{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3j39020d7n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kahan, Jacob (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-11-15 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kahan, Jacon (1927-2005) (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandy (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJacob Kahan was interviewed by Sandy Berman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJacob Kahan was born in Lodz, Poland on September 13, 1927 to Moses and Malka Kachan, who were manufacturers and owned shoe stores. He had one older sister and one younger sister. When World War II broke out, his father was drafted into the Polish army and never returned. Jacob, his sisters, and mother were sent from Lodz to a ghetto in Krosno. Jacob was soon sent to work at a series of labor and concentration camps in Poland and Germany, including Plaszow, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Czestochowa, and Nordhausen, where he worked as a slave laborer on the construction of V-1 and V-2 rockets. Towards the end of the war, he was sent to Bergen-Belsen. Jacob escaped with some friends and survived in the countryside until the British liberated the area. After the war, Jacob stayed in Germany and searched for his family. His mother and sisters had been murdered in Krosno in 1942. He met and married another survivor in 1948. In 1949, Jacob and his wife immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where Jacob began a painting business. After his first wife’s death in 1958, Jacob remarried. He adopted his wife’s son from her first marriage and the couple had two more sons. Jacob began talking about his experiences in his later years, visited Israel multiple times, and returned once to Poland. He died in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJacob introduces himself, his immediate family, and his family’s business, and shares a bit about his life prior to the occupation of his hometown, Lodz, Poland, by German forces. He goes on to discuss the progression of changes within Lodz for Jews after the occupation and annexation of the area by the Germans. Jacob shares details about being collected from Lodz/Litzmannstadt and being sent to Pabianice with his mother and sisters and then sent on again to Krosno where he was a laborer for a German military airport. Jacob talks about being sent to several additional ghettos, labor camps, and concentration camps, after Krosno including Frysztak, Rzeszow, Krakow Plaszow, Auschwitz, Czestochowa, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen. Jacob details some of the day-to-day activities and jobs he had in these camps, as well as incidents between guards and prisoners, and the cruelty of some, specifically that of, Commandant Goeth, who oversaw Krakow Plaszow. An underlying theme of the interview, which Jacob explains, is his continual decision to take risks to survive, and eventually escape from Bergen-Belsen. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29030"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Kahan, Malka (personal name)","Kahan, Moses (personal name)","Kahan, Rose (personal name)","Kahan, Sarah (personal name)","Goeth, Commandant Amon (1908-1946) (personal name)","German Gestapo (corporate name)","German SS (corporate name)","Jewish Ferderation (corporate name)","Judenrat (corporate name)","Jewish Ordnungsdienst (corporate name)","Obersturmführer (corporate name)","Red Cross (corporate name)","Jewish kapo (corporate name)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Kielce, Poland (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Krosno, Poland (geographic term)","Litzmannstadt, Poland (geographic term)","Pabianice, Poland (geographic term)","Rzeszow, Poland (geographic term)","AFL (geographic term)","Camp Frysztak (geographic term)","Dukla, Poland (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","ghetto (geographic term)","Krakow Plaszow, Poland (geographic term)","Auschwitz Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Tschenstochau/Czestochowa, Poland (geographic term)","Nordhausen, Germany (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Shoe manufacture (topical term)","bar mitzvah (topical term)","cheder (topical term)","daven (topical term)","Hasidic Jews (topical term)","Yellow stars (topical term)","payot (topical term)","Ordinance to give up furs (topical term)","aktion (topical term)","changed birthdate (topical term)","Judenrein (topical term)","ditch digging (topical term)","no work, no food (topical term)","starvation (topical term)","Goeth's dogs (topical term)","Jewish monuments for roads (topical term)","painted yellow stripes on clothes (topical term)","warehouses of stolen Jewish clothes (topical term)","Dying of disease or hunger (topical term)","Stealing (topical term)","Tattooing (topical term)","V-1 and V-2 bombs (topical term)","sabotage (topical term)","death walk (topical term)","escape (topical term)","little revenge (topical term)","staying hidden (topical term)","work as translator (topical term)","only survivor of large family (topical term)","Jewish Holocaust gatherings (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJacob Kahan was interviewed by Sandy Berman on November 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJacob Kahan was born in Lodz, Poland on September 13, 1927 to Moses and Malka Kachan, who were manufacturers and owned shoe stores. He had one older sister and one younger sister. When World War II broke out, his father was drafted into the Polish army and never returned. Jacob, his sisters, and mother were sent from Lodz to a ghetto in Krosno. Jacob was soon sent to work at a series of labor and concentration camps in Poland and Germany, including Plaszow, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Czestochowa, and Nordhausen, where he worked as a slave laborer on the construction of V-1 and V-2 rockets. Towards the end of the war, he was sent to Bergen-Belsen. Jacob escaped with some friends and survived in the countryside until the British liberated the area. After the war, Jacob stayed in Germany and searched for his family. His mother and sisters had been murdered in Krosno in 1942. He met and married another survivor in 1948. In 1949, Jacob and his wife immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where Jacob began a painting business. After his first wife\u0026rsquo;s death in 1958, Jacob remarried. He adopted his wife\u0026rsquo;s son from her first marriage and the couple had two more sons. Jacob began talking about his experiences in his later years, visited Israel multiple times, and returned once to Poland. He died in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJacob introduces himself, his immediate family, and his family\u0026rsquo;s business, and shares a bit about his life prior to the occupation of his hometown, Lodz, Poland, by German forces. He goes on to discuss the progression of changes within Lodz for Jews after the occupation and annexation of the area by the Germans. Jacob shares details about being collected from Lodz/Litzmannstadt and being sent to Pabianice with his mother and sisters and then sent on again to Krosno where he was a laborer for a German military airport. Jacob talks about being sent to several additional ghettos, labor camps, and concentration camps, after Krosno including Frysztak, Rzeszow, Krakow Plaszow, Auschwitz, Czestochowa, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen. Jacob details some of the day-to-day activities and jobs he had in these camps, as well as incidents between guards and prisoners, and the cruelty of some, specifically that of, Commandant Goeth, who oversaw Krakow Plaszow. An underlying theme of the interview, which Jacob explains, is his continual decision to take risks to survive, and eventually escape from Bergen-Belsen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/173/994/small/Kahan_Jacob.mp4_1674439831.jpg?1674439832","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kahan_Jacob.mp4"]},"duration":4053.803,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/173/994/small/Kahan_Jacob.mp4_1674439831.jpg?1674439832","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/173/994/original/Kahan_Jacob.mp4?1674439830","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4053.803,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kahan, Jacob [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What's your name?\n\nKAHAN: My name is Jacob Kahan.\n\nBERMAN: Mr. Kahan could you please begin by telling us a little bit about your\nfamily. Who were the members of your family, how old you were when the Nazis\ninvaded Poland, and how life changed for you right away when the Nazis came into\nLodz [Poland].\n\nKAHAN: Yeah, I was born in Poland in September ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"13, 1927. My dad, his name was\nMoses and my mother's name was Malka. My father was in shoe business. We\nmanufacture shoes before the war. We actually subbed out the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. At home, we\ncut from raw felts, raw leather felts. We cut the forms and then subbed it out.\nThe people [we hired] just was doing the labor for us. We supplied all the\nmaterial. And that's the type of business we were in. My father . . . I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two\nsisters, one two years older, the oldest her name was Rose and the younger, two\nyears younger, her name was Sarah. Of course, I believe we wasn't rich people, I\nwould say about average and we lived in that area in Lodz where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most was\npopulated by Jews. I would say 90 percent Jewish people in those areas. I had, I\nwould say, a normal life. I started Jewish cheder, what we called cheder, I\nstarted at about three or four years old, way before I started grammar school,\nof course. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could already daven way before I went to first grade of public\nschools. We start public schools in Poland at seven, not six, and then I went to\npublic schools. I went to public schools for six grades, until 1939. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never had\nbar mitzvah, I was supposed to . . . September 1st, [was when] the war with\nPoland broke out, and 13th I was born . . . But my father was already gone, he\nwas drafted in the Polish Army, and he never came back from the war. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once\nthe Germans occupied Lodz, they annexed it, they annexed it to Germany, and they\ncalled it Litzmannstadt. Right away they started prosecuting Jews. We had to\nwear yellow stars and we [weren't] supposed to gather more than a few people. So\nthose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people . . . German Gestapo, what they called gathering for morning\nprayers. It's got to be at least 10, you know, for a minyan. They took them out\nin the street . . . a ridiculous, especially those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they wore different\nclothing, those Hasidic Jews with the payot and the beards, they used to drag\nthem by the beards and make them sweep the streets. For the Poles, [they] make\nout like they sub humans, they not even like normal people. That was the first\nday of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prosecutions. As far as getting by, that was about the worst what the\nfirst few months until November of the same year 1939. Without any warning\nwhatsoever, they came in in the middle of the night and surrounded those . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nfew of the most populated Jewish streets. They just came in like a hurricane,\nyou know, knocked on the door and those doors what didn't open, they just pried\nit open. The shouts and screams and all that confusion, and [they] gave us 15\nminutes to get out of the house. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother grabbed sheets, I don't know why she\ngrabbed sheets instead of luggage, but I imagine for kids when she throw it . .\n. First of all, it was much faster to throw everything in the sheet. Most\nimportant, it was food and some clothing and [a] few personal belongings, what\nshe could remember, what she could grab. What can you grab in 15 minutes? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\ntied it on our necks, so we would have our hands free. When we got out in the\nstreet, those families . . . They [had] already lined some trucks, some large,\nlarge truck[s], not busses, but the like, dump trucks, large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dump trucks with\nthe canvases. And they tried to get us on those trucks. Of course, there were a\nawful lot of people, I don't know how many hundreds [indistinct 8:07] from all\nover the buildings, what they run out. There was some confusion right away\nbecause kids got lost, they run in different directions, and it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was awful\nconfusion. But they took us to a place, to a gathering place, where a lot of\nstreet cars were waiting and that's where they unloaded those with the trucks.\nWhen we got there . . . then the really . . . it was a lot of what you call\nvolksdeutschen [German: \"ethnic Germans\"], that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was of German . . . Polish\ncitizen, but of German descent. Right away they put the German swastikas on, the\nbands with German swastikas, and they were the worst one[s] because they could\nspeak Polish and German too. Most of them could. And they started beating [us].\nThey had a cordon going to those street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cars, [a] line that cordoned on both\nsides. On both sides, so you couldn't pass no other way, you had to go through\nthem. They had all kind of sticks or rocks or two-by-fours, whatever, and beat .\n. . especially those families what they still had a men in the family. So when\nyou got in those street cars, most of them already [had] lost they luggages, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nthey had to leave it because when you were hit on the head, you tried to grab\n[motions to protect his head with his hands]. So you lose even as much as you\nwanted to hold on. But they made you drop it. I imagine that was the reason,\nmost of it just to grab belongings. After they loaded us up, finally, on those\nstreet cars, they took us to a small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city behind Lodz, what it's called\nPabianice [Poland], that's approximately about 25 kilometers from Lodz. They\nalready had empty warehouses where they put us in, and we stayed there until\nabout for approximately seven or eight days, for about a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week. Then they started\nagain loading us up all night. They start loading up on boxcars, like cattle\ncars, and they took us to what they called that the Polish occupied Germany,\nPolnisch geborene [German: \"Polish born\"], geborene polska [German: \"born in\nPoland\"]. Then gradually, I don't know how many thousands of Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had, but\ngradual they started letting off maybe 200-300 miles from Litzmannstadt like\nKielce [Poland], a small city they knew approximately, let's say they already\nknew how many that little city could absorb people. Let's say 300, 200. They let\nthat many off at that particular place and gradually they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did that in in every\ncity. [In other towns like] Rzeszow [Poland], Kraków [Poland] and of course,\nlarger cities they let off larger amount. I was . . . we will go much farther,\nall the way to the new Russian border, that was Krosno [Poland], where we wound\nup. That was the last car load. Actually, what they unloaded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Krosno, and\nthat's where we wind up, me and my mother and two sisters. [When] we got there\nthey already were probably prepared that we coming and they had a synagogue, a\nJewish synagogue, but they took all the pews out of it and the sanctuary was\ncompletely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"empty and there was already spread straw out all over the floor.\nThat's where we wind up living for quite a while. Because I had to go out, my\nmother changed my birth date when we came into [Krosno] so I could at least be\n15, [and] get a job ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to... The Germans. . . there was a small Jewish community\nwith a Judenrat, a Judenrat is like a Jewish federation. They, every day, they\nput a order that they need that many Jews to work. Of course, first to start\nwith, I had a hard time getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, but the demand was so big and they didn't\npay anything anyhow, just a few dollars. So finally, I was accepted, and once I\nstart working, then I got pretty steady work because they like me, I was a good\nworker. I was doing what they want me to do. I had different jobs that was going\non like that. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, that little money they was paying us, and sometimes they\ngive a little extra ration because I was working. Some of those civilian Germans\n. . . we were working at that time still under civilian authority, not military.\n\nBERMAN: When, excuse me, when did things begin to change? And\n\nKAHAN: Well, this was going on in 1940. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was almost like that until actually\nthe war with Russia broke out. We could see the preparation, because they were\nbuilding a big, in that city of Krosno, they were building a big military\nairport. I was working at that airport quite a bit, most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the time, I'm there.\nActually, at one company what I worked for, we were installing blitzangschlutz\n[German: \"lightning fast\"], is like in English \"lightning rods\" for bomb\nshelters to store bombs. After we start finishing, they start loading with\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really large, 500 pound and 1000 [pound] bombs. We were the ones loading them\nto. . . they didn't had no fuses but the bombs itself, what they stored in those\nshelters, [that] they were by us prepared, you know, with lightning rods. Right\nin 1941, that was when the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war with Russia broke out, I don't know exactly, it\nwas about May or June, I believe. [At that] time, they really started\nprosecuting Jews, they started taking, they demanded from the Jewish Judenrat,\nfrom the Jewish Federation that they wanted hostages, 101 hostages, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of\nthem, if they can, they had to be military men. Of course, if they didn't do it,\nthe Gestapo would have done it. So they had to go around . . . They already had\na Jewish police that ordered what they were working with the Jewish Federation,\nand they were going around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and getting those people. If a Jew came in, you\nwasn't so much scared, you know, they said, \"Oh, we need somebody for work.\"\nThey didn't say what you going. There was a hundred twenty people [that] left\nthat week, they were executed. That was the first aktion that started in that\nlittle city. Then, there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ordinance that all Jews have to give up their furs.\nThey were preparing for that winter, a Russian winter. There was a few killings\nin the street when some older Jews wore a little artificial, you know, it wasn't\neven fur, but something artificial, just to have an excuse to kill him. They\nshot them just in the street for having some fur that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't give up. I was\nfrom that time . . . I was taken . . . that they started making camps at that\ntime already. I was taken to a camp, what they call, in German, AFL for short,\nArmee verfliegens lauger [German: \"Army much faster\"]. That was the \"Army Food\nSupply\", what's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supplying for the military and from . . . There was tremendous\nbig warehouses and they already . . . That was the first camp what I was closed\nin, but not by SS guards, still military, but under guard. Under guard and\nbarbed wire. I could still get out, I could still . . . It wasn't that strict. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nstayed in that camp until 1942, for close eight or nine months, something\nbetween that time. Then I worked [for] a short while in [indistinct 19:42] in\nthe Camp Frysztak. What they needed in a hurry, to . . . for military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people,\nbuild barracks and they took us out from that camp. The food was good, but the\nwork . . . It was wintertime already, and the work was awful because we had to\ndig drainage ditches for sewer and water. And those ditches, in the morning it\nwas warm and it could snow, but the snow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"melted. Then later on in the day, it\n[would] start freezing, and your feet . . . you were in those deep ditches and\nyou were freezing because that ice started to accumulate. So it was pretty\nrough. And from that camp, I escaped. I tried to escape, but there was no place\nwhere to run. They already . . . it was too far. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, my mother was already\nsent . . . they already had a ghetto . . . and sent off . . . cleaned out they\nmade it. Judenrein, what they call, started clearing some ghettos, what they\nsent to different . . . At that time, I heard that they sent them to Dukla\n[Poland], but I never seen them, I never seen my sister and my mother, never\nseen them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. From 1942, when that camp, when they start advancing deep into\nRussia. They didn't have no use more for that military, and they closed it down\nand sent us to Rzeszow. That was a former ghetto, what it was completely a large\nJewish community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't a small city, it was [a] larger city, Rzeszow, but\nthere was no Jews at all, the ghetto was still. . . the barbed wire, was there.\nIn the ghetto, it was completely empty, vacant from all people. No people\nwhatsoever. They from different . . . not just that camp, but they was closing\ndown different camps and they were sending to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rzeszow. [In] Rzeszow we didn't do\nanything whatsoever, and once in a while some different, Gestapo came in to\nselect some people what they needed for different camps or whatever. Not large\ntransports, but it was so little food. No work, no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food. A lot of people got\nsick. There was some disease, typhus or some other, because we didn't have no\ndoctors, no medical. Whoever got sick . . . he survived or died, that's all it\nwas to it. The large of the population, what it was of that ghetto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, more\nthan half died from starvation or disease.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you go next?\n\nKAHAN: That was in Rzeszow ghetto\n\nBERMAN: And where did you go next?\n\nKAHAN: From Rzeszow, one day, they came from Krakow Plaszow. Of course, I've\nbeen in so many camps already, gradually from 1939 that I already knew. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk, a lot of time, they tried to make as little confusion, if it's possible,\nthat the people go voluntarily without hiding or running. If they knew that they\ntaking to be killed, you know, you didn't had nothing to lose. So when they came\nin, a lot of them sweet talk, they said, \"Listen, you're all going. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've got\nthe place. You're all in different places and a better place. The kids are\ngoing, we have got kindergartens, and all of that.\" Just to keep it together, to\ngo voluntarily to those transports. But I already knew when they came into a\ncamp like Rzeszow to get people, and they didn't pick . . . you know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let you\nstrip your clothes and look you over and pick the healthiest one, then I knew\nthat they probably going somewhere to be executed. Or, to that, so I tried to\nhide from those. And once they came in, a lot of time they came in . . . At one\ntime they came and asked for trades, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that knew trades, and shoemakers and\ntailors and the special building, in the building, what they knew, bricklayers\nor mix mortar and stuff like that. So I volunteered to [do] that [in] Rzeszow,\nthat I am, I can mix mortar that I can lay bricks. So they took me, and I was\nstill healthy. I was young, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty strong, because I always . . . I never\nwaited for the ration, I always look for something to steal or get something\nextra where I could support myself. Because I seen from hunger, to die a slow\ndeath was worse than a bullet. I took chances, and I always supplemented the\nration with some kind of stealing [or] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. I looked pretty good to that,\nand he picked me and I winded up in the Krakow Plaszow. That was in 1943, early\n1943, when we came into Krakow Plaszow, we still had some of our home\nbelongings, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some clothes and some pictures from. . . But that was a place where\nthey stripped us completely. We had to . . . they just took everything, what we\nhad. They first, they ask us, [indistinct 27:05] that we're going to take a\nshower, that we have to give the gold or whatever we got to give it to them. Of\ncourse they would take it anyhow, I couldn't understand why they asked us to\ngive them, because when we got out from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those showers, they gave us different\nclothes. Then when we got out, they still gave us civilian clothes, not the\nprison clothes. They had a painter with yellow paint and they're painting the\nhorizontal stripes with a four-inch brush, yellow stripe on our clothes. That\nwas the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. I was assigned to work in the quarry. I was like . . . I\nnever wanted . . . They had barracks with people was like tailors and shoemakers\nand all kind of trades, they just about had every tradespeople and they had to\ndo something. But I never wanted to be inside. I always wanted . . . I figured\nif I'm outside, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I seen something bad going on, like some kind of aktion that\nI could at least hide somewhere or get away. I mean, that's what is in my mind\nanyhow. So I was like . . . But I like to be outside anyhow. I didn't. . . So I\nalways worked first in the quarry and then I was working and mixing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortar. They\nwere building, at that time already . . . the Krakow Jews . . . they already\nclosed that Krakow ghetto, and they put all the Jews from Krakow, they put [them\nin] the camp Plaszow, the name was Plaszow. It was an old Jewish cemetery. When\nI came in, before even some of the . . . before we started quarrying, we used\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the Jewish monuments, laid them to build the roads. Was nothing but mud. We\nlaid them down to build the road for them to . . . where they could drive the\ntrucks. That camp . . . at the Krakow camps . . . And then, I like to tell you a\nlittle bit about the daily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activities, what was going on in the camps. At one\ntime, they rushed . . . We were doing the work and we had our own architect,\nactually everybody all day, all day we had nothing but the guards, who knows\nwhat their profession were before the war, but they sure didn't know nothing\nabout building. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a Jewish architect, and that building was built from\nblocks. Cement, large cement blocks. I was mixing the mortar that they were . .\n. that the special bomb obersturmführer [German: \"Senior storm leader\"] He was\nnot the commander, he was just the like inside ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guard. You know, more than just\nthe playing guard was guarding the outside the fences. He was only on the inside\nand watching us. He had a few arguments with that, she was a woman architect,\nbut I would say about 40 was her age, maybe a little younger. She was very\nshort, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately, maybe four [feet] eight [inches tall], a very short woman\nand not particularly pretty, but she was a very, very smart architect and she\nknew what she was doing. But the rush, he rushed her so much and they got in a\nfew arguments before, small arguments. But this time, he wanted . . . it's\nsupposed to be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two-story warehouse, higher than ten feet. And that day she\nargued that she can't raise that block wall higher than ten feet. It's got to\ncure. The more that [it] got to cure, she can do it. She hasn't got enough to\nsupport that wall and it's go . . . it's probably going to tumble over if it\ndon't . . . He said \"I want it done. It's got to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done.\" They gave the orders,\nyou have to do what they . . . finally she went ahead and let that wall raise\nand the next day it did tumble over. When that wall tumbled over, they got in a\nbig argument. Word to word, she was very . . . She didn't take . . . she talked\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. You know, she said, \"I'm the architect, and I told you so.\" And of course,\nhe wanted to be clean. He went out and Goeth, Commandant Goeth come out to look\nwhat was going on. And he said, \"Well, I had a big argument and I told her so\nand so.\" He probably said something else, [than] what she recommended and he\n[Goeth] said, \"Go ahead and shoot her.\" And that's what he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. He went back and\njust shot her. But the first shot he shot in the back and she wasn't dead. She\ngot up and she turned around and she said, \"You have to do a better job than\nthat. You didn't do it right.\" And he just shot her three more times. There was\na lot of incidents like this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What Goeth [did] depended on his mood. Sometime he\ncould sit in his place, get up in the morning from the night of drinking or\nwhatever he was doing, and not feeling good and seeing with a pair [of]\nbinoculars or with a scope, he could see somebody leaned on the schauffele\n[German: \"shovel\"] didn't work, or didn't push the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wheelbarrow and just shot\nhim, from nowhere. You didn't even see no guards. You used to worry about the\nguard, to rush when the guard came close. To start rushing and start working.\nBut this just came from nowhere. He used to do things like that. Go around and a\nlot of time what we heard, this was on the outside. What I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see what he was\ndoing. He used to, most of the time, he used to ride around on a horse. He was a\ntall, chubby man, not fat, but chubby. And I remember him, I seen him very often\nbecause he used to come to the quarry and everybody was just running for his\nlife, you know, to push and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throw. When he come on the horse, he used to chase\nsometimes somebody with a wheelbarrow, hauling dirt or rocks or mortar, that he\nused to chase him with that horse. A lot of the time [they] fell, but this\nwasn't that bad. As when he come with his two German Shepherds and they were\ntrained special to, I believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were trained, for to hurt prisoners, but they\nwere muzzled most of the time. He carried them on a leash with a muzzle, because\nthey were vicious dogs. But once he took off those two muzzles and turned loose,\nyou knew right away somebody is going to be dead. Because they jumped on\nanybody. Whoever they jumped [on], there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no saving, especially when you\nstart trying to kick, they went for the throat. And he finished them off after\nthe dogs done most of the work. He just went up with a gun and shot them. There\nwere incidents, what some groups used to go out of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp to do some work.\nYou see, he had . . . like he was renting those prisoners to different\ninstitutions, whoever wanted to pay for the prisoners. He had like a slave\ntrade. He was leasing those prisoners from camp, he was leasing them to whoever\nneeded some work. Some groups ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did go out to Krakow and mingle with some Polish\npopulation. Those groups, they had the chance to sell something, belongings,\nwhat they could take out. The way they got the belongings like this is one day\nthey selected me to go in those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warehouses. They had large warehouses stacked\nall the way to the ceiling [with] clothes from executed people or from ghettos.\nBut they were all the way . . . wagons and wagons loads, what we unloaded in\nthose warehouses. Once in a while . . . I got one time selected ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sort. You\nsee, we had to sort like shoes, separate. Sweaters, separate. And furs, there\nwere still some furs, and the furs was the most important to them. Probably they\nwanted to make those furs to send to the Russian front, for the soldiers. When I\nwas working in one of those warehouses, I put on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few extra sweaters and\nshirts, and now when I was going out, one of those guards seen me that I was a\nlittle too fat for the conditions in that prison. He told me to come over, and I\nhad a few sweaters on, and so right away he took out the gun and was going to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoot me. But the Jewish Ordnungsdienst, the Jewish kapo what we called, he\nstarted beating me the minute he grabbed that gun out, he started hitting me\nwith his stick which he had and said \"leave him, I'm going to put him in the\nbunker.\" They had a bunker, that the Jewish police [used], for instance, if\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody stole some ration from somebody, it was just minor things, [who] they,\nthen put in that Jewish bunker. The Jewish Ordnungsdienst, done it themselves\nwithout . . . because most of them, if you done something wrong, they shot you,\nif the guards caught you. But somehow he talked them out from shooting me and he\nput me in that bunker. I stayed in that bunker ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for almost a week. Then they took\nme out, they gave me 25 [lashes], 25 on my bare hand. That was supposed to be\nthe sentence. Twenty-five. But that O.D. who gave me those lashes, the guard\nsaid that's not hard enough, He said, \"Give him 25 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more.\" And after those\nlashes, it took me about a month to heal [to] where I could walk. It was pretty\nsharp and bleeding.\n\nBERMAN: Why did you take so many chances? You seem to have taken a lot of chances.\n\nKAHAN: Well, there wasn't enough food, what they were giving. And I was\nadventurous, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wasn't that much scared of dying, actually, from a bullet to\nbe shot, than dying from hunger or diseases. I seen it in the former camps, in\nthat Rzeszow ghetto, how people were dying from disease and the hunger. And I\nsaid to die a slow death like that, I rather get a bullet and be through with\nit. Course, I wanted to live. I had in me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still as tired and hungry [as] I was,\nI still had a strong will to live and survive and maybe take revenge and see my\nfamily. That's what I, the most, what I was dreaming for, that I am going to be\nreunited with somebody in my family, close family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or cousins or uncles. I had a\nvery large family. And that's what kept me actually going, through those camps.\nI had that nature that I wasn't that scared. Some people were very obedient to\nthe orders. But I, always look for some way to steal something or I'll get\naround it where I could get some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extra food. That was the conditions in Krakow.\nFinally in, the end of 1943, they started getting large transportation sent out\nfrom Krakow. I winded up with a transport going to Auschwitz [Poland]. In\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz, I didn't stay very long, even in the Auschwitz. When I came to\nAuschwitz and they were tattooing . . . but there were a large transport coming\nin and they maybe just had two or three people tattooing the numbers on, and you\ncouldn't get nothing. Those [that] got the tattoos and were getting on the other\nside [of the tattoo line], they were already getting a piece of bread ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some\nsoup. I forget, I was very hungry from the transport, I believe it was maybe a\nday and a half what we were sitting. It wasn't that far from Krakow to\nAuschwitz, but we were just sitting on the rails and not going nowhere. It took\nabout a day and a half and they didn't, we didn't get no food whatsoever. So I\nwas very, very hungry and I wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get that piece of bread. I keep inching\ncloser and closer to the line [of people] that was already tattooed. Finally, I\nmade out like letting down my sleeve, like [I] already got the tattoo and run\nover to that line and I was getting a piece of bread. I winded up not being\ntattooed. Afterward, I figured I'd be better off not to have a tattoo in case if\nI do ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a chance to escape. After two weeks in Auschwitz, they took us to\nTschenstochau [Poland]. They made a large, well, maybe about a thousand young\npeople. Mostly men.\n\nBERMAN: How were you selected?\n\nKAHAN: . . . a few women?\n\nBERMAN: How were you selected ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for that?\n\nKAHAN: Czestochowa [Poland]?\n\nBERMAN: Was there a selection for that? Describe the selection. . .\n\nKAHAN: With Auschwitz?\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nKAHAN: No, it didn't had no connection with. . .\n\nBERMAN: No selection. The selection, how were you selected to go to the next camp?\n\nKAHAN: Oh, they just selected that barracks where I was in, and we had to stand\nup. They just picked the healthiest, and then they ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again for some\nbricklayers and I volunteered as a bricklayer and they took me, but they took a\nlot of laborers different from those barracks, but then assembled a large, maybe\na thousand people, and they send us to Tschenstochau, Częstochowa in Polish.\nWhen we came in, it was already a former textile factory. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing . .\n. Our barracks, the bunkers were already prepared. We already had where to\nsleep. But as far as the factory, there was nothing going on. There was nothing.\nWe started converting it to ammunition. They was starting shipping in, large big\nmachines. And I was working with the cement. I was . . . once we got the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floors\npoured, they started installing those machines, and we had to anchor them to the\nfloor. I was doing that type of work, and some of them were unloading those\nmachines. We didn't had no tractors unloading them, it just a lot of people got\nhurt unloading those machines because we had to raise them on one side and put\nrollers, metal, large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"metal pipes underneath. When they come in the boxcars,\nwhen you start letting them down, they could have put a hundred to do it, but\neverybody just stick their finger to it, you know, needed a few but strong\npeople. A lot of time that machine came down and killed and hurt some people.\nNot because, there was no coordination and everybody was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weak. There was a\nlot of them but they couldn't do the job. It was actually too many [people]. But\nI worked in Tschenstochau that type of work. . . For well, there was a few\nincidents of what the Gestapo killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some people. Once they started producing\nammunition there somehow . . . once in a while, we produced our own power. We\nhad generators, what was fed by coal and steam. While talking about steam, you\nremind me of one incident. One time they sent to the camp some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sides of meat.\nBut it was so salted, we didn't had no refrigeration and it probably was already\nspoiled or whatever. It came from the Russian front, and they send it in for use\nfor the prisoners. I cut off a chunk of that meat, but like I said, it was so\nthickly covered with salt that it wasn't possible. I would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ate it raw, but\nit was just impossible. As hungry as I was, it was impossible to eat. But\ntalking about those generators . . . that excess steam from those generators,\nthey had outside pipes what the steam was coming out. And me working on the\noutside with sand and mud, so where those pipes came out, I took the chunk of\nmeat and buried it, where the steam was coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. I buried it at that place\nand covered it with sand so nobody can find it. In the evening when I was going\nin, when we finished our job and going into the barracks, I grabbed that chunk\nof meat and I had some meat to share with some of my friends because it was a\nlarge chunk of meat. It was good cooked and that salt already melted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a\npretty good supplement of that food.\n\nBERMAN: How long were you in this camp?\n\nKAHAN: In that camp? I was there to the end of 1943, to winter of 1943. They\nwere already started closing down that factory. It wasn't . . . they started\nevacuating because the Russians was getting closer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Tschenstochau. They\nstopped, they got very close at one time and then they stopped. But they took a\nlarge transport, maybe half, and they send off to Nordhausen[Germany], to deep,\ndeep in Germany to Nordhausen. In Nordhausen I stayed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until . . . In Nordhausen\nwe were making V-1's and V-2, just assembly. We didn't actually making, they\nwere coming in, parts were coming from other factories. I was part [of]\nunloading those parts. It was so cold in winter and that we already had very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little food in that camp . . . It was some, what they claimed sabotage. Once a V\nbomb exploded on the pad or didn't work right, they claimed the prisoners . . .\nthat part, what they were working . . . like the tank would blow, whatever. They\ntook that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole group what was working on those particular parts, and just hung\nthem and said that they were doing sabotage. Incidents like this . . . but when\nthey came into the Nordhausen, a hundreds before me, the camp was already done\nand the factory itself was inside in a deep mountain. It was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large. It was\nso large that the locomotive went inside with the trains, and went out maybe\nmiles farther. Thousands of people died building that tunnel, because they\ndidn't . . . when they were digging, they didn't supply enough air to breathe.\nWhen I came, it was already a factory to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assembly. We were working, it was in\nwinter time, I remember unloading those parts. Some of those sections, all of\nthem were metal, or aluminum, or tanks . . . were they had a few . . . if you\ntouched, if you hadn't had some rags to touch it while unloading ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, your hand\ngot stuck to the metal. It was so cold at one time . . . I can tell you\nincidents, when I'm talking about the cold that, [a] whole train load of\nfiberglass, loose fiberglass came, and we had to unload it. I wasn't familiar\nwith fiberglass, it looked exactly like cotton to me. It was white, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soft, so\nI stuck it in my shirt, because all I had is a overcoat and a shirt. I stuck it\nfull of my shirt and my pants and it kept me warm. I didn't feel as cold and\nhungry as I was. I didn't feel that it was itching or doing anything, but at\nnight when I came back, and I start to feel itching. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole body was cut to\nlittle, like somebody cut it with a razor blade. It was so bad and there was no\nshowers, no water to clean off . . . I just had to do the best I could, and get\nby and I couldn't take a chance to get sick. Because once you got sick, that was\nit. There was no hospitals. It was just a bullet in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head. We worked in that\nNordhausen until the end of 1944. It was December of 1944, and they started\nliquidating Nordhausen.\n\nBERMAN: Were you with the same people from different, from all the different\ncamps, or did you generally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go by yourself each time? Did you already know some\nof the people. . .\n\nKAHAN: Well, you tried to make some friends, but most of the time, very few of\nthem survived. So, later on they was just everyone on their each own. I didn't\nmake too much friends because I didn't want to make too much friends. I just\nkept to myself, and at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, that Nordhausen, later on before the\nevacuation, they were getting very, very little food they was very hungry. I\nrather for me, being on the outside, I always managed to steal something. I knew\nwhere they were hiding the potatoes, and those large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rutabaga. They had, they\ndidn't had no warehouses to store them, but they used to ship it in with the\nharvest during harvest time they used to ship it in. We used to make out of the\ncover of straw, first we put those rutabaga or potatoes in piles and long rows\nof piles, and then we covered it with straw. Then again a layer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of dirt and\nagain layers so they can survive during the winter because there was no other\nplace. I know those places where they have them. I used to sneak out from our\nbarracks every so often and stuff myself because it was in wintertime. It was\nvery hard to get that buried . . . a way to get to the potatoes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I manage\nsome. One time there wasn't even those places left. There wasn't much even of\nthose left, and I tried to break in [to] one of the guard's barracks. It wasn't\nthe SS guards. They had those Lithuanians what they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volunteers, and they\nwere not like Germans, it was already a close . . . They supplemented those\nreally young rough Gestapo. They took them out from those camps, and already had\nall the Germans and some of them like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian volunteers and Lithuanian\nvolunteers and put them as guards. I broke in [to] one of those barracks where\nthey slept and got a piece of bread, got some different things. But right when I\nwas fixing to leave through the window, one woke up, and they heard me and see\nme. It was at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night, and he tried to shoot me, but I ran. I felt when he shot, I\nfelt the breeze and that I was almost getting blacked out, like I was fixing to\nfaint. But I said to myself, if I fall and faint, I knew I had that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much that\nI'd be dead. He's going to kill me for good. Even if everything went black on me\nand I was fainting, I still managed to run. Trying from fainting trying, and\nthat bullet probably didn't hit me, I still the skin was wide open, you know,\nmust've just went through. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went with a piece of rag for quite a while. But\nafter that incident, they shipped us off. They took us in the transport and\nshipped us off to Bergen-Belsen [Concentration Camp in Germany].\n\nBERMAN: You were at Bergen-Belsen. I know that after you were there for a while,\nyou and two friends escaped. Can you tell us a little bit about that, and what\nhappened after?\n\nKAHAN: When we came into Bergen-Belsen, we were lucky that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already\nevacuated the military barracks where they were training the military, German\nmilitary, SS. They unloaded us, because very few survived the transport, because\nwe had to walk. . . They unloaded us at Bergen-Belsen, in Bergen. Just about\nfive months before Bergen-Belsen, we had to walk to the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That walk, we just\n. . . even those what they survived getting off the train, half of [them] didn't\nmake that walk. We came into Bergen-Belsen [and] there was very little food,\nwhat they gave us. One day I decided to look for a place to get out of that\ncamp. We heard that the English are very close by, that it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already close to\nthe end. The Germans . . . because we seen in the guards that they . . . all you\nhave around is just all the German people. That was almost at the end, but it\nwas still so many people dying there from hunger. I uncovered one of those\nsewer, I believe it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drainage, rain drainage, a storm sewer. I got in and\nwith a couple of my friends, and we kept on crawling until we seen another\nlittle light. We opened another cover, and it was out of Bergen-Belsen. It was\nbehind the barbed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wire. We start, we was free, free from. . . But the war wasn't\nover. That was in January. We started . . . we took a chance and started getting\ninto those farmhouses and ask for food. We watched the house, how many men they\nhave and what kind there in the house. Where we seen that there was just a woman\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, we got in and ask for food, that we are hungry and we wanted food. Most\nof them, they gave us food. They let us stay for a while, but they said, \"We\ncan't keep you. You got to keep going.\" So we kept on doing that. Stay hidden,\nstay hidden, and then when we got hungry, go to those farmhouses and. . . But we\nheard from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some, of that talk, what we ask those women, they say that the\nEnglish are very close, that they already . . . So we took some more chances\nduring the day. One day we walked on the feld [German: \"field\"] and there was a\nEnglish reconnaissance vehicle stopped us. We still had the prison uniforms on\nus, and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped us and they seen that we [were] prisoners. They put us on\nthat vehicle, on the top of it and took us to they place. They gave us uniforms.\nThey didn't had no other clothes than uniforms. They gave us uniforms, and we\nworked as, supposed to be translators. We could speak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, but no English.\nOne of them could speak a little Polish, was of Polish decent. And that's how we\ngot by. We took a little revenge because we went out on . . . we got those\nGerman SS and prisoners while they were slowly surrendering. We [were] supposed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to . . . we were reconnaissance, we [were] supposed to inter. . . To talk to\nthem and see what kind, and search them, if they were from SS, you see we were\nseparating the army from the SS. Those what we caught that they were SS, they\ngave us a little free hand, they didn't let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us kill or shoot them, but we took a\nlittle revenge of doing a little kicking and beating around those German SS. The\nway I always figured the Germans, when I seen them where they were begging for\nfood and they were just like us. I thought they superhuman people. Always as a\nkid, I grew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up being afraid from them that they just like God. They can kill or\ndo whatever they wanted, they just they can't die. But after they were taken\nprisoners and they were hungry, I seen them beg, just like we did. Being hungry\nand being . . . and praying for their life or not to beat them . . . just like\nwe were.\n\nBERMAN: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you ever find any of your family?\n\nKAHAN: No, I stayed in Germany. Actually, I could have, maybe sooner gone, come\nto United States, maybe registered and got sooner. But I always figured that I\nmight find somebody from my family. I never thought that my whole family was\nexterminated, even the cousins. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of . . . I had just sixth grade of\ngrammar school, and instead of later . . . when we were offered, I could go to\nschool without any money. But I wanted to find some of my family. I was\ntraveling all the time. Every camp, what I heard, what they have a camp. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\ntraveling, and trying to find every list with the Red Cross, I registered. But I\nnever find even . . . Up to now when I hear that some kind the gathering of the\nJewish Holocaust, I go and try, I'm still hope that I find maybe a cousin but I\nnever did. I'm the only survivor from a very large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/transcript/41484/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you, Mr. Kahan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=4050.0,4080.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before the ghetto was set up Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940 almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. On December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. Chaim Rumkowski, an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the Judenrat. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and toadie. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens or potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Despite grim living conditions, the Lodz ghetto sustained a variety of cultural activities. Religious observance continued until September 1942. Poets, writers and musicians presented works in soup kitchens and at a cultural hall. The cultural events enabled individuals to forget their isolation, hunger, and despair for a time. Approximately 13,000 people were sent to 160 forced labor camps from Lodz. In the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals. In October 1940, authorities began to develop workshops in the ghetto. By July 1942, there were 74 ghetto workshops. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. Over 53,000 workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops. In October 1940, the Lodz ghetto’s Central Prison was established in on Czarnieckiego Street. The prison consisted of several brick and wooden buildings surrounded by a wall and a wire fence. The prison was managed by the Jewish police force and housed Jews who were suspected of crime such as theft or bribery. Poles caught trading goods illegally or smuggling food to the ghetto were occasionally sent to the prison. The Kripo also sent Jews to the prison who were found smuggling or escaping. The location was also an assembly point for people destined for the Nazi labor and death camps. The first deportation began in December 1940 where about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. From January to May 1942 another wave of deportations took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to Chelmno death camp and murdered. On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion, three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto—Lagiewnicka, Drenowska and Wesola Streets—were surrounded and brutally emptied by the Germans. Even as they emptied the hospitals, the Germans surrounded the ghetto streets and brutally dragged another 16,000 Jews from their homes. After that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Approximately 13,000 people were sent from Lodz to 160 forced labor camps, established mainly near Poznan, to construct the Autobahn to Frankfurt an der Oder. The German Kripo post was appointed on May 19, 1940. Initially, the Kripo was to fight smuggling and to watch that no one entered or left the ghetto without permission. However, detecting and confiscating property hidden by the ghetto inhabitants gradually became its main task. In 1943, the Kripo was structurally connected to the Gestapo and started to prosecute political offences as well. This police station operated in the ghetto until the end of the war. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. By August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Chaim Rumkowski and his family went on the August 30, 1944 transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he was murdered. His gamble that some Jews could survive through work did not take into account the Germans desire to kill all the Jews, even if they could work. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930s, antisemitism became more intense in Poland. At the universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities. In Lodz, organized attacks wounded and killed Jews in April 1933, May 1934 and in September 1935. Wealthy Jews were arrested in 1938 and guards were placed outside Jewish shops to prevent non-Jewish customers from entering them. As the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. As German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre. Anti-Jewish persecutions were introduced that impoverished and separated Jews from their Polish neighbors. After the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them. The Germans decreed that every Jewish business must have a German Treühander [German: trustee]. In November 1939, all Jewish bank accounts in German-occupied Poland were frozen and Jews were limited in the amount of money they could withdraw. In November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews. Jews in the Warthegau (the German-annexed territory of western Poland) were required to wear a badge on their chests, which was a yellow Star of David on a black field with the word \"Jew\" inscribed inside the star. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it. As the Germans invaded and made their way east through Poland, Reinhard Heydrich, a high-ranking German official, instructed that Jewish communities of less than 500 persons were to be dissolved and their populations transferred to the nearest concentration center. 100,000 Jews from German-annexed territories in Poland (the so-called province of Danzig-West Prussia, District Wartheland, and East Upper Silesia) were deported in the fall and winter of 1939-1940. As German forces entered Soviet-occupied territories of Poland in 1941, the Jews they encountered were also immediately singled out through policies of exclusion for abuse or massacre. Mobile killing squads called “Einsatzgruppen” followed the German army as it advanced, carrying out mass-murder operations in Jewish communities in what is sometimes called the “Holocaust by Bullets.” Those who survived were typically forced into ghettos. Most of the Polish ghettos were short-lived and destroyed after the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which framed the policy of the \"Final Solution.\" Then, in June 1943, SS chief Heinrich Himmler ordered the liquidation of the remaining ghettos in Poland. Jews capable of work were removed to forced labor camps and those incapable of work were sent to killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan. A minyan is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or Shabbat services, reading from the Torah and haftarah portions in synagogue, and saying Kaddish, among other things.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (From the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis considered Poles to be racially inferior and intended to replace the Polish nation and culture with a German one. A campaign of terror was launched soon after the German invasion and occupation of Poland in September 1939. German SS, police and military units shot thousands of Polish civilians, including many members of the Polish nobility, clergy, and intelligentsia. In the spring of 1940, the German authorities launched AB-Aktion, a plan to systematically eliminate Poles considered to be members of the “leadership class.” The aim was to remove those Poles considered most capable of organizing resistance to German rule and reduce the Poles to a leaderless population of peasants and workers laboring for German masters. Thousands of teachers, priests and other intellectuals were shot in mass killings. Thousands more were sent to concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePabianice is a town in central Poland, about 10 kilometres southwest of Łódź and belongs to the metropolitan area of that city. The Germans occupied Pabianice, Poland on September 8, 1939. The first thing they did was force the Jews to destroy the interior of the synagogue and then they made it into a stable. In February 1940, a ghetto was set up housing about 9,000 Jews who were put to work in textile factories and workshops. On May 16, 1942, the Germans rounded up all the Jews and sent the elderly, ill and the children to the Chelmno death camp, where they were all murdered. The remainder of the Jews—about 3,600 people—who could work were sent to the Lodz ghetto and then on to other forced labor camps. According to the census of 1931, the city was inhabited by 8177 Jewish citizens, which constituted 17.8% of all its inhabitants. After the war, 148 surviving Jews returned to Pabianice in 1945, but over the following years, all the Jews left the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKielce is a city in south central Poland. In 1939, there were approximately 24,000 Jewish inhabitants in Kielce or one-third of the town's population. Almost all of them were murdered during the Holocaust. After liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland: Rzeszów. Rzeszow was occupied by the Germans in September 1939 and they immediately wrecked the synagogues, evicted the Jews from their homes, and put them to forced labor. In January 1942 a sealed ghetto was established with a population of about 12,500. Another 10,000 to 12,000 Jews were pushed into the ghetto from surrounding communities. Mass deportations began on July 7, 1942. In three waves lasting through July 18 most of the Jews were sent to the Belzec death camp. Some were murdered in the forts outside the city. Further deportations followed, mostly of young mothers and their children, the elderly, sick and weak were executed in the forest in the following months. The ghetto was separated into two parts, one for the working Jews and the other for the rest. Both were liquidated around the end of August 1942 when the able-bodied were sent to Szebnia labor camp and the rest were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. There was a labor camp at Lysia Gora, where 500 to 600 Jews worked in an airplane engine factory. The Jews of Lysia Gora were transferred to Plaszow labor camp near Krakow in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow. As German forces advanced into Poland, many Jews fled east toward Russia ahead of the Germans, while other Jewish refugees arrived from other towns in Poland. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow. When the Germans occupied Krakow in 1939, the city became the center of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich, under Governor General Hans Frank (1900-1946). A large garrison of Wehrmacht soldiers and German officers were stationed in the city. Anti-Jewish Aktions and measures began immediately. German soldiers kidnapped Jews for forced labor, humiliated them in the streets, and arrested and killed some, seemingly at random. Jewish businesses were looted and marked with a Star of David. Soon all synagogues, prayer houses, and Jewish schools were closed. Jewish homes were searched for gold, jewelry, foreign currency, and other items illegal for Jews to possess. A curfew was imposed, and anyone caught disobeying could be shot. Jews were required to register and wear armbands with the Star of David. The 60,000 to 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto at first but their lives were highly restricted, and they were put to work for the Germans. Some without work permits were expelled to Lublin and other places between November 1940 and April 1941. The ghetto was formally established on March 3, 1941 in a southern part of Krakow, in Podgorze, a poor part of town. The ghetto was closed off and 12,000 Jews were forced into it. Another 6,500 Jews from the area were transferred into it. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the ghetto boundaries, which were enclosed by barbed-wire fences and, in places, by a stone wall. The conditions were terrible with disease and starvation rampant. Four guarded entrance gates accessed the Krakow ghetto. Two entrances, including the main gate, were on ulica [Polish: street] Limanowskiego, one was close to the intersection of ulica Lwowska and ulica Jozefinska, and one was at Plac Zgody (the train station Krakow’s Jews were deported from). The Germans established several forced labor factories and camps within and near the ghetto. In the spring and summer of 1942, almost half of the ghetto’s inhabitants were murdered or deported to labor and extermination camps including Plaszow, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The ghetto was liquidated in a series of Aktions between June 1942 and March 1943. On June 1, 1942, 2,000 Jews without work permits were sent to Belzec. Two thousand more Jews followed on June 3 and 4 and hundreds more on June 6. Hundreds were shot on the street. The ghetto was downsized. In October 1942 another 7,000 Jews were sent to Belzec during which the orphanage and old age home were emptied. The hospital patients were murdered in the ghetto. In December 1942, the ghetto was divided into two parts: one for workers and one for non-workers. In March 1943, the remainder of the Krakow ghetto was liquidated. On March 13, 1943 the workers’ ghetto was liquidated and the Jews were sent to Plaszow labor camp. Any Jew found in the workers’ ghetto after the deportation was shot on the spot. On March 14, 1943, the Jews in the non-workers ghetto were ordered to assemble in the ghetto square. A few dozen were sent to Plaszow, a few hundred were killed and the rest—about 2,300—were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anyone found in hiding was murdered on the spot. The ghetto was officially considered liquidated. The Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. Some Jews who lived in Russia during the war returned to Krakow in 1945-46, but a Jewish community was not re-established because of a fear of pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrosno is located about 94 miles (152 km) east-southeast of Krakow (Poland). The Germans occupied Krosno on September 9, 1939. Shortly thereafter, Jews from Krosno were sent to the Frysztak labor camp to work on Hitler’s local headquarters complex. In December 1939, about 500 Jews (400 of whom were from Lodz) were resettled in Krosno. As of June 22, 1941, there were 2,072 Jews in Krosno: 1187 women and 885 men. Of these, 395 were under the age of 12. Around that time, a Judenrat was established to organize forced laborers, who were sent to work at a military airport in Krosno, at the labor camp in Frysztak, or an oil refinery in Jedlicze. A deportation took place on August 10, 1942. About 120 sick and disabled Jews were shot in a nearby forest after a selection, while a train took about 1,000 to the Belzec extermination camp and murdered. By November 1942, there were only 950 Jews reported in Krosno. Between 300 and 600 Jews remained in the closed ghetto and were put to work at the nearby airfield and in the Dukla quarries. The Krosno ghetto was liquidated on December 4, 1942. All but 25 of the Jews in Krosno were sent to labor camps in the Rzeszow area. In February 1944 those Jews who were still alive in the camps around Rzeszow were sent to Plaszow labor camp near Krakow. When Plaszow was liquidated the Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Judenrat (plural: Judenräte) was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays. (Plural: Aktionen.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudenrein is a German term that means to be “cleansed of” or “pure” from Jews. The term was used to denote areas where all of the Jewish population had been murdered or deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDukla was in the Lvov district of Poland. The ghetto there was liquidated on August 10, 1942. Most of the Jews were sent to Belzec extermination camp where they were murdered. Those Jews who could work were sent to a labor camp at a local quarry until it was liquidated in December 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp] was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. Planning for the Krakow-Plaszow camp began in the summer of 1942 and construction began in October, when it was established as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to the Belzec death camp and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers called “Julag I” (Judenlager or Jews’ camp). Several hundred ghetto inmates constructed the new camp nearby, partly on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. The first group of Jewish forced laborers in Plaszow was the Barackenbau group, which was used for the hardest outdoor work in harsh winter conditions. They erected camp barracks, leveled the ground, dug trenches for the water supply and the sewage systems, and demolished the Jewish gravestones of the one-time cemeteries. Plaszow was then expanded in September 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow and held 10,000 prisoners. Jews from the district and Hungary were also sent there. Only in 1944 was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Up until the summer of 1943 almost all the prisoners were Jewish, but non-Jewish Poles were also interned in Plaszow as punishment for small offenses in a separate area that served as a work reeducation camp for people whom the Nazis considered unreliable workers. Almost 10,000 Poles were imprisoned there during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. In comparison to other camps, Plaszow’s inmate population included a comparatively high proportion of Jewish women and children. While most Polish Jewish children under the age of 14 had been killed by the end of 1942, there were still some in Plaszow until the spring of 1944. Mass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow, especially under Commandant Goeth. Goeth was infamous for randomly beating prisoners to death, shooting them, or commanding his two trained dogs, Ralf (an Alsatian mix) and Rolf (a Great Dane), to attack prisoners. Frequently, members of working detachments were shot after they were apprehended smuggling food into the camps. Prisoners lived in constant fear of Goeth’s murderous roll calls or barrack searches. On February 11, 1943, Amon Goeth (Göth) (of Schindler’s List fame) became the commandant. In Plaszow, Amon Goeth’s office and the camp’s administration were housed in a building known as “The Grey House.” In August 1943, 5 holding cells, solitary confinement cells, and special tiny cells referred to as “standing bunkers” [German: stehbunker] were developed in the building’s basement. The standing bunkers were built for prisoners who violated camp regulations and were constructed so as to prevent a prisoner from doing anything but standing. The cells were for prisoners of the security police and the camps’ political department, mostly on death row. The perimeter of the Plaszow camp was surrounded by an electric, double barbed-wire fence 2.5 miles in length. On the eastern edge of Plaszow was a complex of fenced barracks, which served as storehouses for the property stolen from Jews during resettlement campaigns. The items were segregated, cleaned, repaired, and then sent to Germany. The head of the storehouses, SS Untersturmführer Heinrich Balb, was not responsible to the camp Commandant, but directly to the SS and Police leader for the Krakow district. During World War II, Jewish gravestones, or matzevot, were frequently removed from cemeteries and reused for a variety of purposes. Prisoners at Plaszow were forced to use Jewish tombstones from the cemeteries the camp was situated on to pave the camp streets. In Plaszow, most of the guards were non-Germans. Most were Ukrainian police auxiliaries chosen from prisoner-of-war camps and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Lublin and used to supplement the German SS staff until the official designation of the camp as a concentration camp in January 1944. Thereafter, 600 men of the SS Totenkopfverbaende (Death's Head Units) staffed the camp. There were two stone quarries near the Plaszow concentration camp, where male and female prisoners worked 12-hour shifts. The work was extremely arduous. Male prisoners broke down the rocks in the quarry. The stones were then loaded into cars and pulled out of the quarry by a human train of female prisoners divided into two rows and tied to the heavy cars. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. On August 8, 1944, a transport of over 4,500 Jewish males left Plaszow for Mauthausen. About 400 were Jews who had recently worked for Oskar Schindler at his enamel factory. The biggest evacuation transport left Plaszow on August 6, 1944, deporting 7,500 to 8,000 prisoners to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In September 1944, there were still 2,200 Jews in Plaszow. The SS evacuated at least 1,500 of them to Gross-Rosen concentration camp on October 15, 1944. At the beginning of 1945, there were 636 prisoners—453 males and 183 females—left in Plaszow, together with 87 male guards. On January 14, 1945—just three days before Russian troops liberated Krakow—the prisoners were evacuated on foot to Auschwitz-Birkenau. It took three days to march to Auschwitz-Birkenau, which is approximately 38 miles (62 km) west of Krakow. When units of the Red Army reached the camp on January 17, 1945, only 180 prisoners—178 females and 2 boys—were still alive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eObersturmführer (German: lit. 'Senior storm leader', short: Ostuf) was a Nazi Germany paramilitary rank that was used in several Nazi organizations, such as the SA, SS, NSKK and the NSFK. The rank of Obersturmführer was first created in 1932 as the result of an expansion of the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the need for an additional rank in the officer corps. Obersturmführer also became an SS rank at that same time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn February 11, 1943, Amon Göth (Goeth) (of Schindler’s List infamy) became the commandant of Plaszow labor camp near Krakow, Poland. He was in charge until September 13, 1944. He was a cruel, brutal, conscienceless sadist who murdered at random. He terrified all of the inmates whenever he roamed the camp on his white horse in the company of his dogs, who killed people on his command. After the war, the Supreme National Tribunal of Poland at Krakow found Goeth guilty of murdering tens of thousands of Jews. He was executed by hanging was on September 13, 1946 at age 37, not far from the former site of the Plaszow camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe OD refers to the Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police], Jewish police units established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas. They were often referred them to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. The biggest group of those deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau was Jews from more than 20 European countries. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with a letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman translation for the Polish city of Czestochowa. Mr. Kahan seems to use them interchangeably in this interview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also spelled “Czenstochowa”] is a Polish city located about 124 miles southwest of Warsaw. Close to 30,000 Jews lived in Czestochowa in 1939. The German army entered the city on September 3, 1939. Three days later, more than 1,000 Jews and Poles in Czestochowa were murdered in a massacre known as “Bloody Monday.” In 1941, a ghetto was established. In September and October 1942, deportations to Treblinka began and the ghetto was mostly liquidated. About 5,000 Jews remained. In June 1943, about 1,000 people were deported and the remaining 4,000 were sent to labor camps. By the end of the war, nearly all of the Jews from Czestochowa were dead. The city was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNordhausen was also known as \"Mittelbau-Dora,\" \"Dora-Mittelbau\" or \"Nordhausen-Dora.\" This was a camp system with about 40 sub-camps around the main camp of Mittelbau (or Dora). It was established late in the war on August 28, 1943 throughout the Harz Mountain region in central Germany to manufacture missiles and rockets. Prisoners were put to work building V-1 and V-2 missiles and on other projects related to weapons development and production. The assembly place for the rockets was actually inside a mountain for protection from air raids. The prisoners worked underground building tunnels. The workers were mostly miners and construction workers. At its peak over 40,000 prisoners worked in the camp system. They lived and worked underground, although at the end of 1944 some barracks were built outside the tunnels for the additional workers. The conditions were catastrophic, and the mortality rate was very high. Dora-Mittelbau had a prisoner resistance organization, which sought mainly to delay production and to sabotage the rockets that were produced. In early 1945 trainloads of weak and exhausting prisoners from Auschwitz-Birkenau and Gross-Rosen began arriving. The dead were burned on pyres and the rest were separated into those who could still work a little more and those who were simply dumped in airplane hangars and left to die. Some were shipped on to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and left to die. On April 3 and 4, 1945, the Royal Air Force obliterated the city of Nordhausen and after that the evacuations began with senseless death marches to Bergen-Belsen, Ravensbruck and other camps and places as far away as Austria. The United States Army liberated Nordhausen on April 11, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe V-1 flying bomb was developed by Germany during World War II (1939-1945) as a vengeance weapon and was an early unguided cruise missile. Tested at Peenemünde-West facility, the V-1 was the only production aircraft to utilize a pulsejet for its power plant. The first of the \"V-weapons\" to become operational, the V-1 flying bomb entered service in June 1944 and was used to strike London and southeastern England from launch facilities in northern France and the Low Countries. The idea of a flying bomb was first proposed to the Luftwaffe in 1939. Turned down, a second proposal was also declined in 1941. With German losses increasing, the Luftwaffe revisited the concept in June 1942 and approved the development of an inexpensive flying bomb that possessed a range of around 150 miles. Development of the flying bomb progressed at the Peenemünde, where the V-2 rocket was being tested. The first glide test of the weapon occurred in early December 1942, with the first powered flight on Christmas Eve. Work continued through the spring of 1943, and on May 26, Nazi officials decided to place the weapon into production. Designated the Fiesler Fi-103, it was more commonly referred to as V-1, for \"Vergeltungswaffe Einz\" (Vengeance Weapon 1). With this approval, work accelerated at Peenemünde while operational units were formed and launch sites constructed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/annotation_set/962/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Red Cross’s Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center is a national clearinghouse that works to determine the fates of loved ones missing since the Holocaust and its aftermath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=4020.0,4050.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kahan, Jacob [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family introductions and growing up in Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=4.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Kahan could you please begin by telling us a little bit about your family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=4.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kahan, Malka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kahan, Moses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kahan, Rose","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kahan, Sarah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shoe manufacture","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=4.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German occupation and annexation of Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=211.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once the Germans occupied Lodz, they annexed it,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=211.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kielce, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krosno, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Litzmannstadt, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pabianice, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rzeszow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transported in boxcars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yellow stars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994#t=211.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/85807/file/173994/index/52547/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Krosno, 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