacht, Jews were barred from all public schools and universities. The Nuremberg Race Laws formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and were introduced in September 1935. They heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. Among other prohibitions, the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship. Part of the Nuremberg Law passed in 1935, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor banned marriage between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. It also criminalized sexual relations between them. These relationships were labeled as “race defilement” [German:  Rassenschande]. Jews were also forbidden to employ female German maids under the age of 45, assuming that Jewish men would force such maids into committing race defilement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the bloody nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass) in November 1938, thousands of adult male Jews were rounded up and sent to camps. Antisemitic actions and political violence also followed the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakian territories in 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly ‘KL’ or ‘KZ’) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race.  The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.  Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany.  Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSachsenhausen was established as the principal concentration camp for the Berlin area in Germany. It was located near Oranienburg, Germany. When the camp was opened in 1936, it housed mainly political opponents, criminal offenders, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and other “asocials” such as Roma and Sinti and, later, Soviet civilians. The camp ultimately included more than 40 sub-camps concentrated around the armaments industries of northern Germany. Prisoners were forced to perform hard labor. SS doctors conducted medical experiments on prisoners and a gallows, shooting gallery, and gas chamber allowed the SS to directly kill prisoners in Sachsenhausen.  The number of Jewish prisoners varied over the course of the camp’s existence, but most Jewish prisoners were deported from Sachsenhausen to other concentration camps, most often Auschwitz-Birkenau. At the beginning of 1945, there were approximately 11,100 Jewish prisoners. Soviet forces liberated the camp on April 22, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Kindertransport’ is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories of Austria, and ex-Czechoslovakia. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children’s homes. Beginning in March 1939, several transports brought children from Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt and other places in Germany to France. When the Germans occupied France, the 144 children, in two separate transports, were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941 and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Trans-Siberian Railroad is a rail line stretching all the way across Russia and over through China to Manchuria. It was built by Tsar Alexander III and still exists today with several different railways sprouting off the original, main Trans-Siberian line.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs with the objective of protecting and enhancing the well-being of Jews worldwide. After the Holocaust, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the “Joint”, or JDC), the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), and other philanthropic organizations that later merged to form the JFNA worked together to support Jewish survivors. Refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy received funds to help them resettle in places like the United States or Palestine and create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/annotation_set/238/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA fictional book written by Margaret Mitchell about the Civil War south. It was wildly popular, selling over 30 million copies worldwide. It comes in right behind the Bible as one of the most popular books in the United States. It was made into a movie 1939 starring Vivien Leigh, Rhett Butler, and Hattie McDaniel. The story gives an overly romantic view of the Civil War south, which were slave holding states activly fighting for their 'right' to hold slaves. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=1530.0,1560.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gisela Spielberg [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=0.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spielberg talks about her family’s history in Germany and how they came to Berlin, where she was born.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=0.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's your name?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=0.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Balkans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iron Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rheinland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Volksschule","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War One","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=0.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bravery medal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cavalry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economic upheaval","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt am Main [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grunewald [Berlin, Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hessen [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler, Adolf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krefeld [Germany]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle class","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"park","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suburbs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540#t=0.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31819/file/100540/index/47338/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler's 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