{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3n20c4tm5n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Rotstein-Weiss, Helene"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["April 29, 2011 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Helene Rotstein-Weiss (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)","French (secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelene Jacqueline Rotstein-Weiss was born in Paris, France in December 1930. Helene was the first of three daughters born to Abraham Isaac Wyrobnik and Rivka Wald, immigrants from Lodz, Poland.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Germans invaded France in 1940, Helene, her mother, sister and an aunt briefly fled to the countryside. They soon returned to Paris and life continued normally until the Germans began issuing anti-Jewish decrees. Helene’s father was soon arrested and the family’s business was confiscated. After escaping from a camp, Helene’s father went into hiding. Helene, her sister, and mother narrowly escaped the Vel d’Hiv roundup thanks to a French policeman who warned her aunt. The family then decided to leave occupied France. After smuggling themselves into the Free Zone, the family settled outside of Agen, France. They spent the remainder of the war growing their own food and working for peasants. When the Vichy government began rounding up foreign Jews, Helene’s father began hiding in their attic.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAt liberation, Helene’s family returned to Paris. She attended school and eventually trained to be a secretary. Helene worked in her father’s recuperated business. Around 1950, she married Maurice Rotstein (1923-1987), who had also survived the war in the Free Zone. Maurice also worked for Helene’s father until they decided to open a shop in Brittany. Helene and Maurice had one daughter.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1987, Helene returned to Paris, where Maurice was undergoing treatment for cancer. Within months of one another, Maurice and Helene’s father died. Helene lived briefly with her daughter and grandson before moving in with her mother. After her mother’s death, Helene travelled to the United States to visit her youngest sister. She soon bought a condo in Florida, which she would visit every winter.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eOn one trip to Florida, Helene met Howard Weiss (1952-). In 1991, Helene married Howard and permanently moved to the United States. The couple lived in Massachusetts, Florida and Dallas, Texas before eventually settling in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHelene Rotstein-Weiss is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on April 29, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHelene introduces her family. She talks about her parents’ relationship and business. Helene recalls fleeing Paris when the Germans invaded France. She remembers bombings in the countryside. Helene recalls what Paris was like under German occupation. She recounts having to wear a yellow star, her father’s arrest, and her parents’ losing their business. Helene explains how her father escaped from a camp and went into hiding. She remembers hiding during a roundup before her family escaped to the Free Zone. She describes living on a farm in southwestern France for the remainder of the war. Helene talks about her father hiding in the attic to avoid roundups. She describes her family’s return to Paris after liberation. Helene discusses her parents’ personal struggles and how it affected her. She talks about training to be a secretary and working for her father. Helene describes a fight with her father when she was dating her first husband. She shares her first husband’s experiences during the war. Helene recounts how she and her first husband opened their own business on the coast. She describes the tension in her relationship with her father. Helene recalls when her first husband and her father died. She talks about her relationship with her mother, daughter and grandson. Helene explains how she came to the United States and met her second husband. She talks about learning English, interacting with other women and joining an Orthodox synagogue. Helene shares her thoughts on the Arab Spring and her hopes for the future.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29084"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Paris, France (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Italy (geographic term)","Yellow Star (other)","Beaune-la-Rolande Concentration Camp (other)","Drancy Internment Camp (other)","Pithiviers Concentration Camp (other)","Vel d’Hiv (other)","Atlanta Jewish Film Festival (corporate name)","Vierzon, France (geographic term)","Vichy France (other)","Occupied France (other)","la Foret de Rambouillet (geographic term)","Chateau de Rambouillet (other)","French Resistance (corporate name)","Agen, France (geographic term)","Toulouse, France (geographic term)","Bordeaux, France (geographic term)","Garrone River (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Passover (named event)","Yom Kippur (named event)","Rosh HaShanah (named event)","Gendarmerie (corporate name)","Normandy, France (geographic term)","D-Day (named event)","Liberation of Paris (named event)","BBC (corporate name)","American Army (corporate name)","12th Arrondissement (local term)","Rue de Charenton (geographic)","Marches d'Aligre (corporate name)","20th Arrondissement (local term)","Cirque d’hiver (corporate name)","Paris Opera (corporate name)","Velodrome (other)","Israel (geographic term)","Mount of Olives (other)","Brittany (geographic term)","Saint Rose, France (geographic term)","Nice, France (geographic term)","Cannes, France (geographic term)","Maurice Rotstein (personal name)","Howard Weiss (personal name)","America (geographic term)","Massachusetts (geographic term)","Florida (geographic term)","Boca Raton, Florida (geographic term)","Dallas, Texas (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Immigration (topical term)","Versailles, France (geographic term)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Conservative Judaism (other)","Reform Judaism (other)","Bat Mitzvah (other)","Helene Rotstein-Weiss (personal name)","Helene Wyrobnik (personal name)","Rivka Wald (personal name)","Abraham Isaac Wyrobnik (personal name)","Francoise Viviane Wyrobnik (personal name)","Green Ticket Roundup (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (other)","deportation (other)","round up (other)","Battle of France (named event)","9/11 (named event)","Arab Spring (named event)","Egypt (geographic term)","Tunisia (geographic term)","Libya (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelene Jacqueline Rotstein-Weiss was born in Paris, France in December 1930. Helene was the first of three daughters born to Abraham Isaac Wyrobnik and Rivka Wald, immigrants from Lodz, Poland.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Germans invaded France in 1940, Helene, her mother, sister and an aunt briefly fled to the countryside. They soon returned to Paris and life continued normally until the Germans began issuing anti-Jewish decrees. Helene\u0026rsquo;s father was soon arrested and the family\u0026rsquo;s business was confiscated. After escaping from a camp, Helene\u0026rsquo;s father went into hiding. Helene, her sister, and mother narrowly escaped the Vel d\u0026rsquo;Hiv roundup thanks to a French policeman who warned her aunt. The family then decided to leave occupied France. After smuggling themselves into the Free Zone, the family settled outside of Agen, France. They spent the remainder of the war growing their own food and working for peasants. When the Vichy government began rounding up foreign Jews, Helene\u0026rsquo;s father began hiding in their attic.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAt liberation, Helene\u0026rsquo;s family returned to Paris. She attended school and eventually trained to be a secretary. Helene worked in her father\u0026rsquo;s recuperated business. Around 1950, she married Maurice Rotstein (1923-1987), who had also survived the war in the Free Zone. Maurice also worked for Helene\u0026rsquo;s father until they decided to open a shop in Brittany. Helene and Maurice had one daughter.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1987, Helene returned to Paris, where Maurice was undergoing treatment for cancer. Within months of one another, Maurice and Helene\u0026rsquo;s father died. Helene lived briefly with her daughter and grandson before moving in with her mother. After her mother\u0026rsquo;s death, Helene travelled to the United States to visit her youngest sister. She soon bought a condo in Florida, which she would visit every winter.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eOn one trip to Florida, Helene met Howard Weiss (1952-). In 1991, Helene married Howard and permanently moved to the United States. The couple lived in Massachusetts, Florida and Dallas, Texas before eventually settling in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHelene Rotstein-Weiss is interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on April 29, 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHelene introduces her family. She talks about her parents\u0026rsquo; relationship and business. Helene recalls fleeing Paris when the Germans invaded France. She remembers bombings in the countryside. Helene recalls what Paris was like under German occupation. She recounts having to wear a yellow star, her father\u0026rsquo;s arrest, and her parents\u0026rsquo; losing their business. Helene explains how her father escaped from a camp and went into hiding. She remembers hiding during a roundup before her family escaped to the Free Zone. She describes living on a farm in southwestern France for the remainder of the war. Helene talks about her father hiding in the attic to avoid roundups. She describes her family\u0026rsquo;s return to Paris after liberation. Helene discusses her parents\u0026rsquo; personal struggles and how it affected her. She talks about training to be a secretary and working for her father. Helene describes a fight with her father when she was dating her first husband. She shares her first husband\u0026rsquo;s experiences during the war. Helene recounts how she and her first husband opened their own business on the coast. She describes the tension in her relationship with her father. Helene recalls when her first husband and her father died. She talks about her relationship with her mother, daughter and grandson. Helene explains how she came to the United States and met her second husband. She talks about learning English, interacting with other women and joining an Orthodox synagogue. Helene shares her thoughts on the Arab Spring and her hopes for the future.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/181/327/small/Rotstein-Weiss_Helene.mp4_1680106091.jpg?1680106092","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Rotstein-Weiss_Helene.mp4"]},"duration":6935.382,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/181/327/small/Rotstein-Weiss_Helene.mp4_1680106091.jpg?1680106092","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/181/327/original/Rotstein-Weiss_Helene.mp4?1680106081","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6935.382,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Helene Rotstein-Weiss [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ruth: Today is April 29, 2011. We are here at the home of Helene Rotstein-Weiss.\nShe will spell that for us in just a second. We are very pleased to be here. We\nappreciate your time. John Kent will conduct this interview for the Esther and\nHerbert Taylor Oral History Project at the William Breman Jewish Heritage and\nHolocaust Museum.\n\nHelene: I am very pleased that you were able to make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. For me, I want to be a\nwitness. I do not know for how long--maybe many years; maybe it is my last day.\nWho knows? I am really happy to do it because I have so many things to tell\npeople. The first thing I will say to people [is] do not be prejudice to\nanybody. It is so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important not to be in the side of the crowd, but to have your\nown mind and to be a righteous person. Thank G-d [there were] some people like\nthis who helped me, helped my family to escape through the Holocaust. I was\nfortunate that we had these people. Without ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, we could not do it.\n\nJohn: Let us start with when you were born and your name at birth.\n\nHelene: Okay. I was born in France in the Hopital Rothschild because every\nimmigrant was giving birth in the hospital because it was free. My parents did\nnot have any money. They came from Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz was a textile town of Poland. My\nfather's name was Abraham Isaac Wyrobnik, W-Y-R-O-B-N-I-K, a very complicated\nname. My mother's name was Rivka ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wald, W-A-L-D. They grew up in Poland in this\n-- They met over there because it was a small town. My father started dating my\nmother. [Her] father said that he was not a good guy because he was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of\nguy used to go on the roof. He used to do all kind of thing. For him, my father\nwas crazy. He said to my mother, \"Why do you want to take a guy so crazy?\"\nBecause my father was not somebody docile, putting his head down, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he defend\nhimself against the Poles. Poles were attacking because he was Jewish, so he\nused his fists. One day he said to my mother, \"You know what? We have no future\nhere.\" He convinced her to go to France. This deux a France [French: two in\nFrance], like we say.\n\nJohn: When did they move?\n\nHelene: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1929. They came like tourists. They did not have a visa to stay in\nFrance. My mother, she got a job immediately because she has an aunt [who] was\nliving in Paris [France]. My mother used to be a good -- She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewing. She was\nworking by this aunt. My father was, like we say in French, casquette [French:\ncap]. He was making caps for men. Because he did not have an easy character,\nevery time he had a new boss, if the boss was not nice to him -- You have like a\nlittle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machine that you put under your arms and you go. He did not stay very\nlong to each company. One day, he had decided why my mother, who has gold in the\nfinger, has to stay and work like a slave for somebody else. She can be his\nslave. He decided to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go, to open just manufacture -- to do long underwear for\nmen and also -- I think he starts just doing that. They were doing that in just\none room. We had one room and a little kitchen. This was until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1935. Then,\nbecause my father was somebody a little crazy, one day he came back. He said, \"I\nrent an apartment in another area.\" This was like 900 square feet. It was really\na luxurious thing. My mother said, \"You are crazy.\" She knew that to make any\nmoney you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to sweat. It does not come like this, but my father convinced\nher, so we moved in a nice place. I was happy. I was happy in one side, but in\nthe other side, I had a little friend where I used to live. Every time you move\nsomewhere else, you lose your friend. My parents, little by little, become\nbetter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, he took also -- We were on the second floor. On the first floor,\nhe took another commercial place and he hired people. Most of them, they were\nwomen because women, they knew how to sew on the machine. He end up -- Just\nbefore the war, there were ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women working for him. My parents -- My mother,\nbecause she was working with all these woman, she established like a friendship\nwith them. She was the same -- as the other workers. First of all, she called my\nfather 'Mr. Wyrobnik,' because he was the boss and she was always in the side of\nthe woman. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was never like an ambience that -- boss and workers. It was really\na good friendship. My father also, the more his business become better, he\nneeded somebody. He hired a secretary. Her name was Harrboisson,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"H-A-R-R-B-O-I-S-S-O-N, Marie Harrboisson. She was very devoted to my father\nbecause she was in love for him. There is a reason why this helped us, too. In\n1937, my parents went to Poland--I have some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pictures--to visit my grandparents.\nThey wanted to take me, but me, I had my aunt [who] convinced me not to go. I\nnever met my grandparents and they all disappeared in the Holocaust, all the\nfamily. On the side of my father, there were ten children. On the side of my\nmother, there were ten children. From all this, my father [had] one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister [who]\nsurvived Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. On the side of my mother, this aunt who came in\nFrance in 1937 was with us during the war, after the war. She had like four\nchildren. She married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody to be able to stay in France. She was not in love\nwith him. To get the paper to be--because she came also, like a tourist--she\nmarried to somebody. His name was Albert Horowitz. During the war, he became\nprisoner in Germany. He stayed during the whole war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Germany. Because he loved\nclassical music, he was protected by a German captain maybe, because they were\nlistening to classic music. He was lucky he came [home] after the war. Nothing\nhappened to him. But I think it was the case for many other Jews when they were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners of war. Not yet, they were not deported. What happened [was that] my\nparents went in 1937, came back, and then, in 1939 starts the war. We thought\nthat Paris would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destroyed. I went in the center of France with my aunt and\nmy little sister. We went to the house of the father of my father's secretary.\nWhen we came over there, it was what they called the Exode [French: Exodus]\nbecause millions of people, they left. They left Paris. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some, they were killed\non the road because the Germans, they bombard the road and all this. When we\narrived over there, the father did not want to let us come. He said, \"Where is\nmy daughter? If it is their choice, why she stayed over there?\" We had to go to\nthe City Hall because we did not have where to go. The City Hall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enregistrer\n[French: registered], give us a paper that the father had to let us stay in this\nhouse. Of course, he was angry. He said, \"Okay, I don't want to have anything to\ndo with you.\" He said, \"You take to the bedroom of my daughter. Whatever you do\nover there, I don't want to say.\" In the meantime, we were over there. My\nmother, she bought -- like to cook, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in the bedroom, you do not have a\nkitchen. She bought something like petrol to cook with, gasoline. We were over\nthere maybe two or three days. Suddenly, they started to bombard this little\ntown. It was the Italians who came to bombard over there. We had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run. They\nhad some shelters. For three days, we stayed in a cave [cellar] of -- It was a\ngrocery store, but grocery stores in France, they have a nice cave to put the\nwine. It was a good cave. We stayed three days. In fact, we want to escape the\nbombardment in Paris and we ended up over there, and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worse. I learned in\nschool that -- They told us, \"If it's a bombardment and if you have a place, you\ndo not go straight like this because you can be killed. You have to go around.\"\nI was only ten years old. My aunt want just to across with my little sister. I\nsay, \"No!\" I screamed after her. I told her to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around not to be killed. We\nlearned also how to put a gas mask on. They were expecting that it is going to\nbe a bad war. After this, my mother was not so happy that my father was alone\nwith his secretary, which you can understand. Because he did not tell her to\ncome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back, one day she took the two children and she went back to Paris, but it\nwas the Germans. They were there, but they did not do anything, not in the\nbeginning. The people used to say, \"You know what? They are very polite. They\nare so nice, the Germans.\" When a soldier met a woman, he saluted her and did\nmany things, so we did not expect ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Then, starts the first law against the\nJews. The first one was that we have to wear the yellow star. We had to go to\nthe police station to get our yellow star. I remember one day it was in the\nsummertime. I came to class and I did not wear it because it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hot. I took off\nmy jacket. The teacher, Madame Patrie--you know what is patrie [French:\nhomeland], country? In France, we called patrie--her name was Patrie. She\nthought that because I was ashamed and I did not want to wear [it], so she\ncalled me to her desk. In front of the whole class, she said, \"You know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what? I\nwould be proud if you were my daughter.\" I felt much better that somebody just\nsaid how precious I was. At this time, I never suffered in that -- from\nantisemitism, really. Never anybody said to me, \"Dirty Jew,\" or things like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. But one day, one of the girls said to me, \"You know what? I am more French\nthan you.\" I just slapped her. Because I slapped her, everybody was in my side.\nIf I would go down with my head, you can be sure they would be all against me.\nThis was during the occupation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After this, one day they asked all the men to\ncome to the police station because he [they] have to sign up that they were\nJews. The one who was not doing that would be arrested, maybe deported, so all\nthe men, they went over there. My father and my mother, they went. You had the\nwomen who were crying in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street because the men, they went in, but they did\nnot come out. My mother said to my father, \"Don't go,\" but he has his pride. He\nwent in and did not come out. This was the first camp. It was Beaune-la-Rolande.\nYou heard about this? It was just a movie [that] came out at the [Atlanta Jewish\nFilm Festival], that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Drancy they deported the people and this. You had two\ncamps in France. You have Beaune-la-Rolande and Pithiviers. This was the first\ncamp, but it was French policeman was taking care of this. It was not German. My\nfather was over there for a while, but every Sunday, he had the right to come\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out from the camp. My mother used to visit him. My mother said to him one day,\n\"Why do you go back?\" He said, \"But if I don't go back --\" Because he was a chef\nof the barrack. In the barrack, you had seven people, each barrack. He said,\n\"They would punish the whole barrack.\" He said, \"I cannot do that.\" My mother\nsaid to him, \"You know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what? You resign.\" What he did, he resigned. Two weeks\nlater, the secretary came and took him in her place because, of course, he could\nnot come back in our apartment. When he did not go back to the camp, they came\nin our place. They looked everywhere, but they did not find him. My mother used\nto have all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this sense of humor. She said, \"Do I know? Maybe he went with a\ngirlfriend!\" It was true in one sense. This was one thing. Then, it was a new\nlaw that no Jews can have a business. They came and they took the business. They\ncame. They said, \"Give us the key.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything was there. The only thing they\nallowed my mother is to take her sewing machine to make, to be able to feed her\nchildren because she has two children. My mother was a quiet woman. She was not\nlike my father. [She was] docile, but she could not stand that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She talked to\nsome neighbor. It was the first night that -- because they sold the business to\nsomebody else. The first night, my mother, she broke the lock and took all of\nher merchandise. We had a little room in the attic. It was for if you have a\nmaid. This room was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned in our lease, so nobody knew about it. It was\non the third floor. The neighbor--one was Jewish, but one was not Jewish--they\nhelped my mother to move all this merchandise on this third floor. This helped\nus to survive. Then the secretary, she was able to sell it. At this time, if you\nhad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"merchandise, it was easy to sell it because we were missing everything. My\nfather was hidden over there. My mother, and my sister, and me, we continued to\nlive in the apartment. They came, also. They came to see what happened to the\nmerchandise. My mother said, \"I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not responsible if somebody broke the place\nand stole the merchandise. You know that you have all these people who sell the\nmerchandise on the black market.\" They looked everywhere in the apartment, but\nthey did not find it because the merchandise was hidden on the third floor. A\nfew months later pass--not a few months; maybe two months. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, my aunt used to\ntake my young sister, who was two years old, in the public garden. One day, she\ngoes over there. A French policemen come to sit near her. He said, \"Don't stay\nin your place tonight, because tomorrow morning we are going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come to take the\nwomen and the children.\" In the meantime, all the people, the friends was in the\nsame camp as my father, they were deported to Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. From\nthem--there were seven in the barrack--only one came back. The others -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nmother did not want to listen. She said, \"Why?\" Because we all thought that the\npeople, they were deported in the labor camp. Nobody saw or knew that they were\nburning and killing the people. It was hidden. The people did not know. My aunt\ncame back and told the story to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother not to sleep in the place. My mother\nsaid, \"Who is going to come to take women and children? We cannot work in the\ncamp.\" She did not want to leave the place. My aunt has her own place. She asks\na French policeman, \"Are they going also to come in my place?\" He said, \"Are you\nFrench?\" She was French because she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married a French guy. He said, \"No, not this\ntime.\" My aunt came back, told my mother, and my mother did not want to listen.\nMy aunt went to see my father, who is still hidden by the secretary. She said,\n\"She doesn't want to go.\" My father gave an order. He said, \"You have to go.\"\nWhen my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father used to give an order, my mother listened to him. We went to hide\nin the place of my aunt. But we had to go at night because we did not want that\nthe guardian of the building can see us, because you had to -- Some people, they\njust denounced you, they report you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the gouvernement [French: government]. We\nwent after the curfew. Of course, we did not put a yellow star on. We had to be\nvery careful not to make noise because nobody has to know that we were there. It\nwas my aunt, my mother, me, and my sister. My aunt put a mattress on the floor,\nso I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slept on the floor with my young sister. At 7:00 in the morning, I heard,\nlike 'Bang! Bang!' I thought it was for us. No, it was across [the hall], on the\nsame floor. Then, I heard this woman screaming. I will never forget. It is still\nin my heart. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, I heard that she did not open the door. She said to the\nFrench policemen, \"If you try to force the door, I will jump by the window with\nmy three children.\" Because they did not want people knowing about what was\ngoing on, they said, \"Okay, we come later.\" This saved her life and the life of\nher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three children. A neighbor hide her. When they came later, they did not find\nher. In the meantime, the situation was like this: that I went in north of\nFrance, because we had another worker who took me and my young sister. It was\nthe time of the vacation, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holidays. School was finished July 16th. She took\nme by her family. My mother and my father had to find a solution to go to the\nFree Zone. At this time, you had for 5000 francs [French currency] because\nnothing was from nothing, you went in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train--the train you had to call at\nthis time--and they hide the people over there. But it was only one person. It\ncould not be two persons at the same time. My father went in the Free Zone like\nthis and my mother went in the Free Zone like this. They had family in the west,\nwho came from Belgium. They were over there and they had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farm. Me and my\nsister, we stayed by these people in north of France. It was good because she\nsaid that we were relatives, like a little cousin. Nobody asked questions, but I\nmade a good friend and I was naive. One day, I told her the truth, that I was\nJewish and that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next day in the village, everybody knew about it. We had to\nleave because I was putting in jeopardy these people who helped us. But I was 11\nyears old. I was naive. I did not think, \"If I give our secret, she is going to\ntell everybody.\" I came back by my aunt. Then, she find also another way to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pass\non the Free Zone. This was more complicated because you had -- France was\nseparated by a river. One side was the Free Zone and then the other side was\nOccupied Zone. It was -- The name of the town near was Vierzon, V-I-E-R-Z-O-N.\nYou had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German people at night with their lights. They were looking at the\nriver because many prisoners of war escaped and they were aware that they helped\nthem go to the Free Zone. We went in this forest. It was la Foret de Rambouillet\n[French: the forest of Rambouillet], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"R-A-M-B-O-U-I-L-L-E-T. You [they] have a\nchateau [called] Chateau de Rambouillet. We went over there because people used\nto come just for the day, but we had to hide a little bit. We did not want that\npeople pay attention to us. I was over there and then my little sister has to\ngo. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aunt said, \"Take her,\" because she has to pee. I was taking care of her.\nSuddenly, I saw the boots. You recognize immediately it was a German soldier.\nThey were over there watching [to see] if some prisoner of war try to escape. I\nstood up, I felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that my cheek was red. He asked me what I was doing there. I\nsaid, \"Oh, we came for the day with my little sister.\" Maybe because I was\nblond, blue eyes -- He has a [German] Shepherd. He has a dog, but my parents\nalways have a dog, so I was not afraid. I thought he would see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was so\nred. He let us go. We had to wait until at night. It was ten o'clock at night\nwhen the boat -- It was a little boat who came. The guy did not want to take us\nbecause he thought it was a prisoner of war who escaped, not a woman with two\nchildren. My aunt starts to cry. She told him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a story that my mother died and\nshe took care of us. He accepted to make us past the -- In the meantime, he lost\none of his paddles, so he had to paddle with just one. We pass. We arrived in\nthe Free Zone. He took us to his mother. We had a dinner and all this. To wait\nuntil ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"o'clock at night, I can tell you, it was not easy. We did not know\nwhat can happen to us. We stayed by her because she thought that she [my aunt]\nwas my mother and blah, blah, blah. Again, my little sister had to go and I had\nto help her. I forgot to call my aunt 'Mother.' I called her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Aunt.' The people\nsaid, \"Oh, you lied to us. You are not the mother.\" They did not want to keep\nus. Also, it was dangerous because in the Free Zone, if they think somebody is\nhiding Jews, they would be deported. They told us to leave and we had to walk\nfor a few miles, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten miles, before we find the train. We were in the\nFree Zone, but we had to take the train to go to rejoin my father and mother. At\nthis time, I remember suddenly it was a French policeman who saw us walking on\nthe road. He stopped. But he was a good one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fortunately, we had some in France\n-- You had the resistance--French Resistance--and you had some people who did\nnot agree with the Germans [and] what was going on. He told us -- He did not do\nanything. He could just reject us to go on the Occupied Zone. He said, \"Stay on\nthe little road. Don't go on the main road.\" He told us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where to go. We took the\ntrain and we arrived in the Free Zone. It was in the southwest. In southwest you\nhave Bordeaux. Everybody knows about the wine, Bordeaux wine. Then, you have\nToulouse on the same [river,] Garrone. Then you have Agen. Agen is where they do\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prunes. It is very well known for that. We arrived over there. Of course, we\nwere by the family. Because I was -- They had two children, but they had ten\ncows. I was the first one that they sent to take care of the cow, so I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nso happy. This was not the kind of life I want. Fortunately, my father could not\nstand the cousin, because she was talking too much. He decided to go on his own.\nHe rented a little house on the hill. We were so happy to move over there. We\nwere lucky because we find 50 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kilos of tomatoes that they were ready to use it.\nAnd we have trees. It was cherry trees. It was all kind of trees in this\nproperty. The first thing my mother, she did, she used the tomatoes for\neverything. She did jelly with tomato. She did also tomato ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sauce and all kind.\nFor a while, it was it was a good life. My father find to work by the peasants.\nThe peasants, they give you food. My mother, because of her golden finger, she\nfind also to work by the peasants, so we had food. We were not -- A few months\npassed. Then, my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bought a cow. First, I had to take care but the cow did\nnot give us milk because she was pregnant. I did not understand why we need a\ncow who does not give us milk. But one day, she had the baby and then we had 40\nliters milk. My mother used to -- We used to do butter and we used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do cheese,\nall kind of cheese. It was like we say, 'la belle vie' [French: the good life]\nfor a while, [but] just for a while.\n\nJohn: Briefly, what was your sister's name?\n\nHelene: Francoise and then --\n\nJohn: She was, what, seven years younger than you?\n\nHelene: No, nine.\n\nJohn: Nine years younger.\n\nHelene: Nine years younger. I was born in December 1930, and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister was born\nin December 1939.\n\nJohn: Spell her name.\n\nHelene: F-R-A-N-C-O-I-S-E. When she moved to America, she changed her name for\nViviane. Her second name was Viviane. It was a name I give it to her. When I\nwent to see her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when she was born, my father said, \"Choose a name for her.\" Me,\nbecause I love Viviane Ramos--she was an actress and this--I give her Viviane.\nIn the meantime, this is the name she used, because Francoise in America nobody\ncould pronounce.\n\nRuth: Can you spell your name also, please?\n\nHelene: H-E-L-E-N-E. My second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name is Jacqueline from my grandfather. He was\nJosef. Okay, so we were happy. My father bought a pig. He kills a pig. Then, at\nthis time, we have a lot of friends because when you kill a pig, you have\nfriends because everyone wants to have a part of the pig.\n\nJohn: You were not Orthodox probably?\n\nHelene: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, my father was not at all. The only thing, he promised -- When he\nwent back to Poland, he promised to his mother to observe the holidays like\nPassover, Rosh Ha'Shanah, Yom Kippur, [which] he did after the war. But at this\ntime, no. I used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat jambon [French: ham], what Jambon is a pig, so, no. We\nhad this pig. Then, we raised also chicken because you have to survive. Then, we\nhad geese also. With the geese, in this region, you feed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"geese. I learned\nhow to do it. You take the geese, you put something in their mouth, and you put\nthe corn and then--but you have to do this slowly; if not, she can choke--and\nthen they become fat. Then, you kill them. Then, you have foie gras [the liver\nof a goose or duck that has been fattened by a process of force-feeding]. We had\nall kind of food. I learned a lot of things to do, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like to do the harvest and to\ndo many things. Then, we had the cherries. We had like, 20 kilos of cherries, so\nit was good. We were not starving compared to some people. They were starving.\nBut one day -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother had this baby, so she was not sleeping in the same\nroom. My father was sleeping in one room, and my mother with the baby in the\nsame room that my aunt and me. One day, again this Bang! Bang! Bang! against --\nthe shutter. You had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shutters. You closed the house with shutters. My mother\nopened the shutter. Me, I was sleeping so hard that I did not hear them. They\nwere coming for my father in the Free Zone. He rushed and went in the barn. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nwas hidden in the barn. They looked in the house, but they did not look -- My\nmother again, with her sense of humor [said], \"I don't know. He left me for a\ngirlfriend. I don't know where he is.\" They left, but they went to a neighbor,\nthe Gendarmerie. They said, \"Did you see Mr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wyrobnik?\" They said, \"I saw him\nyesterday,\" so they came back. Then, they went in the barn. They took a pick and\nthey picked [stabbed in the hay]. It was the first time in my life I did a\nprayer that they will not find him and they did not find him. My father\nexplained to me [that] they passed like this from him. They left. From this\nminute, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had to hide, nobody has to know that he was there. We find in the\nattic, you could not see if you looked up because you had like, fermes [French:\na truss or beam], but you had a path like -- You were able to go in the attic.\nAnytime somebody used to come to visit us or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what[ever], he was hidden over\nthere. It was funny because we called him Minous. Minous is the name of a cat.\n[If] we said, \"Minous, you can come,\" it [meant that there] was nobody there.\nMost of the time, he was in the house. This was, I suppose, the end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943. I\ndo not know. We were lucky that in 1944, was the debarquement [French: landing]\nand all this.\n\nJohn: How much information did you all have about --\n\nHelene: No, we listened to the English radio [BBC], so we had the information\nbecause we were a little late [alone]. We did not have anybody. We just had the\npeasants around us. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one day, we were -- You had a lot of Resistance over there.\nOne day, I was always watching if anybody was coming up because we were on the\ntop of the hill. One day, I was watching, looking over there. Suddenly, a\nbataillon [French: battalion] of Germans passed in the front. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nemotional. I said, \"Hello,\" to them and they answered me. I did not know the\ndirty job they just did. They killed 50 Resistance [members]. It was a castle a\nlittle higher. They find them and they kill them. In the meantime, they did not\nhear, but I heard my father was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"listening to the English radio. It used to do,\n\"Pum, pum, pum.\" Everyone can recognize that. Then, we had the liberation. I\nwanted to go back to school, so we went back to Paris with my father. It was in\nthe first day, the first two weeks that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated by the FFI [French Forces\nof the Interior, which] was the French Resistance and also the American Army.\nThe reason I want to go back is because I want to go back to school because I\nstopped for one year. After my father had to hide, I could not go to school. I\npushed my father to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Paris. It took us six days because all the way\nthe rails, they were broken, so we had to stop with the train, go down, and take\nanother train a few miles later. When we arrived in Paris, because it was the\nfirst days, he went to see the Resistance. They threw out this guy who has his\nbusiness and he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to recuperate. It was only in the first days because\nthe apartment was also occupied, our apartment. But then after this, they say\nyou had to go to court. It took us two years to recuperate the apartment. But\nbecause we had the business, so my father starts a business at the same time. In\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning, my mother was still in the Free Zone. [It was] the old story. The\nsecretary was in Paris. My father was with the secretary and she helped him. My\nmother, she did not like that because, again, you have to watch. If not, it was\na love story between my father and this secretary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Me, I stayed with this aunt\nthat my mother, when she came to France, she got the job. This aunt, they came\nfor her. She has a young son, a cousin that I loved. His name was David. He was\nhidden by a neighbor. But this woman was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heavy and did not speak so good\nFrench. When they came to pick her up, she called her son, \"Help me! Help me!\"\nThe son came down and convinced the Gendarmerie not to take her. They left her.\nHe said, \"Take me in her place.\" [He] never came back. This woman never forgave\nherself. A few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months later, she was very sick and she died. She was always\ntelling me the story and crying, \"Why? Why did I do something like this to my\nson? I shouldn't do that.\" But this is life. She called for help because --\nAfter this, my parents asked to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start --\n\nJohn: Is this about the summer of 1944? Is that about right?\n\nHelene: It is this summer 1944. Paris was liberated August 18. I think, six days\nafter, we arrived in Paris because I wanted to go back to school. I went back to\nschool where I left in 1942. The school was on Rue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"de Charenton in the 12th\narrondissement. I was so tall, they put me in a higher class. But me, I had the\nlack of many things that I did not know, because for one year I did not go to\nschool. I passed my -- When we were in the country, I was able to pass my [what]\nwe called 'Certificat d'Etudes' [French: Certificate of Study]. When you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finish\nthe primary school, you have like, a test. I had this test and I was the\nyoungest one. You had to be 14 years old and I was only 12 and a half. I went\nover there with a whole bunch of -- It was a class in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country and I am the\nonly one who got it. They used to call me 'Parisian [unintelligible; 52:44]\"\nbecause the peasants, they do not like the people from Paris. They say they\nlooked down on them. I was the only girl who went down the mountain to pass the\ntest. We had to go on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bicycle. I was not good; not like the peasants. A\npeasant can climb a hill; me not, so they were making fun of me. In the\nmeantime, I was the only one who got the test. Then, I came back to Paris. I\nwent to school, but it was hard for me. Also, my father wanted me to help him to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do in his business because he could not afford to take somebody. After a few\nmonths, I could not study and help him, so I went to a special school to learn\n[to be a] secretaire [French: secretary]. Over there also, I passed an exam that\nI had to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dispense [for] because I was too young. You had to be 16 and I\nwas not 16. We were 11 students [attempting] to pass the exam. I was the only\none who got it. I could not believe it because when I pass the exam and the\nother ones who did not, they told me their answers, it was not -- I gave some\nother answer. I was sure that me, I will not get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. This -- So many things I\nremember today like it was yesterday. You do not forget. Do not ask me what I\ndid the last week. This, I do not remember that but I remember this time.\n\nJohn: Then, what happened with the secretary and your father? Did the marriage\ngo back to normal?\n\nHelene: Okay, to tell you the truth, later, I learned a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of things. I\nlearned, first of all, that my aunt had an affair with my father and that the\nson she had -- Because she disappeared in the country because she was pregnant.\nAlmost six months later, the secretary has two children from my father. My aunt\nhad many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, but they were all from my father. I think in his mind he was\ndoing a favor towards this woman. Not only they were -- He convinced my mother,\ntoo, because he said, \"Abraham had many women,\" so my mother did not feel that\nhe was so guilty. I never met the children because the secretary, after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war,\nI find out that he still had a relation[ship with her] because she was living\nnot far from us. She was not our secretary anymore. There is a reason why I had\nto do the secretary. I find out one day. We had a market not far from us, a\nfarmers' market, Marches d'Aligre. Every Parisian knows about the Marches\nd'Aligre. I was over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and you have a street behind. I do not know [why] I\nwent over there. I saw the car of my father, so I knew that. My aunt was jealous\nbecause she has also a relation[ship]. She told me this story. Then, she told me\nthat she died. She died from the heart attack, but I do not know what happened\nto the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. Finally, with my mother he had three daughters. With the\nsecretary, he has two children. My aunt told me one was a boy and one was a\ngirl. My aunt has twins, two girls and two boys. My mother used to say, \"It is\nnot the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fault of the children.\" They were welcome at our table all the time. She\nnever cut the relation with her sister. I do not know. She was different. She\nsaid to me -- I said, \"How you can accept this situation?\" She said, \"You know\nwhat? I was still his wife for my children.\" They did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"divorce. It was\nanother time. You did not -- It is not because your husband has an affair with\nsomebody else that you divorce. You stay. In the end of his life, my father used\nto say about my mother, \"She was an angel.\" I said, \"It took you a long time to\nrealize that.\"\n\nJohn: What were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like as a young person? You have talked about everybody\nelse. What were you like--your personality, the way you carried yourself?\n\nHelene: My personality? Let us see. My father was very -- My mother used to say,\nto call him a dictateur [French: dictator]. She used to say, \"We already have an\n[Adolf] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler. We don't need another one.\" We had to have a low profile with my\nfather, but from the three sisters, I was the only one who [would] stand up. My\nfather was not always nice to my mother. I always stood up in the front and he\nslapped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me many times. But one day, when I met my first husband and one time I\nhad a rendezvous [French: appointment] with my husband, who was not my husband,\nand my father did not want to let me go because family from Germany was coming.\nI had to kind of -- He slapped me. This time, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"18. I started to scream and\nto shake. It was a last time he touched me. I had to kind of -- Then, the guy I\nwas dating, he did not understand because he was waiting for me all day long,\nfor hours, and I did not come. Then, he went back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to his family and his sister,\nwho knew me. She met me one time. He said, \"You know what? Can you believe it,\nwhat she did to me? She didn't come to the rendezvous.\" The sister said, \"I\ndon't believe it. She's not the kind she will do something like this to you. If\nshe did not want to go out with you, she just would tell you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She told him to\ncall me. He called me and first, he had my mother because I was in such bad\nshape, I could not answer the phone. My mother said I went out with a cousin, so\nhe did not understand. He went back. He said, \"You see?\" His sister said, \"Call\nagain. Call again.\" He called. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, I came because we used to meet -- two\nstations -- I was able to walk from where we live in the 12th arrondissement. He\nwas living in the 20th arrondissement, so he was walking also. We met a special\nplace where it was the Cirque d'hiver [French: Winter Circus]. We always met\nover there. When he saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me and how my eyes were, he understood that it was a\ntrue story. He did not want to take the subway with me. He said people, they are\ngoing think that he hit me. We walked from this place to the Opera. It is a long\nwalk. It is maybe five miles. I continued the relation. My father saw that he\ncannot do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything, so we married. I had one daughter.\n\nJohn: Your husband's name?\n\nHelene: Maurice. Maurice is a translation of Moishe. We were married for 37\nyears. Unfortunately, he became sick. He had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prostate cancer. He ended up\nparalyzed for six months. We did not have money. Also, my father hired him--but\nthis is another part--and give him a hard time also. Then, I did not want I did\nnot want my husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work for my father because I knew. I say, \"You can handle\nwith women like this. Men will never accept.\" I had many stories. Then, when I\nwas pregnant, he fired me because -- Then, he fired me. Then, what happened [was\nthat] then he did not like the secretary he hired, so he asked me to come back.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somewhere, he loved me very much, my father. He said to my husband, \"You stole\nmy daughter from me.\" He was very -- I said, \"He didn't steal anything.\" When I\nwas young, yes, I had a big admiration for him, but then, little by little, I\ndiscovered that he was not the righteous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man that I knew. But on the other hand,\nhe was good for people. He was very good. After the war, we called 'G-d house.'\nEveryone who came back from the concentration camps, for anything, he helped\nthem. They came, but after a few days, he thought that they were not acting\nproperly, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so then he fires them. My mother said, \"You know what? I don't invite\npeople if I have to fire them after.\" In fact, I had a lot of admiration for my\nmother. She has something that you do not get when you study. It is something\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had -- Like, you are logical and you are not aggressive with people. She --\nI never heard my mother, in all her life, screaming. But she used to say to me,\n\"You know what? You know why you don't get along with your father? You have the\nsame character as him.\" She used to say that to me.\n\nJohn: Could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you briefly talk about your husband? How did he get through the war?\n\nHelene: My husband, it was the same story. Somebody told them not to sleep -- It\nwas this French policeman. They went every place he can say not to sleep in the\nhouse. He was hidden by your neighbor, but in the morning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was so scared what\nhas happened to his own parents that he went in the street. He saw the busses\nwith the women and the children crying--something I did not see because me, I\nwas hidden by my aunt. He told me that it was awful to see these babies, women.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, of course, they put them in the Velodrome, where the bicycles when they do\nthe Tour de France. The people, they were there for three days and did not have\nfood, did not have anything. Some people, when they saw that, they start to\nbring food. After this, he passed in the Free Zone, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he went to Leon. Leon is\na famous town where they do -- It is also a textile town, but for the silk. Did\nyou hear about Leon? Yes? He stayed over there until the end of the war. Then,\nhe went to the army for 24 months, because just after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation, you had to\ngo for 24 months. Then, he came back to Paris. Really, his parents -- It was\nvery hard for them to make a living. He started to do handbags. When I met him,\nhe was doing handbags. Handbags is a beautiful profession, but it is hard to\nmake a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living. When my father proposed to my husband--he was my fiancée--to\ncome to work with him, my in-laws, they thought it was wonderful. My father was\nsomebody who was can convince a lot of people that he was so smart and he knows\nbusiness--which was not true because he never made a good living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either. I was\nthe only one who knew about that. I said to my fiancée, \"I do not want you to\nwork for my father because it is not going to be good,\" and that is what\nhappened. After, we had many problems also. The only thing I want is not to work\nfor my father. One day, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father -- He [Maurice] was doing for him collections.\nHe went all over France to sell his collection. I went with him. We arrived in\nBrittany. There was a sign on the door to rent. We went to the next town. We did\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not have money. Because I was an optimist, I said, \"We can always ask. Maybe the\nguy is going to give us a credit or what.\" My husband said, \"With which money?\"\nHe said, \"We don't have any money.\" I went to this guy with my husband and we\nasked him what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, how much he wants. The guy, he wanted to get rid of this\nstore. We did not know the whole story. He said, \"200,000 francs.\" But he said,\n\"You know what? You will not pay me right away. You will open the store, make\nsome business. Then, after this, you will pay me.\" But we still need -- because\nit was 200,000, plus you had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay taxes. When you had a new business, you had\nto pay tax. I said to my husband, I said, \"You know what? Let's call the\nparents. Maybe they can lend us money.\" He called his parents. His mother, she\nused to do business, like to go by people and to sell sheets, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towels, something.\nShe had a little money. She has it, this 200. I called my father. Of course he\nsay yes, because if we open a business, we are going to take merchandise from\nhim. It would be for him a way to sell his merchandise, so he accepts. We were\nin the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle of our traveling, and we went back to France. It was a place where\nits open up during the season because it was leisure pleasure. We had the\nAtlantic Ocean over there. It was La Baule. La Baule is famous as a casino. Like\nNice, you have casino [and] like Cannes. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this little store. We went to\nvisit and we like it. It was very small -- Let us see what, 1,500 square feet,\nsomething like this, very small. We did not have to do anything. It was all in\nwood. Then you have la galerie [French: a loft] and then the little place where\nyou can do your writing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all this. I was good in this because I study for\nthat. We went back. We did not have money to buy merchandise, but my father give\nthe merchandise. Every day, we used to take envelope and put the price of\nmerchandise in envelope, just to keep the profit for us. We had another one. We\ndid it. That is the way we start. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father, many years later, recognized. He\nsaid, \"You know what?\" He said, \"Nobody would be able to do what you did,\nstarting from nothing.\" After this, after three years, the landlord did not want\nto renew our lease. We had to go against him in the court. Because he wanted we\ngive him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. We paid. It cost us 400,000 dollars. He said, \"No, I'm not going\nto renew the lease.\" It was a reason why the one who sold us the store was so\nnice. You never know. You have to go further in the story to find out some\nthings. We had to go to court against him. I went in court. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My husband took --\nBecause he [the landlord] said he want to live in the store, which was 1550\nsquare feet. Can you live in this space? No, and he has many properties. That\nwas just the way he was. He was not a good man. I went to court. I had a lawyer,\nbut I went to court. Normally, you are not supposed to talk. It is your lawyer\nwho has to talk, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I opened my mouth. I said to the judge, \"Look in the file.\nYou will see how many publicity he has, this man who wants to throw us out and\njust pay three years of rent.\" It was nothing. It was like what? 3,000 francs.\nFinally -- the first time, we lost. Then, we went and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appealed. We appealed.\nThis time, I went to the court and he had to give us 2 million francs. But we\ndid not know. When you have this, when this happened, you had a hundred days to\nleave the place. It was just before the season and we bought all the\nmerchandise. We did not know because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every day you stay longer in the place, you\nhave to pay one percent. It means that after a hundred days, you do not get\nnothing. In three days, my husband had to break the whole thing because the\nlandlord said, \"I do not want what the other one built.\" He had to do the whole\nthing, break the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. Of course, we had all this merchandise. Now, at\nthis time, we had another store in Sainte-Rose [France]. In the meantime, we\nleft Paris. We went in Brittany to live over there. We had to put distance\nbetween my father and us because he was always -- One year we were good with\nhim; one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year we did not talk to him. We always -- I was in the side of my\nhusband. Every time, he attacked my husband, so we did not talk to each other.\n[There are] so many stories like this. The point is: in every human being is not\nblack, white. You have good things in a person and you have bad things. We were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not fighting all the time. We were fighting, we did not talk to each other for a\nfew months, and then, we just made up, and again for a while it was going on.\nThe story is that when my husband fell sick, and at this time he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgery, I\ncame to live with my parents because the hospital was closer. One day, I saw my\nfather had a little smile because he was aware of my husband was going to die. I\nsaid, \"It's not right.\" In my mind, I said just that. You would not believe it,\nthat my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father fell sick and died before my husband. One time, they had a fight\ntogether. It was about my daughter and her husband. I said to my father, \"Why\nare you on the side of my son-in-law? Why are you not in our side?\" It was about\nthe holidays, that she wanted to be with us and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents.\n\nHelene: Okay. Because we had this big fight when my daughter, Marie, she married\nsomebody. For any reason, my son-in-law becomes a best friend of my father. Why?\nBecause both, they were jealous of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband because I adore him and his\ndaughter adores him. These two men, they were jealous. One time, my son-in-law,\nat the last minute, he wants to celebrate Yom Kippur in his family. She was\nsupposed to be in my family, in our family. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter did not want to go over\nthere. She wanted to be with her grandparents and all this. My father said, \"I\ndon't understand.\" No, he said, \"You know what? Let her go by her in-laws,\" and\nnot to be with us. Me, I said to my father, \"I don't understand why you are in\nhis side. She's your granddaughter. He is not your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandson.\" My husband wanted\nto calm us, both of us. He said to my husband, \"And, you! Take the door!\" My\nhusband went out, and I followed, and my daughter followed, so my father stayed\nby ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"himself. We went back home. Then, my husband called my father because then, I\nhad a kind of break down. I start to scream. I could not stand it. Why? It was\nnot right why my father is not on the side of his granddaughter. My husband\ncalled my father. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father said to him, \"Crever!\" It means die [in French]. My\nhusband answered him, \"You die! And now, listen, that we will not go to your\nfuneral.\" This happened because my husband was paralyzed. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father -- I used to\ngo to see my husband. He was in a special place to be reeducated to walk. My\nfather started to be sick in January and he died in May. My husband did not go\nto his funeral. For me it was like, you have to be careful what you say in life,\nbecause just a word like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this, it will just happen. My husband, he never had any\nhate against [my father] because when he heard that, that he was sick and he\ndied, he said, \"Poor guy.\" He had compassion for my father. My father, of\ncourse, when he was sick, he said to me, \"You did the best you can do. What can\nyou do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more?\" But he had this smile that [said], \"In the end, I'm the winner.\"\nNo, because G-d was watching. He makes things right that my father did not\nsurvive his son-in-law. He died. They died the same year. He died in May, May\n13, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1987. My husband died in July, July 11, 1987. For me, it was like something\n-- It was like a sign that it has to be this way because both, they said to each\nother, \"Die.\" You do not say that. G-d is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watching. I did not have any\nresentment against my father. I was -- Many times in my life, I did not talk to\nhim. Then, because I had my family, they used to come to me because we used to\ngo to [unintelligible; 1:24:21] together on Yom Kippur. One year, I did not go.\nWe did not go. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my brother-in-law said to me, \"You have to come, because\nyou know, when you are not here, it is like we are all at a funeral because your\nfather doesn't talk to anybody.\" In one side, we had this fighting against each\nother because I would love if he would be a righteous man, but he was not. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But,\nhe was not a bad guy. Can I say about [him that] he was a bad guy? No, he helped\na lot of people, but he wanted [that] you will be devoted to him. I was not\nbecause I realized that he made many mistakes in his life. He was not logical.\nMy mother was logical. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, my mother used always to say, \"Maurice is so good.\nHe can fix anything in the house.\" I used to say to my mother, \"Stop. Stop to\nsay things like this because then Dad becomes jealous. You understand? Don't say\n--\" It was true. He did many painting also, everything -- He was playing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"music\nfor me. He never learned -- music, but he was playing harmonica, he was playing\nguitar, he was playing piano. He was an extraordinary man. When he died, my\ndaughter said, \"We should bury him in Israel,\" and we did. He is at Mount\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Olivet. He is over there by himself. It is more than 20 years--it is 24\nyears--but it is like it was yesterday. There is a reason why. I only have one\ngrandson, but I find in him a lot of good things, because my husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a\nrighteous man. He was somebody extraordinary. He gave me love for 37 years.\nThen, I was the lucky one. I came to visit my sister--the same one you saw that\nwas this baby. She moved to America. She came here because she want to escape\nalso from my dad. Every daughter want to escape ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. She came on vacation here,\nnever came back. She married here. After I lost my husband, I came to visit her.\nFour years later, I was the lucky one. I met my second husband. His name is\nHoward. He was born in America. His father was born in America also. His mother,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too, I think. His grandparents were immigrants in New York. I am a lucky one,\nbecause my second husband -- It is going to be the 20th anniversary of our\nwedding. We are going to go to Israel for this occasion. My first husband was a\nwonderful man and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second is also. Some of my friends said to me, \"Maybe you\nare a good spouse.\" I say, \"Maybe. I do not know. I am lucky.\" You have to be\nlucky in life. In one side, I never had a lot of money, but who cares? It is not\nthe money that is most important.\n\nJohn: How many children?\n\nHelene: I have just one daughter and one grandson. My grandson ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually is in\nAtlanta in the Hilton airport hotel. He is doing a tournament. His tournament is\n-- foosball, yes. He came to us there. He could not afford to go. I say, \"You\nknow what?\" It was his birthday, April ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"23rd. He is 32 years old. For him, when I\nsee him, it is -- Of course, it is also the memory of my first husband, so I\npaid him the ticket. We went yesterday night. We are going to go tonight to see\nhim and then also Saturday. He is there until Monday morning.\n\nJohn: You came to America about 1990 or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when?\n\nHelene: I met Howard in January 1991. At this time, because I came to visit my\nsister and one day--I fell in love with Florida--I bought a condo in Florida. My\nbrother-in-law say, \"Are you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crazy? You live in France and buy a condo here?\"\nBecause compared to the price in France, it was for nothing. I said, \"You know\nwhat? I will rent in the winter and come in the summer,\" which I did for two\nyears with my grandson. My daughter, she divorced her first husband after my\nhusband died because he was not supportive for her. She could not stand him. She\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unhappy with him for ten years anyway, so she divorced. My mother used to\nsay, \"So, now --\" We were three women. She said, \"I have to find [someone] to\nmarry you.\" She was talking about me and my daughter. In fact, she sent me to a\nguy who was repairing jewelry. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew I did not want to stay by myself. I have\nto take care of somebody. I thought [that] when you have somebody to take care\n[of], it makes all difference. My daughter said to me, \"Mother, you have to be\nindependent.\" As soon as she divorce, she has some boyfriend. I did not see her\nfor one week, so I was so desesperer [French: in despair]. I said to my mother,\n\"You know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what? Life has no meaning for me,\" because my daughter, she was not\nwith me. My mother said, \"What about me?\" I felt so bad because life is like\nthis. A child is more important than the parents. We do not know why, but it is\nlike this. I came to America because she told me to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"independent and I had\nthis condo. One day, I was supposed to come in November 1990. I had my ticket to\ncome to America. What happened [was that] I had some black spot in my eyes. I\nwent to a hopital [French: hospital] special for eyes. They did not let me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leave\nbecause I had a tear in my eyes and I could -- It was in my retina. They did\nsurgery immediately and for six weeks, you have to lay down. I was so desesperer\nthat I am not going to go to my condo because it was rented in December. Then, I\ncalled my sister and I said, \"Would you give me the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospitality?\" She said,\n\"Yes,\" because my condo was rented. I came to Florida. At the same time, I had a\ncousin in New York, who was a widow, too. My sister called her and said, \"Helene\nis coming. Do you want to come? Maybe you meet her,\" and all this. She came and\nwe went with two other women dancing in Boca ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raton [Florida]. I did not\nunderstand why we have to go so far away, but it is where I met my second\nhusband. He came from Massachusetts. He was on vacation. I came to [from] France\nand we met. Then, he went back to Massachusetts, but he fell in love with me.\nStill, we did not know how old he was. I did not know how -- I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought he was\nten years older than me and he thought I was ten years younger. Then, he came to\nFrance to ask me to marry him. For the first time, I asked him how old he was.\nWhen he told me, I said, \"I cannot marry you. You are too young.\" He said,\n\"What? This is just a calendar. It is so difficult to find somebody that you\nfit, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you like, and all this.\" My [youngest] sister said, \"If he doesn't\ncare, why do you care?\" Okay. She said we would be [together for] ten years\nmaybe, because I suppose she was thinking after ten years, I will look so old,\nhe will divorce me. No, it is going to be 20 years we have been still married\ntogether. Like I say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life is -- You have all surprises in life. Until the last\nchapter, you always have hope.\n\nJohn: Maybe talk a little of the Jewish part of the whole story. What has that\nmeant to you?\n\nHelene: Okay. When I was a widow, I remember one day I was in my bed in the\napartment of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother who died--she died in 1989, in October--because I did not\nget so along with my daughter. I had a little house that I bought during the\ntime my husband was still sick. This little house had 350 square feet. In 350\nsquare ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feet--I renovate--I had a dining room, a kitchen, a living room, and a\nbedroom. It was like a doll house. I was living there, but then, when my\ndaughter divorced, then we start to live together. This was not good, so I went\nto live with my mother. When my mother died, I continued to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live there. One day,\nI was in my bed and I was crying. I did a wish. I asked -- Because in 1976, we\ncame to America for the first time with my first husband. We fall in love of\nAmerica, but unfortunately, you cannot just come and live here. We had our\nbusiness in France. I made a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wish. I wished that I will meet somebody who is\nmore religious than me, knows more about my religion, and will be younger than\nme because I did not want to bury a second husband. You know what? G-d, he did\neverything. This wish became true. My husband is younger than me. He was raised\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that -- He has a grandfather who was Orthodox. He knew about all the prayer. I\nwas wishing I will learn more about Judaism. When I married Howard, we had a\nwedding in a Conservative synagogue. Of course, he knew all the prayers. Me, I\ndid not know anything, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally -- First, we were in Massachusetts. He lost\nhis job over there, so we moved to the apartment in Florida. When we stayed in\nFlorida, he had a job. Then, he lost a job. Then we had to move to Dallas\n[Texas]. We lived 13 years in Dallas. In Dallas, by accident, we went to a\nsynagogue. It was an Orthodox synagogue, so I learned a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things because\nthe people invited me, so I had to invited them. I made my kitchen kosher just\nfor the people, to be able to invite them. I learned all the rules. But, it was\na little too much for me, because the Orthodox people, the woman, then they wear\nwigs or hats. Then, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wear sneakers on the holidays. It was a little too much\nfor me. And you have to walk to the synagogue. Sometimes, I could not go every\nShabbat, like observe every Shabbat. In the meantime, my daughter become\nreligious. My daughter, she become very observant and she is. Then, after 15\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, she married a rabbi in Versailles [France]. It is not -- Because I did\nalso a prayer, I asked that my daughter find somebody and remarry. Sometimes I\nsay to her, to HaShem [Hebrew: G-d]--because we say 'HaShem'--I said, \"I didn't\nask for the whole package!\" Now, she is married to a rabbi. It is not easy. It\nis not easy to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the life of -- Orthodox life because you have to [follow]\ncertain rules from Friday to Saturday night. But for her, it is fine. Me, I do\nnot agree. Many things, I think is too much. I like to be in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle. We\nbelonged to some Reform [synagogues]. This was too much, Reform. I still like\nthe prayer in Hebrew. Now, we belong here to a Conservative synagogue. This\nyear, they asked if women, they want to do their bat mitzvah. I did it. I did it\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"December for my eightieth birthday. I was able to read in the Torah, [which]\nis difficult because I did not know almost any Hebrew. I worked for a few\nmonths. Then, because I was part of a group [to be bat mitzvahed], on April 1st,\nthe rabbi said, \"Okay, you can do in December,\" because my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family was able to\ncome at this time, \"but I do not want you left out. I want to be part of the\nwomen group,\" so we did April 3rd or 4th. We were fourteen women to do that. It\nwas beautiful. The synagogue had 450 people. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sponsored a luncheon. They had\nto add chairs.\n\nJohn: What did that bat mitzvah mean to you? What significance did it have?\n\nHelene: In fact, for me -- My project was I want to learn Hebrew. I really want\nto because I want to be able to read the prayer in Hebrew. We go most of the\ntime since we moved to Atlanta. I suppose the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason that he has to lose his job\nagain in Florida and then find a job here. You make plans and then HaShem\nchanges your plans. You have to be flexible. Now, we end up here and I did so\nmuch since I am here, because I learned Hebrew, but I still have a long way to\ngo. I say, \"Okay, I need ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another 20 years to be really able to read all the\nHebrew and to know Hebrew.\"\n\nJohn: What differences did you notice between France and America when you made\nthe transition?\n\nHelene: I fell in love of America. I love this country. I love this country for\ntheir generosity, and that everything is possible in this country, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a\nwoman -- I was 60 years old. I had a love story and I marry somebody that it\nwill never exist in France. In France, a guy who is 40 years old is looking for\na girl she is 25 most of the time. Maybe somewhere, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American people are a little\nbit crazy, but maybe I am a little crazy, too, so this fit me. I love also the\nwomen, the way they act here. When we went to Dallas and I saw how the women,\nthey were tough over there, I said, \"This fits me.\" I became also the president\nof the International Women's Club in Dallas. I said to them, \"Why you asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me\nto be president?\" I had no idea, no background. They said to me, \"Because we saw\nyou were tough.\" To handle with 18 women I had in my board -- In my group, I had\nthree Palestinians. I figured out maybe they are not going to be so happy that I\nam the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president and they have to be under my order. No, they were not the ones\nwho gave me trouble; some other women gave me trouble because everyone want to\nbe a chief. I had to fight, also, to say, \"No, is only one chief,\" to defend\n[myself from] the women. My life -- When I lost my first husband, I thought my life was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finished, that I am going to become an old woman, and it is finished. So many\nthings happen to me that can only become true in America. I went back to school.\nI learned English. I did not know so much English. Yes, I did one year in school\nwhen I was in high school. I went to the [unintelligible; 1:46:53] class every\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. Like I say, it was a good thing I had my teacher in my bed, so it helped me also.\n\nJohn: How do you suppose the war experience affected you instead of if you had\njust been an immigrant coming to America, and you did not have that whole war\nexperience? How did that make you different, do you suppose?\n\nHelene: I do not think it would have made me different. I want to tell you, I\nthink the way you were when you were seven years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, you are when you are 77. I\nthink people, they do not change. To me, people bring you something. Every\nperson brings you something. Since I moved to America, I [have] met so many\nwomen. I do not remember all their names. In Dallas, we were -- The\nInternational Women's Club had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"250 member the year I -- Do you know when I was\nelected president? 9/11. This was hard because the people did not give money and\nwe did not get for our charity so much. Okay. We were still able to do it, so --\nAfter this, a woman said, \"This was not fair. We give you a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burden. It was very\nhappy,\" and all this. Sometimes, I was so upset. My husband said, \"Why don't you\njust resign?\" I said, \"No. I did it. I took. I will go to the end.\" But when\nthey asked me to do again, I said, \"No, never again.\" I did not want that, but I\nhad the experience and it was a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience. I liked it. I like the relation\nwith women, but I always have good relations with men, too. I never have any\nproblems. Still, with my father that we were fighting all the time. I used to\nsay what I think, but after every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time -- I think you have to -- If you can put\nyourself in the place of the other one, I think it helps in life. Make an\nunderstanding with the other one. I still do not understand how people want to\nkill other people. This I do not understand. I say, \"They have to kill their\nsoul just to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become murderers.\"\n\nJohn: If people are watching this 100 years from now in a museum, what would you\nwant them -- You just said it, but what other things would you want them to get\nfrom your story?\n\nHelene: From my story, that -- Always have hope, because in life, you have bad\ndays. You have also to remember there is always somebody who is less lucky ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than\nyou. Do not complain. Try to do the best. Still, if you do the best -- Do not be\nprejudiced to anybody. We are human beings and life is so fragile. Look how many\npeople are sick. I went to all the hospitals. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is another world. When you are\nsick, and you are in the hospital, it is something different. I hope that there\nwill be always some people who will stand up, will be righteous, and be at the\nside of the weak one; not the one who has the power. Democracy is not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perfect,\nbut is still democracy. You can still go out in the street. You can still say\nwhat you want. You will be not arrested. You know what is going on actually in\nthe Arab countries? I am surprised they waited so long. I hope for them and I\nwish for them. I also wish that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestinians, they will understand that the\nenemy is not the Israelis. The enemy is the people in the power, who want the\npower but do not love them. Palestinians can live in peace with Israel. Many\ngood things can happen. Because I had Palestinians in my board ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was a\nwonderful relation. You have wonderful people, but unfortunately, the ones who\nare wonderful, they do not have an opportunity to open their mouth, but maybe\nthe things are going to change. Look what has happened. You have Libya. You have\nTunisia. Tunisia has dealt with a guy who could not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand -- whose oppression,\nit puts a fire on him. You see, he is a real hero, who is a hero of freedom.\nFreedom is a most important thing. You will always have people want to put into\nslavery other people. I hope that in 100 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, all humanity will be free, no\nmore dictators. It does not matter. A dictator, she can be on the right side\n[or] on the left side. It is always going to be the same story. Some, a few\npeople want to have the power and put the other one in slavery. It is like this\nwith a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group of animals, but it is like this with a company also. More justice.\nWhy not? Why the people with so much money cannot just give the money to the\nother one? How you can sleep at night if you know that a child does not have\nfood, if you know that a woman cannot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feed her children? Is this right? No, I do\nnot think so. I still believe in humanity because when things are completely\ndesperate, something happens and you have a hope. Actually, I have a lot of hope\nby seeing that. The only danger with all these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arab counties [is] that you have\nthese extremists who want just one thing: take the power, put in slavery\neverybody, and kill the other one. This is not right either.\n\nJohn: Can you think of anything more?\n\nRuth: You were talking a little bit about how you felt when you were liberated.\nHow did you make that transition and what did you feel?\n\nHelene: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we were liberated and I went to Paris, for me, it seemed that the\nair was lighter. I do not know. It was just a feeling that we were free.\n\nRuth: Thank you both very much. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/transcript/42119/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate it so much.\n\nJohn: Thank you.\n\nHelene: Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6930.0,6960.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRothschild Hospital is a hospital in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France. The hospital was founded by James de Rothschild and was initially opened in 1852 to serve Jewish patients.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw, Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish population of Poland in 1937 was 3,350,000. By the end of World War II in 1945, at least 3 million Polish Jews had been murdered by the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first deportation from France’s Occupied Zone began in March 1942, when four trains left for Auschwitz-Birkenau. The deportation of Jews continued until France was liberated by the Allies in August 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany attacked western Europe (Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France) in 1940 followed by an invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman forces attacked Belgium, the Netherlands, and France from the west on May 10, 1940. Initially, British and French commanders believed that German forces would attack through central Belgium and rushed forces to the Franco-Belgian border to meet the German attack. The main German attack, however, went through the Ardennes Forest in southeastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. German tanks and infantry quickly broke through the French defensive lines. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May. Paris fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. On June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which went into effect on June 25, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Exodus [French: l’Exode] refers to the massive flight of civilians fleeing the advance of German troops in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France in May and June 1940. As the Germans approached Paris in June, around two million men, women and children fled the city in just a few days. They joined an estimated six million already trying to flee south and west. This mass movement was so great, it quickly drew Biblical comparisons and became known as the Exodus.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 10, 1940, Italy—Germany’s fascist ally, led by fascist dictator Benito Mussolini—declared war against France and Great Britain. Coinciding with the German invasion of France, Italy launched a small-scale invasion of France called the Battle of the Alps. When the armistice was signed on June 22, Italy occupied an area of south-eastern France and Monaco. Italian forces remained in France until September 1943, when Mussolini’s fascist regime fell.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuthorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees immediately after the German occupation. The first anti-Jewish measure came September 1940 when definitions of who was a Jew were outlined and a census of Jews was taken. Then in October, authorities began proscribing various business activities for Jews. On August 31, 1941 German forces confiscated all radios belonging to Jews, followed by their telephones and bicycles. Jews were forbidden to use public telephones or change their address, and next were forbidden to leave their homes between 8 pm and 5 am. All public places, parks, theatres and certain shops were soon closed to Jews. German forces issued new restrictions, prohibitions and decrees by the week. Jews were barred from public swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, cinemas, concerts, music halls, etc. On the Metro, they were allowed to ride only in the last carriage. Antisemitic articles had frequently been published in newspapers since the Occupation. The Germans organized antisemitic exhibitions to spread their propaganda. The music of Jewish composers was banned, as were works of art by Jewish artists. During 1941, antisemitic legislation, applicable in both zones, was tightened. On October 2, 1941, seven synagogues in Paris were bombed. In March 1942, all Jews were required to register their children with police. On May 29, 1942, German authorities issued a decree—to take effect on June 7—that all Jews in occupied France must wear the yellow star. In France, Jews wore a yellow Star of David outlined in black with Juif [French: Jewish] written in Hebraic style. By July 1942, Jews were barred from entering businesses and public institutions and roundups had begun.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 14, 1941, at least 6,500 foreign Jews—mostly Austrian, Czech and Polish—living in Paris, France were instructed to report to local police offices. In what became known as the green ticket roundup [French: rafle du billet vert] because of the color of paper the summons were printed on, 3,710 reported. They were arrested and interred in camps before being deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Film Festival is the largest film festival of any kind in the state of Georgia and is the largest Jewish film festival in the world. In 2011, a French film, \u003cbr\u003eLa Rafle\u003cbr\u003e [French: The Roundup], won the festival’s “Best Narrative” category. La Rafle was released in 2010. Written and directed by Rose Bosch, the film tells the story of the Vel d’Hiv roundup in Paris and the events surrounding it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, 26 concentration camps operated in the Occupied Zone of France. The central concentration camp in France was Drancy, not far from Paris. From March 1942, Drancy became a transit camp for Jews who were being deported to the East. After passing anti-Jewish legislation in October 1940, the Vichy regime broadened its actions to arrest and detain Jews in its territory. They were incarcerated in 15 concentration camps which included the camps of Gurs, Le Milles, Rivesaltes and St. Cyprien. By the beginning of 1941 some 40,000 Jews had already been arrested. In addition to those arrested, some 35,000 Jewish men were conscripted by force into the “Labor Corps,” or Compagnies de Travail. Almost all the foreign Jewish men, more than a third of the population of foreign Jews in France, were either conscripted into the Labor Corps or incarcerated in concentration camps. There were additional concentration camps run by the Vichy government in the vicinity of Paris and in northeastern France. Among these were Pithiviers, Beaune-la-Rolande, Besançon, Compiègne and others. Thousands of Jews were deported from these camps to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeaune-la-Rolande was an internment and transit camp built in 1939 to hold future German prisoners of war. The camp was near the town of Beaune-la-Ronde in north central France, approximately 54 miles (87 kilometers) south of Paris. By May 1941, it was in use as a camp for foreign Jews who had been arrested in Occupied France. The prisoners were housed in 14 barracks surrounded by a barbed wire fence and used for forced labor in the surrounding area. Over 2,770 Jews were deported from the camp in the summer of 1942, either directly for Auschwitz-Birkenau or for Drancy. The camp was closed in the summer of1943 but reopened briefly after the war to house concentration camp survivors waiting to be repatriated. Today, there is nothing left of the camp aside from a memorial plaque installed in the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Drancy internment camps was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration of Occupied France. In a northeastern suburb of Paris between June 1942 and July 1944, 67,400 French, Polish and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 rail transports, which included 6,000 children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pithiviers internment camp was located in the Paris suburb of Pithiviers, close to a railway line. Originally established by the French government in 1939, the camp was initially meant for the detention of German military prisoners. In 1941, it was turned into an internment camp for Jews run by the Vichy regime. Thousands of foreign Jews including women and children—who had been arrested in the big waves of arrests around Paris in May 1941 and July 1942 were interned in Pithiviers. By the spring of 1942, the camp was at full capacity. Prisoners were housed in poorly insulated barracks with wooden bunks covered in straw. Provisions were scarce and hygiene was precarious. In late July 1942, deportations of the adults began. Children were separated from their parents and remained alone in the camp until it was decided to include them in the August deportation. Many Jews deported from Pithiviers were first transferred to Drancy before continuing towards the East. Six transports, however, departed directly from Pithiviers for Auschwitz-Birkenau. The camp was liberated on August 9, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were approximately 350,000 Jews in France when the Germans invaded in the early summer of 1940. Less than half were French citizens. Many were refugees who had fled persecution in the Third Reich or had flooded into France when the Germans entered Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. German forces invaded France on May 10, 1940, but until November 1942, southern and eastern France remained under the control of the Vichy government. Officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. With the agreement of the Vichy government, German officials and French police conducted round-ups of Jews in both occupied and unoccupied zones of France throughout the summer of 1942. A significant percentage of Jews deported from Vichy France were foreign or stateless Jews, sacrificed by the Vichy government in an attempt to spare French Jews. Deportations slowed after the general population and Catholic Church began to protest, but resumed in January 1943 and continued until August 1944. In all, some 77,000 Jews living on French territory perished. One-third of the victims were French citizens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrance was conquered by Nazi Germany in June 1940 and was divided into two parts: the northern region, which was under direct German rule, and the southern one, where a so-called Free French regime was headed by Marshal Pétain with Vichy as its capital. In November 1942, German troops occupied Vichy's formerly “free zone.” As German allies, Italian forces had occupied the southeastern corner of France in 1940. When Italy surrendered to Allied forces in September 1943, German forces took over the area, making all of France occupied.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forest of Rambouillet, [French: la Forêt de Rambouillet], also known as the forest of Yveline, is a large forest west of Paris. The town of Rambouillet, after which it is named, lies on its southern edge, and is home to a 14th century castle known for its expansive gardens. Once a royal residence and hunting estate, from 1896 until 2009, the Château de Rambouillet was the summer residence of the Presidents of the French Republic.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Resistance movement is an umbrella term, which covered numerous anti-German resistance movements that were based within France. On June 18, 1940, Charles de Gaulle addressed the people of France from London and called on them to continue the fight against the Germans. By June 1941, the resistance movement had become well organized and its work against the Germans increased accordingly. By 1944, it is estimated that there were 100,000 members of the various resistance movements that existed in France. The resistance movement provided the Allies with intelligence, attacked the Germans when possible and assisted the escape of Allied airmen. Public outcry over the brutality of roundups and the reluctance of French officials to comply with German demands for the deportation of French citizens saved the lives of many Jews. Nevertheless, nearly 77,000 Jews (two-thirds of whom were foreign refugees) were deported from French territories.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgen is a town in southwestern France on the river Garonne River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToulouse is a city in the south of France, near the Spanish border. It is bisected by the Garonne River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBordeaux is a city on the Garonne River in southwestern France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite autonomy from German policies, in the fall of 1940, Vichy administrators promulgated antisemitic legislation that particularly affected foreign Jews. By then, about 150,000 Jews had crossed what was known as the Demarcation Line to seek protection from Vichy in the south - only to find they were subjected to fierce discrimination along lines practiced by the Germans in the north. Jews were eventually banned from the professions, show business, teaching, the civil service and journalism. After an intense propaganda campaign, Jewish businesses were 'aryanised' by Vichy's Commission for Jewish Affairs and their property was confiscated. French Jews reacted to the deportations in German-occupied France in 1942 by ceasing to cooperate with the German and French authorities. Many Jews went into hiding in some 6,000 villages and small towns across France. The German and French authorities responded by organizing raids in rural areas, including the territories of the Vichy regime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Gendarmerie (sometimes also “Gendarmes”) is a military body charged with police duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes, which translates to \"armed people.” During World War II, German authorities charged local forces of Gendarmerie with carrying out the regime's anti-Jewish policies. The Gendarmerie was charged with putting the Jews in ghettos. As Jews were forbidden from leaving the ghettos, Gendarmerie guarded the perimeters. Gendarmes had a reputation for brutality. Individual gendarmes often tortured Jews and extorted personal valuables from them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelene is referring to the Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’), the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe liberation of France began when the Allies invaded Normandy in June 1944. By July, Allied forces began pushing south, east and west across France. By August, all of northern France had been liberated. Paris was not liberated until August 25, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s oldest and largest broadcasting organization with radio, TV, and online services. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. During World War II, listening to BBC broadcasts (or any other banned broadcasts) in occupied countries was often punishable by death. The BBC broadcast news bulletins in multiple different languages, often featuring refugees and exiled politicians of German occupied countries in its programs. As resistance fighters in Europe tried to strike back against their occupiers, the BBC’s European Services would broadcast secret messages to them. The BBC’s policy of honesty in its reporting and openly admitting defeats was in marked contrast to the propaganda of Germany’s radio stations. As the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, many Germans even tuned in to the BBC, in spite of harsh penalties and jamming of the frequencies. The BBC has used a 1926 recording of the bells of London’s St. Mary-le-Bow church as an interval signal since the early 1940s. During World War II, the familiar tone became a symbol of hope to listeners throughout Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Forces of the Interior [French:  Forces Françaises Libres] were formalized fighting units composed primarily of French resistance fighters. After the invasion of Normandy in the summer of 1944, around 200,000 resistance fighters came under the command of General Marie Pierre Koenig as an attempt to unify resistance against the Germans. As Allied units advanced, they were often preceded by FFI units who seized bridges, liberated towns, and collected intelligence. After the war, many of these forces were folded into the French Army.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rue de Charenton is a historic street in the 12th arrondissement, a neighborhood in southeastern Paris, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cirque d’hiver [French: winter circus] is an entertainment venue in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, France that opened in 1852. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palais Garnier, also known as Opéra Garnier, is a 1,979-seat opera house built for the Paris Opera between 1861 and 1875 in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCompared to other countries, the percentage of French Jews who survived the Holocaust was high: approximately three-fourths of the prewar Jewish population of 300,000-330,000 survived; between 72,900 and 74,000 perished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 16 and 17, 1942, French police officers launched a large-scale operation in Paris to arrest Jews with foreign citizenship, on the orders of the German authorities. Approximately 13,000 men, women, and children were detained. Around 6,000 were sent to the Drancy transit camp outside of Paris. The remainder were confined at the Velodrome d’Hiver [French: Winter Cycling Track], often shortened to “Vel d’Hiv,” an indoor sporting arena in Paris’ 15th arrondissement. For five days, some 7,000 Jews, among them almost 4,000 children, were crowded together in deplorable conditions. To prevent escape, all ventilation had been sealed. There was barely room for the people to lie down and no arrangements had been made for food, water, or sanitary facilities. After five days, they were transferred to other camps outside Paris until they could be sent to concentration camps and killing centers in the east. Although the Vel d’Hivroundup was only one of many in Paris in the spring and summer of 1942, it was the largest deportation of Jews from France during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrance had required military conscription for all males since World War I. Conscription was continued following World War II and only suspended in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon is a town in south-western France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrittany is a peninsula in France’s northwestern most region. Extending out toward the Atlantic Ocean, it is dotted with beach resorts. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNice and Cannes are popular towns on the French Riviera, the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLa Baule-Escoublac, commonly referred to as La Baule, is a seaside resort town in western France’s Brittany. La Boule is a popular summertime destination for Parisians. It is known for its luxurious villas, hotels, casinos and 5.5 mile (9 kilometer) sand beach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Cemetery on the Mount of Olives is the oldest and largest Jewish cemetery in Jerusalem, Israel. It is considered a holy site because Jewish writings state that the resurrection of the dead will begin on the Mount of Olives when the Messiah returns. The cemetery has anywhere between 70,000 and 150,000 Jewish tombs dating back at least 5 centuries. It is still in use today, although space is running out.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn many traditional Orthodox Jewish communities, women wear head coverings such as hats, scarves, and wigs after marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat \u003cbr\u003e(Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVersailles is a suburb of Paris, France, about 10.5 miles (17 kilometers) west of the city center. It is best known for the Chateau de Versailles and its gardens. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBat mitzvah\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: daughter of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. The bat mitzvah girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe September 11th attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. As of 2022, It is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelene is referring to the Arab Spring, a series of protests and uprisings that began in December 2010 in Tunisia. By early 2011, a wave of protests had spread across the Middle East and North Africa. As a result, the governments of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen were toppled. Not every country’s protests were successful, however. In Syria, for example, an ongoing multi-sided civil war broke out.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327/annotation_set/1015/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old street vendor in Tunisia, set himself on fire, protesting his treatment by local officials. A protest movement called the “Jasmine Revolution” soon spread throughout the country. The popular uprising against corruption, poverty and political repression lasted for 28 days before longtime president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali stepped down.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88272/file/181327#t=6720.0,6750.0"}]}]}]}