{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2z12n50d6v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Storch, Marty (1996)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1996-01-11 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Storch, Marty (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Hebert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project","Absence of Humanity Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 11, 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was born Motek Sztorch in Ozorkow, Poland on January 6, 1924. He was one of four sons and two daughters born to Moishe and Miriam Storch. His mother died when he was young, and his father remarried. His father was a successful businessman. Marty grew up in a Conservative Jewish home and enjoyed a comfortable life until the rise of antisemitism in Poland during the 1930s. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the Jewish community of Ozorkow lived with many restrictions and suffered various abuses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Marty was sent to help build the roads that were part of the German Reichsautobahn but returned home after several months. During the spring of 1942, Marty’s youngest sister was sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. The rest of his family was sent to the Lodz ghetto, where his father was killed. Marty worked for a short time as an electrician in the ghetto before being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At Auschwitz, Marty continued to work as an electrician where he had access to much of the camp and witnessed many of the atrocities going on. In 1944, Marty’s stepmother and other sister were sent to a concentration camp and two of his brothers were sent to Auschwitz. He was briefly united with his brothers Jack and Will while at Auschwitz before being sent to the Gorlitz labor camp. While at Gorlitz, he was liberated by the Russian army on May 5, 1945. He returned home to Ozorkow, Poland, and found he was not welcomed. Marty moved to Germany and eventually was reunited with his only surviving family member, his brother Jack.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty married Dora Gutman on October 10, 1945. Dora was also a survivor of the Holocaust. In 1949, Marty, Dora, their daughter Mary, and Marty’s brother Jack immigrated to the United States. They eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Marty worked for Lockheed but soon opened a bar and restaurant with Jack. The brothers also opened a grocery store. Marty and Dora had two more children, another daughter Rhonda, and a son Mark. In 1986, when the William Berman Jewish Heritage Museum began its Holocaust education program, Marty shared his story with numerous students and other groups. Marty died on February 11, 2007.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Marty’s life growing up in Ozorkow, Poland, and his experience during the Holocaust. He recalls the antisemitism experienced by the Jewish community in the 1930s and how things grew worse when Adolph Hitler and the Nazis came to power. He describes what happened when the Nazis invaded his hometown on September 8, 1939, and all the restrictions placed on the Jewish community. Marty remembers being sent away in 1940 to work on German highways and returning home after a few months. He details the struggles of daily life in the Lodz ghetto, the children, including his sister, being sent to the Chelmno concentration camp, and his work as an electrician in the ghetto. Marty describes his father being tortured by the Kripo and Gestapo while they lived in the ghetto and how his father died a short time later.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e Marty shares how he was sent to the Lodz ghetto prison and later being sent to Auschwitz. He discusses in great detail the selection process for individuals arriving at Auschwitz and the struggles of daily life in the concentration camp. He spoke about his work as an electrician at Auschwitz and how he often saw Josef Mengele but was not aware of the experiments being conducted by him and others. Marty recounts the meeting with his brothers in Auschwitz for a short time before being sent to Gorlitz. He recalls returning to Ozorkow after being liberated at Gorlitz and describing how his family was gone and feeling stateless. He mentions his decision to leave Germany where he settled after the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty talks about visiting Auschwitz with his family years later and sharing with them what his life was like at the camp. He discusses his work in talking with school children and how it helps him deal with his memories of what he saw in the concentration camps. He shares how this has been a great help for him and how he feels it's important to tell his story. He reflects on losing his faith in God after living through the Holocaust, but how he eventually regained it and the importance it plays in his life. He expresses his hope that Auschwitz will continue to be preserved so future generations can witness it. Finally, he talks about how the memories of all that he has seen gets harder as he gets older and hopes that no one else ever experiences what he and Jewish people did during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28913"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Storch, Marty (January 6, 1924-Feburary 11, 2007) (personal name)","Storch, Jack (abt 1927-September 24, 2001) (personal name)","Storch, Will (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (April 20, 1889-April 30, 1945) (personal name)","Mengele, Josef ( Marc 16, 1911-February 7, 1979) (personal name)","Ozorkow, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Jonesboro, Georgia (geographic term)","Hungry (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Switzerland (geographic term)","Auschwitz (Poland: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Birkenau (Poland: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Muhlhausen (Germany: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Gorlitz (Germany: labor camp) (geographic term)","Chelmno (Poland: concentration camp) (geographic term)","Holocaust, 1939-1945 (named event)","World War II, 1939-1945 (named event)","Antisemitism (other)","Concentration Camps (other)","Final Solution (other)","Nazis (other)","Mein Kampf (other)","Gestapo (other)","Immigration (other)","Holocaust survivor (other)","Liberation (other)","Kaddish (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Conservative Judaism (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 11, 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarty Storch was born Motek Sztorch in Ozorkow, Poland on January 6, 1924. He was one of four sons and two daughters born to Moishe and Miriam Storch. His mother died when he was young, and his father remarried. His father was a successful businessman. Marty grew up in a Conservative Jewish home and enjoyed a comfortable life until the rise of antisemitism in Poland during the 1930s. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the Jewish community of Ozorkow lived with many restrictions and suffered various abuses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Marty was sent to help build the roads that were part of the German Reichsautobahn but returned home after several months. During the spring of 1942, Marty\u0026rsquo;s youngest sister was sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. The rest of his family was sent to the Lodz ghetto, where his father was killed. Marty worked for a short time as an electrician in the ghetto before being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At Auschwitz, Marty continued to work as an electrician where he had access to much of the camp and witnessed many of the atrocities going on. In 1944, Marty\u0026rsquo;s stepmother and other sister were sent to a concentration camp and two of his brothers were sent to Auschwitz. He was briefly united with his brothers Jack and Will while at Auschwitz before being sent to the Gorlitz labor camp. While at Gorlitz, he was liberated by the Russian army on May 5, 1945. He returned home to Ozorkow, Poland, and found he was not welcomed. Marty moved to Germany and eventually was reunited with his only surviving family member, his brother Jack.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty married Dora Gutman on October 10, 1945. Dora was also a survivor of the Holocaust. In 1949, Marty, Dora, their daughter Mary, and Marty\u0026rsquo;s brother Jack immigrated to the United States. They eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Marty worked for Lockheed but soon opened a bar and restaurant with Jack. The brothers also opened a grocery store. Marty and Dora had two more children, another daughter Rhonda, and a son Mark. In 1986, when the William Berman Jewish Heritage Museum began its Holocaust education program, Marty shared his story with numerous students and other groups. Marty died on February 11, 2007.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Marty\u0026rsquo;s life growing up in Ozorkow, Poland, and his experience during the Holocaust. He recalls the antisemitism experienced by the Jewish community in the 1930s and how things grew worse when Adolph Hitler and the Nazis came to power. He describes what happened when the Nazis invaded his hometown on September 8, 1939, and all the restrictions placed on the Jewish community. Marty remembers being sent away in 1940 to work on German highways and returning home after a few months. He details the struggles of daily life in the Lodz ghetto, the children, including his sister, being sent to the Chelmno concentration camp, and his work as an electrician in the ghetto. Marty describes his father being tortured by the Kripo and Gestapo while they lived in the ghetto and how his father died a short time later.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Marty shares how he was sent to the Lodz ghetto prison and later being sent to Auschwitz. He discusses in great detail the selection process for individuals arriving at Auschwitz and the struggles of daily life in the concentration camp. He spoke about his work as an electrician at Auschwitz and how he often saw Josef Mengele but was not aware of the experiments being conducted by him and others. Marty recounts the meeting with his brothers in Auschwitz for a short time before being sent to Gorlitz. He recalls returning to Ozorkow after being liberated at Gorlitz and describing how his family was gone and feeling stateless. He mentions his decision to leave Germany where he settled after the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eMarty talks about visiting Auschwitz with his family years later and sharing with them what his life was like at the camp. He discusses his work in talking with school children and how it helps him deal with his memories of what he saw in the concentration camps. He shares how this has been a great help for him and how he feels it's important to tell his story. He reflects on losing his faith in God after living through the Holocaust, but how he eventually regained it and the importance it plays in his life. He expresses his hope that Auschwitz will continue to be preserved so future generations can witness it. Finally, he talks about how the memories of all that he has seen gets harder as he gets older and hopes that no one else ever experiences what he and Jewish people did during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/165/855/small/Storch_Marty.mp4_1661303423.jpg?1661303424","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Storch_Marty.mp4"]},"duration":2554.304,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/165/855/small/Storch_Marty.mp4_1661303423.jpg?1661303424","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/165/855/original/Storch_Marty.mp4?1661303421","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2554.304,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Marty Storch [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \n\nBerman: We can begin any time. You're ready. If you tell us your name and where\nyou were born.\n\nStorch: You're ready for [me]. My name is Marty Storch. I'm born in Poland in a small city, by the name of Ozorkow [Polish: Ozorków] population of 27,000 and the Jewish population have consist of a quarter of the population, which it was a large Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population. Growing up in Poland as a youngster was very difficult. In the [19]30s, actually, when I grew up antisemitism [had] spread because we were living near the German borders and the Nazi movement and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Adolf] Hitler regime came to power. It's gotten worse to\nget along with the Poles [Polish]. We were, we felt [that] we were discriminated, terribly discriminated as citizen[s] living in Poland. We were deprived of our grace. We couldn't achieve any diplomas. Life in general was difficult for us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After Hitler came to power, it started\ngetting worse. Then we have experienced, years went by . . . we have experienced what is going on in Germany, how the Jewish people getting harassed, and especially the Christian light in the year of 1938. How our nation [had] changed so radically against our nation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The liquidation and destruction of Jewish shops and existence. Immediately have they arrested\nthe doctors and high officials, judges, and not only Jews. They have even\narrested other nationalities, especially the ones who . . . disagree with Hitler's philosophy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have feared it, what's going on. People have fled, they came to our city and have told us\nthe disaster what goes on in Germany. Shortly after, that was in . . . 1938, the later year. I have listened to Hitler speech, which I understood then and now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, better than probably than my English is. I was frightened. The older people have always thought, have different thoughts. The fire . . . will burn out and Hitler probably will change his mind about the invasion of Eastern Europe. But that didn't happen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember, like today, September 8, 1939, when the German army marched into our hometown. Immediately they were shooting people by random in the streets, so these people would fear. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately restricted from freedom, not to go walk in the streets. That was for the whole population. Then they have in all the corners, they have in German and a Polish writing. They call it Getto Cajtung [Polish phrase:\npossibly 'Getto Cajtung': 4:21] news. The Jews were not permitted to walk the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"streets after 5:00 and not to walk the sidewalks. Immediately were we branded with the Yellow Star of David, where we'd be recognized. Many of our people in the small city got killed for not obeying the law or not understanding the Germans. It's very difficult. A very short time\nwent by. The hanging ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"procedure went on. That wasn't . . . the hanging procedure [was] what actually going on before [my] leaving from the city. They immediately sent me out 1940. In February, they'd send me out. This is prior to the hanging. They have sent me out to the German Reichsautobahn to work the Deutsche, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German highways, which I worked a short time, probably about six between six or seven months. But my homesickness, they\nhave to bring me home. I have managed to get home, which I was sorry for the rest of my years because I have seen so much, which I would see in the camps. I have seen the hanging procedures, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liquidation of our kids, which they took, ripped away immediately from their mother's arms and send them to a place called Chelm \u003creferring to the Chelmno concentration camp\u003e,\nwhich I have visited just about two and a half years ago. It started getting\nworse immediately after the hanging procedures. They took away our homes. We could not go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to our homes. They allow us only to take our belongings, which we could car[ry]. We have shared friends, we have shared apartments, and what have you. Everything was liquidated. The Germans are taking out our radios. We were not permitted to listen to radios. They took away furs and all valuables. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shifted to Germany. Short time went\nby. They had built a ghetto. On a limey area. Just like for animals. We were driven out from that city. Approximately six, seven months later, they have sent us out to a city called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, [Polish: Łódź] Poland just about 25 kilometers from the area. Over there I have worked as an\nelectrician. We have some protection, my father knew some people because he was in business before the war and knew the people, knew the leaders, the Jewish leaders from the community. We've been very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessed to get some jobs, which we were actually compensated and food in the rations more than others. This helped in our survival. I was appointed electrical, I got [an] electrical job. The electrical job which I was sent to, it was still not a shop. It still was a hospital ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Lagiewnicka Fünfundvierzig, 45, which anyone comes from that city does remember the disaster what have happened. That place was a maternity hospital, four or five stories, which I cannot recall. Before they have converted this place from a hospital to a shop which was converted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make uniforms for the German military personnel.They have thrown the kids, unborn kids, mothers on trailers, which it's unbelievable. It's unbelievable. At many occasions I have, I thought I'm dreaming about it, but I've seen it. Immediately they have converted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that place to a resource for tailoring resource, which I have worked for a short period of time. Going . . . life was difficult. My father, we could see . . . [he] is feel[ing] sorry for the family thus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are drying out. A short period of time they [had] called my father to a place called Kripo. This is a\ndivision from the Gestapo. They have asked him for gold and valuables because we were, my father was actually very comfortable in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe. We did not have it. We did not have it. Mother had [gave] up some rings, whatever small valuables because we have left behind. We have exchanged for food, so many items. So very little was left, but there was nothing, no answer. My father was tortured for eight days in the Kripo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . by a German called, Josef Mengele . . . Sotto, Joseph Sotto, which I have looked for him for many, for a long, long time, but he was gone. They brought my father home but in a couple of days my father [had] passed away. My father was young, healthy man, never been sick in his life. That's the way he lost his life. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we lost our father, we felt the whole family will fall apart and we didn't care.They came after my brother, my younger brother, Jack, which he is alive. He had\na confrontation with one of the Jewish officers. But I jumped in the middle. I said, \"Well, it doesn't matter. It doesn't matter any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer. Let them send us out.\" I was sent to a place called Czarnieckiego. That's just the preparation for Auschwitz. I went up there with people of the lowest class people, which is so difficult for me to describe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we took it for granted. That's life. After a couple of weeks they send me to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At the arrival, we were not aware where we [were] at, but immediately when we stepped out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\nthe boxcars . . . and the way they mishandle us, the Kripo and the Gestapo. We felt [that] we [were] not in any kind of sanatorium or any labor camp which we will survive. Immediately have . . . they taken us to an area where they called the selection ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spot. Who was young, healthy, was put in one spot. Some of them older, which you call 25 or 30 years they consider older or you wore any glasses you sent to the other side. The kids, which I will never forget in my life, they were so roughly ripped away [by] the Gestapo and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mishandled. Some of the mothers would not give up their kids and went along with them. Still at that time and that point we were not aware of it, what's goes on. They decide which were selected for labor. We're driven away by the Gestapo under the machine guns. The ones ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for destruction are the ones selected for the crematorium and for the gas chambers were driven on the other side, called to a place endlösung [German: final solution]. Later on we have, we find out what goes on. Then we spend all day long nearby the crematorium and the gas chambers. We start smelling the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flesh of human, of human beings. We have met other older persons, which they were deaf at times, for some time. They told us and the paradise which we in, a\nplace of destruction. There was no choice, surrounded by barbed wires, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shaved. If you were lucky, you got two left, right, and Ieft shoe. If you're not, you have two left shoes or the holland shoes [wooden shoes]. The rations\n[are] beyond description. We just got a slice of bread, a little soup made out of it. It's probably been made out of leaves and mud and those were our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rations, which we have survived. The work which we have done in Auschwitz didn't have any kind of meaning or any consideration. They use to have . . . they let this haul rocks from one end of Birkenau to the other end and the following morning to take them back. The selection in the morning have begun 4:00. The roll calls cold, 10-15 below zero. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They let us stay for a couple of hours. We didn't feel and in the later time, we didn't even feel the frost or the cold, only the hunger. They hand us out a piece of bread, a slice of bread, and a cup of coffee. The coffee was no longer hot, but we got used to it. But we never got used to the hunger. Luckily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my case, I have, in\nthe later months, in the year 1944, which I actually came in 1943. I have survived perhaps longer at Auschwitz than many other survivors because I have worked as [an] electrician near the gates. Probably where most of us, in my memory stand out, [indistinct: 17:30] which I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen. I worked with a German master, which he wasn't too happy for me to look at the arrivals. At times we have three and four boxcars, train of boxcars. I have mentioned\n[from] all over the European Continent with precious kids and families and how they were mishandled. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still at many occasions I wake up at night and I don't know, there's this one class of kids. I still see the French kids like it would be yesterday with beautiful caps, black caps, and spoke French and screaming. How the Gestapo rip them away and beaten their mothers. This will never be erased from my mind for the rest of my life. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horrible. It was horrible. But on the other hand, we were hungry. We just live like animals. Josef Mengele, I could see him every day. Dr. Mauer, Dr. Heinrich, we were not aware of the laboratories, which they have and not far from the gas chambers, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . it was off limits for civilians. The place where they have made all the [experiments] on those youngsters. We find out later on after we were liberated what they have done to those youngsters. As\nmatter of fact, after the war, before I came to America in the year of 1949, I\nhave visited Switzerland. [Where] I've spoken to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two which they have went through the Josef Mengele experiences. They were deformed for the rest of their life and thousands and thousands of others, which did not make it. It's so difficult to describe Auschwitz, who haven't seen Auschwitz. It would be very difficult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to write or to paint the concentration camp of Auschwitz. [As] matter of fact, it's less than, it's two and a half years ago, since I went back. I have recognized every barrack. I have recognized almost every stone. I stood\nwith my kids at the place where this selection have taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. I have told my kids, if those grounds could just speak up in any language from their\nexperiences. How many hundreds and hundreds of thousands or perhaps in millions stood there and lost their lives with their whole families and they were ripped away . . . from that spots. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, the place where the train has stopped. This is a place where I have worked every day, not out of religious point of view, but just out of give those respect. The ones who have lost, have perished on those spots. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have said Yiddish Kaddish for those that have a bed [indistinct 21:37] for . . . our whole population, for hundreds and hundreds of thousands. I remember when I left Auschwitz, October 1944, when they sent me to Germany. I have seen so many writing's on the wall from friends of mine, which I went to school with, and some which have lost their life in Auschwitz. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tried to show my kids, but to no avail. That whole barrack, they call it the washroom was tak[en] off and nothing to see any longer. Block 16, where I had stayed for a long, long time. I show my kids, I showed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that grounds just like in here, the concrete, where I have slept for 16 months. The barrack is still there. My kids have seen and I believe, it's for me, it is a great achievement that this will be carried on by my kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by my grandkids. The history of ours, which they have seen and they have learned about the background of their grandfather from where he came from and their grandmother. That was our life . . . in Auschwitz. They have sent me away.\nThen I have met my two brothers in Auschwitz. Jack [Storch], the one that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive, and Will [Storch], my youngest, which have not survived, have died [of] typhus. We have met, we almost [didn't] recognize one another. Especially they didn't recognize me. But somehow we have prayed and\nhope that we will be united when we be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated because we didn't have any kind of communication with the outside world. We figure this is the end of the world and Germany have occupied the whole European continent. We haven't got a chance of survival. But that was our life. I have told . . . in being actually a veteran in Auschwitz-Birkenau. I have watched the procedures, the selections. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The selections have taken place where some, the Germans, those\nmanufacturers came in, bought some slaves, 15[00], 1600 at the time, and took them to Germany to replace the Germans. You want me to stop?\n\nBerman: No\n\nStorch: No, go on . . . To replace the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans. One day they came, our block\nfuhrer, that means our kapo, and give us instruction that we are leaving to\nMuhlhausen, France \u003cit was in Germany\u003e and without any kind of physical examination or checking your mentality or your qualification. Immediately we got our ration, our bread ration and we be sent out in the morning, six o'clock. The same day I met my brothers, which I didn't\nrealize this, I will not go. I said goodbye and that was the final day, which I\nhave met my brother Will, the one that [has] not survived. My brother still talked about it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how my mentality [has] still worked. We did not have any exams. We were not going through the procedure. I have a good friend of mine, [Bob] Schaffer, which I lost him. He was working with me as electrician. I told my friend, \"We're not going.\" He asked me, \"Why we got our rations.\" I\nsaid, \"Never mind. We didn't have any physical. We didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any . . . mental. Nobody have tested our mentality or our capability of performance in Germany.\" He said, \"You're right.\" I have wondered to this day how my mentality have worked, because all we have taught was hunger. How to find a piece of bread or survive. We've been hanging around in Auschwitz. We've done many things, which were pleasant or not pleasant, but we survived. Finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a selection where we slipped in. We could see\nthe physical examination going on and we were sent. We were admitted and we were sent to Gorlitz, to hard labor camp. I have worked as electrician also and worked in the camp. As you see so many things which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are unbearable. When I came there were 4400 young prisoners, most from Hungary. When I left was 1900, and that was a short time. That was from October 1944 to May the fifth. You can imagine how people have died in filth . . . the insect have eaten them alive. That was when the liberation came, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May the fifth, 1945. The greatest disappointment after that, where we have seen so many youngsters have going wild. Some of them have lost their memories. But I have . . . in my mind was how could I fly home? I have four brothers and two sisters. How could I get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my destiny, where I came from to meet some of them? I was so sure, I was more than positive that somebody be waiting for us. It took\nme quite some weeks until I got to the final destination through hitchhiking. Some have given me rides. The hunger was a normal factor. After six weeks I have reached the destination, of my, where I came from. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was my greatest disappointment when I came, and that was already\nthe end of June. From May the fifth to end of June and I figured, well, by this\ntime, if nobody is here. I lost everybody. Meeting friends, Poles, which they used to be friends of mine as schoolmates. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were disappointed, as I am, that I survived. I figure, well, I'm stateless.That's a country where I was a citizen, but no longer do I belong there. I'm not wanted there. I found my way back to Germany, where I have settled down and made my living. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the end of that story. I left, the years went by. I have realized this. I have to leave the European continent. I have visited so many places. I have\nvisited the place where Adolf Hitler have written his book, Mein Kampf, excuse me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have visited the place where so many youngsters have given out their lives.\n\u003cEnd Tape 1\u003e\n\u003cBegin Tape 2, no video\u003e\n\nBerman: Speaking to schoolchildren.\n\nStorch: To the schools. Yes.\n\nBerman: Say something about that.\n\nStorch: I love it. Actually, this is like going out to schools, lecturing. It's\n. . . releases me tremendously. I feel it's a great therapy for me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I live with\nit. I work with it, sleep with it, with my life. Leisure time is a disaster for me. That's the reason I will never give up my job. And talking about it releases me completely from oppression and this my life.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berman: What do you hope the students will come away with after listening to you?\n\nStorch: The students. You know, there are many times which each and every one of us who have survived the Holocaust. There are many, many occasions we get very depressed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In my case, I go down to my study, I got a study in my home. I go down and take out the letters. Some from the faculties. Some of the students. I read those and they cheer me up. I drop some tears and then I smile. It's a difficult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life, but this gives me so much pleasure when I have the youngsters write and praying for my health and for my whole family. In this God gives me years to live and blessing for my survival. What I have learned from my lecturing . . . I can see that they want to see me again because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some of the schools which I'm not at liberty to open the doors all the way. I promised them this, I'll be back a year or two . . . where they be able or old enough that I can tell them the whole story about it. I keep getting letters and I continue getting letters, and this is my pride.This is my treasure. I love it. I believe the kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I have never in all the years, I have never seen any students which they would have just have the full attention on my speaking\nor what I have to say or being some in another world, because this would have turned me off. This gives me the spirit of talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to them. Not only do I talk to them about the Holocaust, I show them my life, the life which I have lived. When I came out, I didn't have any parents. I didn't have nothing. I didn't have any education. I came in here made Electrical Engineering Degree. I came at many languages. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were drugs at those days. There were liquor. There were other things. In things which I have learned in concentration camp was nothing but a horrible thing. Killing, stealing from one another. I didn't like it. The world didn't like. I want to mix in society. In the writing, I had forgotten my writing. How to write even my name. I came in here with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite some languages, in here which I correspond with everyone. I haven't been to school, I believe, one day in America, I didn't have time to. I have to build my future in here. I believe I could compare with a high school\nstudent. I figure you'll live in a country you're supposed to know how to write\nand read and understand people. Definitely, my accent will stick with me, but at least, my expressions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my words I try to make myself understandable. That was actually my life. That's what I'm living with. I have like . . . I was so delighted Judy called me last night, yesterday in the office. The lady called me [for her] son, 11-year-old, bright kid must have be[en] a gifted child. I spoke to him. He wants to know so much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and meet with me. Why not? I take off. I take off from work. I want to give the kid what the kid\nwants. There's 11 year old. . . and his mother told me he knows so much about it. Can I help him? He wants to know. Yes, I said, \"You want me to come? I'll go to Jonesboro [Georgia]. If not, you are invited to my house and I'll be home because the child wants to know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm here for him.\" Because you still got a chance to talk to someone who has survived. There are not many years left, sorry to say this. People got to have the\nprivilege to talk to somebody who has survived. All of history will remain, but we're going. I can see every week we are losing some people. I got try to fight to be here a little longer at times though to educate the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youngsters and to tell them about my life. This is up to the Almighty, so we'll see. If there's anything I have left out, I could have probably talked to tomorrow.\n\nBerman: You probably have a couple more minutes. Is there any . . . ?\n\nStorch: We do.\n\nBerman: Is there anything you can think of that you would like to . . .\n\nStorch: Yes, I have a couple of times which I want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to commit suicide in\nAuschwitz. I have an illness which I couldn't stand up. I was afraid to go to\nthe front because I know what the front is, it's the crematorium and the gas chamber. But I was afraid. I just\ndidn't want to go. In looking at the high tense wires, I have seen so many young kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burnt. They looked like coal. And definitely, I'm not originally, I'm not an Orthodox mind at home. I came from a very Conservative family, but I have taken God under my arm, under my wings, that He did help me on many occasions at many times. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . For at a long period of\ntime, I have lost beliefs and I believe 99% of the people who have been in\nAuschwitz have. But it's so difficult to live an empty life. I did inject again myself with beliefs. God have helped me in Auschwitz. God give me help in 1993 when the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors say I have six months to live and they give me my verdict. I was negative about it. Perhaps I was negative because I have God on my side and strength. That's the only way and living without beliefs is just\nempty life. You have to believe. You have to be a believer. Then I have to be\northodox-minded. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes . . . my kids do believe and I wouldn't take them off\nthe track. That was my life. I hope I give giving enough to the ones who will ever listen to me and how difficult it was to live in concentration camps. Anyone . . . I hope and pray that the Poles ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will never destroy Auschwitz. People, when they have a chance to go to Europe to see Auschwitz. This will give them the pictures of how people could survive, how people could live.\nIt's a miracle and the miracle we can see is just how many people have actually survived. There are places like Chelm, which it's not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"written about, which is over 100,000 people laying, including my little sister. But as your life goes on, it's not pleasant. But to me, I have a family. All my life, they are my life. My life . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . I'm tattooed. I'm scared all over for the rest of my life. There will never be healed. My scars will never heal. I'm getting very disturbed, I believe in the older I'm getting. I get less sleep. I get more disturbed. I don't know why. This may be nature. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know. I hope others have . . . so many of our people, which they won't talk about it at all. I wonder how they can survive. At least I have a chance to talk about it and what have you. But it's getting rougher and the older we're get and it's a tough it to live with it. Because . . . the only thing I have in my mind, I pray, is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just no nationality and no one in this world, whoever they might be, should never experience Holocaust. The Holocaust, we have experience during the Nazi regime. Those are my prayers. I hope this never happened. And with that, I have to finish and say the best of to everybody.    ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/transcript/39565/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":null,"format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2520.0,2550.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a country in central Europe. In September 1939, the German and Soviet Union invasion of Poland marked the start of World War II. After the capital Warsaw fell, the country was divided into two zones, one German occupied and the other occupied the Soviet Union. The Nazi forces set up six concentration camps within Poland and millions of Jews were transported to the camps and killed in the camps. After WWII, Poland came under the influence of the Soviet Union and operated under a communist government. In 1989, the Solidarity movement lead to the collapse of the communist government in Poland and influence much of the eastern Europe communist governments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorkow [Polish: Ozorków] was a textile manufacturing community in central Poland, 16 miles (26 km) north of Lodz. Before World War II, Ozorkow was less than 95 miles (150 km) east of the German border. At the outbreak of World War II, the town had about 15,000 inhabitants, including just over 5,000 Jews and the rest being about equal parts German and Polish. Before the war, Jews were prominent as owners and workers. Aside from several large factory owners, a significant portion of the Jews worked in home-based weaving. In the 1930s, Meir Fogel operated Szelser enterprises, the largest factory in Ozorkow. This factory employed more than 3,000 employees, including 150 Jews. In addition to the two large synagogues, the Great Synagogue and the Bet ha-Midrash, there were shtieblach (ḥasidic houses of prayer) in Ozorkow. The last rabbi of the community was Rabbi David Behr. In the 1930s the Jews were the target of much antisemitism as the Poles blamed them for the general economic situation, which was bad. In 1935 and 1936, the synagogue and Jewish cemetery were vandalized and damaged. After the German occupation in September 1939, the Polish and German populations in Orzokow turned openly against the Jews. World War II began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Fierce battles over Ozorkow took place and many residents—including Jews—were killed. Initially the Germans were forced to retreat, but finally took the city on September 5 or 7, 1939. A Judenrat was established in Ozorkow shortly after the German occupation began in September 1939. A Jewish police force was established in Ozorkow in the winter of 1940-1941. An open ghetto was established in Ozorkow in the summer of 1941. About half of the Jews in Ozorkow lived in the ghetto while the rest were able to continue living elsewhere in town until the end of 1941. The ghetto was in the Wiatraki suburb of Ozorkow along what are now as Partyzantow, Polna and Krasicki and Streets. Meanwhile, Jews from the surrounding areas, including the towns of Piatk and Parczew, were being resettled and concentrated in Ozorkow. By early 1942, there were around 5,000 Jews living there. Over 1,000 Jews worked outside the ghetto in a German factory. In 1941 many Jews from Ozorkow were sent to labor camps in Poznan (Poland) and the surrounding area. In the spring of 1941, several hundred young Jews mostly between the ages of 17 and 21 were rounded up and sent to forced labor camps near Gdansk and Poznan. On April 25, 1942, the Germans ordered that 8 or 10 Jews be publicly hanged on the market square, forcing the Jewish Police to participate in the executions. The same day, armed Gendarmes and SS men sorted the Jews in the Orzokow ghetto into two groups. About half of the ghetto population—mostly young children and adolescents—were sent on trucks to the Chelmno extermination camp. Between May 21 and 23, 1942, about 2,000 Jews were deported to the Chelmno death camp and murdered. On May 21-22, 1942, 1,387 Jews were sent to Lodz as laborers. A final selection took place in August 1942, when 1,800 Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto to work and all the others were killed. When the Germans occupied Ozorkow in 1939, a local man named Israel Frydman and his nephew, Tobias Drajhorn, hid their synagogue’s Torah in the attic of a small prayer house. Frydman did not survive the Holocaust, but Drajhorn returned to Ozorkow after the war and retrieved the Torah. In 1975, Rubin Lansky (a survivor who came from Ozorkow) and his wife Lola (a survivor from the same area) learned about the Torah and made arrangements for it to be brought to the United States. In August 1977, the Torah was dedicated at the Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi movement or Nazism is the ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hilter and the Nazi Party in Germany from 1933-1945. The ideology focuses a totalitarian principle of government, dictatorial rule, and the predominance of Germanic groups, who are assumed to be racially superior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e      Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003e     Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003cbr\u003e     Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003e    Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Getto Cajtung was newspaper published in Lodz, Poland for the Jewish population. It published the orders and announcements from the Nazi authorities. It was first published on March 7, 1941 with a total of 18 issues published between March and September 21, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reichsautobahn system was the beginning of the German autobahns which were built under the Nazi Germany. The plans for the autobahns dated to the 1920s with initial construction started in 1929. When Adolph Hitler came to power, he claimed the program has his own and embraced the construction of the highway network. In 1933, construction began simultaneously at multiple sites throughout Germany. The first stretch between Frankfurt and Darmstadt opened in May 1935 with the first 620 miles completed by September 1936. When worked ceased in 1941 due to World War II 2373.5 miles had been completed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChelmno was the first death camp in Poland. It was opened in December 1941. It was an experiment to see if bringing the Jews to a site was more efficient that sending the Einsatzgruppen to find them, one community at a time. It was. The Jews were brought to the village of Chelmno to a manor house, where they were told to take off their clothes and leave their belongings. Then they were loaded onto trucks about 50 to 70 at a time. The trucks were specially modified so that the exhaust gas didn’t go out the tailpipe but was directed up into the sealed cargo area where the Jews were loaded. As the truck drove from the village to the camp site where the mass graves were the Jews died of carbon monoxide poisoning or suffocation. When the truck arrived at the forest camp the bodies were unloaded, thrown into the mass graves and then the truck returned for more. It took about 20 minutes to make the one-way trip. Many of the Jews murdered there came from Lodz, which was about 60 miles away as well as many other small Jewish communities in the area. In March 1943, it was closed and the graves dug up, the bodies burned, and the ashes returned to the pits. Then in April 1944 it was opened again briefly to receive and murder the last Jews from Lodz. Altogether, at least 125,000 Jews were murdered there although the number is probably higher. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before the ghetto was set up Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940 almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. There were three well-known synagogues in Lodz. The orthodox synagogue, the Alte Shul [Polish: Old Town] or the Stara [Polish: old] synagogue, was a tall, very beautiful wooden structure that opened in 1860. The Great Synagogue [Polish: Wielka Synagoga; often referred to as ‘The Temple’) was a reform synagogue that opened in 1881. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city. A third synagogue, the Vilker Shul, was opened in 1899. All three were completely burned and demolished on November 14-15, 1939 during the German invasion of Lodz. The Great Synagogue of Łódź [Polish: Wielka Synagoga w Łodzi) was built for the reform congregation in 1881 with funds from wealthy local industrialists including I.K. Posnanski. At the time, it was the largest structure in the heart of the city. It was known as the ‘Great Synagogue’ but often referred to as ‘The Temple,’ or the Schnaydershul [Yiddish: tailor’s synagogue], the Shustershul [Yiddish: cobbler’s synagogue] and as the Synagogue of the Tailors and the Cobblers. It was completely burned down on November 14-15, 1939. Established in 1892, the Lodz Jewish Cemetery (also known as the “New Jewish Cemetery” and commonly referred to as the “cemetery at Marysin”) was once the largest Jewish cemetery in Poland and one of the largest in the world. It was enclosed in the western portion of the ghetto. The cemetery remained in use during the ghetto’s existence and largely survived the war. A second, smaller cemetery was also enclosed in the eastern portion of the ghetto. The Old Jewish Cemetery had been established in 1811 but few people were buried there after the New Jewish Cemetery had been established. During the war, some of the headstones were pulled down and, by the 1960s, it had been entirely covered over by developers. On December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. Chaim Rumkowski, an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the Judenrat. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator and toadie. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans, at least some of them would be saved. The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000. Of the over 41,000 Jews who were also consolidated in the Lodz ghetto from the fall of 1941: 2,900 came from the Kujawy region; 18,000 to 18,500 came from localities near Lodz; and 19,954 arrived from Prague, Vienna, Luxembourg, Berlin, Dusseldorf, Emden, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Cologne. West European Jews, in particular, found adjusting to the ghetto’s economic realities difficult. About half never found jobs. West European Jews were also overrepresented among the tens of thousands who died in the ghetto from starvation and disease. About 50 percent of the deaths between October 1941 and May 1942 were West European Jews. Despite grim living conditions, the Lodz ghetto sustained a variety of cultural activities. Religious observance continued until September 1942. Poets, writers and musicians presented works in soup kitchens and at a cultural hall. The cultural events enabled individuals to forget their isolation, hunger, and despair for a time. Until October 1941, an Education Department operated within the ghetto. About 14,800 students attended more than 40 schools. While the classrooms were overcrowded and ill equipped, the schools managed to provide an important environment of normalcy for the children who attended them. At school, the children also received one meal a day, which often meant the difference between life and death. After the fall of 1941, the schools ceased to exist, and their buildings were occupied by the influx of people brought into the already overcrowded ghetto. From then on, education was conducted partly in secret and partly under the guise of professional training for workers. Children as young as ten went to work in the ghetto’s workshops, which became new schools for vocational training, Yiddish, arithmetic, and a little general education. Until the September 1942 deportations, health services in the ghetto functioned relatively normally with seven hospitals and multiple pharmacies, clinics and emergency rooms. Some 2,306 children were born in the Lodz ghetto during its existence. Approximately 13,000 people were sent to 160 forced labor camps from Lodz. In the spring and summer of 1940 Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness. The Germans also often captured men for forced labor or the Judenrat would supply workers. Forced labor involved backbreaking work such as street cleaning, repairing the roads, draining swampy fields, or digging trenches and canals. In October 1940, authorities began to develop workshops in the ghetto. By July 1942, there were 74 ghetto workshops. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Over 53,000 workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops. In October 1940, the Lodz ghetto’s Central Prison was established in on Czarnieckiego Street. The prison consisted of several brick and wooden buildings surrounded by a wall and a wire fence. The prison was managed by the Jewish police force and housed Jews who were suspected of crime such as theft or bribery. Poles caught trading goods illegally or smuggling food to the ghetto were occasionally sent to the prison. The Kripo also sent Jews to the prison who were found smuggling or escaping. The location was also an assembly point for people destined for the Nazi labor and death camps. The first deportation began in December 1940 where about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. From January to May 1942 another wave of deportations took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to Chelmno death camp and murdered. On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion, three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto—Lagiewnicka, Drenowska and Wesola Streets—were surrounded and brutally emptied by the Germans. The children’s hospital on Lagiewnicka Street was four stories tall and the Germans, rather than walking up and down the stairs with the children, just threw them out the window to the street below. Even as they emptied the hospitals, the Germans surrounded the ghetto streets and brutally dragged another 16,000 Jews from their homes. After that Aktion, the ghetto was turned into a work camp. Approximately 13,000 people were sent from Lodz to 160 forced labor camps, established mainly near Poznan, to construct the Autobahn to Frankfurt an der Oder. During the war, the parish house of the St. Mary Assumption’s Church was the location of the German police criminal unit, called the Kripo. The inhabitants of the ghetto called that particular police station \"The Red House\" (\"Rote Haus\"), in reference to the red bricks it was made of and what it represented, a place of torture. The German Kripo post was appointed on May 19, 1940. Initially, the Kripo was to fight smuggling and to watch that no one entered or left the ghetto without permission. However, detecting and confiscating property hidden by the ghetto inhabitants gradually became its main task. The Kripo also had a network of Jewish informers that provided information on who might have hidden valuables. A Jewish police unit, which guarded the jail, was housed on the ground floor. There was one isolated cell that held one person, and six other cells. The Kripo had the authority to carry out searches at any time, day or night. They routinely beat and tortured their victims to get people to talk. In the ghetto, the “Red House\" was tantamount to a torture chamber. Upon entering, a person was typically left dead or disabled. More often than not, the family would receive information about the sudden death of an arrestee. In 1943, the Kripo was structurally connected to the Gestapo and started to prosecute political offences as well. This police station operated in the ghetto until the end of the war. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. After the major Aktion in September 1942, the Lodz ghetto was turned into a work camp. By August 1942, there were almost 100 factories within the ghetto. The major factories produced textiles. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops and received only meager food rations from their employers. By August 1944 the ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Chaim Rumkowski and his family went on the August 30, 1944 transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he was murdered. His gamble that some Jews could survive through work did not take into account the Germans desire to kill all the Jews, even if they could work. Some Jews were kept to clean out the ghetto and when the Russians liberated the city in January 1945 only about 900 Jews were still alive. Another 10,000 to 20,000 survived in other camps in the Reich or in the Soviet Union. Within two years after the end of German occupation in Lodz, the Jewish community was rebuilt to be the second largest in Poland. More than 50,000 Jews had settled in Lodz by the end of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLagiewnicka Street housed a hospital and a pediatric hospital in the Lodz, Poland ghetto during World War II. In September 1942, the hospital was an assembly point for the deportation of all adults over age 65 and children under 10. The victims were sent to Chemno concentration camp and killed. Afterwards, the hospital was transformed into a tailoring workshop to make military uniforms for the German war effort. Plant No. 1 of the Tailors’ Division was located at 45 Lagiewnicka Street.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKriminalpolizei, often abbreviated as Kripo was the German name for the criminal investigation department under the Nazis. The Kripo consisted of the Reich Criminal Police Department and in 1939 became Department V of the Reich Security Main Office. They mostly consisted of plainclothes detectives and agents and worked in conjunction with the Gestapo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information on Joseph Sotto could be found.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German SS officer and physician during World War II. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzarnieckiego Prison was located in the Lodz ghetto. Chaim Rumkowski, the head of the Jewish Council of Elders in Lodz ghetto, ordered it be built in October 1940 for Jewish prisoners. The prison was managed by the Jewish police force and individuals were imprisoned here for all types of charges. Some prisoners temporarily taken by the Kripo and Gestapo were held here. The prison was also an assembly point for people being sent to the Nazi concentration camps. The prison was torn down after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for Roma, and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center. It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942 and was later dismantled. “Provisional” gas chamber II operated from June 1942 through the fall of 1944. The SS judged these facilities to be inadequate for the scale of gassing they planned at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Four large crematorium buildings were constructed between March and June 1943. Each had three components: a disrobing area, a large gas chamber and crematorium ovens. The SS continued gassing operations at Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information could be found on Dr. Heinrich or Heidenreich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNo information could be found on Dr. Maurer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSwitzerland is a landlocked country located at the center western, central and southern Europe. It is boarded by Italy on the south, France on the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. As a neutral country, Switzerland became a favored repository of capital in the years leading up to and during World War II. With the rise of Nazism, many European Jews sought to safeguard their assets by depositing their money in Swiss bank accounts and valuables in Swiss safe deposit boxes. During the war, the Swiss were the principal bankers and financial brokers of the Nazis, handling vast sums of currency, gold and other valuables they had plundered directly from individual Holocaust victims and from the reserves of conquered countries. Switzerland also purchased vast amounts of gold from Allied and Axis powers. It exchanged the precious metal for Swiss francs, the only free convertible currency at the time outside the American dollar. This trade benefitted Germany in particular, effectively turning Switzerland into an enabler of the German war effort. After the war, survivors were often unable to provide the required documentation needed to retrieve the assets that belonged to them or their deceased relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, a number of German physicians conducted medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. They performed these studies without the consent of the victims, who suffered indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, or, in many cases, death as a result. The unethical experiments carried out may be divided into three categories. One category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel. In the second category, experiments were aimed at developing and testing treatment methods, including pharmaceuticals, for injuries or illnesses encountered in the field by German military personnel. The third category sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi Party’s worldview. Josef Mengele’s experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau are perhaps the most infamous example of such experiments. The most notorious experiments involved freezing, high altitude, poison, tuberculosis, transplants, sterilization, artificial insemination, seawater, and experiments on twins. Many physicians worked at Auschwitz-Birkenau during its existence. Medical staff routinely performed selections of prisoners at the arrival ramp, determining who would be retained for work, who would be sent to the gas chambers, and sometimes, as in the case of Josef Mengele, who would be used in medical experiments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Storch was a brother of Marty Storch. He was born in Ozorkow, Poland about 1927 and survived the concentration camps at Auschwitz and Birkenau. He immigrated with his brother, Marty to the United States in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Jack and Marty opened and grocery store together. He later built apartment buildings. Jack and his wife Janine had two children, Dominique and Rael. He passed away on September 24, 2001. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is an infectious disease transmitted through lice, ticks, mites and rat fleas. It is characterized by a purple rash, headaches, fever and sometimes delirium. It has historically caused high mortality rates during wars and famines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. Kapos were generally criminals. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhlhausen [German: Mühlhausen] was part of the Buchenwald group of sub-camps. The prisoners worked in the Geratbau GmbH, a subsidiary of the clock making firm Thiel, Ruhla, which manufactured timers and precision instruments, and the Junkers aircraft company, which produced detonators and precision instruments. The camp was located in northwest Germany about 75 miles (120 km) west of Leipzig, near the town of Muhlhausen. The factory had originally utilized Polish forced laborers, who were housed in the so-called Camp B. Camp B was about 1.6 miles (2.5 km) away from the factory, on the edge of the Muhlhausen city forest. As the war drug on, Polish workers became scarcer. Following a private discussion between a representative of Geratbau and the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, the establishment of a sub-camp for 500 female employees was agreed upon. The camp opened at the beginning of September 1944. Muhlhausen was under the command of SS-Sturmführer Otto Baus. Twenty-three women were selected from Geratbau’s staff as guards and trained at Ravensbruck concentration camp in August and September 1944. An advance detachment of guards from Buchenwald arrived in Muhlhausen in August along with 12 guards recruited from the SS and Wehrmacht. The first 8 female guards arrived in early September and were soon followed by the remainder from Ravensbruck. The female overseer (Oberaufseherin) was a transport leader named Bassler. In early September 1944, 300 Hungarian Jews from the Lodz ghetto arrived in Muhlhausen. On October 30, 1944, another 200 young Hungarian and Polish women who had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau from different ghettos arrived at Muhlhausen. Only a few of the female prisoners remained in the camp to work: the camp elder, Sara Feldman; 17 women in charge of the food, kitchen and storeroom; 8 women in charge of cleaning the barracks; and 3 nurses who assisted an SS medical orderly in the infirmary. The remainder of the women worked in 12-hour shifts and had to march to the factory from Camp B, where the barracks were. In addition to long hours at work and catastrophic hygiene conditions, the women had to endure the daily walk to and from the factory in freezing cold weather in completely inadequate clothing. Even the camp leader, Baus, complained to Buchenwald that the women could not work efficiently without shoes and underwear. In February 1945 the women were evacuated to Celle, Germany, and driven on foot the 9 miles (15 km) to Bergen-Belsen. Bergen-Belsen was liberated on April 15, 1945 at which time 80% of the women who had been sent there from Muhlhausen had died. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGorlitz [German: Görlitz] was a Jewish forced labor camp also known as “Biesnitzer Grund.” It was located in Biesnitz, a village southwest of Görlitz, which is a town in present-day eastern Germany, on the Polish border. The camp was under the control of Organisation Schmelt from May 1943 to January 1944. In August 1944, the camp had become a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen and 225 Jewish prisoners were sent to Gorlitz from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Between 500 and 800 Jews from the dissolved Lodz ghetto arrived in the camp via Auschwitz-Birkenau on September 5, 1944. By December 1944, approximately 1,500 male and female prisoners were in the camp. Some of the prisoners made armored vehicles and others worked in a brick-making factory. The living and food conditions were terrible, and the death rate was very high. The camp was forcibly evacuated on February 18, 1945 as the Russian army advanced. The march took three weeks and wound through the villages of Kunnerwitz, Friedersdorf, Sohland, and Alterndorf to Rennersdorf. When they arrived at Rennersdorf the Germans decided they wanted all the prisoners back at Gorlitz and they were marched back. The Russians liberated the camp on May 8, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePressured by domestic radical nationalists and fascists, the Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. In November 1940, Hungary officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Hungarian troops participated alongside German troops in the 1941 invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, but Germany did not directly control the internal activities of Hungary until 1944. Hungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943. When it became clear that the Nazis would not emerge from the war victorious, the Hungarian government attempted to pull out of the alliance with Germany, and sought an armistice with the Allies. To prevent these efforts, German forces invaded and occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. The Nazis set up a new government loyal to Germany, which cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews. Between May and July 1944, nearly 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported primarily to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where almost all of them were murdered. Thousands were also sent to the Austrian border to dig fortification trenches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMein Kampf is the 1925 autobiographical manifesto written by the Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. In the book, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views were formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. The book also outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJonesboro, Georgia is a city and the county seat of Clayton, Georgia. It is located about 18 miles south of Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/annotation_set/820/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. The biggest group of those deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau was Jews from more than 20 European countries. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with a letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=2430.0,2460.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Marty Storch [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marty discusses growing up in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=15.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm born in Poland in a small city, by the name of Ozorkow [Polish: Ozorków] population of 27,000 and\nthe Jewish population have consist of a quarter of the population, which it was a large Jewish\npopulation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=15.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf 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faced","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=69.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were, we felt [that] we were discriminated, terribly discriminated as citizen[s] living in Poland.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=69.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf 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Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=211.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I remember, like today, September 8,1939, when the German army marched into our hometown.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=211.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Execution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hangings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harassment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Invasion of Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish 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Reichsautobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=309.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have sent me out to the German Reichsautobahn to work the Deutsche, the German highways, which I worked a short time, probably about six between six or seven months.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=309.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced 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II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855#t=350.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/78446/file/165855/index/51839/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have managed to get home, which I was sorry for the rest of my years because I have seen so much, which I would see in the camps.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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