{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3t9d50hc8b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Waitzman, Mort - Pearl Harbor to VE Day"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-08-03 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Morton Waitzman (Interviewee)","Sandra Berman (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMorton Waitzman is interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on August 3, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMort talks about his motivations for enlisting in the army after the attacks on Pearl Harbor. He recalls his training and the trip over to England. Mort explains his assignment in London helping break German codes. He discusses his family and his mother’s concerns during the war. Mort recounts the days leading up to D-Day. He describes going ashore at Omaha Beach. Mort remembers where he slept at the end of D-day. He outlines the challenges his division faced their first few weeks in France. Mort talks about his experiences in France and witnessing the liberation of Paris. He warmly recalls his experiences in the Netherlands. Mort describes holding the line at the German border during the Battle of the Bulge. He tells what his division found when they reached Joseph Goebbel’s home in Monchengladbach, Germany. Mort looks back on discovering a slave labor camp. He reminisces about a Passover service held in Joseph Goebbels’ home. Mort describes the liberation of Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. He remembers finding a massacre of slave laborers in Gardelegen, Germany. Mort recalls meeting the Russians at the Elbe River and securing German scientists for Operation Paperclip. He reviews his time in the American occupation zone of Germany before being sent home. Mort shares his feelings about the atomic bombs dropped on Japan and how he feels about Germans. He talks about returning home, continuing his education, and meeting his wife. Mort briefly outlines his career, which brought him to Atlanta. He considers his fellow veterans and his generation’s patriotism.\u003cbr\u003eMort offers an example of what he hopes younger generations will learn. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eMorton Waitzman was the youngest of seven children—six boys and one girl—born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois in 1923. His father, Joseph, was from Latvia and his mother, Anna, came from Lithuania.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn January 1943, Morton enlisted in the Army. After training as a radio operator at Camp Crowder in Missouri, he was sent to Kidderminster, England, where he was trained to intercept German code and communicate with the French Underground. His regiment, the 115th Regiment of the 29th Infantry Division, was in the first wave of American soldiers to invade Normandy on D-Day. He went on to participate in the fierce battle of St. Lo and the liberation of Paris. After fighting in Luxembourg, Belgium and Holland, he crossed the Ruhr River into Germany at the end of 1944. After the Battle of the Bulge, Morton helped capture the headquarters of the notorious Nazi Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels, and participated in a Passover service held there. His unit went on to liberate slave labor camps in Dinslaken and Gardelegen before liberating the notorious Dora Mittelbau concentration camp. Before meeting with Russian soldiers at the Elbe River, Morton’s division helped bring German scientists who were later a part of Operation Paperclip over to the American occupied zone. After guarding displaced persons and German prisoners of war in Bremen, Germany at the end of the war in Europe, Morton was preparing to sail to Japan when the atomic bombs were dropped. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn January 1946, Morton was discharged from the Army and returned to Chicago. He enrolled in college, where he studied ophthalmology, and eventually completed his PhD at the University of Illinois. In 1949, Morton married Aviva Shedroff (b 1922). The couple had three children. In 1962, Morton was recruited by Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia to begin an ophthalmology research program. After his retirement in 1991, he became a Professor Emeritus. Morton has also become active in sharing what he witnessed with visitors at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29257"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["101st Airborne Division (corporate name)","115th Infantry Regiment (corporate name)","116th Infantry Regiment (corporate name)","1st Infantry Division (corporate name)","29th Infantry Division (corporate name)","29th Ranger Battalion (corporate name)","30th Infantry Division (corporate name)","3rd Infantry Division (corporate name)","4th Infantry Division (corporate name)","50th Infantry Division (corporate name)","6th Airborne Division (corporate name)","82nd Airborne Division (corporate name)","9/11 (named event)","Allied Invasion (named event)","America First (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Amstenrade, Netherlands (geographic term)","Arc de Triomphe (geographic)","Ardennes Offensive (named event)","Atlantic Ocean (geographic term)","Atomic bomb (other)","bar mitzvah (other)","bat mitzvah (other)","Battle for Brest (named event)","Battle of Saint-Lo (named event)","Battle of the Bulge (named event)","Belgium (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp (corporate name)","Bergen, Germany (geographic term)","Birnbrey, Henry (personal name)","Bletchley Park (corporate name)","Bloomington, Illinois (geographic term)","Bocage (local term)","Bradley, Omar N. (personal name)","Bremerhaven, Germany (geographic term)","Brest, France (geographic term)","Britain (geographic term)","British Army (corporate name)","British Secret Service (corporate name)","Bush, George W. (personal name)","Camp Crowder, Missouri (geographic term)","Camp Forrest, Tennessee (geographic term)","Canada (geographic term)","Canadian Army (corporate name)","Case Western Reserve University (corporate name)","Celle, Germany (geographic term)","censorship (topical)","Champs-Élysées (geographic term)","Chicago Union Station (geographic term)","Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","Cimetière Américain de Colleville-sur-Mer (corporate name)","Cincinnati, Ohio (geographic term)","Cleveland, Ohio (geographic term)","Code breakers (topical term)","Collaborator (topical term)","Colleville-sur-Mer, France (geographic term)","Concentration camp (topical term)","Concentration camp inmates (topical term)","Corps of Engineers (corporate name)","Coughlin, Charles E. (personal name)","Crematorium (topical term)","D-Day (named event)","Dinslaken, Germany (geographic term)","Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","DP Camp (topical term)","Dora-Mittelbau Concentration Camp (corporate name)","Draft (topical term)","Dutch (geographic term)","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (personal name)","Elbe River (geographic term)","Emory University (corporate name)","England (geographic term)","Enigma machine (topical term)","Europe (geographic term)","European theatre – World War II (topical term)","Federal Bureau of Investigations (corporate name)","Forced Labor (topical term)","Forces françaises de l'intérieur (corporate name)","France (geographic term)","United Kingdom (geographic term)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","French Army (corporate name)","French Forces of the Interior (corporate name)","French underground (corporate name)","Gardelegen, Germany (geographic term)","Geneva Convention (meeting name)","Gerhardt, Charles H. (personal name)","German Army (corporate name)","German submarines (topical term)","German-American Bund (corporate name)","Germany (geographic term)","GI Bill (other)","Goebbels, Paul Joseph (personal name)","Gottlieb, Saul (personal name)","Gold Beach (topical term)","Greatest Generation (topical term)","Hamelin, Germany (geographic term)","Hanover, Germany (geographic term)","Harz Mountains (geographic term)","Hawaiian Islands (geographic term)","Hebrew (topical term)","Hedgerows (topical term)","Hiroshima, Japan (geographic term)","Hitler, Adolf (personal name)","Holland (geographic term)","Holocaust (named event)","Holocaust education (topical term)","Holocaust survivors (topical term)","Home front (topical term)","Illinois Wesleyan University (corporate name)","Infantry (other)","Invasion of Japan (topical term)","Iraq (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Veterans (topical term)","Isolationism (topical term)","Japan (geographic term)","Jewish soldiers (topical term)","Gardelegen, Germany (geographic term)","Jews – Europe (topical)","Jews – United States (topical term)","Liberator (topical term)","Julich, Germany (geographic term)","Juno beach (topical term)","Kidderminster, England (geographic term)","Kotel (topical term)","Washington, D.C. (geographic term)","Landing Craft Infantry (other)","Landing Ship Tank (other)","Latvia (geographic term)","Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe (personal name)","Liberation of Paris (named event)","Liberator (topical term)","Liege, Belgium (geographic term)","Lithuania (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Long Island, New York (geographic term)","Looting (topical term)","Lufthansa (corporate name)","Luxembourg (geographic term)","Maastricht, Netherlands (geographic term)","Mass grave (topical term)","Mauthausen Concentration Camp (corporate name)","Melander, William (personal name)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","Midlands, England (geographic term)","Monchengladbach, Germany (geographic term)","Morphine syrettes (topical term)","Morse code (other)","MS John Ericson (other)","Nagasaki, Japan (geographic term)","National Guard (corporate name)","Naval Combat Demolition units (topical term)","Navy Seabees (corporate name)","Nazi (corporate name)","Netherlands (geographic term)","neurosciences (other)","Nordhausen Concentration Camp (corporate name)","Nordhausen, Germany (geographic term)","Normandy Invasion (named event)","Normandy Landings (named event)","Normandy, France (geographic term)","Occupation (topical term)","Omaha Beach (topical term)","Operation Desert Shield (named event)","Operation Desert Storm (named event)","Operation Neptune (named event)","Operation Paperclip (named event)","Ophthalmology (other)","Pacific Ocean (geographic term)","Pacific Theatre – World War II (topical term)","Paratrooper (topical term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","Parshah (topical term)","Passover (named event)","Patriotism (topical term)","Patton, George S. (personal name)","Pearl Harbor (geographic term)","Perpetrators (topical term)","Jewish (topical term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Pied Piper of Hamelin (other)","Plymouth, England (geographic term)","Point system (topical term)","Pointe du Hoc (geographic term)","Postwar effects (topical term)","Postwar experiences (topical term)","Postwar trials (topical term)","POW Camps (topical term)","Rabbi (topical term)","Radio (other)","Prisoner of War (topical term)","Radio operator (other)","Roosevelt, Franklin D. (personal name)","Ruhr River (geographic term)","Russian (geographic term)","Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer, France (geographic term)","Russian Army (corporate name)","Saint-Lo, France (geographic term)","Saving Private Ryan (other)","Schloss Rheydt (local term)","Schutzstaffel (corporate name)","September 11 (named event)","service banner (topical term)","Sikorski, Mathew (personal name)","Slave Labor (topical term)","Southampton, England (geographic term)","Soviet (topical term)","SS (corporate name)","Swastika (topical term)","Switzerland (geographic term)","Sword Beach (topical term)","Gulf War (named event)","The Longest Day (other)","Brokaw, Tom (personal name)","Torah (other)","trench foot (topical term)","Tullahoma, Tennessee (geographic term)","UK (geographic term)","US (geographic term)","U-boats (topical term)","United Kingdom (geographic term)","Ungerleider, Alvin (personal name)","Union Station – Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","United States Army (corporate name)","United States Army Corps of Engineers (corporate name)","United States Army Signal Corps (corporate name)","United States Navy (corporate name)","University of Illinois (corporate name)","University of Miami (corporate name)","Unterseeboots (topical term)","US Army (corporate name)","USSR (geographic term)","Utah Beach (topical term)","V1 Flying Bomb (topical term)","V2 Rocket (topical term)","VE Day (named event)","Victory in Europe (topical term)","Versailles, France (geographic term)","Veterans (topical term)","Victory Ships (topical term)","Volkswagen (corporate name)","War bonds (topical term)","War Crimes (topical term)","Weser River (geographic term)","West Side – Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","Western Front (topical term)","Western Wall (topical term)","Wilbur Wright College (corporate name)","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","World War I (named event)","World War, 1914-1918 (named event)","World War II (named event)","World War, 1939-1945 (named event)","Wright Junior College (corporate name)","Von Braun, Wernher (personal name)","Waitzman, Anna (personal name)","Waitzman, Aviva (personal name)","Waitzman, Bernice (personal name)","Waitzman, Charles (personal name)","Waitzman, Ernest (personal name)","Waitzman, Harold (personal name)","Waitzman, Joseph (personal name)","Waitzman, Morton B. (personal name)","Waitzman, Sidney (personal name)","Waitzman, Stanley (personal name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMorton Waitzman is interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on August 3, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMort talks about his motivations for enlisting in the army after the attacks on Pearl Harbor. He recalls his training and the trip over to England. Mort explains his assignment in London helping break German codes. He discusses his family and his mother\u0026rsquo;s concerns during the war. Mort recounts the days leading up to D-Day. He describes going ashore at Omaha Beach. Mort remembers where he slept at the end of D-day. He outlines the challenges his division faced their first few weeks in France. Mort talks about his experiences in France and witnessing the liberation of Paris. He warmly recalls his experiences in the Netherlands. Mort describes holding the line at the German border during the Battle of the Bulge. He tells what his division found when they reached Joseph Goebbel\u0026rsquo;s home in Monchengladbach, Germany. Mort looks back on discovering a slave labor camp. He reminisces about a Passover service held in Joseph Goebbels\u0026rsquo; home. Mort describes the liberation of Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. He remembers finding a massacre of slave laborers in Gardelegen, Germany. Mort recalls meeting the Russians at the Elbe River and securing German scientists for Operation Paperclip. He reviews his time in the American occupation zone of Germany before being sent home. Mort shares his feelings about the atomic bombs dropped on Japan and how he feels about Germans. He talks about returning home, continuing his education, and meeting his wife. Mort briefly outlines his career, which brought him to Atlanta. He considers his fellow veterans and his generation\u0026rsquo;s patriotism.\u003cbr /\u003eMort offers an example of what he hopes younger generations will learn.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMorton Waitzman was the youngest of seven children\u0026mdash;six boys and one girl\u0026mdash;born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois in 1923. His father, Joseph, was from Latvia and his mother, Anna, came from Lithuania.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn January 1943, Morton enlisted in the Army. After training as a radio operator at Camp Crowder in Missouri, he was sent to Kidderminster, England, where he was trained to intercept German code and communicate with the French Underground. His regiment, the 115th Regiment of the 29th Infantry Division, was in the first wave of American soldiers to invade Normandy on D-Day. He went on to participate in the fierce battle of St. Lo and the liberation of Paris. After fighting in Luxembourg, Belgium and Holland, he crossed the Ruhr River into Germany at the end of 1944. After the Battle of the Bulge, Morton helped capture the headquarters of the notorious Nazi Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels, and participated in a Passover service held there. His unit went on to liberate slave labor camps in Dinslaken and Gardelegen before liberating the notorious Dora Mittelbau concentration camp. Before meeting with Russian soldiers at the Elbe River, Morton\u0026rsquo;s division helped bring German scientists who were later a part of Operation Paperclip over to the American occupied zone. After guarding displaced persons and German prisoners of war in Bremen, Germany at the end of the war in Europe, Morton was preparing to sail to Japan when the atomic bombs were dropped.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn January 1946, Morton was discharged from the Army and returned to Chicago. He enrolled in college, where he studied ophthalmology, and eventually completed his PhD at the University of Illinois. In 1949, Morton married Aviva Shedroff (b 1922). The couple had three children. In 1962, Morton was recruited by Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia to begin an ophthalmology research program. After his retirement in 1991, he became a Professor Emeritus. Morton has also become active in sharing what he witnessed with visitors at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/227/216/small/Waitzman_Mort2009.mp4_1707311774.jpg?1707311775","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Waitzman__Mort_2009.mp4"]},"duration":7397.327,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/227/216/small/Waitzman_Mort2009.mp4_1707311774.jpg?1707311775","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/227/216/original/Waitzman__Mort_2009.mp4?1707311763","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7397.327,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Mort Waitzman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sandra: Today is August 3, 2009 and I am with Morton Weitzman, who has agreed\nto be interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. I am Sandy Berman and I will be\ninterviewing Mort today. I just wanted to thank you for coming.\n\nMort: It's my great pleasure to be here, Sandy.\n\nSandra: This interview is going to really involve mostly your World War Two\nyears, since we have interviewed you previously. We are going to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussing\nyour life right before you entered service, and then after, and during service.\nHow old were you exactly when you entered military service? Were you drafted\n[or] enlisted?\n\nMort: I enlisted, at the age of -- let's see, January of 1943, which made me,\nwhat? Twenty?\n\nSandra: Why did you enlist?\n\nMort: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would have been drafted anyway--all those gentlemen of my age were aware\nof that--but the events following Pearl Harbor were such that it was important\nfor me to become involved, and to do something to help with the world, and\nevents, and with what was happening to the Jews of Europe, too, which I was\nhearing something about.\n\nSandra: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember exactly where you were when Pearl Harbor was bombed?\n\nMort: I know exactly where I was. I was in the student union building of Wright\nJunior College, where I was going to school just before going into service. This\nwas early in the morning at that time. We had radio or television, I don't know.\nTelevision wasn't going. President [Franklin D.] Roosevelt came on and made the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"announcement of what was taking place.\n\nSandra: What was the reaction?\n\nMort: Their reaction was extremely vigorous in terms of my fellow students at\nthat college and in terms of disbelief. How could this have happened? How come\nwe didn't do anything or couldn't do anything to prevent it? And, as long as it\nhappened, what can we do about it? That was the immediate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk at that time.\n\nSandra: Did you, as a young student, know there was this terrible tension\nbetween the United States and Japan? Were you aware of it?\n\nMort: I was aware of the fact that the Japanese prime minister was in Washington\n[D.C.], was talking to President Roosevelt about political events and how to\nprevent just the very thing that happened. I was aware of that, what was going\non politically, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes.\n\nSandra: You mentioned a minute ago that you were also aware about what was\nhappening to the Jews of Europe. A lot of people have said over the years that\nthey really did not know what was going on. Were you just more interested or how\nor where were you?\n\nMort: I was extremely interested. These events were taking place as I turned 20\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before that. There was a lot of information, coming directly and indirectly\nthrough the efforts of people like Father [Charles E.] Coughlin, who was\nextremely antisemitic, through the efforts and understanding what was going on\nin certain states, particularly Wisconsin and Indiana, where the Bund movement\nwas very strong. There were a lot of antisemitic actions going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on.\n\nSandra: I guess I should ask you: where were you in school and where did you\ngrow up?\n\nMort: In Chicago, on the West Side of Chicago [Illinois]. I was born in Chicago\nand grew up on the West Side. That's where I was until I went into service.\n\nSandra: Did you have or your family have any relatives, in Europe that were\nisolated or kind of stuck?\n\nMort: Not really. Most of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family came from Lithuania, Latvia, and they came\nto the United States well before World War One, in fact, let alone World War\nTwo. There was little direct involvement with the folks over overseas.\n\nSandra: Was the issue of what was happening with the Jews in Europe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussed in\nyour home? Was it part of -- Did your parents worry about it?\n\nMort: No. That is an interesting question to me because I had more direct\nconcern. For some reason, I felt very close to the events of the day. I talked\nwith friends of mine, but in my own family, maybe because we didn't have anyone\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overseas at that time, there wasn't too much discussion about it. No.\n\nSandra: Why do you think you were different? Why do you think you felt something\nabout what was -- at such a young age, when most young men were interested in\njust the girls at college? What --\n\nMort: I really find it hard to answer that question, because this is the way it\nwas. I was kind of an oddball type in my family. I did things that were of\ninterest to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. We didn't discuss these events too much, let's say, around our\ndinner table and so on. As I say, I think because we didn't have, at that time,\nrelatives overseas, as did many American Jews, it just wasn't the case.\n\nSandra: America, prior to Pearl Harbor, was clearly divided between isolationism\nand getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved. How did you feel that the mood of the country changed\nafter Pearl Harbor? Do you remember a decisive change?\n\nMort: I was fully aware of the problems of isolation, and not getting involved\noverseas, and 'America First,' and all this. I do remember that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very\nunhappy about much of this talk. I felt that there was no way we could isolate\nourselves from the rest of the world, particularly in light of the events that\nwere going on with the Jews of Europe.\n\nSandra: You enlisted in 1943. In what branch did you enlist?\n\nMort: When I enlisted, I went through the usual orientation and was sent to Camp\nCrowder, Missouri, which was a Signal Corps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. I was trained in combat\ncommunications. I learned Morse code. I was very fluent at that. I had, when I\nwas in high school, I studied French pretty extensively. I was very much\nattracted to the French language for several years. I was pretty good with\nFrench and knew Morse code. When I was through with my training in Camp Crowder,\nwhich was toward the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end of that year, toward the end of 1943, I had very clear\nfeelings about what I hoped would happen with me. When you're in the army, you\ndon't make those decisions for yourself.\n\nSandra: What did you hope would happen to you?\n\nMort: I would wind up in Europe. I visualized myself, at that time, being in\nEurope, fighting there. Somehow, the idea of going to the Pacific didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appeal\nto me. I don't know why I got this strong feeling maybe the combination of the\nFrench and using it in whatever way would be most useful. I don't know why. But\nI was offered the chance after finishing my training in Camp Crowder, to go to\nan engineering officer's candidate school and becoming -- going into the Corps\nof Engineers. For some strange ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason, they didn't argue with me. I was kind of\ngiven a choice between that and the possibility of going overseas. I preferred\ngoing overseas, although I didn't know where that would be, but it turned out to\nbe where I wanted it to be actually.\n\nSandra: This was already 1943, and obviously we were full into the war. You were\nonly 20 years old. Were you not frightened to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overseas?\n\nMort: I suppose so. I mean, I had no idea of the extent of this transition when\nit finally took place actually in November of 1943. But it was a boat trip from\nHell actually. It was a British luxury ship built for three or 4,000. We had\nabout 25,000 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers on board that ship. Miserable food, zigzagging to avoid\nthe German submarines across the ocean, and sick all the time. After about 14 or\n15 days, we arrived in Southampton, England.\n\nSandra: Can you -- Was adjusting to military life difficult for you?\n\nMort: I don't think so. I had my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems, but I knew this is what it was going\nto be. I had enough reality in me to know that [I had to] accept the obvious or\nthe inevitable, so I tried to adjust to it and make the make out the best I\ncould. I wound up in England for some time actually.\n\nSandra: Can you describe in more detail, what one of those days was like aboard ship?\n\nMort: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I can. We never -- We did not have a place to sleep, or to shower, or\nto eat. You found a place on deck. [You] usually preferred being on deck because\nyou weren't in the in the sweat places of the crowded living conditions. I'd\nwind up on deck, or in the galley--certainly no bed--and every night was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different. It was -- There was a lot of stormy weather and a lot of that\nzigzagging I referred to. I never realized what seasickness was about until\nthat. I would have changed my whole idea if I realized it, but that one day was\nfilled with eating bad food--very greasy food--and being sick, and wondering how\nlong this was going to take. I was sure it was going to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forever. That was a\ntypical day. There was no training going on. We were just too crowded around the ship.\n\nSandra: Did you have good friends on board ship? Did you make good friends?\n\nMort: I wouldn't say that on board ship I recall good friends. It was 25,000 or\nso soldiers scattered around, trying to survive in their own way. You\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communicated, and I did the best I could, but I don't recall good friends, or\nbad friends, and so on. I don't remember that.\n\nSandra: Do you remember discussing what possibly awaited for you with anybody?\n\nMort: Yes, we did that. We knew where we were going and what we were going to be\ndoing. I wasn't really sure. I knew I was going to be involved in communications\nin some way, but I didn't know where or how far that would go. But I soon found\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out after we landed.\n\nSandra: With the name Waitzman, people would probably have known you were\nJewish, other soldiers. Were there any problems aboard ship or once you got to\nEurope, with being a Jewish serviceman?\n\nMort: You know, that's always an interesting question. At no point, that I can\nrecall--it might have taken place--was I faced with problems of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serious\nantisemitism or had serious fights about it. I always was very clear in my\ncommunications that I'm Jewish. It was never a problem for me because, I was not\ngoing to make any big secret of it. I was going to tell the truth, and the whole\ntruth, and expected everyone else to do the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same.\n\nSandra: You disembarked in Southampton?\n\nMort: Southampton, right.\n\nSandra: Where did you go from there?\n\nMort: There, we went to a little town, not too far from London [England].\nKidderminster [England] was the name of the town. Kidderminster was just a\nlittle town where training went on according to what your expertise was. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nradio operator and so, I continued becoming acquainted with the equipment that\nwas overseas.\n\nSandra: Can you spell the town?\n\nMort: Yes. K-I-D-D-E-R-M-I-N-S-T-E-R, Kidderminster.\n\nSandra: What was your rank?\n\nMort: I was a T/5 [Technician fifth grade rank], which roughly is a Corporal. I\nwas not very much [interested in] rank. I just -- I turned down chances to be an\nofficer. By the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, because this came up frequently in my mind and my thinking,\nI had a brother who was -- I had three other brothers who were in service, and\nthis one particular brother rose to the rank of Brigadier General. He had all\nthe rank that, for my family -- As far as I was concerned, it was never a big\nthing with me. I just did my job and did what I had to do.\n\nSandra: Your brother became a Brigadier General?\n\nMort: Yes, he was in the National Guard in Chicago, for many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years and rose up\nthrough the ranks and was an infantry officer. So I was exposed to all this kind\nof language and, even, the munitions that were involved in infantry training, I\nhad all that exposure. My brother brought it home.\n\nSandra: How many of you were in the actual war at one time? All of you?\n\nMort: All of us four. I had two brothers who were not. I'm the youngest of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seven. I had a sister and two brothers who were not in service.\n\nSandra: How -- What kind of effect did that have on your family? It must have\nbeen so hard for your parents.\n\nMort: It was particularly hard for my mother. She just couldn't accept the fact\nthat her baby--and I was always addressed that way--was somewhere that she\ncouldn't relate to, or didn't even understand, and certainly no harm could ever\ncome to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, so she didn't understand a thing. Even when I sent money home, which\nI did when I could, or sent bonds -- It said on the bonds that were sent that,\nin the in the event of my death, where the money would go. I found out when the\nwar was over that she scratched all that out. I didn't realize till afterwards\nthat -- how intense it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. She had four stars in her window, four sons in the service.\n\nSandra: Did you write home often?\n\nMort: I wrote home frequently and I got letters frequently. They were the,\n\"How's mom,\" and, \"How's mom, and pop, and sis,\" and all that. The usual, close\nfamily letters.\n\nSandra: Did you write about any of your experiences?\n\nMort: No, I couldn't. There was censorship ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you knew there was no point in\nwriting very much because it was going to be censored, so I didn't do this. They\nknew I was, at that time, in some form of communications because my mail\ninitially was a Signal Corp address until it became an infantry address.\n\nSandra: If you could have written anything without censorship, would you have,\nor would you have tried to possibly protect them from what was --\n\nMort: I would have protected them. I'm not sure I would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said too much other\nthan what I did. I became that concerned about how my mother particularly would\nreact. The brothers in the service, we stayed in contact with each other. I had\nmany cousins stationed in Europe and I tried to be in contact with them, but I\nsaid just low level kinds of things.\n\nSandra: Did you all get out safely? Cousins? Brothers?\n\nMort: A few of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us had combat and injuries. One particularly was severely\ninjured. Nobody was actually killed of all of my extended family.\n\nSandra: Let us get back to your service. You were then being trained in Europe.\nWhere did you go next after this little town of Middle--\n\nMort: Kidderminster.\n\nSandra: Kidderminster.\n\nMort: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Through 1943 and into 1944, I was actually -- got deeply involved in my\ncommunication and then my French became involved. I mean, I wasn't fluent, but I\nwas pretty good, enough to get along okay sending either code messages or voice\nmessages. I got along pretty good. I was actually for a period of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in early\n1944, January and February, was assigned to a radio intercept station in London.\nMy mission there was twofold: to be in touch with the French underground, Forces\nfrançaises de l'intérieur; and to intercept German radio. Radio and code is\nthe same in any language. It's in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unrelated five letter groups. I was pretty\ngood at doing that. I would send and receive messages sent to the French and\nreceived from the Germans. They knew what was happening, of course. We\nintercepted theirs and they intercepted ours. I was stationed in London for a\nfew months doing mainly that. Before I forget, I'd like to tell an interesting\nstory about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. This code station where we were stationed, I didn't realize\nit--I was maybe a little bit naive about it--was a top secret operation because\nwe wanted to break down German code. We wanted to be in communication with the\nFrench underground, the FFI, to be in preparation for what was inevitably going\nto take place. We were given orders where we had to swear lifetime ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secrecy that\nwe would never talk about this for our whole life. What can I do? When you're\ntold that, you did it. So, I [swore] that I'll never talk about it. I didn't\nrealize how extensive that was until the war was over. When I got back to\nChicago and my sister--whom we saw actually last week right here in Atlanta\n[Georgia]--said, and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother, too, that, \"I know about the FBI [Federal Bureau\nof Investigations],\" talking to everybody I knew in Chicago, all of my family\nand all of my friends. They were checking me out for the top secret assignment\nthat I had. I had no awareness of it all. I questioned my sister about this\nrecently, and she confirms kind of a vague recollection of all this, but she\nknew what took place.\n\nSandra: Was it not called the Enigma or something?\n\nMort: Yes, that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the German top secret code.\n\nSandra: When did it get broken? It did get broken.\n\nMort: It did get broken, but the final breaking of that code actually took\nplace, as I recall, when we captured a German submarine and captured intact a\ncode sending and receiving system from that submarine. That was the hardware\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of breaking the code. What we were doing was kind of a software part of it\nbecause we took a lot of our messages to the British secret service station near\nLondon. I can't think of the name offhand. We were very much involved in that.\nOf course, I realize now why we were forced to take that pledge of secrecy and\nwhy all this interviewing took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place in Chicago.\n\nSandra: What kind of messages were you sending to the French underground?\n\nMort: I never knew what the messages were really, unless it was a voice message.\nThe German -- I was not that fluent in German. The French I could handle, but\nthe messages that we received [were] in code from the Germans. I would take\nthose messages to the code breaking area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in London. The French messages were\nbroken also by the code breakers.\n\nSandra: That must have been a very interesting time.\n\nMort: Yes, it was, and it was kind of a tough time because the Germans were\nbombing London like mad. Then, the V1 and V2 bombs came later on. The sirens\nwould go off and everyone was supposed to go down to the shelters, but we had to\nstay in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our assigned place. That was -- Everyone but you had to go and protect\nthemselves, so it was an interesting time. I wasn't there a long time before I\nwas sent to a place in Midlands [central region of] England. That place was jump\ntraining. The idea of that--at least this much I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew--was to be prepared to\nland with the 101st or 82nd Airborne Infantry before D-Day, right into German\nlines, to contact the French underground and to maintain direct correlation\nbetween [our] efforts and those of the French. I was in jump training for a\nperiod of time. I can't recall exactly how long, but until March or so, perhaps\ninto early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April of 1944. Then, it was abruptly aborted and there was only one\nreason why that would have happened. Should I keep talking?\n\nSandra: No, you are great.\n\nMort: Why it happened was that D-Day was approaching. Now, nobody told us that,\n\"D-Day is approaching. We're going to abort your training,\" but we knew that was\nthe case. Otherwise, why stop it? I was about ready to take a jump out of a\nplane and then they say, \"You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, you're not going to do it. You've got to go\nback to where your assigned station was.\" So, we knew that D-Day was approaching\nand that could have been anytime later on in 1944. We aborted the training.\n\nSandra: Did you ever actually jump?\n\nMort: Just in the jump towers, which is as high as a plane would drop you.\n\nSandra: How was that?\n\nMort: What?\n\nSandra: How was that?\n\nMort: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was interesting. As I remember, it wasn't the greatest thing that I did\nin my life, but you did it. Again, it's one of the things you were ordered to\ndo, so you did it.\n\nSandra: You went back. They aborted your training. You knew D-Day was\napproaching. Where did you go next? Back to London?\n\nMort: At that point, we went back to London, resumed our intercept operations of\nGerman radio and resumed our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contact with the underground. But that was for a\nshort time. I was soon assigned to become part of the landing forces for D-Day,\nalthough I didn't know that term. [It] wasn't used, but I was aware of it.\nCertain things in the military, you kind of figured out on your own what this\nis. I was fairly good with logic and this is what it had to be. I soon was\nassigned to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 29th Infantry Division, as part of a signal communications\noperation and was -- [I] joined that training operation until late May, early\nJune. D-Day was June 6th. We didn't know that at that time. We were actually in\nthe training ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas right near the embarkation sites in England, Plymouth or\nwherever. There were several different embarkation sites. [We] did our\norientation of training with the 29th Infantry units. I was actually what's\ncalled a 'signal center operation,' in liaison with the 29th Infantry division.\nI had a clear mission at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point. I became aware of this mission as D-Day\napproached, although I didn't know the exact day, but I had three parts of a\nmission. One was to contact the French underground. One was to take\ncommunications from my commanding officers and send it to the naval ships that\nwould be bombarding the shores, and to let them know when their fire was short\nor long, which meant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they weren't landing. Their fire was supposed to land\non the beaches to give the soldiers a place to go for shelter. Then, to protect\nyourselves against the German fire that was going to be coming through. With\nthose missions in mind, with the 29th Infantry and with the signal center\noperation, we were aboard the mothership. This was early June, the first few\ndays of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"June of 1944. D-Day was --\n\nSandra: The name of the ship?\n\nMort: I don't know. Some people remember names of their ship, but I didn't. When\nI didn't have to remember a name, I guess I forgot it. It was something like a\nvictory ship, which was a fairly large ship. The name escapes me, but the\noperation was clearly spelled out to us. I'll go into that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more.\n\nSandra: When did you find out you were actually going?\n\nMort: Around the first week in June. We were in the embarkation sites, getting\nonto the motherships. Those motherships were going to sail to just to a couple\nof miles from the shores. Pretty soon, the exact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destination was revealed to us.\nIt was going to be in Normandy. In our case, we were liaisoned with the 115th\nInfantry out of the 29th Infantry. It was going to be June 5th. That was\napparent to us a day or two before. Then, General [Dwight D.] Eisenhower,\nbecause of the weather, changed it to June 6th. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got off shore June 6th. Shall\nI proceed with this?\n\nSandra: I have a question first.\n\nMort: Okay.\n\nSandra: You are on a ship a couple of miles from the shore line. The LSTs are\nall in front of you. Can you describe what -- I mean, we have all seen the movie\n\"The Longest Day,\" and just on film, a recreation, it was mind boggling. How did\nit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look to you? Can you describe what that looked like?\n\nMort: Yes. Actually, the 29th Infantry Division and the 115th were the infantry\nunits that were landing in Normandy on Omaha Beach. The movie \"Saving Private\nRyan\" was the story of those landings and a pretty accurate portrayal, actually.\nWhat we experienced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on early morning of June 6th was extremely bad weather,\nheavy rain, cold, darkness. Our mission required that we get on shore about H\nhour minus 60 minutes, which meant -- D-Day was triggered for 6:30 in the\nmorning, as I recall. We actually were disembarked from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mothership at about\nfour, 4:30 in the morning. The conditions couldn't have been more miserable and\nthe question really came up, as we found out later on, whether Eisenhower was\ngoing to abort the landings altogether because of the weather. Secrecy would be\ntotally lost if that happened, so we landed. I climbed down the cargo net of\nthat mothership. The net was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"swinging back and forth off the side of the ship. I\nwas communications, so I had a radio on my back. I had an M1 rifle, bandoliers\nof hand grenades, and ammunition, and a spool of wire. With that, I had a climb\ndown this cargo net onto the LCI, the infantry landing craft, and you had to\ntime your leap perfectly.\n\nSandra: What was the difference between a LCI and a LCT?\n\nMort: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An LCT has tanks, heavier equipment. LCI was infantry, a company of\ninfantry, approximately 50 or 60 soldiers with all of your equipment. It [the\ndifference] was a size basically. The smaller they were, the more they bobbed\nand weaved. Again, the old enemy: seasickness. Many soldiers never made it off\nthe cargo net. [They] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dropped into the sea and were gone. We were in about maybe\n150, 200 feet of water. I knew what would happen to me if I failed because I was\na bad sailor and bad swimmer. We got into the LCI, the infantry craft. Again, if\nyou didn't time your leap, you were again crushed. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost many soldiers this\nway. In the total operation of that D-Day landing, we lost about half of our\nsignal center communications trained people. Altogether, about 5,000 of our unit\nwas lost at the beach at that point. As we got on board the LCI [at] four or so\nin the morning, we got to the beach, and with the help of Seabees ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people\nfrom the engineers trained to get us over the seawall, our orders was to get as\nfar past the sea wall as we could before the actual main landing at 6:30. We\nwere coming under fire at that point. The Germans were aware of our presence.\n[The] big machine gun fire didn't start yet, but the mortar and artillery fire\nwas coming in. We had many casualties from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. It wasn't -- You asked about\nthe experience, what I recall. I recall seeing a lot of people dying around me,\na lot of bodies torn apart, but those who were trained to help us through a very\nnarrow path to the seawall, did a good job of neutralizing the booby traps and\nthe bombs that the Germans had set up, so we can get safely to the seawall, at\nleast, where we can set up our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communications.\n\nSandra: That must have been the longest -- How long did it take you from once\nyou got into the craft until you got to the seawall?\n\nMort: That was about two to three hours of miserable conditions. We were -- At\nthat point, we had the advantage of the darkness and we had the advantage of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nlanding being conducted with the tide being way out so we could see the\nobstacles set up by the Germans. They had to destroy the bombs on those obstacles.\n\nSandra: You were up by the seawall when the rest of the forces --\n\nMort: Was coming in.\n\nSandra: -- was coming in.\n\nMort: Coming in. By that time, very intense machine gun fire all across the beach.\n\nSandra: What was it like to see all those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ships coming in? It must have been unbelievable.\n\nMort: It was unbelievable. Sandy, I find it hard to talk about that to this day\nand many of my comrades -- In fact, we're going to be in Philadelphia\n[Pennsylvania] next week. I started to say France, but -- It'll be the 65th\nanniversary of our landings for a reunion of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 29th Infantry. There are a few\ndozen of us left to talk about these things and we talk only in terms of\nprotecting ourselves, [asking things like,] \"Do you remember this?\" Basically, a\nlot of people don't want to talk about it anymore. They've had it.\n\nSandra: If there's anything that makes you uncomfortable, just tell me to stop --\n\nMort: You'll hear.\n\nSandra: -- or go on to another question.\n\nMort: You'll ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hear.\n\nSandra: Pardon?\n\nMort: You'll hear it.\n\nSandra: Okay. You are watching the ships unload. You are up by the seawall. How\nlong before most of the troops were sort of in a safer place and the invasion\nreally started?\n\nMort: That brought it on to late in the morning or early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afternoon before we\ncould say that we had a secure landing. There was some doubt about whether or\nnot we would have a secure landing. General [Omar N.] Bradley, who was a Corps\ncommander, was about to order all of our landings to be moved toward a different\nbeach because the Germans had focused their fire so intensely on Normandy and\nOmaha Beach. Utah Beach was another option. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Gold and Juno beaches, the\nCanadian and British beaches, they were options, too. The fire there was not\nnearly as intense as it was at Omaha. Casualties were extremely high there, but\nthrough the help of a lot of intense bravery, and much of what you see in that\nmovie, and through the use of a lot of Bangalore torpedoes--these are torpedoes\nthat were kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed through the sand and with explosive devices inside that\nblew up much of the barbed wire and much of the concrete that separated us from\nthe German concentrations--a lot of casualties took place, but we succeeded\nafter -- I guess it was early afternoon.\n\nSandra: How did you gain control of the bunkers? They were so entrenched, the\nGermans, behind these concrete bunkers. How did the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"troops --\n\nMort: While those bunkers were -- Of course, a big obstacle was the Pointe du\nHoc, which was climbed by the [2nd and 5th] Rangers. We had a lot of repel\ntraining, too. I didn't -- I was not with that group fortunately. Their casualty\nrate was well over a half before, but they finally got up to the top of Pointe\ndu Hoc and discovered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the guns that were decimating parts of the 29th\nInfantry were gone. They found trails in the sand of where those guns were moved\nand succeeded in getting two of them several thousand yards away from the beach.\nThe 101st and 82nd Airborne had completed their landings by that time and they\nneutralized many of these bunkers in their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own method. They were behind the\nlines and had to fight their way toward the beach. They had a major role in\nmaking it possible to continue the operation.\n\nSandra: Okay, so that was your first day.\n\nMort: It was a long day.\n\nSandra: A long day. Can you sort of lead me through your next couple of stops?\n\nMort: 'Couple of stops,' that's a good way of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"putting it. Leaving the shores --\nLet me tell you, I always come up with telling about this, even though I don't\nlike to, even though it's murder to do it. One particular experience on the\nbeaches was a soldier whose innards were dragging in the sand, begging for\nsomeone to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoot him. We were all given syrettes of morphine and sulfur powder.\nAll those of us with the syrettes injected morphine like mad into this guy and\nsent him along. There was no way he was going to survive. There were many cases\nlike this. This is one I recall because I was right there on top of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. After\nD-Day -- We secured that beach through the efforts of everyone involved, the\nBritish, the Canadians, and the French underground. I had been in touch with\nthem, was issuing orders with them, and through them about where we were, and\nwhat kind of resistance they expected that we would have. They knew about German\ntroop operations and communicated that to us, which I then communicated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to our\ncommand. We adjusted the fire onto the beaches, too. The idea was if a soldier\ncoming into the beach didn't have a place to crawl into a hole of some kind --\nYou were just under open -- You were fair game for the German machine gunners.\nWe were told to adjust their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire to give us more cover. We moved after D-Day.\n\nSandra: One question before you move on. Where did you spend your first night?\nWhere were you? Where did you sleep?\n\nMort: I remember that very exactly. I was just past the sea wall onto--this\nwould be [D-Day] plus two [June 8, 1944]--a hill. There was a hill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"above the\nseawall at Colleville-sur-Mer, which is now the location of a major American\ncemetery and Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer. On the way in toward that town, there was a\nhill just outside of the town. I remember getting to the top of that hill and\ndigging a foxhole at the top of the hill. I mean, others -- There were a lot of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us doing this just to seek cover for the night, and to get some rest, and to do\nwhatever communicating that I had to do, but under more restful conditions. Fire\nslowed down during that night on both sides. We already had our casualties and\nwe had inflicted many on the Germans, too. That was the first night. That's\nwhere we were. Everything continued on that second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. The march went on.\n\nSandra: Where did you march to?\n\nMort: Actually, our initial goal, our main goal was to get off the beaches and\nto head as quickly as possible to Saint-Lo in France, which that was a target\npoint. The ETA [expected time of arrival] on that was probably seven to fourteen\ndays after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"landings. We didn't get there until early August. There was no\nway of getting there faster, mainly because of the bocage, the mounds of dirt\nthat outlined the French farmlands. There were -- The bocage was a difficult\nmarching point for the fighting because the Germans were on one side, the\nAmericans on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other side, separated by a mound of dirt about eight feet high.\nThat was a difficult time, slow fighting. It went on and on like this for\nseveral weeks, before we reached Saint-Lo and with many casualties. There were\nmore casualties in the Saint-Lo area than there were on the beach. We had about\n8,000 or 9,000 killed and wounded in the Saint-Lo area, but that was our major\ntarget point after getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away from the beaches, into early August. At that\npoint -- You want me to --\n\nSandra: Yes.\n\nMort: My next step. The main thrust of the 29th, and the 115 especially, was to\ngo on to Brest, France. Brest was a German submarine base there. Actually I,\nalong with many of my communication comrades, were assigned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to General\n[Phillippe] Leclerc. He was the commanding general of the French Liberation\nArmy. We were assigned to him, to stay in close touch with the FFI--We were with\nhim right at that point, fighting with him--and to go to Paris. We were assigned\nwith them, launched into Paris, where I was involved, with my communications\ngroup, with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the liberation of Paris, August 25, 1944. I was in Paris.\n\nSandra: Oh, my gosh. Tell me what it must have felt like liberating that city.\n\nMort: Much of what I felt like was not as important as it was to the French who\nwere greeting us. Yes, those women there, they liked to kiss. When we came in\nwith their soldiers and with our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group, there was a very close exchange. While\nthis was going on, there were German snipers. We were in the Champs Elysée,\nright near the Arc de Triomphe. On the Champs-Elysées, we bivouacked there, on\nthe Champs-Elysées, still fighting with Germans who were snipers in the\napartment buildings. That went on for the few days that we were in Paris, with\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underground fighting with us. A few things that were very significant was\nwhat the French did. How did they react to all this? They are liberated. Now\nthey're free. The American forces were there and their own French Army, with\nGeneral Leclerc, was there. So many French young ladies collaborated with German\nofficers. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were rounded up by their friends in the city. What they did with\nthem mainly was they shaved their hair, shaved off, shaved their heads bald.\nThat was a very dramatic scene.\n\nSandra: You actually saw that?\n\nMort: Yes.\n\nSandra: It has been depicted in so many movies, but you actually saw that?\n\nMort: Yes, absolutely. I minded my own business. I wasn't going to get involved\nwith that. We were in Paris for just several days or so. The entire division\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rejoined in Paris. That was the big operation: from Paris eastward across\nFrance, moving rapidly with General [George S.] Patton's tanks, liberating the\nrest of France, through Versailles, and liberating Belgium, Luxembourg, and then\non. We are now into early November.\n\nSandra: I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few questions, if we can just back up.\n\nMort: Okay.\n\nSandra: As part of the Signal Corps, and being so --\n\nMort: I am no longer with the Signal Corps. I am with the 29th Infantry.\n\nSandra: 29th Infantry, but being with communications.\n\nMort: Yes.\n\nSandra: A radio operator.\n\nMort: Right.\n\nSandra: Was it important for the rest of the troops to try to prevent you from\ngetting shot because they needed you to operate the radio?\n\nMort: There were interested in that, yes. When the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"snipers saw an\nAmerican soldier with a radio on his back or indications -- they became prime\ntargets. We had to be there where the action was going to take place. We also\nhad to carry our spools of wire to communicate between the front level machine\nguns. Yes, there were some efforts along those lines, absolutely. I always felt\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, but we had to hang in there and fight with them.\n\nSandra: Did you feel that your training that you had before you actually got\ninto Europe, that your training was enough?\n\nMort: Yes.\n\nSandra: You were well trained?\n\nMort: I actually felt that way. I felt that way even with the rifle fire\ntraining. I mean, regular infantry training. I became a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sharpshooter. I could\nhave [been] sent off the line, done that, put my radio down, but that never\nhappened, nor did I want it to happen. On my discharge, I'm listed as being a\nsharpshooter. That's great, but it means nothing. It means that if a German was\n-- if I was being fired on, the idea was for me to fire first.\n\nSandra: Did you have close contact, I mean, with German soldiers? Could you\nactually see the enemy --\n\nMort: Yes.\n\nSandra: -- at certain points?\n\nMort: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes more so than others. By the time we got to them--and I had\n-- I saw too many dead German soldiers as well as American soldiers--you didn't\nwant to get that close to them. Your fire and the fire of your comrades was\nsupposed to be such that you were going to do what you had to do to keep moving.\n\nSandra: As ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Jewish American soldier, do you think you felt differently about\nkilling Germans than your fellow American soldiers who were not Jewish? Do you\nthink there was more of an intensity about you?\n\nMort: I don't think that -- I know where that that question comes from, but I\ndon't think it was something that was on my mind all the time. On my mind all\nthe time was communications and fire when I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to fire, and not to forget my\ncommunications or laying of wire, but to protect myself as necessary. There were\nspecial cases of this that I can describe later on, but it was not on my mind\n[that] because I'm Jewish I had to kill more Germans. No, I don't think there\nwas a thing with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\n\nSandra: No? Okay, you are marching through Europe, liberating. When did you say?\nWe were going into November of 1944?\n\nMort: Yes, in Holland. That was a particularly interesting experience. You have\nthat book on that, that was sent to me by the Dutch girl. When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got to\nHolland, we were dug in or bivouacked in a park in this town of -- not\nKidderminster. [Unintelligible; 00:53:49] is a cemetery. Amstenrade.\n\nSandra: Could you spell that?\n\nMort: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A-M-S-T-E-N-R-A-D-E, Amstenrade. Amstenrade is about ten or 15 miles from\nMaastricht. We fought with the 28th Infantry Division and liberation of Maastricht.\n\nSandra: Spell that for me, too, please..\n\nMort: M-A-A-S-T-R-I-C-H-T. That took place in late October or early November of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944. After fighting through Maastricht with the 28th, we went on to this other\ntown and were dug in in that park. The interesting thing happened that night,\nwhich I talk about because it was kind of a pleasant experience, actually -- The\nDutch were extremely warm, friendly people. They went to our commanders asking\nif they could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask the soldiers who were in their foxholes in that park, could\nthey come to their homes, and have a hot meal, and a hot shower. Now, we had\nbeen on the road, fighting, for weeks without a stop. [Our] shoes and socks were\nthe same. [We had only been] eating our K-rations and D-rations. A hot shower\nand warm food sounded great. [Our commanders said] yes. We were given permission\nto do this, particularly with this one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family in a street in Dorpsstraat [Dutch:\nvillage street] 14 it was called in this town. I didn't know it, but--this was a\nDutch family--one of the gentleman, Jacob was the name, spoke French fluently. I\ngot along with him fairly well. I didn't realize, but one of the young girls,\nabout eleven or twelve years old, had taken a picture of me--I didn't know it at\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time--with a box camera. That's the picture that's in that folder that you\nhave. When we got back to the line after our showers, and meals, and so on, we\nwere going to launch into Germany. We were just about two miles from the German\nborder here. Then, the Battle of the Bulge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was triggered. The Germans were\ncounterattacking. They fought across Germany and into Holland and, for a period\nof about a month and a half, our military position was pretty miserable at that\npoint. Actually, before they got into -- We did launch into Germany and got to a\nplace at the Ruhr River, R-U-H-R River. We dug in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We are in Germany,\nacross the river from a German city called Julich, J-U-L-I-C-H. Julich was a\ntraining ground for a German military academy. When we were -- When the Germans\nlaunched the Battle of the Bulge, we were at the southern sector of that. We\nwere ordered to hold our line. General [Charles H.] Gerhardt, our General, said\nthere was no way we could retreat. In other words, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand or die thing. We\nstayed there through that battle, held our position. When the Bulge was\nneutralized--we're getting into late January, February of 1945 now--we were\nordered to launch across the Ruhr River to capture the city of Julich.\n\nSandra: I am just going to interject again real quickly. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, we have read\nmemoirs, we have seen stories about the conditions at the Bulge, trench foot,\nthe cold, the horrible conditions of the people who were on the line there. Can\nyou describe that for me?\n\nMort: Yes, I can describe it. It's one of those things I remember all too well.\n\nSandra: Back to the tape. You were going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"describe what it was like in the --\n\nMort: I'm going to describe the conditions in Germany, dug into the Ruhr River,\nunder what was -- We were told that it was the coldest and heaviest snow winter\nin the history of the German weather bureau. It was the case, up until that\npoint, I had already been back to the base ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital twice, or maybe three times,\nwith trench feet. This was very common because your shoes and socks were wet all\nthe time and the inevitable took place. This infection would set in and you had\nto go to the hospital along with all the other guys and be treated accordingly.\n\nSandra: What did it feel like, trench foot?\n\nMort: Very sore, and itchy, and you were -- Many lost toes and feet. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war was\nover for many soldiers who got severe trench feet. Our orders were to keep our\nsocks dry. Now, how the heck are you going to keep your socks dry? It's 30\ndegrees below zero and snow over your head in some places. It was a very bad\nconditions. When finally the Bulge took place, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had to sweat through all of\nthat and what went with it. By the way, I remember one particular place on the\nRuhr River, just before we launched across the river into Germany, into Julich,\nGermany, that there was an outhouse at some point. It took about five or six\nAmerican ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives to realize there was a German sharpshooter from the other side of\nthe river, who [was] catching guys coming out of there, pulling up their\ntrousers, and put bullets through their head. We had several casualties that\nway. Anyway --\n\nSandra: Mort, at this point in time and in your unit, had you developed close\nfriendships with all the soldiers? Was there anyone in particular you were very\ngood friends with?\n\nMort: Yes. You were very careful about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. You soon learned that you get\nfriendly with somebody, he's going to be killed. There was a cautious approach\nto that, although you wanted -- In a buddy system, you wanted the guy on your\nright and left to protect you, just as you will protect him. There was mixed\nfeelings in that. You felt close to some people. There are a few names that I\nrecall, particularly as I go through many of my pictures, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, \"Oh, so-and-so\nwas a great guy. I really got to know him pretty good.\" But you were very\nconcerned about that. You can't keep losing people you got that close with,\nunder very difficult conditions. But after the orders came through and the\nGermans were neutralized and their Bulge -- If I'm slow, it's because I'm trying\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to recall.\n\nSandra: No, take your time.\n\nMort: We got across the--and I have a picture of this--the Julich River. Not the\nJulich; the Ruhr River, headed towards Julich. That was our orders, to capture\nthis town. Now, before that launching took place, I was actually--one of the few\ntimes--I was on a truck firing a 50 caliber machine gun. Our artillery ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire --\nbecause we lost all of our artillery support and all of our air support during\nthe Bulge, but now it was all there. It was all fired at one time. We're firing\nacross the river. I was firing a 50 caliber machine gun at a particular target\nthat we were going to approach across the river. Then, the launch took place.\nThis was the last part of February of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945. There was a bridge that the\nengineers put across the river to walk across. The picture I have is one of my\ncomrades who was killed on that bridge. I had to step over him to continue\nwalking across it. Even crossing a river was a major operation. [We] got into\nthe outskirts of Julich and to the place where we were firing and I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firing a\n50 caliber. You talk about seeing Germans up close, I saw many Germans there,\ndead and many in a stupor. The noise was so intense and the firing was so\nintense, they in were a total state of shock. We had done this with our fire and\nall the other fire that was taking place. About this point, shortly after this,\nI was out of it. Shrapnel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had knocked the helmet off my head. I had a scalp\nwound and I was taken to a base hospital. I was unconscious for maybe a day or\nso. The infantry guidelines were that if you can get up and walk, within two or\nthree days, you went back to the line. Fortunately, it was a very shallow wound.\nI got back to the line and never saw my helmet again. I was told that there were\ntwo others in the hole with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. One was dead and another was in about the same\nshape I was in. But we got back to the line and took Julich, Germany, and\ncontinued on our march across Germany into February. Into early March, we got to\nanother city in Germany, which I want to spend a little bit of time with: Monchengladbach.\n\nSandra: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, could you spell that?\n\nMort: M-U-E-N-C-H-E-N hyphen G-L-A-D-B-A-C-H, Monchengladbach. In\nMonchengladbach, we found out -- It was the first major city captured up until\nthat point in Germany. We were ordered to occupy this particular large home\nwhich was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"castle kind of a thing. It turned out, we found later on, this was\nthe home of and the military headquarters of Paul Joseph Goebbels. I won't spell\nthat for you.\n\nSandra: [No.]\n\nMort: We captured that home and the surrounding Rheydt area. I have several\npictures of that. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was our first exposure to somebody whom I heard\npreviously was identified with the Holocaust and the killing of Jews. We\ncaptured the home of Paul Joseph Goebbels. That was pretty significant to us.\nAlso significant was the amount of wine and cameras he had in that building.\nAnyway --\n\nSandra: Can you describe in more detail what the home looked like, what you\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found when you got there?\n\nMort: Yes. I do have pictures of that. The home was a massive room with ceilings\nG-d knows how high, and with swastikas all over, and all kinds of personal\nthings all over it. It was his main home that he wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have. As I say, we\nfound the wine collection and the camera collection--He was a big buff on those\nthings--was pretty extreme. There was no military operation there particularly.\nIn other words, there wasn't a lot of artillery or 88 millimeter howitzers set\nup in there. It was a home, a fancy home with a lot of the accessories of the\nelite. Goebbels was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given this home by the people of Monchengladbach for the\ngreat work that he was doing.\n\nSandra: What about looting? Did the soldiers take much at this point?\n\nMort: Yes, we took what we wanted to take. Some soldiers -- one guy in\nparticular with our unit, Billy [William] Melander. He is still alive and living\nin Long Island [New York], I think. He was a camera buff. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loved cameras, and\nhe would get his thing on that. The wine supply was -- We severely depleted the\nwine supply, but I didn't -- Some people did some looting and it wasn't -- You\nweren't discouraged from this, just be smart, don't overdo it and get yourself\ninto trouble.\n\nSandra: There was no directive to not do it?\n\nMort: No, there was no such directive.\n\nSandra: Did you feel badly about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it at all in any of the areas that you went\nthrough, or was it kind of like, \"We deserve this.\"\n\nMort: It wasn't that we deserved it. It was -- The things of value, to me, were\nnot the same as it was to somebody else. I know that I had a brother who asked\nme always if I were in Europe at any point, he loved to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a camera and a\npistol. I had a pistol that I was going to perhaps try to take to him. I\nactually carried it with me for some time along with my other weapons. A camera,\nno, I didn't. I didn't take any cameras. I just -- It wasn't my interest. I had\nenough to do with the equipment I had to carry as a communications person. We\nget into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now the Holocaust and a little bit more personally. As we left\nMonchengladbach and to the fifth, or six, or so of March 1945 -- a little town,\na place called Dinslaken. I'm not sure if it's a town. I think it's a small town\njust outside of Monchengladbach. D-I-N-S-L-A-K-E-N. We were ordered, as we were\nmany times, to check what's going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on in Dinslaken. There were big walls on the\nfront of it. We [tore] these walls down and were exposed to the sight of a\ncouple of thousand dead bodies. Turns out--some of this stuff gets revealed to\nus later on--that the Germans had poured gasoline on a bunch of people they put\ninto this big barn in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dinslaken and burnt them alive. This wasn't the only\nexperience like that that we had, but our first exposure to what the Holocaust\nwas about. I'm not sure it occurred to me like that at that time, but I know now\nthat's what it was. Fighting across -- Then, we were on our way fighting --\n\nSandra: Were these Jews, these individuals that were killed in this town? Were\nthese Jewish prisoners?\n\nMort: Most of them were identified as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being Jews. Some were unidentifiable.\n\nSandra: They were from a labor force, forced labor?\n\nMort: I don't know. In Dinslaken particularly, I don't know if that's what they\nwere doing there. Probably it was. I never really identified that, because as we\nfought across Germany, almost every large town and village in Germany had a\nforced labor camp. There were a few things identifiable in many of the larger\ntowns and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"villages that we found going across Germany. After we left Dinslaken\nand were headed toward Hanover [Germany]--This was in the middle of March of\n1945--there was mass graves. In every town or village, we found freshly dug\ngraves. We dug up a few of these and they were unidentifiable bodies. We didn't\nknow who or what they were. Man or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman, we couldn't distinguish. You wonder why\nwe did that, but we did it. I remember we did it.\n\nSandra: At this point, how much about what later became known as the Holocaust\nwere you aware of? At this point.\n\nMort: I was becoming more and more aware of what I had been hearing about. Here\nit is, right then and there. The forced labor camps, we knew of them. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is\nthe one that we have a good picture of in the museum. All these towns and\nvillages, they had forced labor. The German war effort was having people build\nuniforms or whatever it took that they needed for their soldiers. We found\nliterally dozens and dozens of this sort of thing across Germany. I expect maybe\nthere were hundreds. We didn't -- I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember. I didn't count how many of\nthese -- Meanwhile, the fighting is going on. Then, we got to a place near\nHanover, just south of Bergen-Belsen [Germany]. Now we're very close to the\nBritish line. We captured the town of Celle [Germany], C-E-L-L-E, which is just\nnorth of Hanover and just south of Bergen-Belsen. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Celle, we went south at\nthat point, south of Hanover, near the Weser River and the Harz Mountains. I can\nspell that if you wish.\n\nSandra: I think we are okay.\n\nMort: Okay. Now, I'm talking like this to a group here in Atlanta. It's a group\nof elders in one of the churches in town. This gentleman got up. He came up to\nme in this church--This was about three or four years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago--hugged me, said, \"You\nfreed me and my mother 55 years ago.\"\n\nSandra: Oh, my gosh.\n\nMort: Matt Sikorski.\n\nSandra: Oh, my gosh.\n\nMort: That's where Matt came from. After all these years, Matt and I got\ntogether at this particular occasion. Now, at about this point, an interesting\nevent took place and you have a picture of this. Passover was going to be early\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year. It was actually -- late March that year. The chaplaincy said, \"Jewish\nsoldiers who would like to participate in a Passover service, we're going to\nconduct one, and you can go.\" And where was it going to be? It was going to be\nat the home of Paul ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph Goebbels in Monchgladbach. We headed back, those of\nus who wanted. I'm sure there were a lot of non-Jews who became Jews at this\noccasion. We headed back by truck, and jeep, or whatever, however we could do\nit. But on the way back, we were told there were many people who had been freed\nfrom concentration camps--we didn't even know which ones at that point--\"If they\nwant to go with you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let them know what you're doing. You can take them with\nyou.\" So, we had a bunch of people liberated from forced labor and concentration\ncamps and took them back with us to this Passover service and met at\nMonchengladbach. I have this picture, and I have other things about\nMonchengladbach, and Goebbels' home that you that you may want to see. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we\nsoon went back. After the service, we had to fight our way back. We're fighting\nour way back across Germany all this time. There's all these snipers floating\naround. We got back to this place near Hamelin [Germany], which is a forced\nlabor camp where Matt Sikorski was.\n\nSandra: How do you spell that?\n\nMort: Hamelin, Germany. The pied piper --\n\nSandra: Pied Piper.\n\nMort:... of Hamelin, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"H-A-M-E-L-I-N, or something like that. Anyway, Pied Piper\nof Hamelin. You can look up the story. We're ordered--a bunch of us, especially\ncommunications people; I always seem to wind up in that position--we're ordered\nsouth with a group of the 116th Infantry [regiment of the 29th Infantry\nDivision] to go to a place of unidentified enemy activity. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't -- That was\na frequent assignment. [For] unidentified enemy activity, we were\nJohnny-on-the-Spot. We got to a place about 40 or so miles south of Hamelin. It\nturned out to be in the area of Nordhausen, N-O-R-D-H-A-U-S-E-N [Germany] It\nturned out to be the concentration camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Dora-Mittelbau. I think you have the\nspelling on that. Again, we had to -- We came under enemy fire as we approached\nDora-Mittelbau. There were German machine gunners at the entrance, about 40 of\nthem. We dispatched them in a hurry.\n\nSandra: Can we stop for one second?\n\nMort: Sorry.\n\nSandra: All right.\n\nMort: We dispatched of the machine gun. Sentries blew down the walls with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our\nanti-tank weapons. [We] found the same thing that we found a way back at\nDinslaken, thousands of dead bodies inside. I have that picture of that that\nyou've seen, too. But we found a lot more than that. This was a genuine -- It\nturned out to be genuine, bona fide concentration camp that had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything but\ngas chambers. We got past these dead bodies, and again, the same thing. That was\nsomething that you can never describe, that the movie \"Saving Private Ryan\" can\nnever describe. The smell of all of this was just beyond belief. You try to get\nused to it and you rest at your camp. Then, there were crematoria ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that camp,\nabout ten or twelve of them in a building with stacks [chimneys] in it. We went\nto the crematoria. We're told to open up the doors one by one. The first several\nwere pretty warm, hot, and you found bones and ash. We got to the fifth or sixth\none. Opening up the doors there, the walls were cold, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually. We were -- The\nofficer in charge, a gentleman named Alvin Ungerleider, who was our commanding\nofficer, a Jewish guy who knew how to do his job, opened that door gingerly. We\nhad our M1 rifles. There were eight of us. I have a picture of the group of us\nthat did this. We had our M1 rifles aimed into the oven. [He] open the door and\nthere was a German SS officer inside the oven with a Luger pistol in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand.\nHe knew the Americans were coming and he was going to kill as many as he could.\nHe never did fire a shot. These rifles each had eight shots in them and a clip.\nWe emptied them immediately and had no remorse about that, because the prisoners\nin that camp showed up immediately afterward, identified him as the German\nofficer responsible for much of the more heinous acts in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that camp.\n\nSandra: Do you remember his name? Was he identified?\n\nMort: He was an SS. No, I don't know his name.\n\nSandra: Did the prisoners just all of a sudden start coming out from different places?\n\nMort: Yes. When we got through the crematoria, and word quickly got around what\nwe had done, that we had killed their SS officer in the oven, they -- There are\nnames. I suppose I could find his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. There were trials conducted about him\nand other SS officers that were in that camp. There is one name particularly\nthat I have. It was not this gentleman. It was another officer there, who was\nabout to be hung after being tried. We discovered in that camp -- Of course,\nmany of the soldiers wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to keep firing into him. The prisoners wanted to get\nat him, too, but we prevented that. The lieutenant was good at this. He said,\n\"We will operate under military rule and Geneva Convention rule. You will not\nunreasonably kill an enemy or unreasonably act on the enemy.\" We took prisoners\nappropriately and sent them off to POW [prisoner of war] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. The survivors in\nthat camp. Who were they? This turned out to be the camp where the Germans were\nmanufacturing the V1 and V2 bombs that were being launched into London -- Liege,\nBelgium and London. It was the place that Wernher von Braun, the German rocket\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expert, he had developed that camp and he was aware of what was going on there.\nIt turned out also to be a camp that was organized, that was built and developed\nby the Volkswagen technicians and all of their expertise. It also turned out to\nbe at the camp where a week, or week and a half, maybe ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days before we got\nthere, there were 30,000 or so prisoners in that camp, to build the bombs. All\nbut all but about several hundred, a thousand maybe were sent on a forced march,\na death march toward ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen. When we liberated these prisoners in that\ncamp, the Lieutenant asked, \"Are there any Jews in here?\" Because we didn't know\nwho was Jewish or not. Turned out there were maybe a hundred or so who\nidentified themselves [as Jews]. Remember, 30,000 had been sent on that death\nmarch. Alvin Ungerleider conducted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a memorial service right there in the camp.\nHe went through the whole thing, and they joined, and participated, as they had\ntried to do at Monchengladbach. The faith was still there and the hope was still\nthere. These people were dying. We helped some of them die by giving them\nrations. We didn't know what to do in these cases, and they choked to death\nliterally. I was ordered to communicate with the medical detachment in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hanover,\n\"What do we do?\" They said, \"Hold tight. Just give them water until we get\nthere,\" which they were not until the next morning. That's what we did. We went\nahead and [had] gone into the barracks, too, and found people dead and dying in\nthe barracks. We were told the same thing, to stay out of the barracks, give\nthem sips of water if you can, but wait until we get there in terms of any\ntreatment. That took place the next morning, next day.\n\nSandra: Did you have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"direct interaction with one of the prisoners?\n\nMort: No, it was -- The only interaction that took place was to get them -- to\nhelp some of them survive if possible. The medical people came that next morning\nand they took over on that. We had a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of tears and a lot of regret for those\nwe had tried to help and actually found they choked to death in front of us.\nTurned out that the 30,000 or so were sent on that death march, a couple of\nthousands of them--these were almost all Jews--were marched into a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barn in a\nGerman town called Gardelegen, about 30 or 40 miles east of Hanover. We're on\nthe way to the Elbe River to meet the Russians, in Gardelegen. We got there and\nwe're greeted by a flaming inferno of people inside this huge barn. The same\nthing that was done in Dinslaken was done there. Gasoline was poured on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them,\nset a fire, and their hands were reaching through the barbed windows. There\n[was] nothing we could do. Nothing. We can't fire in there, nothing. Just watch\nthem burn to death and scream. We talked about this. I've talked about this with\na couple of comrades at meetings. We've even stopped doing that. We don't do it.\nWith what purpose? Those who -- some of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them -- many of the 30,000 didn't make\nBergen-Belsen. They died on the way. Many did get to Bergen-Belsen. [My wife,]\nAviva doesn't like me to tell the story. I'm going to tell it anyway. Many of\nthose 30,000 were freed by American soldiers from other groups that were\nmarching eastward just as we were. Turned out to be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gentleman who survived,\nwent into -- learned about diamonds and eventually wound up in Cleveland, Ohio.\nEventually this man -- He knows my story and I know his story. A brother of his\nwas murdered in one of the concentration camps, Mauthausen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This gentleman\nmarried a first cousin of my wife's. She's also from Cleveland, Ohio. [His name\nis] Saul Gottlieb. Yes, I did know. I know some people personally [like] Saul\nGottlieb and I know our friend, Matt Sikorski, and a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that I have come\nto know through the years. Now, this -- Dora-Mittlebau, by the way, I should say\nwas described as one of the most horrible camps that the Germans had operated.\nThe people who died there in the tunnels that were dug to help build their V1,\nV2 missiles died of asphyxiation from concrete ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dust. Concrete was being ground\nfor various purposes. They breathed in that dust and died on that spot. The main\nreason they built the ovens was so many were dying that they had to have an\nexpedient way of doing it. We went from -- After getting past Gardelegen, we got\nto the Elbe River and met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russians. Here is a new, a different story. As we\napproached the Elbe River, by the way, there were many German soldiers rushing\nto surrender to us. Now, the German officers had hung several of their soldiers,\nsaid, \"You cannot surrender and this is what happens to people who surrender.\"\nThis we saw. My friend who got cameras ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Monchengladbach, he took a lot of\npictures of that. He never -- Nobody ever saw these pictures, but he gave me a\nset, which I won't even show anybody. It was pretty bad stuff. We got to the\nriver. After that, I got into the water and there the Russians came, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exchanging\nvodka for chocolate and cigarettes. We were good friends with the Russians that\nwe met at that point and they with us. We were good buddies with the Russians.\nTheir war was over and our war in Europe was over. This was about May one, two,\nsomething like that, 1945. There's a whole new story here about Wernher von\nBraun ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and rescuing some of the German soldiers who were technicians at\nDora-Mittlebau because the American government had arranged for them to come to\nthe United States for our program. Blows your mind.\n\nSandra: Yes, it does.\n\nMort: Still blows my mind. We actually, instead of pushing these guys into the\nwater and helping them drown, we save them, pull them into our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boats, and we had\nto do that before the Russians showed up in force.\n\nSandra: You had specific orders to get these people out?\n\nMort: Yes. I have the pictures of that. Yes, I was [told,] \"Get them out of\nthere. Save them,\" including Wernher von Braun. I'm not sure. Yes, he may have\nbeen there in that group. I never remember specifically seeing the man. Then\nfrom there--we went through that sequence of events--we were ordered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nBremerhaven, Germany. Now, this was into -- May of 1945. We're in the army of\noccupation, but we weren't coming home yet. I'm talking because you're not\nstopping me.\n\nSandra: No.\n\nMort: We weren't coming home yet because the Japanese were out there. They\nstarted this whole thing. We were in training, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, to be part of the\nassault group that would land in the mainland of Japan. There we were. We got to\ndo this all over again. You know, we thought we would be able to go home, but\nforget about it. But in August of 1945--a lot of people don't like the idea--but\nthe atomic bombs were dropped near Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A lot of us can only\nsay, \"Thank G-d.\" A million American soldiers, Allied soldiers, would have been\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost in the assault on the mainland of Japan. This figure has not been disputed.\nWhen that happened, we looked forward, [thinking,] \"Finally, we're going to go home.\"\n\nSandra: I just want to go back a little bit and just go over a couple of these\nthings that that you were talking about. After you saw the horrible atrocity of\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burning at the barn in --\n\nMort: Gardelegen and Dinslaken.\n\nSandra: Yes. Then you encountered German soldiers. I mean, was there this\noverwhelming urge by all of the troops after you witnessed something so horrible\nto seek revenge or not take them prisoner? I mean, was there that feeling that\nyou just -- these people were not --\n\nMort: Were they subhuman or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something? We realized that many of these German\nsoldiers -- As an irony of events here, our officers were pretty good. Our\nmission in Bremerhaven, Germany, particularly after the dropping of the atom\nbombs, was to protect the DP camps and help them, those who were put there in\nthese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overcrowded conditions and sometimes in camps that were small\nconcentration camps--but to see if they had medical help, food, a place to\nsleep, and whatever it took--and to guard the POW camps. Many of those POWs from\nthat area--you didn't hear this before--wound up in Tullahoma, Tennessee. Why do\nI mention ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that? When the war was over, I went to visit my brother, who was a\ngeneral in Tullahoma, Tennessee, in Camp Forrest, Tennessee. His job there was\nas a commanding officer of a camp that was guarding German prisoners of war,\nmany of whom had come from this area that we had had captured. I like to think\nthat some of the guys I saw there came -- that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had captured. I never had\nproof of that, but it was a good thing to think about. No, I had no desire to\npull them up and kill them and things like that. I don't think I -- because we\nwere under pretty strict orders as to how we behaved. Only one incident happened\nwhere I lost my cool, and that's when the war was over. This goes back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into\nSeptember probably of 1945, when I got leave to go visit my friends in Holland\n[in] the town that we liberated and they were so nice to us. I got there to\nAmstenrade and one of the cousins of that family that were so nice with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us\n[said,] \"Let's go down to the bar and get a beer.\" We didn't argue with that.\nThen, a young man in the bar saw me coming in. He said, \"Amerikaner sind\nSchweine,\" [German: Americans are pigs] which was about as strong a statement as\nyou can make, to call somebody a dog, a pig. I actually, at that point, [was]\nthe only time I remember losing my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cool. That pistol that I described I was\ntaking my brother, I was pulling it out to shoot the man. This cousin said,\n\"We'll take care of him. Stay cool.\" We related very well. I put my pistol back.\nI had a rifle and a pistol in there. We always had to carry our rifle, but I had\nthe pistol. I didn't do the things that you were saying, \"Did we ever have the\nurge?\" I had the urge that one time.\n\nSandra: Yes. I did not think that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you actually carried that out. I was just --\nIt would be very hard to contain the rage, I think, after you see atrocities of\nthat magnitude.\n\nMort: Yes. The rage was there, but it was controlled rage.\n\nRuth: What about now?\n\nMort: Controlled rage. In all of these years, I have not been able to go back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nGermany. I can't do what Henry Birnbrey did. He was in the American army. He was\nin a tank force. I can't do it. I'm not sure I even like to hear the language,\nalthough I became fluent in German after a while, especially to get through my\ndoctoral exams. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, one time, things slipped. I'm getting off beat here.\n\nSandra: It is alright.\n\nMort: If you want me to --\n\nSandra: Yes.\n\nMort: It gets to when I was going to be bar mitzvahed. I was bar mitzvahed when\nI was 75 or so years old. Why? I had learned the Torah portions for all four of\nmy grandchildren ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the parshah. I learned the Hebrew fluently. I was good at\nit. My daughters knew this and they arranged for the rabbi to see to it that I\nwas bar mitzvahed when my granddaughter was bat mitzvahed at the wall. Now, when\nwe went to Israel for this purpose, we had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice because the rabbi had\narranged this. For some reason, he had been there many times. He arranged that\nwe fly on Lufthansa and we flew into -- Where did we fly into?\n\nUnidentified: Frankfurt [Germany].\n\nMort: Frankfurt. Thank you. [We flew] into Frankfurt, Germany to change of\nplanes and go on to Israel. There was the only time since the war that I've been\nback ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I found it very difficult. It was a very difficult thing for me to\nhandle. I was never going to go back. Then, going over in a Lufthansa aircraft,\nI kept looking at the flight attendants, [thinking,] \"Are they going to shoot\nme, or am I going to shoot them, or something?\" It became a difficult thing.\nI've had other veterans express the same exact thing.\n\nSandra: Have you been back to Normandy?\n\nMort: Yes. We were supposed to have been back there last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"month. We were there\nfor the 60th anniversary of our landings and a very significant occasion. At the\n60th, we all went: my wife, and my daughter, and my son, two of my\ngrandchildren, my daughter-in-law. I had a big package of people went back for\nthe 60th anniversary to celebrate landings. There we were at Colleville-sur-Mer,\nwhere we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"landed. [President] George Bush and all the prime ministers of all\nthe countries of Europe were there. It was a significant thing to be there. The\nFrench people of Normandy, particularly the little children, every town we went\nto, they took our hands and lead us through. I would talk. I talked a lot. The\nFrench gave us personalized mementos of that trip back. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 50 of\nus, 35 to 50 of us at that time, veterans who are D-Day veterans. This time,\nthere were only going to be about ten [for] the 65th [anniversary]. We were\ngoing to go. We had our plane tickets and I just -- It's gotten too emotional. I\njust -- We can't do it, so we canceled. I'll see my buddies next month in\nPhiladelphia [Pennsylvania].\n\nSandra: When you went back for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"60th, was it difficult to not visualize that day?\n\nMort: Yes. I visualized I spotted the wall where we had reached and the place\nwhere I had dug in that first night. I don't know. I don't know what my kids\nremember. I said, \"We dug into that. Look up ahead of that hill there.\" It was\nvery close to what I was describing. I brought back samples of sand and\neverything. I did visualize it. There were many events planned right there at\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beach, where we had come in, where we had seen all these casualties, where\nthe gentleman with his innards all blown out had been dragging. He was all\nthere. The water where we came in, way out at sea, where we had come in. It was\na hard visualization. To this day, whenever I go someplace that connects with\nthe Atlantic Ocean, I think, \"Boy, if I come out here far enough, I'll be back\nin Normandy.\" I think of those things.\n\nSandra: I do not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blame you.\n\nMort: When this -- I want to make a comment here. When the war was over, when I\nwas sent home in January of 1946, a little over three years, two years of which\nwere overseas, I said just one thing to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, to Aviva when we got married,\nthat, \"I just have one thing in mind: to go back to school.\" That's all I wanted\nto think about, which I did and went out through, to accomplish the things that\nmeant so much to me.\n\nSandra: When the war ended and you were getting -- A lot of soldiers that we\nhave interviewed have talked about the points. Everybody needed points.\n\nMort: Yes, you needed --\n\nSandra: Did you have enough points right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away --\n\nMort: Yes.\n\nSandra: --because you were in for so long?\n\nMort: I was. I had enough points; not as many as some people, because a lot of\nour people had -- We landed with the 1st Infantry Division. The 1st Infantry\nDivision had come through Africa, Italy, and so on, and then they joined us. We\nactually were under their orders on the landings. They have more a lot more\npoints than we did, so they were the first ones to go home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had enough to be\non board ship in late December of 1945. I forget how many, 65, 70, whatever it\nwas, the numbers of points. We came home on the MS John Ericsson. I have\npictures of that here. If you want to see all these, I'll show them to you. The\nJohn Ericsson, that was great. No seasickness. I read the description of that\nvoyage, by the way. It was described as being gale force ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winds almost all the\nway across. But I had my own bed and the Navy was now in charge of that ship.\nYou walked into the galley and [were asked,] \"How do you want your eggs today?\"\nWhatever you want. It was a great trip home. That saved the day. I swore I'd\nnever set foot in the water again, but it was a great trip home.\n\nSandra: When the war ended, before you were sent home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was your job? Where\ndid you end up, your final --\n\nMort: That was in Bremerhaven, Germany, where I was in charge of communications\nfor the 115th. We had to act under orders and we had -- Training was going on,\nespecially during the period we were thinking we were going to be going to\nJapan. It was the same thing, sort of, except no fighting.\n\nSandra: Did you have any interaction then with any German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizens while you\nwere in Bremerhaven?\n\nMort: Yes, there was some. We occupied some houses in Bremerhaven and Bremen.\nThe Germans love to come to our kitchen with pails and collect all the food that\nwe were throwing out. The German ladies who were looking for jobs loved to come\nto our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"houses, and clean up, and make the beds for us, and so on. One of them\nthought we had to go fight the Russians from there. I remember seeing notes--I\nwasn't close with these people; I was mad about what we saw--saying that, \"When\nyou go fight the Russians, can we join you?\" That sort of -- these kind of\nnotes, written in good English. I never saved any of those. I was never smart\nabout saving stuff like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nSandra: You did not actually converse with any of these people?\n\nMort: Not really, no. I conversed with my own buddies, had our own social\nquarters and so on.\n\nSandra: You mentioned earlier that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki saved\nso many American lives. Do you still feel that it was justified?\n\nMort: Yes, absolutely. I have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think of the difficulties we faced in the\nlandings of Normandy and compared with the difficulty we would have faced in\nJapan. These were, at that point, under Hirohito. They were fanatical people. It\nwouldn't have been American forces only. There would have been British forces\nthere, and French forces, and so on. This estimate of a million people, I've\nheard it many times, and I think it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"true. If it weren't, if were a half a\nmillion, that's enough.\n\nSandra: Before I get to my final few questions, you got home. How did you meet\nyour wife?\n\nMort: When I went and got home in January of 1946.\n\nSandra: You went back to Chicago, right?\n\nMort: Went back first to Chicago and then I made contact with my family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\nComing into Chicago at that time was quite an event, by the way. My family knew\nand my mother knew exactly where, what train I'd be coming in at, and so on.\nThey were at the Union Depot in Chicago. My mother -- I was -- My brother said\nhe had to hold her back from jumping over a rail. She was a fanatic. I was in\nChicago for a while and was looking for a school that I can go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to right away. It\nturned out to be Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois, the home\nof State Farm Insurance. I was a great student there. College courses that I had\ntaken before the war I had a lot of trouble with because I wasn't really\ninterested. We had to go fight the war. I aced out everything. I was a great\nstudent, but then my father was quite ill. He was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida. My mother and\nfather, they had a house in Florida, and I went down there to live. [I was] the\nonly one that was available to help out like that. This was -- I went to the\nUniversity of Miami in 1946. I eventually graduated from there. I guess it was\n1948 something. At that school, I let it be known with certain friends that I\ndon't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to fool around with girlfriends. I want to find somebody I can really\nbe interested in. There was a couple--actually, Ronnie, that was his name--said,\n\"We know somebody whom you'd like to meet.\" Turn out to be this lady here,\nAviva. We met at that time, 1948 or so. I guess it was 1947. She was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"student\nthere, too. We started dating and that was the end of my search. I mean --\n\nSandra: How long have you been married?\n\nMort: We got married June 6th, 1949.\n\nSandra: June 6th is a big day for you.\n\nMort: No, June 9th, pardon me.\n\nSandra: It is okay.\n\nMort: It was six-nine-forty-nine, June 9th, yes. Then, I graduated University of\nMiami ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and applied for -- I knew what I wanted to do. I had to go into research\nrelating to blindness. There's a big story behind that, but blindness was my\ninterest. The only way I could do that was to learn something about the\nphysiology of neurosciences, which I applied to Illinois. I was accepted in the\ngraduate school there. This was all under the GI Bill. There's a lot of talking\nnow about the GI Bill's now been passed for the Iraq ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"veterans. Through the GI\nBill, I went to school there, got my masters and doctorate. Aviva went to school\nthere and got her master's [and] bachelor's degree. It's been that way ever\nsince. We had three children to follow all this.\n\nSandra: How did you end up in Atlanta?\n\nMort: When I graduated Illinois, I was even offered a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job in Cincinnati, Ohio to\nwork in a pharmaceutical company. That didn't pan out. I didn't like it at all\nfor various reasons. A fellow graduate student of mine, Virginia Doggett was her\nname, said, \"There's a place at Case Western Reserve University\"--she was in\nCleveland, Ohio--\"looking for somebody in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pharmacology.\" I took a job there.\nAfter about five or six years -- seven, eight years, word got out that they were\nlooking for somebody to head up a -- I became eventually director of eye\nresearch in Cleveland. The chairman of ophthalmology wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"develop a program\nof research here at Emory [University], so he invited me. I came here in 1962\nand was director of research for the next 30 some years.\n\nSandra: The rest is history.\n\nMort: We're in the same house.\n\nSandra: I have a few more questions for you about some of the things that we\nmaybe missed and went back. I want to go back to a couple of things. Were there\nany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other Jewish servicemen that you got close to during the war?\n\nMort: There were a few, yes. I remember certain names like -- not service people\nso much as people whom I met in my college career. The service people I met,\nwith whom I became friendly, I look at the pictures that we have. After the war\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over, when the fighting was over, we went on leave to places like\nSwitzerland and so on. I remember Hugh, Brit, and--Howard Lichton [sp] was not\nthat group; he was from school--a few names like that that I remember. I was\npretty close with these guys. We were good friends there, but -- In the\nbeginning, as I say, when I [came home,] I didn't want to talk military, or\nHolocaust, anything. I just wanted to go to school. I kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dropped a lot of\nthese names. I was very active initially with the 29th Infantry Association.\nThis is the pin for the 29th. Matt Sikorski, I gave him one to wear, too. I\ndidn't really keep that kind of a friendship going with them. That was part of\nwhat I was getting away from because there was always reminders. A few years\nlater, I rejoined the 29th and I've been with them very closely ever since.\nSince my academic career had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been decided, I rejoined. I go back annually to their\nmeetings. We're going to Philadelphia for the 92nd reunion. Since World War One,\nthey've been having reunions.\n\nSandra: Fantastic.\n\nMort: I'm meeting some people now I haven't talked to in years. We talk about\nthings like Gardelegen and then we're not going to keep talking about it.\n\nSandra: Tom Brokaw, a couple of years ago, more than a couple now, wrote a book\nwhere he described --\n\nMort: Greatest Generation.\n\nSandra: -- your generation as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Greatest Generation. Do you agree with his\nassessment and if so, why? If not, why not?\n\nMort: I think we were probably the greatest generation. I agree with it\nprimarily because this was a war that had to be fought, contrary to a lot of\nsigns you see all over the place. It had to be fought because if the Bulge had\nsucceeded, if [Adolf] Hitler and his cronies had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"succeeded, where would we be\ntoday? We would be speaking nothing but German, I suppose. Think of the\nconsequences. I think that we undertook and came to understand what was going on\nin the Holocaust, the camps we liberated, the extent of it, and the extreme\nnature of the whole thing, and how subhuman it all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. Therefore, it had to be\nfought. There's no other answer to that.\n\nSandra: Do you think there was a greater sense of patriotism then that there is today?\n\nMort: There was a great sense of patriotism. I had a very great sense of\npatriotism. It was important for me to get involved in the military after Pearl\nHarbor, as quickly as I could. I remember that very vividly. School meant\nnothing to me at that point. I had to get involved and do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something constructive\nfor the military effort.\n\nSandra: Do you think we have that same kind of feeling in this country today?\n\nMort: Probably not. To some extent, but it was a job thing. It's always a job\nthing. It's mainly a job thing today. I think a lot of people who wound up\njoining the military, they can't get a job. This is a career, and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a\npossibility of being paid for it, to go to school to learn things that you\notherwise wouldn't learn. I'm not sure it was to that extreme in those days. It\nwasn't an extreme thing. We knew there was a draft going on, but that didn't\nbother a lot of us. We enlisted.\n\nMort: I think that --\n\nSandra: Let me ask that question again.\n\nMort: Okay.\n\nSandra: What I am trying to get at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is: you've lived through, fought during World\nWar Two, lived through the D-Day invasion. Now, a number of years ago, we all\nwitnessed 9/11. Do you feel that the generation that witnessed another horrible\nattack on this country exhibited the same sense of duty, patriotism that your\ngeneration felt after Pearl ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harbor?\n\nMort: Maybe; maybe not. Maybe not because the Americans of World War Two time\ndidn't know what war in their backyard was all about. It just wasn't there.\nThere was an ocean protecting us from Europe. There was a big ocean protecting\nus from the Hawaiian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Islands. But when the war hit the Hawaiian Islands, that\nwas bringing it home, that would bring it home in your backyard. When German\nsubmarines were sighted off of the west coast as well as off the east coast of\nthis country, it brought it right to our backyard. It's going to happen here.\nThat sort of a thing really isn't something that our generation today is\nconfronted [with], except when 9/11 came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along. That was a big exception. When\nwe, even today, look at those pictures of those planes flying into the\nbuildings, that's crazy. That's inhuman. That doesn't happen. You're getting\nsome of that with 9/11 contributing to it, but not to the same degree. I don't\nthink it can be to the same degree.\n\nSandra: You have been speaking for a long time now to groups of school children\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come here for our Holocaust education tours. Why did you decide to do\nthat and what do you get out of that?\n\nMort: What I get out of it is -- The lessons learned from World War Two days and\nthe lessons that we learn today as we live is: How do you relate to your\nfriends, to your family, to your fellow man? How do you relate? If you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't\nfeel that you're giving proper treatment to a friend of yours, or even somebody\nin your family, what are you going to do about it? Just let it go, forget about\nit? I said, \"You've got to recognize that even little acts of kindness can go a\nvery, very long way.\" I had a school group coming through here one time that\nhelped me. I had adult group, I should say, an older adult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group came through here one\ntime that made it possible for me to explain this a little bit more clearly. A\ngentleman was with this group. He came up to where we were in the hallway\ngetting ready for a tour that, \"Anybody know where the bathroom is?\" I got a\nhold of that right away. He didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seem like he had it all together, actually,\nbut I told him. I gave him clear directions. Then, he showed up again shortly.\nHe said, \"I can't find my group. I'm lost. I can't find my group. Where are\nthey?\" He's starting to get very emotional, so I stopped. I was orienting a\ngroup of young children who were here. I said, \"Wait a second. I've got to do\nthis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just sit tight.\" I took him to his group. I knew where they were. They\nwere actually back in the gallery someplace, but I knew where they were. He got\nthere and he got ecstatic when he saw his group. I told the kids this story.\nThey didn't all come back there with me. But in terms of how he was reacting and\nhow a little thing -- What the heck did I do? I told the man where the toilet\nwas. I told the man where his friends were. That's all I did. It was a little\nthing, but it went very far ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this man. The little things that you kids think\nabout doing, do it. It's going to help your friends substantially and you'll\nfeel good about it, and you'll know that you feel good about it. That's just one\nexample. Now, during the war and during the contacts that I have with people, I\ntry to do those little things. It goes a long way toward making you a happier\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/transcript/64444/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person and toward recognizing what reality is about, in terms of man relating to\nman. You can teach them a lot with things like this.\n\nSandra: On that note, I think we will conclude. That was wonderful. Thank you.\n\nMort: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7380.0,7410.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Selective Service System, an independent federal agency in the U.S., was created to administer the military draft nationwide to conscript troops quickly in the event of war. Founded in 1940, the Selective Service System oversaw the military registration of all draft-age males (ages 18 - 25). This was the first peacetime draft in United States' history. By the end of the war in 1945, 50 million men between eighteen and forty-five had registered for the draft and 10 million had been inducted in the military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands in a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. It was bombed by Japanese Navy Air forces on December 7, 1941, the action that directly prompted the United States' entry into World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1930s, American newspapers, magazines, and newsreels reported frequently on Hitler and Nazi Germany. Coverage included reports on the persecution of Jews, Communists, and other political opponents. American diplomats in Germany were also well aware of the persecution. As early as 1933, tens of thousands of Americans signed petitions protesting the treatment of Jews. As the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin neared, there were many Americans who favored boycotting the Games as a protest against Nazism. Yet, the US government did not make an official statement against the German regime. In 1938, the German annexation of Austria and the events of Kristallnacht were front page news across the US. The influx of German and Austrian Jewish refugees also was a public topic of debate. Still, most Americans could not imagine that this persecution would lead to Germany’s mass murder of Jews and other civilians by 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilbur Wright College, formerly known as Wright Junior College, is a public community college founded in 1934 in Chicago, Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress to ask that a state of war be declared between the United States and Japan. The 6.5 minute long speech was broadcast live by radio and attracted the largest audience in American radio history. The speech is known for its famed first line,  \"Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the months preceding the attack on Pearl Harbor, tensions between the United States and Japan became increasingly strained. Communications passed between U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1871-1955) and the recently appointed Japanese Prime Minister, \u003cbr\u003eTōjō Hideki (1884-1948). Hideki, however, remained in Japan, allowing the Japanese ambassador and a special envoy to pursue diplomacy in Washington, D.C. At the time, the ambassador was Kichisaburō Nomura (1877-1964), an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Saburō Kurusu (1866-1954), a Japanese diplomat, was the special envoy at the time. Together, they sincerely attempted to negotiate a diplomatic resolution with Hull that would avoid war, unaware Emperor Shōwa was secretly preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor and the meetings were merely a stalling tactic. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles E. Coughlin, also known as “Father Coughlin” (1891-1979), was a controversial Roman Catholic priest in Royal Oak, Michigan. He used radio and print to reach a mass audience in the 1930s. Early on, he was a supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal but later became a harsh critic of Roosevelt and his “Jew Deal.” He formed a political party called “Nation’s Union of Social Justice,” whose platform called for monetary reform, the nationalization of major industries and the protection of labor. The slogan was “Social Justice.” He grew increasing antisemitic. The Church took no action against him. Eventually his radio program and his paper, Social Justice, was closed down.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe German-American Bund was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany. It was strongest before World War II began in 1939 and dwindled during the war when “favorable” views of Nazi Germany were less popular. In its heyday, the Bund held large rallies and operated summer camps. It was particularly active in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, California, and the Midwest. Naturally, it was highly antisemitic. Its leader, Fritz Julius Kuhn, a German immigrant, was later convicted of embezzlement and tax evasion and sent to prison. In 1945 he was released and deported to Germany, where he died in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe West Side is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago, Illinois. Historically, especially in the early to mid-20th century, the area was home to a large population of immigrants, migrants, and African-Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsolationism is a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements, especially wars, with other countries. Most fundamentally, isolationism advocates neutrality and opposes all commitments to foreign countries including treaties and trade agreements. This distinguishes isolationism from non-interventionism, which also advocates military neutrality but does not necessarily oppose international commitments and treaties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerica First refers to an isolationist stance in the United States. The term was first used by President Woodrow Wilson in his 1916 campaign that pledged to keep America neutral in World War I. In the late 1930s, many Americans hoped the United States would again remain neutral. In 1940, an isolationist group called the American First Committee (AFC) was formed that attempted to pressure politicians into remaining neutral and stop American aid going to Great Britain. The AFC had over 800,000 members at its peak.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Crowder was a U.S. Army post approximately three miles southeast of Neosho, in Newton County, Missouri. It was built specifically to be a signal training center. Construction began in August 1941. In 1962, the camp was declared surplus property and eventually became the home of Crowder College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Signal Corps is a branch of the US Army that creates and manages communications and information systems for the command and control of combined arms forces. It was established in 1860.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorse code is a method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, one of the early developers of the system adopted for electrical telegraphy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKidderminster is a town 20 miles south-west of Birmingham, England. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Guard is a state-based military force that becomes part of the US military's reserve components of the US Army and the US Air Force when activated for federal missions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Forces of the Interior [French: Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur; FFI] were formalized fighting units composed primarily of French resistance fighters. After the invasion of Normandy in the summer of 1944, around 200,000 resistance fighters came under the command of General Marie Pierre Koenig as an attempt to unify resistance against the Germans. As Allied units advanced, they were often preceded by FFI units who seized bridges, liberated towns, and collected intelligence. After the war, many of these forces were folded into the French Army. The FFI was an integral part of General Charles de Gaulle’s Free French [French: Françaises Libres] movement, which included the French resistance as well as French military forces in England who operated as an auxiliary to the British armed forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEnigma was an encryption machine used by the German military in World War II. Looking much like a typewriter, the Engima produced a random code that enciphered Morse code radio communications. Although the Polish had first broken the Enigma code in the early 1930s and passed their information over to the British, the Germans had increased its security at the outbreak of war by changing the cipher system daily. In 1941, the British managed to seize a string of German naval vessels along with their Enigma machines and codebooks. With the help of a machine called the Bombe, which was developed at a top-secret facility outside of London, the Allies eventually managed to crack the code. The ability to decipher German codes meant the Allies could strategically avoid the German navy’s deadly U-boats, a key development thought to have shortened the war by two years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMort seems to be referring to Bletchley Park, an estate in the town of Bletchley, just northwest of London, England. During World War II, it became the main code breaking facility in the United Kingdom. The top-secret facility employed scores of codebreakers, mathematicians, analysts, and engineers as part of an Allied intelligence program called Ultra. Among them were Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman, who developed technology to decrypt Germany's secret communications. Today, the estate is a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn what was known as the ‘Blitz’, or the ‘London Blitz’, London had already sustained heavy bombing by Germany from September 1940 to May 1941. In January 1944, German bombers returned to London, this time using V1 rockets and by September, were launching V2 rockets at London. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eV1 rockets or Vengeance Weapon 1 [German: Vergeltungswaffe-1], also nicknamed ‘doodlebugs’ or ‘buzz bombs’ because of the sound they made in flight, were winged cruise missiles. They were developed in 1939 by the Luftwaffe [German Air Force] and powered by a jet engine. They were used extensively in the terror bombings of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1941. V2 rockets or Vengeance Weapon 2 [German: Vergeltungswaffen-2], were the first long-range guided ballistic missiles. They were developed in 1936 by the Luftwaffe [German Air Force] and powered by liquid-propellant rocket engines. They were used extensively in the terror bombings of Allied countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 101st Airborne Division (\"Screaming Eagles\") is a light infantry division of the United States Army. The 101st Airborne Division was activated August 16, 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. On June 6th, 1944 (D-Day), the division parachuted into the Contentin Peninsula, becoming the first Allied Soldiers to set foot in occupied France. The division participated in many of the major battles of World War II including Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands, the Battle of the Bulge and later pushed into Germany. In spring 1945, the Screaming Eagles liberated the Landsberg concentration camp and Hitler's mountaintop retreat in Berchtesgaden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 82nd Airborne Division (“All American”) is an airborne infantry division of the United States Army. Formed in 1918, it was reactivated in March 1942From 1943 to 1945, the 82nd Airborne Division was deployed in all of the important operations in western Europe. It took part in military operations in Italy, France, the Netherlands and Belgium as well as on the territory of the German Reich. The 82nd Airborne Division was first deployed in the summer of 1943, when the Allies landed on Sicily. They also participated in D-Day. The division participated in many of the major battles of World War II including Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands, the Battle of the Bulge and later pushed into Germany. In early May 1945, the division liberated Wobbelin, a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 29th Infantry Division is an infantry division of the United States Army first formed in 1917 and based at Fort Belvoir in Fairfax County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictory ships were a class of cargo ships built in large numbers by North America shipyards during World War II. The ships replaced the ships destroyed by German submarines. They had a more modern design then Liberty ships. They also were larger with a more powerful engine, which made them faster and more difficult targets for German U-boats. A total of 531 Victory ships were built from 1944-1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. Eisenhower was born in Texas and graduated from West Point in 1915. He was a five-star general in the US Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Landing Ship, Tank, or LST, is a ship first developed during World War II. The LST was designed to support amphibious operations. It could carry tanks, vehicles, cargo, and troops directly onto a low slope beach without docks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“The Longest Day” is a 1962 American film based on Cornelius Ryan's 1959 non-fiction book of the same name. The film is an account of the events leading up to and through the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNearly 133,000 Allied troops assaulted a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast on D-Day, June 6, 1944. Allied code names for the beaches targeted for landing were (from west to east): Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The US Army’s 4th Infantry Division landed at Utah Beach, while the 1st and 29th infantry Division landed at Omaha Beach. Meanwhile, the \u003cbr\u003e2nd Ranger Regiment scaled Pointe du Hoc between Utah and Omaha. The British Army’s 50th Infantry Division landed at Gold Beach. Juno Beach was invaded by the Canadian Army’s 3rd Infantry Division. The British Army’s 3rd Infantry Division landed at Sword Beach along with French commandos. Prior to the landings, 23,400 paratroopers from the 6th, 82nd, and 101st Airborne were dropped inland behind the eastern beaches. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Saving Private Ryan” is a 1998 film directed by Steven Spielberg. The World War II drama tells the story of US soldiers try to save their comrade, paratrooper Private Ryan, who is stationed behind enemy lines. The film begins with the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe M1 Garand or M1 rifle is a semi-automatic rifle that was the service rifle of the U.S. Army during World War II and the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Landing Craft Infantry, or LCI, was a ship developed in 1942 to bring troops ashore during an amphibious operation. The LCI carried passengers, but could not transport vehicles. They typically carried around 200 soldiers, who descended from ramps on each side of the craft during landings.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited States Naval Construction Battalions, better known as the Navy Seabees, form the US Naval Construction Force, which was founded in 1942. The Seabee nickname comes from the initial letters \"CB\" from the words \"Construction Battalions.\" During the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, the Seabees were among the first to go ashore as part of Naval Combat Demolition units. Working with US Army Engineers, their crucial task was to destroy the steel and concrete barriers that the Germans had built in the water and on the beaches to forestall any amphibious landings. They came under very heavy fire, but were able to detonate their charges opening gaps allowing the assault to land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOmar Nelson Bradley (1893-1981) was the senior United States Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II. At one point, he commanded nearly 900,000 men or four field armies. It was the largest group of American soldiers to ever serve under one field commander. As a Brigadier General, Bradley commanded the U.S. First Army on D-Day, June 6, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCasualties on Omaha Beach were the worst of any of the invasion beaches on D-Day, with 2,400 casualties suffered by U.S. forces. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Bangalore torpedo is an explosive charge placed within one or several connected tubes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePointe du Hoc is an area of land that projects into the English Channel on the northwestern coast of Normandy, France. With cliffs up to 114 feet (35 meters) high, it was a strategic defensive location for Germany during World War II. The Germans had installed a battery of six 155mm guns on top of the cliff. Located between Utah and Omaha Beaches, the 2nd and 5th US Army Ranger Battalions from Camp Forrest, Tennessee were given the mission of capturing Pointe du Hoc during the Allied invasion of June 6, 1944. As the first to land on their section of beach, the Rangers faced intense machine-gun fire and grenades as they fought their way to the top of the cliffs. The Rangers suffered heavy casualties but were successful in driving the Germans from their positions on Pointe du Hoc and eliminating their ability to flank Omaha Beach. They did not secure the guns on Pointe du Hoc, however, as the Germans did not consider the location accessible by sea and had removed the guns from their casements prior to D-Day. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColleville-sur-Mer and Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer are neighboring communes (similar to small towns) in the Normandy region in northwestern France, not far from Omaha Beach. Colleville-sur-Mer is home to the Cimetière Américain de Colleville-sur-Mer [French: American Cemetery at Colleville-sur-Mer], the Overlord Museum and the Normandy Visitors Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Saint-Lo was one of the three conflicts in the battle of the hedgerows, which took place between July 7 and 18, 1944. Due to its strategic importance as a crossroads, American bombers began bombing the railway station and power plant on the night of June 6. Three Infantry divisions, the 29th, 30th, and 35th fought through the hedgerows, incurring many casualties, as they approached the town. On July 18, the 29th Infantry Division secured Saint-Lo, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe terrain of northern France’s Normandy region is mostly bocage, which is a mix of farmland and woodlands. Historically, farmers used the dense brush (called ‘hedgerows’) and trees to delineate property lines, retain the flow of water, and keep their horses or cows contained. The hedgerows were often as high as 16 feet (5 meters). As the Allies advanced from the beaches, the terrain proved a challenge for spotting the enemy and a “hedge war” ensued.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle for Brest was fought in the French port city of Brest in August and September 1944. The 2nd, 8th, and 29th Infantry Divisions surrounded the city in early September, but the German garrison stationed in the city was heavily armed and determined to hold their position. Over the course of the next six weeks, artillery and bombing left the city and harbor in ruins. At the cost of almost 10,000 casualties, the Americans finally succeeded in capturing Brest when the Germans surrendered on September 19.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParis, France is the capital city and largest city in France. The city dates back to approximately 259 BC. In June 1940, the German army marched into Paris and took control of the city. The city was liberated by the French and American forces in August 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacques-Philippe Leclerc (born Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque; 1902-1947) was a French general in World War II. Leclerc participated in the invasion of Normandy and later achieved fame as the liberator of Paris.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arc de Triomphe is one of Paris, France’s best-known memorials. Initially designed as a monument to Napoleon’s victorious armies, it was built in 1806. It is situated in the middle of a large roundabout known as the Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly the Place de l’Etoile) with twelve radiating avenues and has an observation deck that offers unique views of the city. Between the two columns of the Arc de Triomphe is the tomb of the unknown soldier, a memorial to fallen soldiers in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Avenue des Champs-Élysées is a wide, tree lined avenue in Paris, France. It is famous for its theatres, cafes and luxury shopping. Often referred to simply as the Champs-Élysées, the avenue runs just over one mile (about 2 kilometers) from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde, the city’s largest public square.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVersailles is a suburb of Paris, France, about 10.5 miles (17 kilometers) west of the city center. It is best known for the Chateau de Versailles and its gardens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral George Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmstenrade is a village in the southeastern Netherlands. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaastricht is a city in the southeastern Netherlands. During World War II, it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied troops. The 30th Infantry Division reached Maastricht on September 13, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOriginally called “Logan bars,” the D-ration was a dense four ounce bar of chocolate liquor, sugar, skim milk powder, cocoa butter, oat flour, vanillin. They were first developed by the Hershey Company in 1937 at the request of Captain Paul Logan from the office of U.S. Army Quartermaster General. Logan requested a bar that would not melt and was not too tempting in flavor as it was meant to be an emergency ration to only be eaten when soldiers were on the verge of starvation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe K-ration was an individual daily combat food ration that was introduced by the United States Army during World War II. It was originally intended as an individually packaged daily ration for issue to airborne troops, tank crews, motorcycle couriers, and other mobile forces for short durations. It was developed in 1941 under the direction of the physiologist Ancel Keys (hence the name “K”).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy November 1944, the 29th Division had advanced to the border into Germany. After three weeks of brutal fighting the offensive was halted. A week later, the Battle of the Bulge erupted just forty miles south of their position. The 29th held their position until February 23, 1945, when they launched a successful attack across the Rohr River to the city of Julich, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 - January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes Mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ruhr is a river in western Germany, a right tributary of the Rhine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMajor General Charles Hunter Gerhardt (1895-1976) was a United States Army officer who fought in both World War I and World War II. During the latter, he commanded the 29th Infantry Division from 1943 until the end of the war and during part of the occupation of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulich [German: Jülich] is a town in western Germany, approximately 12 miles (19 kilometers) east of the Netherlands border. During World War II, in November 1944, the city was almost completely destroyed by a bombing raid. In late February 1945, the 29th Infantry Division crossed a floating footbridge army engineers had erected across the Ruhr River and captured the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War I, trench foot was a common problem due to the soldiers spending a great deal of time in waterlogged trenches. It also occurred in World War II but to a lesser extent. The painful condition is caused by feet being immersed in cold water or mud for long periods. It causes the skin and tissue to breakdown, which can lead to gangrene and possible amputation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMonchengladbach [German: Mönchengladbach or Muenchengladbach] is a city in western Germany, near the Dutch border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Josef Goebbels (1897-1945) was the Propaganda Minister in the Third Reich. Originally from the area, he frequently vacationed at Schloss Rheydt, a Renaissance palace in Mönchengladbach, Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam “Billy” Ernest Melander (1924-2016) was born in Buffalo, New York and served as a private in the 115th Regiment of the 29th Infantry Division during World War II. He was among the soldiers who first liberated the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. According to his commander at the time, Lieutenant Alvin Ungerleider, it was Melander’s quick reaction that saved him when Ungerleider opened the door of a crematorium oven to find a Nazi officer pointing his pistol directly at them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDinslaken is a town in western Germany, approximately 56 miles (90 kilometers) northeast of Monchengladbach. As the 29th Infantry Division advanced into Germany during World War II, it liberated a civilian slave labor camp in Dinslaken.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi Germany and its allies established over 44,000 camps and incarceration sites during the Holocaust. These sites varied in purpose, in size, in length of existence, and in the types of prisoners detained there. In additions to ghettos and concentration camps, there were forced labor camps, transit camps, prisoner of war camps, extermination camps, and euthanasia sites. Many of these sites were established in Eastern Europe, but as the war progressed and the need for laborers increased, a large amount of forced laborers were brought to Germany. In August 1944, there were over 7.6 million\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eFremdarbeiter (foreign workers) officially registered on the employment rolls in the territory of the “Greater German Reich,” representing one-fifth of the total labor force. Of those, 1.9 million were prisoners of war and 5.7 million were civilian forced laborers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanover is a large city in north-central Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. A tent camp was erected in Bergen-Belsen in August 1944. Initially, it served as a transit camp for non-Jewish women from Poland, whom the Germans had deported to the Reich to work in armaments factories, but the SS soon began using the tent camp to house sick and injured prisoners transported from other concentration camps who were no longer able to work . By November 1944, the tent camp also held around 8,000 women who had been evacuated from Auschwitz-Birkenau, most of whom were Jewish. Eventually, the tents were so badly damaged by a storm that the prisoners from the tent camp were moved into already overcrowded barracks. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCelle is a town in north-central Germany. During World War II, Celle was an important garrison location for the German army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMathew Sikorski (1929-2013) was a scientist and Catholic Holocaust survivor from Warsaw, Poland. His father died in a concentration camp, while Sikorski and his mother survived World War II in a forced labor camp in Hameln, Germany. After the war, he earned his PhD in physics and immigrated to the United States in 1951. Sikorski arrived in Atlanta, Georgia in 1965 and taught at the Georgia Institute of Technology. \u003cbr\u003eAfter retirement, he began sharing his story and frequently spoke at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. He is the author of “Innocence and Reality: A Miraculous Journey of Faith and Family During WWII.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTwo Jewish services took place in Schloss Rheydt in March 1945. On March 8, a belated Purim service was conducted by Chaplain Manuel Poliakoff, who was assisted by Private Armolda [Arnold] Reich and Corporal Martin Willen. The service was held in the Goebbel’s main dining room, with candles arranged over a Nazi flag still hanging from a bookcase. Three weeks later, around 300 Jewish and non-Jewish American soldiers again gathered to celebrate Passover and enjoy latkes made in the Goebbel’s kitchen by Corporal Sidney Talmud.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamelin is a town on the Weser River in north-central Germany, best known for the folktale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNordhausen is a city in central Germany at the southern slopes of the Harz Mountains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNordhausen was also known as \"Mittelbau-Dora,\" \"Dora-Mittelbau\" or \"Nordhausen-Dora.\" This was a concentration camp system with about 40 sub-camps around the main camp of Mittelbau (or Dora). It was established late in the war on August 28, 1943 throughout the Harz Mountain region in central Germany to manufacture missiles and rockets. Prisoners were put to work building V-1 and V-2 missiles and on other projects related to weapons development and production. The assembly place for the rockets was actually inside a mountain for protection from air raids. The prisoners worked underground building tunnels. The workers were mostly miners and construction workers. At its peak over 40,000 prisoners worked in the camp system. They lived and worked underground, although at the end of 1944 some barracks were built outside the tunnels for the additional workers. The conditions were catastrophic, and the mortality rate was very high. In early 1945, trainloads of weak and exhausting prisoners from Auschwitz-Birkenau and Gross-Rosen began arriving. The dead were burned on pyres and the rest were separated into those who could still work a little more and those who were simply dumped in airplane hangars and left to die. Some were shipped on to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and left to die. On April 3 and 4, 1945, the Royal Air Force obliterated the city of Nordhausen and after that, the evacuations began with senseless death marches to Bergen-Belsen, Ravensbruck and other camps and places as far away as Austria. The United States Army liberated Nordhausen on April 11, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlvin David Ungerleider (1929-2011) was from Carbondale, Pennsylvania. During World War II, he served with the 3rd Battalion of the 225th Regiment of the 29th Infantry. He was a Lieutenant in the United States Army during World War II. He participated in the invasion of Normandy and the liberation of the Dora-Mittelbau Concentration camp. Upon seeing the piles of corpses left in the camp, he spoke Yiddish to the surviving prisoners and lead them in saying Kaddish, the mourning prayer for the dead. Ungerleider stayed in the Army for a full career, serving in Korea and Vietnam, among other places, before retiring with the rank of Brigadier General.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Luger pistol, also called Parabellum Pistol, was a semiautomatic German pistol first manufactured in 1900 for both military and commercial use. The Luger was the standard pistol of the German armed forces from 1908 to 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were multiple trials of functionaries at Nordhausen/Dora-Mittelbau. The British tried 12 and hanged three in the fall of 1945. The commandant, Otto Forschner, was executed in May 1946 by the US Army. In August-December 1947, the only dedicated Allied trials for Dora-Mittelbau were held in Dachau. 24 defendants (18 SS, 5 kapos, and the former general director of the Mittelwerk factory) were charged with war crimes. Of the 15 found guilty, one was sentenced to death and the remainder were sentenced to various prison terms. In five separate cases, additional defendants stood trial in shorter proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Geneva Conventions are a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva, Switzerland between 1864 and 1949. The purpose of the treaties is to protect both civilians and soldiers during war. They outline standards of humane treatment and have become the foundation of modern international humanitarian law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiege [Belgian: Liège] is the third most populous city in Belgium. It is located in eastern Belgium. The city was under intense attack from German V-1 rockets after Allied troops entered Liege in November 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWernher Magnus Maxmilian Freiherr von Braun (1912-1977) was a German rocket scientist, aerospace engineer, space architect and one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany during World War II and, subsequently, in the United States. He is credited as being the “Father of Rocket Science.” Von Braun was the central figure in the development of the design and realization of the V-2 rocket which used slave labor to build the rockets and which killed 9,000 civilians in England and Belgium in late 1944. Some 12,000 slave laborers died in the production of the rockets. After the war, he and some select members of his rocket team were brought to the United States as part of the then-secret Operation Paperclip. He worked for NASA and served as director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and was the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, which took the astronauts to the Moon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Volkswagen engineers worked on V1 rockets, it is unclear if they visited Dora-Mittelbau. Mort may be referring to a large Volkswagen factory complex in Fallersleben in northern Germany. Originally built in 1938 to produce what would become the Volkswagen Beetle, civilian production was halted with the onset of World War II. Volkswagen shifted to military production, but lacked a sufficient workforce. Volkswagen was among the first companies to take advantage of forced labor. Eventually, 60 percent of the workforce at the massive Fallersleben complex was comprised of Jewish and non-Jewish forced labor, primarily from Eastern Europe. The facility became a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp and contained four concentration camps and eight forced-labor camps. Forced laborers assembled V-1 rockets at the Fallersleben factory. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied, and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death. Although army medical units did the best they could, numerous survivors died in the hours, days, and weeks immediately following liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1945, American and Soviet patrols met on the Elbe River near Strehla, a town in east Germany. The same day, another American patrol met a Soviet patrol on a destroyed  bridge in Torgau, a town about about 17miles (27 kilometers) northwest of Strehla.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1945, trains carrying prisoners evacuated from the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp and a sub-camp of Neuengamme concentration camp reached Mieste, a village in central Germany. Bombing raids had destroyed the railway tracks, preventing the trains carrying prisoners from going any further. The prisoners were taken off the trains and forced to continue on foot. Several hundred were beaten or shot to death on the way to Gardelegen, a town about eight miles (13 kilometers) east of Mieste. In Gardelegen, the survivors were herded into an evacuated barracks. Then, on the night of April 13, 1945, the SS took the 1,016 prisoners to an estate outside of the town, where they were locked in a barn. The barn was set on fire and any prisoners attempting escape were shot. After American troops reached Gardelegen the next evening, they ordered the residents of the town to bury the bodies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938. It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. Its last commandant, Franz Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaul Gottlieb (1925-2014) was a Holocaust survivor from Czechoslovakia. He survived the Buchenwald, Czestochowa, and Dora-Mittelbau concentration camps. Gottlieb immigrated to the United States in 1948, where he started his own diamond company and married Bernice Shedroff. Saul’s oral history is in the University of Southern California’s Shoah Visual History Foundation collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOriginally called Project Overcast, Operation Paperclip (also Project Paperclip) was a controversial top-secret program to bring German scientists to the United States to harness their brain power for Cold War initiatives. As early as May 1945, the United States military began evacuating scientists who had developed the V-2 rocket at Peenemunde and Dora-Mittelbau to American occupied zones in Germany. At the same time, the Soviet Union carried out its own version of the program, called Operation Osoaviakhim. The original objective of the U.S. program was to bring these experts temporarily to the U.S. to help in the war against Japan. When the war ended in August 1945, the program evolved into one of permanent immigration. Ultimately, around 1,600 German scientists (along with their families) were brought to the U.S. One of the most well-known recruits was Wernher von Braun. He and other scientists were first brought to Fort Bliss, Texas, then the White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico, and later to Huntsville, Alabama. Von Braun eventually became director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, which eventually propelled two dozen American astronauts to the moon. The program was controversial because many of the scientists had been members of the Nazi party and worked at sites that relied on slave labor during the war. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShortly before the 29th Infantry Division met Russian troops at the Elbe River, an order arrived to escort some surrendering German V-2 rocket scientists across the river on a pontoon bridge. There, they were loaded onto trucks. By the time the Allies captured the V-2 rocket complex at Dora-Mittelbau, Werhner von Braun and a team of other key German scientists had already been sent south. They eventually ended up in Bavaria and surrendered to the 44th In­fantry Divi­sion on May 2, 1945, just over the Bavarian border in Reutte, Austria. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremerhaven, Germany is a port city on Germany’s North Sea coast. After the end of World War II, the city became an enclave of the U.S. zone in Germany. The U.S. forces used the port at Bremerhaven as logistical port and embarkation port for soldiers returning to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter V-E Day, the 29th Division garrisoned the German port of Bremen, the point from which thousands of American troops eventually returned to the States. The last elements of the division did not depart Europe until late 1945 and finally arrived in New York City in January 1946. In eleven months of nearly continuous combat from D-Day to the Elbe, the 29th Division had participated in seven major offensives. The 29th paid a severe price in the European campaign with more than 20,000 combat casualties and several thousand more non-battle casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHiroshima is located on Japan’s Honshu Island. Nagasaki, Japan is the located on the northwest coast of the island of Kyushu. The United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki, Japan was bombed on August 9, 1945. The bombings lead to the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945 and ended World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorton’s brother, Sidney Waitzman (1910-1998), served in the United States Army for 34 years before retiring as a Colonel in 1970. During World War II, Sidney was one of the original paratroopers at Ft. Benning, Georgia and then was a Captain at a German prisoner of war camp in Tennessee. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Forrest was one of the U.S. Army’s largest training bases during World War II. First built by the Tennessee National Guard in 1926 in a wooded area east of Tullahoma a city in southern middle Tennessee, the Army took over in 1940. In May 1942, the camp also began housing German prisoners of war. By the end of the war, just over 24,000 members of the Wehrmacht were under guard at the facility. In 1946, the camp was torn down. Today, Camp Forrest is the site of the U.S. Airforce’s Arnold Engineering Development Complex.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey (1923-2021) is an Atlanta certified public accountant and attorney who emigrated from Dortmund, Germany to the United States on a Kindertransport in 1938 sponsored by the Birmingham, Alabama section of National Council of Jewish Women. He resided in foster homes and in the Hebrew Orphans' Home in Atlanta after his arrival in America. He served two terms as President of the Hebrew Academy of Atlanta during which time it became the first Jewish Day School in the United States to receive accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). He was in the United States Army during World War II. He participated in the invasion of Normandy and witnessed the liberation of concentration camp victims at the end of the war. Henry’s oral history is in the Herbert and Esther Taylor Oral History Project’s collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Western Wall, or Kotel, is located in the Old City of Jerusalem, Israel at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount. It is the remnant of the ancient wall that surrounded the Jewish Temple’s courtyard, and is arguably the most sacred sit recognized by the Jewish faith outside of the Temple Mount itself. It has been a site for Jewish prayer and pilgrimage for centuries, the earliest mention being in the fourth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parashat ha-Shavua [Hebrew], popularly referred to as a parashah or parshah and also known as a Sidra, is a section of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) used in Jewish liturgy during a particular week. It is a custom among religious Jewish communities for a weekly Torah portion, to be read during Jewish prayer services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bat mitzvah [Hebrew: daughter of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. The bat mitzvah girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeutsche Lufthansa AG, or Lufthansa German Airlines, commonly shortened to Lufthansa serves as the flag carrier of Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walker Bush (1946- ) was the 43rd President of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adjusted Service Rating Score was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. In September 1944, eight months before Germany’s surrender, the War Department announced that soldiers would be demobilized based on a point system that counted length of service, overseas deployment, combat duty and parenthood. Soldiers with 85 points or more were first in line to head home. Female military personnel needed fewer points. Points were awarded based on each month of service, each battle served in, and each decoration earned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1st Infantry Division (Big Red One) is an infantry division of the United States Army first formed in 1917. In World War II, they were the first American division sent to Europe, arriving in Great Britain in July 1942. In November 1942, they led the invasion of French North. In July 1943, the 1st Infantry Division participated in the invasion of Sicily. The division returned to Great Britain in November 1943 and began training for the invasion of France. Reinforced with two regiments of the 29th Infantry Division, the 1st Division led the assault on Omaha Beach in Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944. After fighting through France, the division fought in Belgium, the Battle of the Bulge, and then made the final push into Germany. By the end of the war, the \u003cbr\u003e1st Infantry Division had reached Czechoslovakia, where it liberated the Falkenau labor camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMS John Ericsson was a trans-Atlantic Ocean liner. Originally it was the \u003cbr\u003eMS Kungsholm, built for the Swedish American Line in 1928. The United States government requisitioned the ship in 1942 and renamed it John Ericsson. It was used as a troop transport until after the war and then sold to other lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. By 1946, tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIdeologically, Nazi Germany’s nationalism was opposed to the Soviet Union’s communism. While Nazi propaganda portrayed Soviets as racially inferior “subhumans,” Soviet propaganda portrayed Germans as a race of greedy warmongers. The brutality suffered by Soviet civilians and prisoners of war following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 added to the disdain Soviets felt towards Germans. As the Soviet army advanced toward Berlin in the last months of the war, they often engaged in looting, sexual assault, and other forms of violence toward Germans, including civilians. In Soviet occupied territories in the east, ethnic Germans were frequently expelled from their homes and sent to Soviet Stalags. By war’s end, the Soviets also occupied parts of Germany. Recognizing that tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain had intensified rapidly, some Germans likely were eager to join any potential fighting against the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHirohito (1901-1989) was emperor of Japan during World War II and Japan’s longest-serving monarch. When he came to power in 1926, there was a rising democratic sentiment in Japan, which soon turned toward ultra-nationalism and militarism. During World War II, Japan attacked nearly all of its Asian neighbors, allied itself with Germany, and attacked the United States. Hirohito later portrayed himself as a virtually powerless constitutional monarch, but scholars generally believe he played an active role in the war effort. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, he became a figurehead with no political power, although he remained emperor until his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago Union Station is a train depot in West Side Chicago. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIllinois Wesleyan is an independent, residential university established in 1850 in Bloomington, Illinois, about 135 miles southwest of Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1922, State Farm is the largest insurance company in the United States, providing insurance for property, life and health, as well as financial services. It is headquartered in Bloomington, Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Miami is a private research university in Coral Gables, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gulf War (1990–1991), including Operation Desert Storm/Operation Desert Shield, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act), was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It provided veterans of World War II funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCase Western Reserve University is a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio established in 1826.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom Brokaw (1949- ) is an American television journalist and author. He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the Greatest Generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe September 11th attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. As of 2022, It is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216/annotation_set/1285/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy January 1942, German submarines [German: Unterseeboots; or U-boats] were regularly entering the waters along the east coast of North America. The U-boats posed a serious threat to U.S. and Allied shipping. During the first three months of 1942, they sank more than 100 ships off the east coast of North America, in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean. Losses decreased after August 1942 when American cities enforced blackouts, air patrols were increased, radio communication was controlled, and the convoy system put into operation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/123939/file/227216#t=7140.0,7170.0"}]}]}]}