{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2v2c82587w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Groen, Jaap"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-03-20 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJaap Groen interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on March 20, 2009 in McCaysville, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJaap Groen was born in Antwerp, Belgium in 1925 to Abraham and Lena Rootveld Groen. His parents, who were Dutch Jews, decided to return to Amsterdam, where his father worked in the diamond industry, when Jaap was three-and-a-half years old.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, a year after the Nazis invaded Holland, sixteen-year-old Jaap and his parents were arrested and imprisoned in a theater in Amsterdam that had been converted into a makeshift prison. The family managed to escape with the assistance of the Dutch Resistance, who hid his parents in Amsterdam and later Groot-Ammers. Jaap was hidden in Amsterdam and then in Utrecht, where he worked as a member of the Underground making counterfeit identification cards. When the group was arrested, Jaap’s false identity was discovered by a Nazi guard who was a former schoolmate. Jaap was then sent to the Westerbork transit camp before being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he was imprisoned for three years.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jaap was selected, along with 27 other men, to undergo medical experiments. Dr. Josef Mengele and his assistant, Dr. Heinz Kashub, gave Jaap and the other men injections in their arms or legs, which became tumors that were then removed. After being forced to ingest picric acid, only Jaap and two others survived. Jaap was then sent on a death march to the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. There, he labored in the rock quarry. From Mauthausen, Jaap was sent to the Ebensee concentration camp in Austria, where his health quickly deteriorated in the last weeks of the war. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Jaap was taken to a hospital in Linz, Austria and managed to get on a plane that was transporting patients to Paris, France. At Hospital Bichat, Jaap was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He was soon flown home to Amsterdam, where he reunited with his parents, who adopted one of Jaap’s childhood friends—the only survivor of her family. Jaap spent the next year in bed, recovering.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, he married Rei Van Voorthuyzen, a Dutch Resistance member who had helped hide his parents. They had one son. After a relapse of tuberculosis in 1950, Jaap began a career in advertising. In 1957, Jaap decided to leave Europe. The family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jaap’s adopted sister had also moved. His parents followed and settled in New Jersey a few years later. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJaap began working at Rich’s department store as a window dresser. He later worked as an advertising executive at Citizens Jewelry and as Vice President of Advertising and Marketing for the catalog merchant Ellman’s. In 1985, he started his own advertising business. After his retirement, Jaap and his second wife, Patricia, moved to McCaysville in north Georgia. Jaap was active in the Blue Ridge Arts Association and sharing his story with school and community groups.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJaap introduces his family and shares details of his childhood. He talks about the challenges of immigrating to the United States because of quotas. Jaap recalls childhood friends and what he learned about Nazis from Germans who had immigrated to Holland. He remembers the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands. He explains how his connections in the Dutch Resistance helped his family escape after being arrested in 1941. Jaap talks about going into hiding and assuming a false identity. He explains his arrest as part of the Underground. Jaap tells how his Jewish identity was discovered. He mentions being sent to the Westerbork transit camp. Jaap details his deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. He remembers arriving in Birkenau and being selected for work. Jaap talks about his introduction to the main Auschwitz camp, learning about the gas chambers, and being tattooed. He shares his motivation to survive. Jaap outlines daily life in Auschwitz. He recounts how he hurt his ankle and ended up in the camp hospital, where he was selected by Dr. Josef Mengele and Dr. Heinz Kashub for medical experiments. Jaap details the medical experiments he endured. He considers the responsibility of governments that sanction regimes who commit atrocities. Jaap tells how he was sent on a death march to Mauthausen, where he worked in the rock quarry. He talks about his transfer to Ebensee, where he worked in underground tunnels. Jaap recalls how his health deteriorated and he was sent to a barracks with others who could not work and were left to die. He recounts the day the camp was liberated. Jaap outlines his treatment at a hospital in Linz, Austria and then Paris, France. He reminisces about returning to Amsterdam and reuniting with his parents. Jaap talks about his yearlong recovery from tuberculosis. He shares how challenging it was to resume a normal life and learning of family and friends who had died. Jaap explains how he found a job and, after a relapse of tuberculosis, started a career in advertising. He remembers talking to people about his experiences after the war. Jaap discusses a few incidents of antisemitism he and his family encountered and why he decided to leave Europe. He outlines his participation in the Civil Rights Movement after he came to Atlanta, Georgia. Jaap talks about his job at Rich’s and as an advertising executive at Ellman’s. He compares the Dutch and Atlanta Jewish communities. He remembers his first impressions of segregation. Jaap explains why he and his second wife moved to north Georgia after retirement. Jaap describes his foster sister’s experience during the Holocaust. He shares his experiences talking to school children and the local community. Jaap shares his concerns about antisemitism in Europe today. He weighs the value of Anne Frank and other well-known survivors’ stories. He tells a story about a coworker who supported segregation. Jaap discusses his first wife and his son. The interview closes with his opinions on whether the world has learned from the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28921"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Groen, Jacob \"Jaap\" (personal name)","Antwerp (Belgium) (geographic)","Holocaust (Jewish), 1939-1945 (named event)","Dutch Resistance (topical)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (Concentration camps) (topical)","World War II (named event)","Van Voorthuyzen, Marie (personal name)","Rich's Department Store (corporate name)","Mengele, Josef (personal name)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic)","Blue Ridge Arts Association (corporate name)","antisemitism (topical)","advertising (topical)","educational outreach (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJaap Groen interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on March 20, 2009 in McCaysville, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJaap Groen was born in Antwerp, Belgium in 1925 to Abraham and Lena Rootveld Groen. His parents, who were Dutch Jews, decided to return to Amsterdam, where his father worked in the diamond industry, when Jaap was three-and-a-half years old.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, a year after the Nazis invaded Holland, sixteen-year-old Jaap and his parents were arrested and imprisoned in a theater in Amsterdam that had been converted into a makeshift prison. The family managed to escape with the assistance of the Dutch Resistance, who hid his parents in Amsterdam and later Groot-Ammers. Jaap was hidden in Amsterdam and then in Utrecht, where he worked as a member of the Underground making counterfeit identification cards. When the group was arrested, Jaap\u0026rsquo;s false identity was discovered by a Nazi guard who was a former schoolmate. Jaap was then sent to the Westerbork transit camp before being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he was imprisoned for three years.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jaap was selected, along with 27 other men, to undergo medical experiments. Dr. Josef Mengele and his assistant, Dr. Heinz Kashub, gave Jaap and the other men injections in their arms or legs, which became tumors that were then removed. After being forced to ingest picric acid, only Jaap and two others survived. Jaap was then sent on a death march to the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. There, he labored in the rock quarry. From Mauthausen, Jaap was sent to the Ebensee concentration camp in Austria, where his health quickly deteriorated in the last weeks of the war.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Jaap was taken to a hospital in Linz, Austria and managed to get on a plane that was transporting patients to Paris, France. At Hospital Bichat, Jaap was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He was soon flown home to Amsterdam, where he reunited with his parents, who adopted one of Jaap\u0026rsquo;s childhood friends\u0026mdash;the only survivor of her family. Jaap spent the next year in bed, recovering.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, he married Rei Van Voorthuyzen, a Dutch Resistance member who had helped hide his parents. They had one son. After a relapse of tuberculosis in 1950, Jaap began a career in advertising. In 1957, Jaap decided to leave Europe. The family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jaap\u0026rsquo;s adopted sister had also moved. His parents followed and settled in New Jersey a few years later.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJaap began working at Rich\u0026rsquo;s department store as a window dresser. He later worked as an advertising executive at Citizens Jewelry and as Vice President of Advertising and Marketing for the catalog merchant Ellman\u0026rsquo;s. In 1985, he started his own advertising business. After his retirement, Jaap and his second wife, Patricia, moved to McCaysville in north Georgia. Jaap was active in the Blue Ridge Arts Association and sharing his story with school and community groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJaap introduces his family and shares details of his childhood. He talks about the challenges of immigrating to the United States because of quotas. Jaap recalls childhood friends and what he learned about Nazis from Germans who had immigrated to Holland. He remembers the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands. He explains how his connections in the Dutch Resistance helped his family escape after being arrested in 1941. Jaap talks about going into hiding and assuming a false identity. He explains his arrest as part of the Underground. Jaap tells how his Jewish identity was discovered. He mentions being sent to the Westerbork transit camp. Jaap details his deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. He remembers arriving in Birkenau and being selected for work. Jaap talks about his introduction to the main Auschwitz camp, learning about the gas chambers, and being tattooed. He shares his motivation to survive. Jaap outlines daily life in Auschwitz. He recounts how he hurt his ankle and ended up in the camp hospital, where he was selected by Dr. Josef Mengele and Dr. Heinz Kashub for medical experiments. Jaap details the medical experiments he endured. He considers the responsibility of governments that sanction regimes who commit atrocities. Jaap tells how he was sent on a death march to Mauthausen, where he worked in the rock quarry. He talks about his transfer to Ebensee, where he worked in underground tunnels. Jaap recalls how his health deteriorated and he was sent to a barracks with others who could not work and were left to die. He recounts the day the camp was liberated. Jaap outlines his treatment at a hospital in Linz, Austria and then Paris, France. He reminisces about returning to Amsterdam and reuniting with his parents. Jaap talks about his yearlong recovery from tuberculosis. He shares how challenging it was to resume a normal life and learning of family and friends who had died. Jaap explains how he found a job and, after a relapse of tuberculosis, started a career in advertising. He remembers talking to people about his experiences after the war. Jaap discusses a few incidents of antisemitism he and his family encountered and why he decided to leave Europe. He outlines his participation in the Civil Rights Movement after he came to Atlanta, Georgia. Jaap talks about his job at Rich\u0026rsquo;s and as an advertising executive at Ellman\u0026rsquo;s. He compares the Dutch and Atlanta Jewish communities. He remembers his first impressions of segregation. Jaap explains why he and his second wife moved to north Georgia after retirement. Jaap describes his foster sister\u0026rsquo;s experience during the Holocaust. He shares his experiences talking to school children and the local community. Jaap shares his concerns about antisemitism in Europe today. He weighs the value of Anne Frank and other well-known survivors\u0026rsquo; stories. He tells a story about a coworker who supported segregation. Jaap discusses his first wife and his son. The interview closes with his opinions on whether the world has learned from the Holocaust.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/102/small/Groen_Jaap.mp4_1663357575.jpg?1663357576","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Groen_Jaap.mp4"]},"duration":9159.173,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/102/small/Groen_Jaap.mp4_1663357575.jpg?1663357576","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/102/original/Groen_Jaap.mp4?1663357554","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":9159.173,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Jaap Groen [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: [Today is] March 20, 2009. I'm John Kent.\n\nGROEN: I'm Jaap Groen. Originally, my name is Jaap [pronounces Groen in Dutch\nlike \"Ch-ruin\"], but it sounds like a throat infection in the United States, so\nwe changed it into Jaap Groen.\n\nKENT: Where were you born?\n\nGROEN: I was born in Antwerp, Belgium, from Dutch parents. When I was\nthree-and-a-half years old, my parents decided to go back to Holland. The reason\nwas my father was a diamond cutter. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, the business was better in\nAntwerp and that's where I was born.\n\nKENT: What year?\n\nGROEN: It was in 1925.\n\nKENT: And the basics, your parents' names?\n\nGROEN: My parents . . . My father was Abraham Groen, or really, my father's name\nwas Abraham Groen [pronounces it in Dutch]. Even when they moved to the United\nStates, he kept Groen [pronounces it in Dutch]. They all said it incorrectly,\nbut he didn't mind.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you spell it?\n\nGROEN: G-R-O-E-N, the same, yes.\n\nKENT: Your mother?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GROEN: My mother was Lena Groen. Her maiden name was Rootveld.\n\nKENT: Were there any brothers or sisters?\n\nGROEN: I have no brothers and sisters. At a later age, I got a foster sister,\nwho was originally from Germany. Her parents were killed in the camps and she\ncame back from Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. [It is] a whole different story that takes\nanother movie. She came back and my parents decided--because they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always thought\nwe were brother and sister--that she should come in our family. She became my sister.\n\nKENT: Her name?\n\nGROEN: Her name was, at that time, Lora Weile [sp]. When she became to the\nUnited States, she changed Lora into Dickie. It sounded better than Lora.\n\nKENT: Can you describe your earlier family memories? What kind of a situation\nwere you born into?\n\nGROEN: We were a typical Jewish family. We were not what we call . . . We didn't\ngo to synagogue, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but my grandparents were really . . . They went to shul\n[Yiddish: synagogue], yes. My father went to Talmud Torah [Hebrew: study of the\nTorah]. Talmud Torah is like the school with the Bible, but in Yiddish, in\nHebrew. He became bar mitzvahed. I became bar mitzvahed, too. We did that for my\ngrandparents. I'm the typical Jew. My family, we ate our chicken for Friday\nnight. My mother cooked for Friday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for Shabbos, but we were not very\nreligious. That is our family. My father had brothers and sisters and they were\nall killed except one. One, when the war broke out, when [Adolf] Hitler entered\nBelgium and Holland, they lived in Antwerp because they stayed in Antwerp. They\nwere also diamond cutters. They had one son-in-law who was an Englishman, and\nwho had to go into the army, and took the whole family on that boat with him, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nthey were all saved. But the rest of my family--and my mother had only one\nsister, no children, but, from the other side, from my father's side there were\na lot of children--all killed, all of them dead.\n\nKENT: What was your mother like?\n\nGROEN: My mother was a typical Jewish mother and stayed that way until the end\nof her life. She was always the mother, and she raised me well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very hard\nto describe your mother. It's not so easy. But she was always very open with\nfriends. They lived for a long time in Holland, but when I moved to the United\nStates in 1957, my father said, \"We are going to move too,\" but it was not as\neasy for them as it was for me. That is the story I am going to tell you now. I\nwent to the U.S. Consulate when we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided . . . I was not married to my present\nwife, Patricia, we are married thirty-five years. She's an American, but my\nfirst wife was from Holland. She passed away a couple of years ago. We got a\ndivorce a long time ago. When I lived in the United States, my parents said,\n\"Well, we live too far away from Jaap. We should go, too.\" But I was born in\nAntwerp, and the law, the immigration law is [that] it is not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your nationality,\nit is where you're born. That is the quota you go on. When I was at the U.S.\nConsulate in Amsterdam, they said, \"You're in the wrong Consulate. You're born\nin Antwerp, you have to go to Brussels.\" There, I found out that I could go next\nweek. There was an open quota. Holland it would have taken two to three years.\nWhen my parents went to get the papers, it took them almost two-and-a-half\nyears, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they came, and my parents stayed in New York. They didn't live in New\nYork; they lived in New Jersey, a small town. What was the name? I cannot think\nof the name. That's my eighty-four-year-old brain. Palisades Park! It came just\nnow. Then, my father went every day to 47th Street in New York, where the\ndiamond business is and cut his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diamonds. That's what he did until he was\nseventy-six years old and then he retired.\n\nKENT: How would you describe yourself as a kid?\n\nGROEN: When I was a kid, I was a skinny kid and was very well with my friends.\nWe had a big group of friends. I was always interested in music and in theater.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a very good time as a kid, a very good time--of course, until the war\nstarted. Then all the misery started, but that comes later. You want to know\nwhat kind of a kid I was. I had many friends, and we had a group of eleven kids,\ngirls and boys. We called ourselves 'the Group of Eleven.' We were all\ninterested in music. Four played guitar, so we had a group that played guitar.\nThe rest were very interested in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theater, so we played sketches. They hired us\nto play for families who couldn't . . . The very beginning of the war, Jews\ncouldn't go to the theater anymore. They were a little bit older than [me]. I\nwas sixteen and they were already eighteen and nineteen. We had a good time.\n\nKENT: What do you remember during the thirties when in Germany things are\nstarting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to change. Did anything affect you guys in Antwerp?\n\nGROEN: I was fortunate to know a little bit more about it than other kids at\nthat time, because I was involved with German kids. Like I just said, Lora\nWeile, who became after the war my sister, she told me, of course, and her\nparents were very informative. They told me a lot about what's happened in\nGermany, that Kristallnacht and all this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very . . . I knew the stuff that\nwas going on. It frightened me a little bit, but my father on the other side\nsaid, \"That is for German Jews. Hitler is not interested in Dutch Jews.\" Even in\nthe beginning of the war when nothing happened to the Jews until one year later,\nwe were occupied on May 1940, and it was not until 1941 that the first Jewish\ntrouble ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started. Then my father woke up and said, \"Yeah, they were right. We are\nin trouble.\"\n\nKENT: What was the attitude of the non-Jews before the war started?\n\nGROEN: Fantastic. Before the war, antisemitism was not a major thing. There were\n. . . Holland at that time had a population of nine million. There are always\nsome people that had that feeling that Jews are not the same as they are. But\nreal antisemitism? No. I have never experienced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Of course, I went to\nschool. My father was a diamond cutter, and the diamond industry was a Jewish\nindustry in Holland, so we lived in a neighborhood close to the diamond exchange\nand close to where the factories were where the diamonds were cut and polished,\nso eighty percent of the kids I went to school with were Jewish. But, my\nfriendship with other kids, they were not all Jews, no.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What do you remember when the war actually started? What started to change?\n\nGROEN: First, when it started, it was . . . I remember very well when we woke up\nin the morning at four o'clock and there were all these planes going over. That\nwas not a normal thing in Amsterdam to hear all these planes flying over. Now\nand then you heard there was a plane going over, but these [were] a hundred\nplanes at the same time. We all woke up and said, \"What is going on?\" My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father\nturned on the radio and then the news [said it] was that the Nazis--not the\nNazis; the Germans. I don't use that word anymore. [I do not say] the 'Germans,'\nbecause the German people are real good right now, so I have no problem with\nthem. But the Nazis came in and just ruined the whole thing and the lives of\nmany people. I remember that day very well. Slowly but surely, because of the\nJewish kids I knew from Germany . . . A lot of German immigrants came to Holland\nbecause it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a matter of crossing the border. You didn't need any papers\nor anything. These kids were getting ready to [immigrate to Israel]. It wasn't\neven Israel at that time; just Palestine. They learned farming on the Dutch\nfarms, and then went to an organization--you must have heard of\nthat--Hachsharah, where they were also taught, Ivrit, the Hebrew that's spoken\nin Israel. We knew a lot about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, more than most other Jewish kids.\n\nKENT: What was your parents' expectation of what was going to happen?\n\nGROEN: My father became a very pessimistic person, but something happened that\nit was very unusual. We were one of the first families that were arrested. We\ndon't know why, but we lived in a Jewish neighborhood. When it started in 1941,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one night--the doorbell didn't ring--they cut in the door, and came up, and\narrested us, and sent us to a make-shift prison. It was a theater. That's where\nwe were there for some time. Because of my connections with the German-Jewish\npeople who had another organization called Anski [a Polish-Jewish organization],\nand they were really very much involved in the future, that if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this situation\nbecame really a little bit different, that they could do something about it.\nThey thought they could do something about it. It was good for us, because they\ngot us out of that theater, all three of us, my parents and I. Then my parents\nhad to be hidden, and I had to be hidden. My parents were hidden in a very small\ntown in the middle of Holland, Groot-Ammers, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they found a place for me in\nAmsterdam. But it got worse and worse. There were raids everywhere, not only in\nthe Jewish neighborhoods, but everywhere were raids. That group--Anski--decided\nthat I should not stay in Amsterdam. They transported me to Utrecht. It's in the\nmiddle of Holland. That's where I was housed in a place where they made\nartificial [or] counterfeit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ID cards for the Jewish people who were hidden, that\nin the event they were caught, that--if they didn't go too deep in their\nhistory--they had a chance to be released. I had one like these.\n\nKENT: Did you look non-Jewish? Could you pass?\n\nGROEN: No, in my opinion I look very Jewish, but, you tried everything. My name\nwas changed, to [sounds like] Cornelius Rozenbrandt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That name was a real name\nin the Central Register, that was also changed with my picture, understand? I\nthought I was safe. I was not safe, because they were from the original Dutch\nResistance, and there was a lot of stuff going on in the house. I was in the\ngraphic school, so they used me to make counterfeit stamps. We were all\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested, seventeen people were arrested that night. They kicked in the windows,\nand the doors, and we were all arrested. I was sent to a little prison in the\nmiddle of Utrecht in the Waterstraat, the Water Street. That's where I was for\nsome time. That's where the real trouble started. Of course, I had these papers\n[for] Cornelius Rozenbrandt, and they left me alone. I was in my cell and\nnothing happened.\n\nKENT: They were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only arresting Jews?\n\nGROEN: No, the Underground was real big in Holland. From non-Jews, was real big.\nThe Resistance was big. Did a lot of good. Then my girlfriend, and later my\nfirst wife, she was one of them. She did a lot of good. As a matter of fact, the\naddress for my parents and for my address, she had a lot to do with this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's\nabout the story up to the camps. Then, when the real trouble started, there was\nroll call every morning.\n\nKENT: Which camp was that in Holland?\n\nGROEN: That was not a camp, it was a prison . . . Westerbork.\n\nKENT: Okay, right.\n\nGROEN: Yes, Westerbork was in Holland, but that was before [after] that. It was\nfirst in the Waterstraat. It was roll call every morning. Then [they would\ncall,] \"Cornelius Rozenbrandt,\" and I stepped forward, and back in the cell. One\nmorning, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Roll call, everybody out. The SS came in. I woke up and\none guy was an old school buddy of mine, Henk Jansen. I [thought], \"He is now a\nNazi. That's not good for me.\" The other officer was the manager of the roll\ncall. He called all the names [and called,] \"Cornelius Rozenbrandt.\" I stepped\nforward. [Henk] says, \"No, that is not Cornelius Rozenbrandt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is Jaap\nGroen.\" He said, \"Jaap, come here.\" I stepped forward. I said, \"What are you\ngoing to do?\" He said, \"Well, you know where you go. You go to prison.\" See, we\ndidn't know about concentration camps at that time. He said, \"You go to prison\nfor a long time.\" He was real nasty. I was sent to another prison. The\nPaardeveld was another prison in Utrech. I had solitary confinement for some\ntime. Then, finally, I ended up, as you just mentioned, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Westerbork. From\nWesterbork, I went to Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. But my parents were safe.\n\nKENT: Did you still have communication with them during that period?\n\nGROEN: No, there was no way. No. The woman who became later my wife, her name is\nMaria van Voorthuyzen. In the beginning, there was a little communication, but\nshe said it was better not to do that and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leave that alone. They were safe and\nfine. They were safe because they made it through all these years, almost four\nyears, three-and-a-half years.\n\nKENT: What are your memories of day-to-day existence in Westerbork?\n\nGROEN: Westerbork was a very strange camp, but it was the beginning. Every time\nyou went to another camp, it got worse. You always said, \"I wish I was back in .\n. .\" so, that was about the best camp ever, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because really, the SD, the\nSicherheitsdienst, they were really in charge of that camp. There was not many\nSS going on there. The SD did that. They didn't do anything to us. They left us\nalone. We were just there. The trouble was the transport to the unknown, where\nlater we learned was Auschwitz[-Birkenau].\n\nKENT: Was it run by Germans?\n\nGROEN: It was run by Dutch people, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people, and by Nazis, yes. It's\nvery hard to explain. There was a group of Jewish people who became the police\nin Westerbork. Some of them were very nice, and others were not so nice. If you\ngive people the power, some people will overstep that a little bit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they\nwant to save their neck. They had the same trouble that we had. We didn't like\nto go in that train to the unknown. They didn't want that either. They thought,\nwith that kind of an attitude and treating us like prisoners, they might live a\nlittle bit longer, and some of them did.\n\nKENT: How long were you in that transit camp?\n\nGROEN: In Westerbork, it was not that long, I think. You see, everything for me\nis a little bit difficult. Not that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forgot, but we didn't know exactly which\nday and date it was. It's all guessing. I think it was three-and-a-half, four\nmonths. Not that long. One day, my name was on the list and I had to go. Just a\nlot of people that I knew in the same car, yes.\n\nKENT: Were there any particular friends or people you remember?\n\nGROEN: Yes, I remember very well. [There] was one [man, who] was a very close\nfriend or a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good friend of my father. His name was Harry deLanger. Had a\nvery elegant women's shoe store in Amsterdam and very high scale. He was there\nwith his wife. It was not nice. We were standing up for all these days, no food,\nno drink, no nothing. Little bucket in the corner, and that was it. It took\nabout three days to Auschwitz[-Birkenau], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes.\n\nKENT: What other memories do you have of those three days?\n\nGROEN: You cannot even describe it. I don't even want to tell you. We were just\n. . . It would have been more comfortable if you could sit down, but there were\nso many people in one car that you couldn't sit down. You give people the\nchance, curl a bit up. You said, \"You're holding this baby. Just sit down for a\nmoment.\" The nice people. Not everybody was so nice. In trouble, nobody is very\nnice. You're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hungry, you're thirsty, and it's very nice to say, \"Madame, sit\ndown,\" but that's not the way it goes. It just gets uglier by the hour, so it\nwas not very nice. Some people screaming, \"Where are we going? It might be the\nend!\" Not a very nice memory. Then finally, we ended up what we knew later it\nwas called Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. Now, you don't arrive in Auschwitz. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrive\nreally in Birkenau. That is where the train stops, in Birkenau. That's where I\nmet for the first time Dr. [Joseph] Mengele. I didn't know his name at that\ntime, but he was the man that decided, left and right. You have heard that, I'm\nsure. Left was you can work in the camp, and right was straight to the gas chambers.\n\nKENT: Did you know that at the time?\n\nGROEN: No, no idea. That's all . . . You all learned that later. We didn't know\nwhat gas chambers [were]. We had never heard of that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What are your exact memories of when the door of the train opened up?\n\nGROEN: Fear. I mean, you get out and see all these people with their swastika\nbands on their arms and all their uniforms with the swastikas, you know you're\nnot in a resort. You know that immediately. I was very young. I was\nsixteen-years-old when it happened to me. I was a kid, so I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky. I was\nstrong. I was a gymnast, so I was strong. I went left. We went back on the other\nside, went to Auschwitz, and got our tattoo, and shaved our hair off, and looked\nlike all the others, got a uniform.\n\nKENT: What did you think the tattoo signified?\n\nGROEN: It was unbelievable. I couldn't believe that that it was even done. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndidn't really know what it meant at that time. I didn't. Then, later on, you\nfound out that you don't have a name anymore, that the only thing that is in the\ncamp is your number. [They would say,] \"Hey, Jude [German: Jew], sechsundzwanzig\n[German: twenty-six], dreiundzwanzig [German: twenty-three]. Come over here.\"\nThey didn't know I was Jaap Groen from Amsterdam.\n\nKENT: Did any of the prisoners there--the people who had already been\nthere--talk to you? Did they give you any information?\n\nGROEN: Yes, I remember when we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were . . . First, there was Appell [German: roll\ncall], like they didn't know who you were, so we stood there for hours in the\nroll call. Two were missing and it took longer and longer. Finally, we were\nassigned to a barrack, and then the . . . what they called the Blockalteste,\nthat is, the leader of the block, of the barrack, they give you information and\nthat information is frightening. He is a prisoner, but he is in charge and\n[scoffs] he is in charge all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. There were moments when we were more afraid\nof this guy than any SS officer in all of Auschwitz-Birkenau. He was horrible.\nNot all of them were that way, but ours was real bad. He told us, \"You're now in\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau]. This is a tough, tough life, a life that you might not be\nused to, but you'll learn it fast. And if you don't do what we want you to do,\nor what our superiors, the SS, wants you to do, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then if you look out of the\nwindow, it is approximately there.\" I'll never forget these words. All in\nGerman, he says, \"and you don't do it, du gehst [German: you go] . . . come in\nthrough the chimney.\" We didn't know what that meant. Then, a couple of days\nlater, you learn about the gas chamber, and you learn about how you get there.\n\nKENT: Did they put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out the attitude that you could survive if . . .\n\nGROEN: No, most people . . .\n\nKENT: Or Arbeit Macht Frei?\n\nGROEN: No. Let me tell you something that is very personal. I've told some\npeople that. I was a crazy kid. I was a typical survivor before I knew the word.\nWhen I came in to the camps, and it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a couple of weeks, I made myself a\npromise, \"Don't give them the pleasure of having you killed.\" You cannot help\nthem very much, because all they have to do in the morning and they find you a\nlittle skinnier than the others, [is say,] \"Du!\" [German: you] Then, you go to\nthe gas chamber. But you do as much as you can that they don't get mad at you or\nthat you are too visible. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned that trick. Not only for myself, but I\nwatched other people. Some people talked to me, \"Hey, you're young. You have a\ngood chance and you'll make it.\" They were right, I made it. Not many [did].\n\nKENT: What was a typical day like for you?\n\nGROEN: [They said,] \"Aus dem Bett!\" in the morning, [which means in German,] out\nof bed. In Auschwitz[-Birkenau], it was at four o'clock. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you had thirty\nminutes to wash up. That was nice in Auschwitz[-Birkenau], because there were\nfaucets. There were . . . I can't use with the word on this program, can I?\nOkay, they called it the 'scheisshaus' [German: shithouse]. The man in charge\nwas the scheissmeister [German: shit master]. He kept it clean and then we\nwashed. Now, do we have to translate that in English? No, you'll translate it\nwith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subtitles. You could wash up--real fast because there were hundreds of\npeople in the barrack. Then [mimics splashing face] and then Appell. If you were\nlucky, Appell was an hour. If we are not lucky, somebody was missing, or\noverslept and still in bed, it could take hours. Then, by seven o'clock\napproximately, you march out with your kommando, [German: work detachment] that\nis your work detail. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you go to work. In the beginning, I was very lucky\nwith the jobs that I had, before the real misery started in\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau]. In the beginning, I worked for the tomato plants in front\nof the SS barracks. It was a very small kommando. We had a little cart and we\ntook the water with us in the morning. Not everybody was a good off as we were.\nWe had water with us. That's already something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special. We made sure we used it\nfor the plants and we used it to drink at the same time. We worked and the\nguards were not as bad. They had a good job, too. That was a good job. We had\nsome other very bad jobs. Not all of us were that lucky, because there were very\nbad kommandos in Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. People had to work in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Buna. It was\nfactory where they made these sticks. [It] was not wood. It was a kind of an\nartificial material to throw the hand . . . You've seen a German hand grenade?\nIt's not like ours, where you pluck and throw that ball away. They had a stick\non it so you could throw it further. That was made there and then prisoners had\nto make that and attach that to the hand grenade. Bad jobs, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hot in the summer,\nthere was no air conditioning. And cold in the winter, because there was no heat\neither, so these people had a very hard time. There were horrible guards who\nshot people for nothing, [like] looking in the wrong direction. I was lucky with\nsome very nice details.\n\nKENT: When did you first get there approximately? Like, what year, what season?\n\nGROEN: After my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[imprisonment in Westerbork] . . . That was not really my reason\nfor doing this thing. My reason was to talk about Dr. Mengele's . . .\n\nKENT: Okay.\n\nGROEN: . . . terrible thing that he and his assistant did to a lot of prisoners\nand also to our kommando. But I'll finish this and then I would like to talk\nabout this. My reason for this is there are so many books written, and there\nwere so many movies made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the general situation in the camps. There was one\nstupid movie made about Dr. Mengele. That was The Boys from Brazil, that was\nabout the blue eyes that . . . That movie was completely incorrect. It was a\ntypical Hollywood movie. It was an interesting movie, it was partly true, but it\nwas not researched correctly. Nobody ever talks about Dr. Mengele anymore. He's\ndead, and forgotten, and it's over. Some people should know what can happen when\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government sanctions everything, good and bad. That is what Dr. Mengele took\nadvantage of. He took the Hippocratic Oath, and he never lived up to it. That is\nonly possible when you sanction it. There are other governments that have\nsanctioned a lot of things. This country, too, [with] four hundred years of\nsegregation and mistreatment. It's almost all over the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Mengele's\nsituation is a typical one and a typical warning for most people that live\ntoday, and who are living in the future.\n\nKENT: What was your involvement with him and the medical area?\n\nGROEN: My last kommando in September 1944, the last kommando I worked for [was]\nkommando Peterson [sp]. There was a company in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany who made sewerage systems\nin cities in Germany, and they had the job . . . See, there is something funny\nin Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. In Auschwitz[-Birkenau], in every block, because it was\nnot originally a camp, it was built as an army thing. Later it became a camp,\nbut there was sewerage. But these darned SS people, they lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barracks that\nwere built from wood and there was no sewerage. They had outhouses. In 1944, the\nGerman, the Nazi government decided they should have sewerage system, too, so,\nkommando Peterson was hired. Instead of bringing their own people, they say,\n\"You don't need anybody. We got people enough. These darn Jews and Gypsies, and\nGermans against Hitler, we have plenty of these people. Don't bring them, we\nhave them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\" I ended up in that kommando. I was a ditch digger, because if\nyou want sewerage system, it starts with digging trenches to put these pipes in.\nThat was my job with hundreds of other people, because there was a big . . .\noutside the camp, it was a real big territory. There were barracks after\nbarrack. I was digging the ditches. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were two guards sitting across from\nwhere I was digging and they knew [me]. I was working there for a couple of\nmonths. [They said,] \"Hollander, come over here,\" [In German, Hollander means]\nDutchman, \"Come here.\" I was lucky. I had a name, Dutchman. Most said,\n\"sechsundzwanzig, dreiundzwanzig.\" Instead of walking around the ditch, I\nthought I can make it and jump over it, and that was my mistake. I fell in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nankle was about this big. [indicates with hands off camera] There was no way\nthat I could dig more ditches. They put me on the wagon and I had to wait until\nwe went back to the camp till the day was over and they sent me straight to the\nKrankenbau [German], the hospital. Hospital . . . You don't get well there. You\njust are there and if you get too skinny, you know where you're going. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\nthere, and I played it sick, because you didn't have to work. You could get your\nstrength back a little bit, not that there was better food, there was no\nhospital food--not that hospital food is that great in the world. It was the\nsame food, the same soup that is not soup and the same bread that is not made\nout of flour. But, we didn't have to work. Every time when a guard walked by\n[makes a moaning sound]. You played your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little games. One day, \"Achtung!\n[German: Attention!] Everybody out of bed. In front of your bed.\" Now, you\ndidn't have the hospital gowns. You been in that bed in the same uniform that\nyou work in. Then two officers come in. I remembered this face. It was Mengele,\nwith another guy that we later found out was named Heinz ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaschub, K-A-S-C-H-U-B.\nThey walked around and I thought, \"My God, a selection.\" That was the word when\nyou were selected to go to the gas chamber. We were in the hospital, so there\nwas a reason for a selection. When you were skinny or you had an illness that\nyou couldn't survive anyway, you went straight to the gas chamber. Really, for\nthe first time that I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, \"Aha, Jaap, you are going to the worst\nplace in the world, to the gas chamber.\" Then he walked around, and he came\nback, and he was in back, and then he came back, and then he started doing, \"Du.\nDu. Du\" [German: You. You. You]. You were three high. \"Du. Du. Du. Du.\" His\nfinger goes to my chest. \"Du.\" Oh, my G-d, that's it. Everybody that was . . .\nhad to go. [We] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepped forward and had to follow Kaschub. Mengele disappeared.\nWe go across the street, where the ambulance was--the ambulance that was when\nyou got hurt at work. Then, at seven o'clock you didn't have to go immediately\nto Appell, you can go first and get a paper bandage around your wrist. We walked\nin there and then up the steps to the second floor. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door opened. Instead of\nthree on top of each other bunks, there were only two on top of each other. I\nlooked and there were real blankets and sheets. I never seen that for a long\ntime. We were all assigned to a bed. Kaschub was in charge, [saying] \"You are\nthere,\" and then he disappeared. Then, it is about time for the soup. We got\nreal soup ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of that stuff that you couldn't identify what it was. The next\nmorning, we got regular bread. [It was] not the greatest--it was war--but it was\nbread. It was not sawdust. [That is] what we called it, 'sawdust.' We were\nsurprised. It was good, but it was too good to be true. By that time, I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nineteen. I forgot one thing. I forgot two things, but let's go back first to\nthe most important one. There was one other Dutchman. My whole life is full with\ncoincidence. His father was a colleague of my father, also a diamond cutter, and\nhis name was Simon Jakobs, Jacobs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Jaap?\" I said, \"Sim.\" We were\nlucky. We were not in the same bunk, but we were across from each other. We\ncould talk to each other in Dutch that the other people didn't understand. There\nwere twenty-eight men who were there. Nothing happened. We got soup and we got\nbread. Nothing happened. We don't know exactly how long, but I talked about it\nwith Sim later. He said about two weeks maybe, maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit longer, about\nthat time. The door opens and Mengele comes back with Kaschub. He says, \"Nobody\nhas to be afraid for anything, but you all have to go with us, in groups, to the\noperating room downstairs\"--there was an operating room for the guards and for\nthe SS--\"and you'll find out what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happens there.\" You'll find out what happens\nthere. We didn't know what happens there. We went in groups. The first group\ncomes back, and they said, \"Well, we got an injection in our arm and that's it.\"\nHad a little thing [bandage] on it. Then, all the groups and everybody goes. We\nfind out when everybody was done that half of the people had the injection in\ntheir lower leg and half the people had it on both arms, on the upper arms,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right here [points to his upper left arm]. When everybody was done, Kaschub\ninspected us the next morning, took this thing off, put a new one on, and\ndisappeared. [We] didn't hear from him for another ten days, two weeks. In the\nmeanwhile, these injections, they became tumors this big. [indicates with his\nhand] You can see these scars, how big these tumors were. [pulls up the sleeve\non his upper left arm] They were just like a little bit smaller than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a baseball.\nThat was no fun. Some of them were hurting. Mine did hurt, but not that bad.\nThere were others that were screaming. [They] couldn't take it. Kaschub comes\nback; not Mengele. Kaschub came back. One by one, [he took us] to the operating\nroom. Some people came back with the same tumor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on their leg. Other people, they\ntook the tumor out. The people who still had the tumor on their arms, they died,\nin bed. Must have gone through their whole body. We don't know. We did not know\neven what it was at that time. Later on, we found out what it was,\napproximately. In my case, that started hurting pretty good. It was almost . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was ready to scream, but too proud to do it. It was horrible. Kaschub came\nback. It was my turn. They took it out this time. It was not pleasant. In the\nmeanwhile, people started dying. I said, \"I don't know what's going to happen to\nus.\" All of them died but about fifteen people. I guess everything . . . could\nbe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twelve, could be sixteen, but in that area. Mengele comes back with Kaschub\nwith a box. Put it on the table. Picks three, four people the first time, and\nsays \"Eat this.\" It was a piece of bread, so I ate it. Wow. I couldn't describe\nwhat happened to us. It was burning just like somebody put a torch in your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mouth. [It] was burning, just unbelievable, but it went away. The day . . . It\nwas in the morning about . . . In the afternoon, when it got a little darker, it\nwent away, but it was still hurting. Then all of a sudden, in the middle of the\nnight, I woke up. I don't know about the others, but I woke up. My stomach was\njust horrible and my voice became like this. [speaks in a hoarse whisper] I had\nno idea what's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happening to me, but this [indicates tumor on arm] was gone. [It]\ndidn't hurt. It was still . . . The clamps [stiches or staples] were still in\nthere, but it didn't hurt. But we didn't know what was going to happen to this.\n[points toward abdomen] Now, twelve to fourteen, fifteen people, one after the\nother, didn't wake up the next morning, died in the middle of the night, or fell\nout of bed. They all died but three people: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, Jaap Groen; and Sim Jakobs, the\nother Dutchman--and that proves that the Dutch are very strong, we were still\nalive--and a Hungarian, Tomas Bardi, or Bardi Tomas, because in Hungary, you\nturn it around. It's not so important, but I forgot to tell you something. Tomas\nBardi was in the same prison with me at one time. He taught me Hungarian a\nlittle bit and I taught him Dutch. [We] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't get very far. These were the\nthree that were left over. We had terrible pain in the throat. They got the same\nthing, stomach aches. They didn't come back. Kaschub didn't come back. Mengele\nnever showed up. One day, the head of . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was the ambulance I told you,\nwhere people go and get their paper bandage around their wounds. He came\nupstairs and said, \"Listen, Kaschub will never come back anymore. So, the three\nof you, we cannot send you back into the to the camp and work there, because I\nhad the order to keep you here, give you a job here in the building, and you\ncannot go outside. And you cannot talk about what happened to you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not\nso bad, but the stomach and the throat was horrible. But they were nice to us.\nThey gave us some medicine. I later found out it was something like\nAlka-Seltzer--I don't know exactly--in powder form in a paper cup. It was a\nlittle bit better, but we still had these clamps in our arms. One day when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nguy came upstairs again--and we were still in the room and nobody ever gave us a\njob--we told him. He said, \"Well, I'll find a doctor to have these things\nremoved.\" He did. We went downstairs to get the clamps out. That's why it's so\nfunny [looking], these holes. [shows small round scars on upper left arm] You\nsee, it didn't grow really together. It was kind of a makeshift thing. That was\nthe Dr. Mengele story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in short form. We were maybe . . . We don't know exactly .\n. . maybe a total of six weeks, maybe. Then we got a job. I got a very good job.\nI had to develop the x-rays of the Nazi guards and the SS officers--because\nthere were no x-rays made from the prisoners--the guards who were sick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was\nmy job. Sim Jakobs worked in the lab--same thing--to do blood work. He was\nsmart. He was a very smart cookie. Bardi, we don't know exactly where he ended\nup. We never saw him again. That was in short the Mengele story. Now, the reason\nthat I tell you that, that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want people to know about that, is that it's so\neasy to . . . Being a doctor is kind of an honorable status in society. [People\nbrag,] \"My son is a doctor.\" We make jokes about that, but that is what it is. I\nmean, the moment it is sanctioned by the government, by the Nazi government, you\ncan do whatever you want. I don't think that Mengele thought that out himself. I\nhave a feeling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from higher up, maybe Mr. Hitler himself thought about \"Why don't\nwe do that to the Jews? Who cares if they get killed? Let's do some\nexperiments.\" We have no idea what the experiments were all about. We guessed.\nWe thought that maybe that some Wehrmacht, regular soldiers in the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army,\nthat they were trying to get away from the possibility that they have to go to\nthe Ostfront [German: Eastern front] in Russia, and get killed at the front of\nLeningrad. That was after the war. [During the war,] we didn't know what\nhappened, why that was done. You think about it, and the more you think about\nit, you find out that's what happened to the human race. I mean, that a\ngovernment, the German government--forget about Nazi government--the German\ngovernment at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time . . . They still call it Germany now. I don't use that\nword anymore, because the Germans are okay, but these Germans at that time were\nnot okay, because we said . . . Right now, nobody of these young people, their\nfather was not a Nazi. That means there were no Nazis. Now, where are all these\nmillions of people that stood up and with their hand and screamed, \"Heil\nHitler?\" Where did they come from? The majority were Nazis, otherwise it would\nnot have ever happened what happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the government takes these people,\nthese learned people, doctors, who go years to school, to teach them the medical\nprofession, and then they misuse it in this way . . . People should know that\nthis is possible. It is only possible when the government sanctions it.\nSanctioning, that's the end. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the trouble in so many countries today,\n[like in] Darfur. It is the government that does this and the people that\nactually do it become monsters. The trouble is--and that is what I always say at\nthe end and when I talk about it with my friends--these people that do that\nduring the day to us Jews in a camp sanctioned by the government, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they go home\nat night and they sit on the floor playing with electric trains with their\nchildren. They are not that much different from other people at that time. The\nonly difference is that they have a chance to become something that is close to\na monster, just by sanctioning. That makes me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes very afraid, and I'm an\noptimist. I'm an optimist, but sometimes it gets me, because that can happen\nanywhere, anytime. After all this what has happened, that there was no lesson\nlearned, because anywhere today on earth--on this beautiful planet that we live\non--there is a government ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sanctions these kinds of things. In those years,\nit was a secret. It was not until 1945 when the peace was signed, that the\npeople that didn't experience that personally, found out about that and\npractically said, and today still say, some of them, \"It's made up. That never\nhappened. That is impossible to happen.\" That's how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unbelievable it is and that\nmakes it dangerous. That's why I was willing to do this. It's frightening. The\nbig scare is that we have not learned. They have not learned the lesson, because\nit's coming up all the time.\n\nKENT: When did you find out what actually was done to you, what those injections were?\n\nGROEN: After the war, I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back from the camps and found out I had\ntuberculosis. I went from Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. You had a choice--not that they\ntold you [that] you have a choice, but you listened to other prisoners. If you\nstayed, the Russians were very close to Auschwitz[-Birkenau]. If you stay, maybe\nthe Communists--that was in [other prisoners'] minds--the Communists kill you,\nor the Nazis kill you before the Communists are there. [They said,] \"Go to the\nnext camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the rest of us.\" I figured, \"What the heck. I'm going to try the\nnext camp.\" I went on what we later learned was called the 'death march.' That\nwas one of the most horrible experiences that I've ever imagined that could be\ndone to people. We walked miles, and miles, and miles. When we started, it must\nhave been twenty, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thirty degrees below zero, in snow up to your neck, and\nwalked, and walked, and walked. We didn't have fur coats. We were not supplied\nfur coats. We had our regular uniforms, and these shoes [with] wooden soles, and\nlinen tops in the snow, and walked for days, and days, and days. Then, finally\nwe loaded onto open cars and [were] transported to Mauthausen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I worked in\nMauthausen on the Stein Gruebe [German: stone pit]. Have you ever heard of the\nStein Gruebe in Mauthausen?\n\nKENT: The quarry?\n\nGROEN: Yes, but not down; up. It was on a mountain. You walked up every morning\nand then worked about ten, eleven hours, and if you're lucky, you made it on the\nway--at seven o'clock at night--down. If you're not lucky, they push you over.\nThat was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very pleasant. Appel in Auschwitz[-Birkenau] was a trouble, but in\nMauthausen, you have no idea. That sometimes took five, six, seven hours. It was\ncruel for no reason. In Auschwitz[-Birkenau], most of the time, there was some\npeople missing, but that was just for the guy, this creep, Commandant Franz\nZeireis. That was Mauthausen. One day, we come back from work, just back in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barrack and ready to go to our bunk, and that whole barrack was selected to go\nto Ebensee. It was a sub-lager [sub-camp] of Mauthausen. When I was in prison on\nthe Waterstraat, I wished that I was back in that theater, and while I was at\nPaardeveld, I was happy when . . . I prayed, \"My G-d, why didn't I stay in the\nWaterstraat\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Westerbork. When I was in Auschwitz[-Birkenau], I hoped that I\nwas back in Westerbork. It goes on and on. Ebensee was a diabolic camp. That\ncamp commandant [Anton Ganz] was a sadist. You cannot imagine it, just horrible.\n[He] shot at random people. He was standing on a balcony, [shooting people] very\neasily. Then, we worked underground. We went from all the way up. I was demoted\nfrom on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"top of the quarry to inside a mountain, where we built factories to\nbuild the V-2, where they bombed . . . That was the material they used for\nbombing London. Later, after the war, we found out that Peenemunde was bombed by\nthe English, so they could not make it there anymore. They decided to build a\nfactory that never produced anything because the war was over by that time. It\nwas underground. I don't know what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my weight was, but I don't think I was a\nhundred pounds. My pneumatic drill was about a hundred and twenty-five, hundred\nand thirty pounds. I had tuberculosis, coughed my lungs out, spit up blood, and\nhad to drill these holes that were used to put the dynamite in, and then make\nthese big halls. That's where I worked until the end, almost to the end. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, I\nwas declared 'asocial.' I was put on a scale and my weight was sixty-seven\nEuropean pounds. I was put in a block called the asozialer Block [German:\nasocial block]. You didn't have to work anymore, but you didn't get much to eat\neither. You got half rations. That's where we were waiting to die. One morning,\nI looked up--the watchtower was visible from the side where we were--and instead\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a military [person] with a machine gun, it was a typical Austrian--[like] the\nman that yodels in the mountain, with his cap and his feather--standing there. I\nsaid, \"Something is different.\" I looked at it, but I was really too sick to\nthink of anything else. I didn't even think about liberation at the time. Then\nwe heard a tremendous noise. I had to know what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on, so I slipped out\nof bed, and I crawled to the door, opened the door, and there were the American\ntanks coming in. At the same moment, I felt a lot better. I didn't feel that\nsick anymore. That was the end. I went back first to Linz [Austria]. It was very\nclose to Ebensee, to an army hospital. It was all in tents at the airport. Then\nprisoners . . . one of my buddies after [another] buddy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went on the plane and\nwent, what I found out later, to Paris [France]. I had to stay until I was a\nlittle bit better to fly. They wouldn't put me in a plane. I thought, \"No, I'm\nnot going to wait.\" I climbed out of bed, crawled over, got into a plane--I\ndidn't even know where they were going--and I ended up in Paris too. Then I went\nto an army hospital in Paris, Hospital Bichat, on Boulevard Bichat. They made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me\nup to about ninety-five pounds. They gave me an American uniform without all\nthat stuff on it, of course. I found I was size 42 when I was a hundred pounds,\nso it looked funny on me. [At] Hospital Bichat, they made me ready to go back to\nHolland. They flew me back to Holland and then I found out the good thing. The\ngood thing was that my parents were still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. I had no idea my parents were\nalive. They arranged for me, they got me back to Amsterdam. My parents were in\nGroot-Ammers, where the oil refineries are. There was not much oil because the\nNazis used all the oil. But the boats were still there, so they took my parents\non one of these oil boats through the canals all the way to Amsterdam. We met\nthere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We almost lived [happily] forever after, but we didn't, because my\nparents passed away three, four years ago. Yes, my parents were ninety-seven. My\nfather was quite healthy to the very end. My mother got a little bit ill, had to\ngo to a nursing home, and passed away there.\n\nKENT: What kept you going day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after day?\n\nGROEN: I told you, I didn't want to give them the pleasure. That, of course, is\nin my mind, but that's nonsense. It's a combination of, yes, of will, but most\nof it is luck. Because if you stand in Appell, in roll call, in the morning, and\nthe finger says, \"You,\" your will will not do it. No, no way. You're gone.\nThat's luck. [Interview pauses; then resumes]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the last . . .\n\nGROEN: I need help. You're not eighty-four; I'm eighty-four. Where were we?\n\nEINSTEIN: You were just coming back to Holland. You stopped there.\n\nGROEN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: You met your parents.\n\nGROEN: I met my parents.\n\nKENT: What was it like when you met your parents again?\n\nGROEN: Yes, that's not even to describe. First, I really, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I heard . . . you\nalways hear rumors. There was Dutch people coming in the camps way after me.\n[They were] not all Jews. [There were] Gentiles [non-Jews]. There were many. A\nvery good friend of mine from the camp, he was a minister in Jehovah's\nWitnesses. There were Jehovah's Witnesses in quantities there, from all over\nEurope. He came very late. He came in 1944, so he knew all what was happening\nthere, all what happened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Jews in Amsterdam and in other places. Most of\nthe Jews were gathered and all sent to Amsterdam, in Jüdische Viertel [German]\nin Jewish quarters. They knew exactly what was happening. They were sent to\nconcentration camps and killed. Hearing all this, you think, \"Well, how much\nchance do my parents have?\" They survived, but the unpleasant thing about it is\nthat the rest of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family was all killed. My father had two brothers . . . I\ndon't know any more . . . two brothers and three sisters, and they were all\nkilled, and all their children. My mother had only one sister and no children.\nThey were both killed. Three of my grandparents were killed. All after I was\ngone, so I didn't know anything about it until I came back. All my uncles and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aunts, except for one sister--they lived in Belgium, also diamond cutters--whose\nson-in-law was in the English Army. When the war broke out, they had to go from\nAntwerp back to London. He took the whole family with him, so they survived.\nThey're still . . . the grandchildren are still living in London.\n\nKENT: What condition were you in mentally and emotionally?\n\nGROEN: Not very good. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, I was not depressed, but I had terrible dreams and\nI had lung tuberculosis, so instead of being a free person, I had to be in bed\nfor a year. The American doctors in Paris, in Hospital Bichat . . . There was no\nmedicine in Holland right after the war. There was nothing. There was not, there\nwas hardly electricity. Electricity was about for two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours a day at that time.\nThe American doctors arranged to send . . . The medicine for tuberculosis at\nthat time was PAS, para-aminosalicylic acid [an antibiotic]. It was a powder\nthat was as big as a number ten envelope [4.125 inches by 9.5 inches]. Then, you\nhad to put it in a glass with cold water. It was like a magician's act. It was\nsteaming and things. Then, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to drink that. I cannot explain the taste and\nwhat it did to my stomach that was already burned to pieces. I didn't have a\nvoice yet, because it never came back during that time. I was very sick all that\ntime. Then, I became better and better and I started being funny again.\n\nKENT: Did you ever find out what that bread was that made your stomach burn?\n\nGROEN: Yes. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in German because the German government . . . researched\nthe whole darn thing and found out it was . . . They wrote 'pikrinsaure'\n[German: picric acid], and that is sulfuric acid. Yes.\n\nKENT: What was the explanation as to what the point was?\n\nGROEN: No idea. The tumors we guessed. I talked to other people who were not one\nof the people that died--because they couldn't talk--and not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of my other\nlager, but people who were in the camp and heard about it later, that there were\nrumors that they did that . . . I think I said that earlier that they were\nafraid to go to the Ostfront, to the Russian Front and being killed by the\nRussians, or freezing to death in the snow, that they injected them with, and\nnow it comes, it was mainly tar. Tar becomes cancerous and these were cancer\ntumors. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, not nice.\n\nKENT: How did you and your parents start to live again?\n\nGROEN: It was not easy. In the beginning, my father was a diamond cutter, but\nthere were no diamonds. There was no electricity, so even if there were diamonds\nto be cut, [he] couldn't cut them because there was no electricity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father\nwas a well-known diamond cutter [of] big stones. One of the, of the diamond,\ndiamantaires [French: diamond merchants] decided to pay him now without having\nto work, because there were no diamonds, that in the event the first diamonds\nare coming from Africa, that my father would be one of the first and one of the\nbest in his group. That's the way we lived in the beginning. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help . . . It's\nvery hard to explain. The help of the government was minimum. There was . . .\nThey organized something from the government and it was called Volksherstel\n[Dutch]. That means people's repair, repairing the people, help in getting back\nin normal life, but that was very minimum. It was not much help, no. The help we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got was from the individual citizens. For instance, there was no health care, so\nthere were non-Jewish doctors that came to my bed. First, a dentist heard about\nthey knocked my front teeth out. My teeth were rotten, but the roots were still\nin there. We weren't even going to ask, but we told the story to some people,\nand they organized a dentist that came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to my bed, worked in my mouth filled with\ngerms of tuberculosis, yeah, and took all these roots out, and told me that when\nI got healthy that he would put new teeth in for me, a bridge. There were no\nimplants. It was not invented yet. But there was still a little bit of it to\nhold it onto, and they made me a new bridge when I was healthy. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help came\nmainly from the population, yes.\n\nKENT: How did the people around you talk about what had happened?\n\nGROEN: First, what came first to us survivors, was the killing of our family.\nThat is, [we wondered,] \"Where is Aunt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uncle So-and-So?\" They were gone. I knew\nwhere they went, but my parents had problems. They couldn't visualize that\nbecause they hadn't been there. That was the problem with the surviving Jews.\nThey felt guilty that they survived without having to go through this. Hard to\nbelieve, a lot of people that survived all this, what I just told you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt\nguilty that they survived. I didn't. I was not going to be one of them.\nAbsolutely not. I had a little problem in the beginning, but it was in a\ndifferent way. Because I was sixteen years old when I went in and over twenty\nwhen I got out, I was not educated. I had to get my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education in a whole\ndifferent way. I took a course here and a little there. I wanted to be an\nadvertising man since I was six-years-old. I came back from the camps,\nuneducated, sick as a dog, finally got well again, still no education. What the\nheck was I going to do? There comes my luck in again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father's best friend\nwhen they were kids was at that time, he was in cosmetics all his life. He had\nhis own brand, Jane Moore, I remember it very well. He was made by Max Factor in\nHollywood, the importer of Max Factor--I'm sure you're familiar with the\nname--in Europe. When I was back on my feet, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jacque Mort, who was my father's\nfriend when they were kids, said, \"Why don't you come and work with us? We teach\nyou the cosmetics.\" They did. But I wanted to be an advertising man, so I made\nsure that he understood that. They taught me different things. I took some\ncourses in design and things, very minor, no big stuff. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you're twenty-one,\nand you have to start learning, and you have not . . . It's not easy to start\nall over again. That became my problem. I felt uneducated and afraid that I\nwould never get anywhere. But then it happened: Jacque Mort had me, talked to\nthe people in Hollywood and said, \"I have this guy here. You know, he's smart.\nHe knows. He took courses, not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundred percent educated as we normally like to hire people, but he can overcome that easily.\" They put me in\nthe promotion department of Max Factor. In a couple of years, about, not even a\ncouple of years, a year and a half, I was made Promotion Director and traveled\nwith the \"Holiday on Ice\" show in Europe. In the intermission, Max Factor gave\nthese fashion shows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a runway that they put on the ice and then there was\nsomebody who did the narration. I became organizing that whole darn thing, and\nmake sure that people had a hotel, the models and all. I worked there a number\nof years and had a ball. I got married to Rie van Voorthuyzen, who saved my\nparents' lives. I had a son and I was happy as a lark. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One night, I flew back\nfrom Brussels late and came back home at three o'clock in the morning, slipped\ninto bed. My wife woke me up and she says, \"Jaap, I hate to tell you that, but\nyou did something funny that children do in bed, but adults don't do that.\" I\nsaid, \"What do you mean?\" Can I say that? She said, \"You peed in bed.\" I said,\n\"I did what? No way.\" I said, \"Turn on the lights.\" Well, it was a blood bath. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had thrown [coughed] up blood again. [I had] tuberculosis for the second time in\n1950. I had to go back to bed for a year again. I didn't have to swallow these\nterrible powders anymore, because at that time it was in tablet form and very\neasy to take, but it took eight and a half months before that hole in my lung\nwas healed again. Doctor said, \"Don't you go to Max Factor. Don't even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think\nabout it, because that is a job that is not good for you. You don't eat on time,\nyou go to bed at three o'clock in the morning, you schlep [Yiddish: carry]\naround with all these people.\" He said, \"Don't do that.\" Now I knew a little bit\nadvertising, so I went to the department store in Holland, De Bijenkorf in\nDutch, and in English, The Beehive. I took a job there. They asked me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What can\nyou do?\" I said, \"Anything that you need,\" but I didn't tell them about Max\nFactor. They would have never hired me. They said, \"Well, we're celebrating our\nninetieth anniversary. Do you know about cameras?\" I said, \"Everything.\" I\ndidn't. Really, I didn't. [I said,] \"Everything. No problem.\" [They said,]\n\"Okay, you work in the department, but you have to go around the store and shoot\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scenes that are suitable to put in a booklet about our ninetieth anniversary.\" I\nsaid, \"Oh, my G-d. How am I going to do that? I don't know how to do that,\" but\nI did. They liked that I did this. Then . . . By the way, I asked Jacque Mort,\nbecause they sold Max Factor in the stores, in Die Bijenkorf, not to tell them\nabout Max Factor, because he was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close with these people. I told him, \"You\ncan tell them now,\" but I did. They put me in the cosmetic department as a\nmanager. Then, we told them the whole story and then I was made advertising\ndirector. It was in 1950. I came to this country in 1957, so, no, it was in\n1953. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where I had a problem. The man before me, Hans Spruytenburg, left\nthe company to become vice president in the European market for Proctor and\nGamble. I said, \"I am going to take his job with minimal education.\" He was a\ngraduate from . . . He was in America. I can't even remember. Not Harvard. The\nother one.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Yale?\n\nGROEN: Yale. There is Jaap Groen taking his job and I really . . . I came home.\nI said, \"I am going upstairs. I am going to talk to the president, because I\ncannot take that job.\" I said, \"I cannot do that to them. I'm not suitable. Hans\nSpruytenburg, Yale, and . . . That is not my job.\" I went upstairs to Mr.\nSchoorl is his name. I said, \"Mr. Schoorl, I really appreciate your trust in me,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I don't have the education to do it.\" He said, \"Okay. We make a deal with\nyou. You go six weeks to Harrod's in London. We arrange that for you. And you\nwork in the advertising department, and when you come back, you tell me, if you\nfeel that you are suitable for this job.\" You know Harrod's is the department\nstore of the world. I came there in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most disorganized organization that you\ncan even imagine. Horrible. I mean, as a Dutchman, I changed copy in English. I\nworked before for an American company. I spoke English already. When I came\nback, he said, \"Now what do you think?\" I said, \"I can do the job.\" That's what\nI did until I decided to go to the United States.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: I am curious. In the beginning, when the war ended, how did you make the\nadjustment from that horror you had lived back to normal, ordinary life?\n\nGROEN: Okay, most people will not talk about it. I had no problem. I did not\nvolunteer, but if they asked me a question about the camp, I told them. I dealt\nwith it. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning, it was not easy to talk about it. After all these\nyears . . . I told you about that little book that I am writing for my\ngrandchildren. I'm glad it's over, because that got a little bit to me. When you\ngo back and all this, all the things come up in detail again. That is not very\ngood. I'm glad this is over, but I have no problem talking about it, otherwise I\nwould not be here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today.\n\nKENT: When people saw the number on your arm, they would ask you what that was?\n\nGROEN: [Yes.] It is only one time that it was unpleasant. Believe it or not,\nafter all these years, I'm at a gasoline station right here around the corner.\nI'm standing there. It was summer, short sleeves. I'm pumping the gas and\nthere's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man standing there looking at that arm. He said, \"I think they forgot\nto gas you.\" I said, \"You're right. They forgot.\" I went in my car and drove\naway. I was ready to take him apart, but I didn't do it. That was practically .\n. . I had one scene in Holland, on the street car. For the rest, I was never\nreally attacked by anybody. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go to schools and tell the children. I was asked\nmany times and I still do that, in schools, tell the children about it. I keep\nit a little bit nice. I don't make it a resort, but I tell them that this\nhappened and with the same warning that I talked about a little while ago.\n\nKENT: Did that man have a European accent or was that an American?\n\nGROEN: No, that was an American, typical guy from this area. [He said,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Hey,\nthey forgot to gas you.\" I said, \"You know what? You're right.\"\n\nKENT: Why didn't you attack him?\n\nGROEN: I did it one time . . . almost one time. I was on a streetcar in\nAmsterdam. It's not really a streetcar. It's like a streetcar, but a little bit\nbigger. It's between Amsterdam and the city of Haarlem. There is one little town\nin between, it's called Halfway [in English], Halfweg [in Dutch]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\nstanding. The street car is up . . . and on that, there is a platform down and\non the other side, up. It was filled when I got in, so I was standing, holding\nthe pole. There is a man next to me, [who said,] \"So, you are a dirty Jew,\naren't you?\" I said, \"Yes.\" I said, \"But what is wrong with you? Are you upset\nthat Hitler is gone, and we won the war, and I'm still here?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Yeah, I\nwish you were dead.\" Just like that tone. I'm not making it any nicer. That's\nit. The conductor . . . I thought I stopped it. I walk away from him because I\nwas all ready to fight, but the conductor thought about it a little differently.\nHe pulls on the emergency brake, which, the streetcar stopped and everybody\nfell, because an emergency brake, that's not pleasant. He says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I don't throw\nyou out. I go out with you, and we have a little talk.\" I said, \"Wait a moment.\nI am the guy he said it to. I go with you.\" Now, I have to tell you this. I just\ncame back from England, and I bought a brand new coat, an Austin Reed coat. I\nwas so proud of that coat. I wore that coat. We were outside and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"muddy,\nbut just after snow, and it was horrible outside. I said, \"What are you planning\nto do with him?\" He said, \"Well, I want to see if he wants to repeat that in\nfront of you, now that you are here.\" I said, \"Are you ready to repeat it?\" He\ndid and the conductor takes him, and he was not winning, the conductor. My brand\nnew Austin Reed coat . . . Two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other guys [came] also out of the streetcar and\neverybody's looking out of the window. I said, \"Can you hold my coat?\" I jumped\non him, but the two, they made it. I didn't even have to fight. That was the\nother time. My father had a thing. [He] was in a theater and they were waiting.\nWe were all waiting, but I was waiting on the other side with my wife and my\nson. It was a Walt Disney movie. We all went with my son to do this with him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A\nman across stood for a minute and he said, \"Hey, [snaps his fingers] you, Jew.\"\n[indicates to his nose] My father . . . I don't know. I had never seen my father\nwalking that fast. He just flew above this hallway and jumped on him. Other\npeople, they pulled them apart and threw that guy out. He never saw the movie.\nBut I never, not in this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, no. Yes, I lied. I'll tell you. I haven't told\nthat to many people. Are you from Atlanta?\n\nKENT: [inaudible]\n\nGROEN: There was a store. There was a delicatessen. As a matter of fact, it was\none of the first delicatessen, of really, like a New York delicatessen, in\nAtlanta. It was called Leb's. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the corner of Forsythe Street and all\nthe way through to Peachtree Street, the famous Peachtree Street. It was just\nwhen we won a little bit ground with Martin Luther King, Jr. and John Lewis,\nwith the movement. Leb's was as anti-black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as [Lester] Maddox. [to Ruth] He\ndoesn't know who Maddox . . . [to John] You know who Maddox is? The man with the\n[ax handle he was going to use if black customers entered Maddox's restaurant].\nHe closed his store, his delicatessen and pasted all the windows with brown\nwrapping paper. On that wrapping paper, so you could see it from the outside,\nwas written, \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't want niggers in my place.\" On the other one it says, \"I\ndon't want niggers because they pee on your table,\" and all these things. We\ndecided to march. John [Lewis] got it all together. He got blacks, he got\nwhites, and he got Jewish people. But I worked for Ellman's and I was on a\ntelevision show in the morning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Ruth Kent show. Do you remember that, Ruth?\n\nEINSTEIN: [No.]\n\nGROEN: No, you don't remember that. [It was on] WSB-TV [television station] and\nI talked about diamonds, and I interviewed people who came through. I had a ball\nthere. I did that so I didn't have to pay for my advertising on that TV program.\nI got that for free. I do anything for free. A lot of people knew me. [Charlie\nLebedin], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course, his wife had all the jewelry from [Ellman's]. We were\nwalking around with our placards, and Leb opens the door, and he walks up to me.\nHe said, \"Aren't you ashamed to do this as a Jew?\" I said, \"You are talking?\nAren't you ashamed of doing this on your windows after what I went through?\" I\nraised my hand [to show my prisoner number]. You know what he did? He spit in my\nface. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other guys jumped on him. The police came, and they got him back in\nhis store, and nobody did anything about it. He never got to jail. That was the\nbig one. So, you see, it's everywhere. He was afraid that black people--in those\nyears, 'Negroes'--would come to his restaurant, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sat there, and ate his\nwonderful sandwiches. What I liked most there was his shortcake with those big\nstrawberries. [laughs]\n\nKENT: When did you first get to Atlanta?\n\nGROEN: In 1957.\n\nKENT: You came here directly?\n\nGROEN: Yes, in 1957. I came to Atlanta because my foster sister was originally\nfrom Germany and her mother's maiden name, was Froehlich, which in English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is\nGay. They found out that she had family, straight family, related close family\nto her mother in Atlanta, the Gay family, who had three men's stores in Atlanta.\nShe decided to go to her family and go away from Holland. She had an unpleasant\nexperience with her fiancé at the last minute, who called it off. She was very\nupset about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, and that was a way for her to get away from her family, and\nwent to Atlanta. When we decided to go to the United States, we went to Atlanta,\nbecause at least we had somebody that we knew. That's the way we ended up in Atlanta.\n\nKENT: Was there any particular reason why you left Europe?\n\nGROEN: Yes. I listened very closely to the radio. There was no TV in Holland at\nthat time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I listened to other stations outside Holland. I listened to German\nstations, to French stations, and I said, \"This is not going right. We're going\nin the wrong direction. I think I don't want to live on this side of the ocean\nagain. It might be just in my mind, but I . . .\" At the top of my career, when I\nreally had started making some good money, I decided to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quit and go to the\nUnited States. That's what I did.\n\nKENT: What were you hearing that made you worry?\n\nGROEN: The Suez Canal, Palestine . . . The English [were] not doing anything and\nprotected these people from Hachsharah, who wanted to develop that part of\nPalestine that became later Israel. I said, \"No, I'm not going to stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\"\nEverybody said to me, \"You're insane. You worked so hard to get somewhere.\" I\nsaid, \"Yes, but what if?\" I was afraid that I was going to make the same mistake\nthat my parents and so many other people had at that time. [They] didn't believe\nthat it would happen again.\n\nKENT: You thought it might happen again?\n\nGROEN: Yes, and it didn't happen again. [The] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States was very good to me.\nI started . . . I came to Rich's Department Store. I was here a month. We were\nstill living at my sister's home, [who] was married then and had two children.\n[We] came to my sister's home and lived there for a couple of weeks. Then, I got\na job at Rich's Department Store. I didn't tell them, of course, what I came\nfrom because they would never hire me. They asked me what I could do, and I\nsaid, \"Well,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same thing that I told them then in Holland, \"anything. But, what\ndo you need?\" He looked in his book. I [will] never forget him. Mr. Kennedy--was\na real nice man--looked in his book, \"No, that's not for you. That's not for\nyou.\" He says, \"Can you draw?\" I said, \"Oh, yeah,\" and that was true. I can\ndraw. He said, \"We need a designer for the window display department, and we\nhave a little office on the roof.\" There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little--I'll never forget it--on\nthe roof, in 1957. There were two architects that designed the interiors, the\ndepartments, in the store. I had a little cubicle with a drawing board and I had\nto draw the windows that these display people had to put in the windows. I\nthought it's strange. In the department store in Holland where I worked, the\nwindow people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dressers, they made the window. They didn't have a guy\ndrawing it for them. I said, \"Well, I make money.\" You want to know how much? I\nmade fifty-seven dollars and fifty cents a week. I got the job and I came home,\nand Rie, my wife says, \"You got a job?\" I say, \"Yeah.\" [She asked,] \"What are\nyou doing?\" I said--I made it big--\"I'm a window designer.\" She said, \"What's\nthat?\" I said, \"Well, it's for the display ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\" She says, \"In the store in\nHolland, don't they do it themselves?\" [I said,] \"Yeah.\" [She asked,] \"How much\nmoney you going to make?\" [I said,] \"Fifty-seven dollars and fifty cents.\" [She\nasked,] \"Are you crazy?\" [I said,] \"No, I'm going to make it. I'm fine.\" I\nworked there. Now, when I was hired, I told Mr. [Frank] Pollatta--that was\nimmediate boss--I said, \"Well, I'm staying a year.\" He said, \"What is that?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nsaid, \"I'm staying a year because I have other ideas what I was going to do in\nUnited States.\" He knew I was from Holland, my accent--then it was much heavier\nthan it is today. He says, \"Okay, you stay a year.\" I worked on that. There was\na window to be designed for the Wedgwood china in England. I designed a window,\nand it was incredible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was silk from the back of the window all to the front\nso you couldn't see how these plates were hanging. There were these these thin\nglass shelves with the plates. It was all . . . everything was floating. We won\nthe Wedgwood award, so I got a raise--seventy-five dollars. I said, \"See? It\nworks!\" Then, there was an acrylic . . . for acrylic carpets in the carpet\ndepartment. Mr. Pollatta called me and says--by that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, he didn't call me Mr.\nGroen anymore. He became friendly with me--he said, \"Jaap.\" He pronounced it\nincorrectly. He said \"Jep,\" but that was okay. He says, \"Do you know what that\nis?\" I said, \"Yeah, I know what that is.\" I really . . . I knew it was the new\ncarpeting, artificial fiber instead of wool or cotton. I cook up something and\nhe took me to the department and he said, \"This wall, this is what you have, so\ncook up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something.\" I couldn't figure out what I was going to do with that darn\nthing. What can you do? I walked-I cannot remember the name of the street, but\nit was off Piedmont Road. There was a little store that made for laboratories\nlaboratory glass. I saw that. I looked inside and I said, \"I got it. I'm going\nto make a whole row on that wall, shelf, and pump water in different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colors\nthrough that.\" I came home and I tell my wife. She says, \"Are you crazy? That\nhas nothing to do with it.\" I said, \"Watch and see when I'm through with it.\"\nShe says, \"How you going to do that?\" I said, \"I don't know yet, but I'm going\nto that store.\" [The man at the laboratory glass store] says, \"No, we cannot do\nthat.\" I said this and this, and I made a little sketch for him in the store. He\nsaid, \"No, no, but why don't you go to Grady Hospital? They have a place where\nthey have glasswork. Maybe you can borrow it from there.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Believe it or not,\nthey gave it to me. I had to bring it back after it was all over, and then I got\nsome people from the technical department to put it all together. They made a\npump and it pumped through, and I put different oils in it so it wouldn't mix,\nso it stayed the color that it pumped through. It was wonderful . . . big signs.\nWe won an award. Not the first prize; the third prize, but I was happy.\nNinety-five dollars was my salary. I made ninety-five dollars. But it was close\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the end of the year. Then, there was an ad in the paper \"Ellman's has a\ndemonstration. Mike [Michael Maurice] Nabarro from Antwerp, now living in\nAtlanta, is going to demonstrate cutting diamonds.\" Mike Nabarro. There it comes\nagain: coincidence. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name . . . I come home. I said, \"I've got it.\" Nabarro\nis a very unusual name and he had to be Jewish, because anybody in Antwerp in\nthe diamond industry, like in Holland, is Jewish, most of us. I said, \"That was\nthe partner of my grandfather.\" Rie says, \"You think you know everybody.\" It was\nthe weekend. Monday morning, I go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Ellman's. I'm sorry. Get back. Before it\nwas Ellman's, it was called Citizens Jewelry Company. I go to that place. I ask\nfor Mike Nabarro. He comes out. He said, \"What can I do for you?\" I answer in\nFlemish, because I speak a little Flemish, broken, but, who I am. He says,\n\"Groen?\" I said, \"I know what you're going to say. Yeah, my grandfather was your\ngrandfather's partner.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"What are you doing here?\" I said, \"I live\nhere.\" He said, \"Where do you do for a living?\" I said, \"I work at Rich's.\" He\nsays, \"That is not for you.\" He said, \"You know everything about diamonds.\" [I\nsaid,] \"Sure.\" He said, \"Like me, it's in my family.\" I said, \"Of course.\" He\nsaid, \"Why don't you work for us?\" I said, \"As what?\" He said, \"We need a guy\nthat does the advertising.\" I told him what I did in Holland. He said, \"That's\njust for you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Yeah, you say that, but you are working here. Your boss\nhas to say it.\" He introduced me to Harold Ellman. Harold said, \"You can do it?\"\nI said, \"Of course I can do it.\" That was the beginning. It became Ellman's,\nthen it became the Catalogue Showroom, and they had an advertising agency. I\nsaid, \"I don't need an advertising agency. I do my own in-house agency.\" I did\neverything in house, television, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radio, newspaper, the whole darn shebang. [I]\nhired eighteen people. We sold out after twenty-four years to Service Merchandise.\n\nKENT: What was the Jewish community like back in the fifties?\n\nGROEN: In Atlanta?\n\nKENT: When you first got here.\n\nGROEN: There were two Jewish communities. There were what they called the\n'German Jews,' and the non-German Jews. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews had their own club. It\nwas called the Progressive Club. They had no golf course, but they had a\nswimming pool. Then later, I think they had a golf course. I was not a golfer,\nso I am not so familiar. Then the other one, it was the Standard Club. It was\nhighfalutin. That's where all the other, most of them wealthy Jews [belonged]\nbecause to get in there, you had to be a very special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. I don't join\nanything. I am not a joiner. I was a Boy Scout for three weeks and I didn't like\nthe uniform, so I didn't do it anymore. After my Auschwitz[-Birkenau] uniform, I\nnever wanted another uniform anymore, so I never joined something that I\nbelonged to. I never joined, but that is where the Jewish community was. There\nwere two Jewish communities. The German Jews, there were most of them were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not\nthe real . . . There are three kinds of Jews in America. We have only one kind\nin Holland. We have the liberal Jews that are at the Temple, that is the Hebrew\nUnion. That is the very, not so frum [Yiddish: observant]. You don't have to go\nevery week. There is that and then there is the other group, the different ones.\nNow there are so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues in Atlanta, so many different kinds. You even\nhave Chabad now. As a matter of fact, I see a Chabad rabbi now and then. It's a\ndifference story. But, in this time, it was an interesting. [It was] a little\nbit divided between these two major groups. They didn't mix very well.\n\nKENT: Did you notice any difference between the Jews of Holland and the Jews of America?\n\nGROEN: Yes, there's a tremendous difference, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's different to say. What is\nthe difference? I couldn't really nail it down. I can only guess a little bit.\nIt was not until the Nazis came to Holland that we really know who was Jewish\nand who was not. It was not that an important thing in Holland. If you were a\nreally religious Jew, you went to the synagogue, and you didn't hang around, and\nyou didn't make a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sign over your window, \"I am a Jew and I go every week to the\nsyn. . .\" The Jews in Holland, it wasn't a big thing. It was not a major part.\nIt is still not a major part, but it is getting bigger all the time in Holland\nbecause of what happened. The Jews, the children of the kids that survived, they\nare more connected to the Jewish religion than their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents were.\n\nKENT: How about you? Did your attitude or evaluation change any?\n\nGROEN: I am a Jew. There's no doubt about it, yes. No, I'm a Jew.\n\nKENT: What does that mean?\n\nGROEN: Well, my parents were not religious. My grandparents were. We skip a\ngeneration. But my father made it to a point that I was going to Hebrew school\nfor six years on Wednesday afternoon, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned my bracha, and learned how to read\nHebrew. I was not a great student in that, but he made sure that if, in the\nevent that I wanted to be a religious Jew later on, that I had the base. Maybe\nthat's where it started and because of what happened . . . Before the war, I\ndidn't even know [who] was Jewish of my friends. After the war, I knew exactly\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was Jewish, after the war. That's what Hitler did to us. That's why he won.\n\nKENT: Do you have any sense of how that war experience affected you or changed you?\n\nGROEN: Yes.\n\nKENT: I mean, there is no way to know how you would have been if that had not happened.\n\nGROEN: Yes, it changed me in one way. I was more aware of what division of\nraces, of countries, of points of view ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meant to the human, to the people on this\nplanet. When I was a kid, I met somebody. Her name was Rosey Pool. She was a\npoet. She wrote a book \"How Black am I?\" and I read that as a kid. It was about\na kid that finds out one day when she grew up that she was black. She never\nthought about that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That little book and Rosey Pool . . . Rosey Pool asked me .\n. . She did the following. I have to explain that. She lectured about what was\ngoing on in the United States with the segregation. That's where I learned what\nsegregation meant, which we found out as Jews when Hitler came in. That always\nstuck with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Now, I come to the United States after what I experienced during\nthe war in the camps. Now, I knew about it because I did all these things with\nRosey Pool, so I was very informed. I knew the songs from Berthold Brecht,\n\"There are two different . . . When you come to heaven, there are two different\nsections, one for one for blacks and one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for whites.\" I was very much, as a kid,\nvery much involved, and heard all this, so I was informed. Now, I come to the\nUnited States and I knew what was going on, but I didn't know. I did know what\nwas going on, but I didn't connect the people that much with it. It was the\nSouthern governments of these states that were involved, from the Civil War on.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew, but I didn't know what it meant to the people. When I came here, I knew\nabout the signs [that said], \"Coloreds Only,\" but I thought, \"Well, one day it's\ngoing to change.\" Took a long time. I came here in 1957. Then, I met here a\nlady. Her name was Rosemary Akselrad. She was a Jewish woman from Vienna\n[Austria] and she taught German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Atlanta University, the black university.\nThe way I met her, I worked in a department store in Holland. There was a\nstylist that was her sister. I knew her very well. She told me about Rosemary\nAkselrad, her sister, who worked [here]. That's interesting to find a person\nwho that is really involved in that. That's the way I got involved in the\nmovement. Through her, I met Martin Luther King, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I met John Lewis, and I met\nall these people. I had some very interesting experiences there that really\ntaught me a lot of good lessons. One was, I worked at Rich's Department Store,\nwho didn't allow blacks to put on clothes. They could buy anything in the store\nas long as they didn't put it on themselves. They couldn't put the hats on. That\nwas not allowed. They couldn't eat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the restaurant. They couldn't have a cup\nof tea in the afternoon. They couldn't go to the . . . downstairs. What is it\ncalled? The Cockerel Grill. There were no women allowed either. Did you know\nabout that? They even had at Rich's Department Store, the Cockerel Grill that\nwas only for men, for business men, so that they could have a quick lunch in the\nlunchtime and a quick snack before they went home. Now, that beat it all, right?\nNo women allowed and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the others, no \"colored.\" That was the name. When I knew\nabout it, that is different when you live in it. It was not easy in the\nbeginning. What made it so difficult . . . It was not even living in it, but it\nwas to find out that my fellow Jewish people had almost the same idea about it.\nThey were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very close to their maids and their garden . . . their yardmen, who\nwere black. There were, in those years, no white housekeepers and no white\nyardmen. They didn't exist. There were a couple of big companies, landscape\narchitects, but a yardman, no. That was tough on me. It was not easy for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to\naccept that my own people . . . They didn't go to the concentration camp, but I\ndid go to the concentration camp, and they should know now what it is. They were\njust like them--not all of them, but most of them. Now, back to these meetings\nin the dark at Rosemary Akselrad's, who lived on Peachtree Battle in a\nbeautiful home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not hers. She had a garden apartment and it was\nbeautiful. That's where some of these meetings were. They were after dark and\nthen all these . . . I walked in there, and the controller of Rich's was one of\nthe members there, who during the day organized the segregation, and in these\nmeetings organized the future of liberating the African Americans, what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\ncall them today. [That term is] something I never use. They have to call me a\nDutch American? A Jew?\n\nKENT: Do you remember that fellow's name?\n\nGROEN: Yes, I knew that for years, but you have to give me ten minutes. My\n83-year-old brain will bring it back. I'll call you tomorrow. I cannot think of\nhis name. Great fellow, because he didn't know me, but I knew him because they\nsay, \"That's the controller.\" They didn't tell him, \"This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaap Groen.\"\n\nKENT: What was the attitude of the locals towards Jews at the time?\n\nGROEN: I have never had any problems. I heard of problems, yes, but the problems\nwere not in the middle class and a little upper. The problem was mainly in the\nnot-so-well-done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans who lived practically in poverty, like you have\nhundred of them around me here.\n\nKENT: Like that fellow at the gas station?\n\nGROEN: Like the fellow at the gas [station]. Now, they're not all that way,\nbecause . . . Absolutely not. Never any problem. I go around. They know who I am\nbecause I'm the only Jew in town. But . . .\n\nKENT: You are the Jewish community here.\n\nGROEN: Not always, because you know how I got this home? My oldest friend in the\nUnited States, from my work at Ellman's in the very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning, was Larry Golson,\nwho was studying at that time to become a dentist. Harold Ellman paid a part of\nhis . . . What do you call it?\n\nKENT: Tuition?\n\nGROEN: Tuition to go through dental school. He became a dentist, and became my\ndentist and my best friend. He was my oldest friend in the United States. He was\nmy friend for fifty years. He retired about eight years ago and bought the house\nseven doors next . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I'm sorry, four doors [down from me] and retired\nthere. He's not there any more; he lived in a bunch of other places in the\nUnited States. He said, \"Why don't you come on a weekend? You should retire by\nnow. You still work. What do you work for?\" My wife said, \"Why don't we go and\nvisit him for a weekend?\" We came here for a weekend, had a ball, and on the way\nin, I said to Pat, I said \"Pat, don't get any ideas. I cannot live in a small\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town like this. Absolutely not.\" On the way back, I said, \"You know what? If we\ncan find a house on the river, I'll move,\" and we did. He's not there anymore.\n\nKENT: What made you change your mind?\n\nGROEN: I loved it here. [There is] no 285, where you get stuck on the expressway\nfor hours. You don't have to be anybody. That is the most wonderful thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You\ndon't have to dress. We came here and there was no closet. My wife said, \"What\nam I going to do?\" I said \"We'll build one.\" We had a closet built on the front\nof the house to the back. It is nine feet by, I think, eighteen or nineteen\nfeet. It's all racks with clothes filled to the top and we never wear it. That's\nwhat I like about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are involved in the . . . In Atlanta, we were involved\nin the symphony and in the theater. We were . . . I was a board member in many\norganizations, the Alliance theater, the Academy theater. We did all that stuff.\nWe had to be [dressed in a] nice tie and shirt, and nice coat, and not always\nthe same coat either. Here, if I wear the same shirt every week, nobody knows\nit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have one traffic light. If it's out of order, nobody knows the difference.\n\nKENT: How much have you been involved in survivor organizations and that sort of thing?\n\nGROEN: I don't join anything. I do my own thing and I talk in schools. I've done\n. . . Even here, I've talked to many schools. I have a very interesting story\nabout that. We lived here six years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I know everything about this place,\nbecause we are very heavily involved in the art association in Blue Ridge. I\ndon't serve on boards for the same reason anymore, but I interview artists every\nmonth and write about them in the magazine \"The Voice of the Arts.\" I do a lot\nof artistic things for them, and organize people and youngsters, a lot of\nthings. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife is very involved. She hangs shows and, so we're very involved in\nthis, and therefore, we know a lot of people. That's the way we fill our time\nand not just fill it, but learn a lot of life in this area. Good example: when\nwe moved here, at the same month, the lease on my wife's . . . I don't buy\ncars--only lease them--for a reason: you lease them three years and there is a\nnew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invention. Like now, last year I leased a hybrid Honda. We always had\nHondas, Preludes. I like the little sports cars. My car is a hybrid. Now,\n[somebody asked], \"Why don't you buy that car?\" I said, \"Listen, I get 44 miles\nto the gallon now. Three years from now, I bet you they get 70 miles to the\ngallon. Then I'm stuck with 40 miles and I can get 70 miles to the gallon? Give\nthat car back.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It all comes back to the same thing: we made life very easy and\nwe enjoy it. I'm sorry that my wife is not here, because she is something else.\nI told Ruth, my wife is the chairwoman of the library systems in the three\ncounties. You probably don't know what they are. It's Fannin and Towne . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's the other one here?\n\nKENT: Polk?\n\nEINSTEIN: Is it Polk?\n\nGROEN: No, Polk is Tennessee. That's another state. You know, the corner is the\ngrocery store, right at the border line, so you buy your potatoes in Georgia and\nyour butter in Tennessee.\n\nKENT: Have you been back to Europe since you left?\n\nGROEN: Yes, we used to go every year. Every year we went somewhere else. We went\nto Holland and we went, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traveled, and do all kinds of stuff, because Pat had\nnever been in Europe before. We're already married thirty-five years. I go back\nall the time. We have a lot of friends there. Yes.\n\nKENT: You seem remarkably normal for someone who went through all that.\n\nGROEN: You ask my wife. She thinks differently. I'm not normal now. I am normal,\nyes, I think so. I don't know. I really have no idea.\n\nKENT: How do you account for that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GROEN: I dealt with it. I told you. I was not making it easy on you, but I dealt\nwith it. I have no . . . I never had any problems talking about it. I talk to\nother survivors who never want to talk about it. Their children don't know\nanything about it. Every time that the children ask, he says, \"I don't want to\ntalk about it.\" [It is] strange. That's their way to deal with it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not that I\ntransfer it in my mind that it happened to other people when I tell the story,\nno. My sister had the same thing. She went out [speaking to others]. She did it\nuntil she died a couple of years ago. She lived in Memphis in Tennessee. She did\nit all over Tennessee. She was well-known. [She] talked about it. My sister had\na story of herself, because she was in a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special situation. The biggest\nelectronics firm in the world is Philips. You know about that? That's [in]\nHolland. The owner of Philips thought of something almost like . . There it\ncomes again. Who? I cannot say it. [Oskar] Schindler. He told the Nazis that he\nneeded 250 women that worked with him for years. It was a lie. They never worked\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. Jewish women that make the tubes that he needs for his work, and\nwithout that, they cannot deliver the tubes. They call it the 'Philips\ntransport.' There were 250 women, and my sister was picked that way, random.\nThey worked in three different places in Germany, because they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transferred.\nThe 250 women went together. That's the Philips transport, they called it. They\nsurvived. They made tubes that could never be used, no way. They sent them, they\nwere shipped to addresses that didn't exist, and all kinds of fantastic stories\nthat my sister could tell you if she were still alive. These women survived and\nhow they survived--because they were not killed at the end of the war--that's a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful story. In Sweden, was Count [Folke] Bernadotte. They had a lot of\nGerman officers who escaped Germany because they didn't want to fight anymore.\nThey wanted to stay alive. They escaped to Sweden, but they just couldn't live\nthere. They put them all together in one town and under guard. They couldn't get\nout. [Mr. Frits Phillips] went to Hitler and said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"If you give me 250 women\nfrom the Philips transport, I'll give you 200 of your officers back.\" They\ntraded. That was six months before the war was over. They were all sent to\nSweden, to the island of Goettenborg, to the city of Malmo, and there they\nstayed until the war was over. I have on my computer a picture of my sister\nwithout hair, a little bit of hair ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because . . . just in a store where they were\nall getting clothing, because they had only their uniforms. There are hundreds\nof stories that I'm sure there are other survivors that can tell you other\nincredible stories. Almost impossible. [Interview pauses; then resumes]\n\nGROEN: Let's go back to where we were. Where were we? Because I have problems\nwith that.\n\nEINSTEIN: In Sweden.\n\nGROEN: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I wanted to tell you what happened to me. I go to many schools,\nto all kinds of schools. I went to very religious schools, from churches, and\nall over, [but] not too far. Georgia, Tennessee, all around. Now, I come here in\na little place in McCaysville, Georgia. There is a school here, not too far\naway, in Blue Ridge. It's called the Fannin County Middle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School. I get a call\nfrom a Laurie Jenkins. She is the art teacher there. She says, \"Mr. Groen, we\nhave heard about you, and we would like for you to come to our school, because\nwe have a very special reason for that, to do it now. If you have time available\nnow, then we would like to do it in the next couple of weeks if you can do it.\"\nI looked at my schedule, said, \"Yeah, I can do it. It's no problem.\" I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting\nhere and I said \"Now, this is Fannin County and . . .\" I have my talk to these\nkids according to age. When they're a little bit older, they can have a little\nbit more of the gory part, and if they're practically adults. Like, I talk to\nthe Rotarians, and the other clubs that exist, and I have no problem with that.\nI tell them what I tell you, the truth, including the gore. She said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm the\nart teacher and we have an art exhibit.\" [I said,] \"No problem.\" [She told me,]\n\"And it would fit beautifully.\" I said, \"That's kind of interesting; I wonder\nwhat that is.\" I [thought], \"Well, I have to be careful in this area. What do\nthey know about the Holocaust?\" I really had to go from the beginning, very\ncareful. The day comes when I have to go to the school and do it, and she calls,\n\"Are you still available?\" [I said,] \"Yeah, I'm coming tomorrow.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go there. I\nparked. All these kids are outside. It was just before they had to go inside. I\ngo inside. I couldn't believe my eyes. What she didn't tell me [was] that was\nthe month of Holocaust Remembrance. She is the art teacher and she organized\nthat school-wide. Her art class had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contest to paint, sculpture, made from\npaper, collage, whatever you want to, art [with the] Holocaust as a subject. The\nwhole darned school was plastered in the hallways [with pieces of art], hundreds\nand hundreds, because they could do five, six, seven, whatever they wanted [in]\nany medium. I walked around there with goose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bumps on my arms, because I never\nseen anything like that, of that quantity, and also that quality. Unbelievable.\nI was completely wrong. Now, I said, \"Hey! These kids know everything. If they\ncan do that, they can stand some stories.\" I changed my whole idea what I was\ngoing to do that day. [It] was fantastic. One woman, Laurie Jenkins.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unbelievable. I couldn't believe my eyes. And the quality! A couple of them I\nnever forget. There was one, there were baby hands in different colors, just\npainted on the--maybe her own brothers and sisters--in different colors all over\nand in the center, \"Six Million.\" It gives me the goose bumps. I mean, these are\nkids! It's fantastic stuff. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's possible.\n\nKENT: Maybe a big general question: how well do you think the world has learned\neverything that needs to be learned?\n\nGROEN: No.\n\nKENT: It is not a yes or no question.\n\nGROEN: It sounds horrible, but of all countries in Europe, the only country\nwhere the next generation and then the next generation, is the best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"informed,\nwhere is that?\n\nKENT: Germany.\n\nGROEN: Germany. There is more going on in Germany than any other country in the\nworld, and especially in Europe. It's amazing. Are you informed about that, what\nthey do? I have a word for it now--but I overuse it, because my son said,\n\"Father, you say it all the time\"--mind blowing.\n\nEINSTEIN: How do you feel about, say, France, where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there has been such an\nincrease in antisemitism?\n\nGROEN: It doesn't come from inside of France. It comes mainly from the outside,\nbecause it's almost the same problem in Holland. Not that I saw it coming, but I\nknow now about it, that it is happening. Right after the war, there was a\ntremendous shortage of men to do physical labor, so they hired from other\ncountries. The main country that they hired people from was Morocco. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nMoroccans in Holland and France have created that antisemitism on the larger\nscale. It's not that there are a lot of groups, but there's plenty of them--not\nin Holland as much as in France, but it is there. I read it in the paper. It\ndoesn't say, \"We are antisemites,\" but if you read the articles you know. It is\nnot anti-Jewish, but it is like, \"Hey, forget about the Holocaust. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's over\nnow. You . . .\" That's what it is. That's the way I see it. Maybe I'm wrong, but\nI don't think I am.\n\nKENT: When you study the Middle East, the news year after year, what thought\ndoes that bring up?\n\nGROEN: There is a tremendous fear in me in that subject. It is always one fear\nthat is always coming up: that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put it all on the wrong group of people.\nThey say, \"the Muslims.\" I don't agree with that because there are plenty of\nMuslims who don't like at all what's going on verbally and physically, both.\nBecause in Holland, these Moroccan people, and these people from Algeria, and\nthe people that came from the Middle East that came to work right after the war\nand never left. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not all this way. Absolutely not! That is the fear that\nI have, that the young generation that is now the baby, that automatically\nbecomes antisemitic, because that's all they hear and see, and that's why it's\ngrowing. I see that coming more and more, yes. Not as much in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"printed\npapers, but in the . . . Do you read international papers on the Internet?\nThat's where you can read it. On the Internet, it's a little bit more visible.\nYes, even in Holland, if there's an article in the paper about survivors of the\nconcentration camps just got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Claims Conference--that big\norganization--another five hundred dollars for something and then, you read the\nletters to the editor. Then, you see where it is. [People ask,] \"Why did they\nget five hundred dollars? Don't you know what I got through,\" and that kind of .\n. .\n\nKENT: Why do you suppose that kind of attitude exists?\n\nGROEN: What about Abel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the son of Adam? Killed his only brother, because he\ndidn't have anybody else to kill, because they were the only two brothers on the\nwhole planet. It is, I don't know. Why do my cats . . . I have two cats.\nSometimes they love each other, and sometimes you hear them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting. Territory?\nDifference of thought? Religion? Race? Gender? Remember, no women at the\nCrockery Grill at Rich's?\n\nKENT: If you could imagine somebody a hundred years from now is going to watch\nthis in a museum or something and you're able to talk to the future from what\nhappened, what more could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you say or explain that might make a difference?\n\nGROEN: I don't think it's possible. It is watered down by that time. If we go up\nanother three generations, I know for sure . . . I just thought it up. My first\nwife and my second wife are not Jewish. That was not by selection. [It] just\nhappened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By my second wife ,we don't have any children. We were already . . .\nWe couldn't have any children anymore. I have one son by my first wife, so he's\nhalf Jewish. My son married not a Jewish woman. He has one son, who is\none-eighth Jewish. I have a great-grandson, who is one-sixteenth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a Jew. Three\ngenerations from now, he is one hundred forty-eighth of a Jew. He's no Jew. He\ndoesn't even know what a Jew is! Now, I hope he gets my little book that I'm\nwriting so he can see where's he is from. Little chance.\n\nKENT: Do you think that we are going to become extinct?\n\nGROEN: No. Jews? They're four thousand years after us. We're still here! No, no\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way! We are very vertile [sic]. No, what is it called?\n\nKENT: Fertile?\n\nGROEN: Virile.\n\nKENT: Virile.\n\nGROEN: Yes, I use sometimes the wrong word. Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Virile and then fertile.\n\nKENT: Okay, yes. Is there anything else you want to talk about that maybe you\nhave not talked about before?\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything more about Atlanta? I mean, I'm kind of curious what\nyour feeling was coming to Jim Crow South, because you hit it right at a very\ninteresting time.\n\nGROEN: A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very interesting time. Like I said a little earlier, I was informed, so\nit didn't hit me that hard. But there was some things that I had no idea, I\nnever thought of. I thought that all Jews would be against an \"other\"\nsegregation or an \"other\" ugly attitude. Not here.\n\nKENT: How much did they seem to know about what happened in the war? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder if\nthat was a factor, that maybe they just didn't know that well.\n\nGROEN: It sounds almost silly, but I never asked. They didn't want to talk about\nit. I always had a feeling that they would think, \"Oh, my G-d, he starts all\nover again.\" Non-Jewish people ask me more about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation than Jewish\npeople. You want to know how bad? I cannot even count the number of churches\nthat I have spoken [in]. I was never asked [to speak] in one synagogue. Yes. I\nnever solicited, so it all had to come to me. Never. They know I'm here. I get\nall the publications and . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did it mean to you to be involved . . .\n\nGROEN: And I have no problem with that. I don't want to sound that I'm anti-\nthis. No, I understand it. They felt guilty and that's very difficult. They say,\n\"Hey, why didn't we do anything about it?\" We didn't do much about it either.\nBesides the Warsaw Uprising in the ghetto, do you know of any other? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hardly.\nYes, in Amsterdam, not Jewish; the longshoremen said, \"Hey, wait a moment, these\nare our Jews. You stay away from these guys.\" They fought them. Lost. They have\na big monument in the old Jewish neighborhood, what used to be a Jewish\nneighborhood. It's in my book with a picture.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: I guess I have two questions, but since we just touched on Amsterdam .\n. . There are so many people who think that Anne Frank was the Holocaust. Since,\nof course, you knew Anne and you knew her sister Margot, how do you feel about\nthis one person sort of representing . . .\n\nGROEN: Okay, let me tell you something. It is not a good story. I didn't know\nAnne as well, because that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my sister's [friend]. I met Margot, anyway. I\nknew Otto and I didn't like Otto. Okay, that has nothing to do with it really.\nThat comes later. This starts coming along and . . . Anne's diary, it is a\nterrible story, because it is almost the Holy Grail. That's what it is. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still\ndon't understand that this was the . . . I'm glad that it did, because it really\nbrought it onto the masses and especially onto the children. I'm glad it did,\nbut I can read it sixteen times and I have no idea how did this book become an\ninternational best seller. It is the Bible of most kids learning about the\nHolocaust and it is not about the Holocaust. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It isn't. Only that last little\npiece in Bergen-Belsen. You know what I'm talking about? A book . . . There is a\nbook that never made it. It was written by Dr. Arnold Brunder, Dutchman. It's\ncalled End Station Auschwitz, Eindstation Auschwitz in Dutch. That book ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau]. That book should go and tell people about the Holocaust.\n[It] never made it. I don't even think it's available anymore. I'm going to look\nit up on the Internet when I'm done. I never thought about that book anymore.\n[It] never made it. There are so many books, like . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not . . . I just\npull out what is on my mind and it is not criticism of anybody because I love\nthem all, and I have a lot of respect for all of them. But Elie Wiesel, he was a\nkid. He has no idea what happened to him. He is the other Holy Grail. They\nhaven't done anything and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"haven't experienced anything. I love these guys\nbecause they made it, they brought it to the people in a very good way. There\nare some other people who could tell you stories about the Holocaust who\nexperienced it every day, like my cousin who died after the war, Gerrit Dreese.\nI mentioned the name. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the son of my father's sister. He was in Janowitz.\nThat is a small outside camp. He worked in the mines for over three years, up to\nhis knees in the water. [He] lived in--there was no camp--that mine. [He] had a\nnumber on his arm this big. I mean, he can tell you stories of cruelty, what\nthey went through. These people have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . . It's all right. I love all these\npeople because they did it. And of the non-Jewish people, Corrie ten Boom. I\nknow Corrie personally. She went through a lot and she did fantastic for the\nJewish people. I know some other people . . . They don't even know the names.\nThey never heard of it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where is that from? How does that happen? I don't know,\ncannot tell you why. Now, I'm in advertising, so I could say they promoted\nthemselves better, but I don't think that is true, because, back to Anne Frank .\n. . Otto Frank was hiding that thing for a long time and then finally decided\nthat would be the best thing. He did a fantastic thing there, but if you read\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, if my cousin Gerrit Dreese would have read it, he'd say, \"That's not about\nthe Holocaust. That is not a good example.\" It's bad enough, but it's more about\nthe interplay of these people in an Achterhuis [Dutch: attic] where they were\nhidden, than it is . . . Maybe I'm wrong, because I cannot be always right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nwife says that I think I'm always right, but every wife says that about their husband.\n\nKENT: At this point, there is a sense that we all know everything that happened,\nand it's all documented, and \"We get it.\" There is that kind of a sense.\n\nGROEN: Yes, but, honestly, Ruth was the first person who knew about Ebensee. I\nhave never, ever met a person that said, \"Oh, I know. I read about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ebensee.\" The\ninternational press called it the most diabolic camp of all Nazi concentration\ncamps. Nobody had ever heard about it. She knew it. You talk to more people\nabout it, but you did know it, [Ruth,] and I've never met anybody.\n\nKENT: I know a fellow in San Diego. I will talk to him and give him your number.\n\nGROEN: Oh?\n\nKENT: He was there.\n\nGROEN: What year was he there? To the end? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, that's the worst time.\n\nKENT: Mauthausen.\n\nGROEN: The same trip, yes. [Laughs]\n\nKENT: Yes, I'll give him your number.\n\nGROEN: He was liberated at the same time. Was he also asozialer or was he still\nworking till the end?\n\nKENT: Yes, as far as I know.\n\nGROEN: Still working?\n\nKENT: Yes, he was about your age probably, eighteen or something.\n\nGROEN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: I guess I am still a little curious about your life in Atlanta, and\nthe movement, and what you kind of got out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that spiritually, or whether it\nwas any kind of a . . .\n\nGROEN: It is a big word \"in the Movement.\" I knew all these people and I marched\na little bit, but as I am not a joiner . . . [unintelligible; sounds close to\n\"understand\" in Dutch]. I am not a joiner. You know how I got in there? Through\nRosemary Akselrad, through the Atlanta University. Otherwise, I would have never\ngotten to these people. That's where Martin [Luther King] had his schooling, or\npart of his schooling. John [Lewis] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was teaching there.\n\nEINSTEIN: You were telling me a story . . .\n\nGROEN: No, he was not teaching . . . Yes. I can't remember. It was him or . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you relate that little story that you told me before we started\nfilming about John Lewis and your great idea for lunch one day? Didn't you take\nhim to sit somewhere for lunch?\n\nGROEN: Yes, that's . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, that's not a big story. I have a much better story.\n\nEINSTEIN: I will trade.\n\nGROEN: I was a big client in advertising at the Atlanta Journal, and the\nrepresentative for my account--I don't want to mention his name because they are\nfamiliar; that's not a good thing--but he was an important representative. He\ndid big accounts. He was a segregationist because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was a Southern Gentleman.\nHe wore the hat, he had the tie, and the light suits, and a stick. But he never\never said a bad word about blacks. Never. But, I wanted to test him and see how\nfar he would go. His colleague said, \"Well, yeah, don't bring anything up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like\nthat because you'll get a barrage of answers that are so anti- what you are\nthinking about that you can never talk to him and that you might remove him from\nthe account.\" That's how bad. But I liked him. It doesn't make any difference.\nArt Parsons, that's his name. Super guy. I don't even know if he's still alive,\nbut I don't think so, because he would be a hundred and five years old now, so\nit doesn't work. But his family is still there. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that, because my son is\nthirty-eight years with the Atlanta newspaper. I thought, \"I'm going to test\nhim.\" We went out for lunch sometimes. That's why it came up. We went out for\nlunch sometimes and we did our thing as client and . . . But I liked him, in\nspite of everything. Never said a dirty word about blacks. Never. That made him,\nin my opinion a Southern Gentleman. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Art . . .\" Well, he knew everything\nabout me. We talked about it and he listened, but he never had a . . . Never.\nNever had a nasty word about it. We . . . How long did you live in Atlanta?\n\nEINSTEIN: Close to twenty years.\n\nGROEN: No, that's already gone. There was a big hotel on Peachtree across from\nthe Darlington, and it was kind of semi-close. It was only two floors still in\nwork, and behind that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they rented out the back entrance and an area that they\nmade into a black nightclub. I didn't know that until a couple of weeks before I\nasked Art Parsons. I said, \"We always go to restaurants. Why don't we go to a\nnightclub together?\" He said, \"I don't think I've ever been in a nightclub.\" I\nsaid, \"Well, it's not a regular nightclub. It's a black nightclub.\" He said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"That must be the Carrousel.\" I said \"No.\" He knew about that one. I said, \"No.\nThere's a whole different . . .\" I don't even remember the name. It was . . . I\nthink . . . Give me three little seconds. It will come back. It didn't have a\nsign. There was no sign because there was no blacks on Peachtree that rented\nanything. It was kind of a secret place. [I said,] \"No, it is a new one, it's\nbehind . . .\" He said, \"I never heard about it.\" [I said,] \"Well, I didn't\neither. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just learned about it.\" \"I'm a sport,\" he says, \"I go with you.\" Wow.\nIn one swoop. We go there, and it was a great. I didn't know either, because I'd\nnever been there. It was quite elegant, a little upper-class, from better places\nin the south of Atlanta. He had a ball. He didn't do anything, he didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to\nanybody, but he sat there. We walked out, and I said, \"How'd you like it?\" He\nsaid, \"I really enjoyed it. It was not at all what I thought it was.\" I said,\n\"What did you think it was going to be?\" He said, \"Well, the fighting and the .\n. .\" I said, \"I wouldn't go to a place like that.\" He went. I never said\nanything about it, because I didn't want him to get bad with his . . . They\nwould make fun of him, his colleagues. But they knew that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took him there. I\ntold these few, I said, \"Don't talk to him about it,\" but they did. They\ncouldn't give a darn. They just were riding him about this thing and he\npractically took up for that nightclub. So, you see? There is hope for\neverybody. Art Parsons. [I'll] never forget him. Yes, and now there might not be\na newspaper anymore.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can I ask one of your favorite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions?\n\nKENT: Go for it.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did having your son mean to you?\n\nGROEN: What he means to me?\n\nEINSTEIN: Having or starting your own family--\n\nGROEN: My G-d. It was fantastic, yes. I don't think I want to talk about my\nbackground with my first wife. That doesn't . . . I married her for the wrong\nreasons. That's all I want to tell you. She was a great woman. There was one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem. She was a dynamite fighter in the war and after . . . She was from a\nsmall place close to Utrecht called Zuilen. After the war, there was no place\nfor her anymore. There was nothing to do, because there was no war anymore to\nfight. That ruined her whole life and my life. It did not ruin it, but it was\nnot a good life. Then, after a number of years we decided to part. My son is\nfantastic, yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, he wanted to become a lawyer, and then he quit in the\nmiddle of it. He says . . . I don't even know. He said a couple of times when he\nwas a kid that he wanted to be a lawyer. Then, I didn't hear anything about it\nanymore. Then, he went into advertising. He took a job at the TV Guide--I don't\nknow exactly what his job was there, but it was in advertising--and then, the\nAtlanta Journal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, he's a computer expert. He is a communication director and\nhe has a title that I can't even repeat. It has about sixteen words in it and\nit's too much. But it's a good job. It's a very interesting job. It's not just a\nnewspaper, this Cox. They have theaters, and they have even a car auction, an\nautomobile auction, all over the country. He combines all these things and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solves all the computer problems.\n\nKENT: The one question I always ask is: is there anything you think that the\nJewish world should learn from what happened, any adjustments or whatever\nbecause of what happened?\n\nGROEN: I have a problem always with the 'women's world,' the 'Christian world,'\nthe 'Jewish world' . . . They should all get together, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they all have the\nsame darn problem: to separate themselves from the rest. A good example [of]\nwhat I am against is that there is a 'black so-and-so,' and a 'black so-and-so,'\nand a 'Jewish so-and-so.' I know I cannot change it, but I'm still against it,\nbecause that's where the trouble starts. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where the trouble starts. I will\nnot tell you who it was, but the craziest experience on that level is somebody\nthat I know went to a sporting event that was held in a Jewish building. It was\nbasketball. You have people that are very involved in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the game and they yell and\nthey scream. These were not the same screams that the normal screams were. The\nscreams were, \"Get these darn Jews!\" and, \"Get these darn goyim!\" When it was\ntold to me, I was in shock that you go that far that a basketball game becomes a\npolitical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arena. Beside political and racial, and at the very bottom of the\npit--it should be at the top, but it's at the bottom in this case--is the human\nsituation. That the human mind can take a basketball game and turn it into\nsomething that is worldwide since the Bible. That makes me sick in my stomach.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See, it comes to your question. What have we learned? We have learned a lot, but\nwe don't use what we have learned. We have learned it and we swallow it.\n\nKENT: Is it possible to have a strong Jewish identity and yet not be apart?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GROEN: Crazy answer. It's not because you have a crazy question. Crazy answer. I\nalways have a feeling the more you advertise yourself, the more you create a\nproblem. Honestly, I have a question for you. Can I turn it around? You want to\nsit in this chair? No. Okay. What came into your mind the first moment when you\nheard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that [Bernard] Madoff had cheated his own people for fifty billion dollars?\n\nKENT: It reinforces the stereotype to the extreme.\n\nGROEN: Right. That's why we can do with less advertising. And I say that as an\nadvertising director. Think about it. I might not be right, but there is\nsomething in there that makes sense. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the first thing that came to my\nmind, and I said, \"Jaap! You're wrong! Don't do that!\" But you cannot help it.\nYou can imagine what people who are not from our religion thought at first and\nsome of them used some ugly words with it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/transcript/40052/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Thank you for everything.\n\nGROEN: It's a pleasure. It's not a pleasure; but it was good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9150.0,9180.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). The Auschwitz camp complex also included more than 40 camps and subcamps in the region that drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Originally, Auschwitz-Birkenau was supposed to be a huge pool of political prisoners and Russian prisoners-of-war to be used for slave labor but sometime in 1942 it was decided that it was the perfect place for the ‘Final Solution’—the extermination of the Jews. The morgues attached to the crematoria, which had been built to handle the expected high mortality in the camp, were adapted into gas chambers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. Within a month, however, Poland was defeated. German forces attacked Belgium, the Netherlands, and France from the west on May 10, 1940. Initially, British and French commanders believed that German forces would attack through central Belgium and rushed forces to the Franco-Belgian border to meet the German attack. The main German attack, however, went through the Ardennes Forest in southeastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. German tanks and infantry quickly broke through the French defensive lines. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May. Paris fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940. On June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which went into effect on June 25, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to fears about influxes of Communist or Asian immigrants, the United States Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. The 1952 Act established a national quota at a rate of one-sixth percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. As a result, the majority of the visas annually available were allotted to immigrants from northern and western Europe. Eastern Europeans who fell under communistic Soviet Union rule were given minimal quotas to enter the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalisades Park is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers) north of New York City, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe persecution of Jews in the Netherlands began soon after the German occupation in 1940. During 1940, Jews were banned from the civil service and required to register the assets of their businesses. Radios were confiscated, ritual (kosher) slaughter was banned, and Jews were barred from recreational and entertainment facilities, hotels, and restaurants. In January 1941, all Jews were required to register themselves as Jews. The arrest of several young Jews led to a general strike by Dutch workers in February, which was followed by brutal suppression and a hardening in Nazi policy. Jews were then segregated from the Dutch population. A curfew was put in place and all Jewish students were barred from public schools. By 1942, Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothing, forbidden on public transport and forced to turn in their bicycles. Jews were then required to register all of their property and deposit any money into German-controlled banks. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence. It was recognized that night by the United States, and three days later by the Soviet Union. A day after the declaration of independence of the State of Israel, armies of five Arab countries, Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq, invaded Israel. This marked the beginning of the War of Independence. Despite the numerical superiority of the Arab armies, Israel defended itself and won, maintaining its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHachsharah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: pioneer] was a Zionist youth movement for children and adolescents focusing on educational, social and ideological development, including a belief in Jewish nationalism as represented in a State of Israel. \u003cem\u003eHachsharah\u003c/em\u003e prepared youngsters to go to Palestine (at that time).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHollandsche Schouwburg\u003c/em\u003e (Dutch Theater) was a three story theater that opened in 1892 in Amsterdam’s Plantage District. The theatre was located at the outskirts of what back then was the old Jewish quarter of Amsterdam. In 1941, the Nazis renamed it \u003cem\u003eJoodse Schouwburg\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish Theater) and it became the only one Jewish people were allowed to attend and the only one where Jewish artists could perform. In July 1942, the theater became a detention center. From then on, the Nazis also started to call the theater the \u003cem\u003eUmschlagplatz Plantage Middenlaan\u003c/em\u003e (Storage place Plantage Middenlaan). Thousands of Jews were detained in the theater at a time, sometimes for days and sometimes for weeks. In all, between 60,000 and 80,000 men, women and children were deported from here — first to either the Westerbork or the Vught transit camps in Holland, and from there to Nazi Germany’s death camps at Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen or Sobibor. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGroot-Ammers is a town in the Dutch province of South Holland, on the southside of the Lek River. It is approximately 31 miles (51 kilometers) south of Amsterdam. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUtrecht is the fourth-largest city in the Netherlands. Located in the center of the Netherlands, it is an important transportation hub. The city is known for its medieval center and as the home of the largest university in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWesterbork was in the northeastern part of the Netherlands. From 1942 to 1944 it served as a transit camp for Jews who were being deported from the Netherlands to eastern Europe. Almost 100,000 Jews were transported out of Westerbork, most of them were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau where they were murdered. However, nine transports went to Bergen-Belsen. The trains left Westerbork every Tuesday morning. When it was liberated in April 1945 there were only 876 inmates left in it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaardenveld is a street in the Dutch city of Utrich. During World War II, a police headquarters and prison were located on Paardenveld.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn August 1931, Heinrich Himmler created the \u003cem\u003eSicherheitsdienst\u003c/em\u003e (SD; “Security Service”), a special branch of the SS (Schutzstaffel) that acted separately as the Nazi Party’s own intelligence and security body. After Adolf Hitler became chancellor in 1933, the SD was given extra power to deal with all opposition to the Nazi government. Richard Heydrich was appointed head of the SD and the Gestapo (which was closely related to the SD) in 1936. After his assassination in 1942, Himmler became the leader of the SD. The following year, Ernst Kaltenbunner replaced him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. The \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eÄltestenrat\u003c/em\u003e was a Council of Jewish leaders established in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were installed to manage the communities and provide the Germans with forced laborers. A \u003cem\u003eJudischer Ordnungsdienst\u003c/em\u003e [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas and often were responsible for rounding up Jews selected for forced labor or deportation. They were often referred to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Main Camp was established on the site of 22 existing Polish army barracks just outside the town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans). It was originally established in 1940, and later referred to as \"Auschwitz I\" or \"Main Camp.” It could hold about 10,000 prisoners, but over time, the camp expanded steadily in both organizational and spatial terms. The Main Camp is where the museum is today and has the famous ‘\u003cem\u003eArbeit Macht Frei\u003c/em\u003e’ gate. This was the location of the SS garrison administration, the commander of the local garrison, and the commandant of Auschwitz I, the main offices of the political department and the prisoner labor department. Here, too, were the main supply stores, workshops, and SS companies (DAW, DEST, and Deutsche Lebensmittel GmbH). Work in these administrative and economic units and companies was the main labor assignment for the prisoners in this camp. In August 1944, it held about 16 thousand prisoners (roughly 10,000 Jews, 4,000 Poles, and 3,000 prisoners from other ethnic groups). In October 1944, a camp for several thousand women prisoners employed producing artillery-shell fuses in the Union-Werke factory opened in the new blocks in the so-called camp extension (Schutzhaftlagererweiterung).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center, also referred to as \"Birkenau” or “Auschwitz II,\" was located near the Polish village Brzezinka (renamed Birkenau, German for ‘birch woods’), about 2 miles (just over 3 km) from the Main Camp. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp where new arrivals to Auschwitz underwent a selection. Birkenau’s four large gas chambers and crematoriums played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. The majority— about 90 percent, or an approximate total of 1 million people—of the victims of Auschwitz concentration camp died in Birkenau. The majority of those who perished in Birkenau during its three years of operation were Jewish (about 90 percent). In addition, roughly 70,000 Poles, as well as 20,000 Gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war and thousands of non-Jewish prisoners of other nationalities were killed in Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German SS officer and physician during World War II. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured him. He was released in June 1945 under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil on February 7, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cem\u003eswastika\u003c/em\u003e comes from the Sanskrit word \u003cem\u003esvastika\u003c/em\u003e, which means “good fortune” or “well-being,” and it is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Odinism. In the beginning of the twentieth century, the symbol was widely used in Europe and Asia. The symbol is in the form of an equal-armed cross with each arm continued at a right angle. The Nazi party adopted it as its symbol in 1920 as a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. It soon became associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state, striking fear into Jews and others deemed enemies of Nazi Germany. The swastika became the most recognizable icon of Nazi propaganda, appearing on flags, lection posters, armbands, medallions, and badges for military and other organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. The biggest group of those deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau was Jews from more than 20 European countries. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with a letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, a \u003cem\u003eBlockälteste\u003c/em\u003e [German: block elder] was a prisoner whose duties were maintaining order and discipline in the block, distributing food, and keeping records on the prisoners. The block elders had almost unlimited power over the prisoners, which usually took the form of continually hurrying, beating them, and imposing arbitrary punishments. Block elders had their own room that, by camp standards, was “luxuriously” furnished with a single bed, sheets, a pillow, and a duvet, as well as a wardrobe for his clothes and personal effects. Block elders were distinguished by black coats, high boots, and armbands with the name of their post. In the early days of the camp, block elders were almost always German criminals. Later, Poles and Jews also became block elders. By that point, there were block elders who showed less brutality or even tried to protect their prisoner charges and exercise their power justly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘\u003cem\u003eArbeit Macht Frei\u003c/em\u003e’ is a German phrase meaning “work makes [you] free.” The slogan is known for having been placed over the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps, including most infamously Auschwitz I, where it was made by prisoners with metalwork skills and erected by order of the Nazis in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz III or Monowitz was located near the Polish village of Monowice [German: Monowitz], about 4 miles (approximately 6.5 kilometers) east of the Main Camp. It was the largest of the subcamps of Auschwitz. The German chemical firm IG Farben built a huge complex for the production of synthetic fuels and rubber [German: buna]. The availability of thousands of slave laborers in the Auschwitz camps, rail lines and nearby natural resources for fuel was the reason the camp was built there. In April 1941 prisoners began working in the Buna-Aussenkommando building the factory. The prisoners had to march every day from the Main Camp to the worksite until October 1941, when IG Farben proposed that they be housed on the site itself. They built barracks and housed 4,000 to 5,000 laborers on site. IG Farben paid the SS a small daily fee for the prisoner. The prisoners were not paid. Some prisoners built underground bunkers, laid cable, carried tree trunks and dug up unexploded bombs or worked on various commandos (work units). Skilled prisoners were also needed: mechanics, mason, carpenters, painter, electricians or welders. The work in Buna was brutal because it was mostly heavy construction but the Germans didn’t care how many prisoners died of privation, starvation and disease because they could always get more labor from the Main Camp and Birkenau. Between 23,000 and 40,000 prisoners may have died in the camp of malnutrition, overwork, disease and work accidents.  Those who could no longer work were selected for the gas chambers in Birkenau.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Boys from Brazil\u003c/em\u003e is a 1978 British-American science fiction film based on the novel of the same name by Ira Levin. It is about an underground neo-Nazi society in South America where Dr. Josef Mengele is trying to clone Adolf Hitler to restore the Nazi movement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hippocratic Oath is a Greek oath of ethics historically taken by new physicians, who swear to uphold specific ethical standards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” is a racial slur often used to refer to Roma, [singular Rom; also called Romany]. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri family groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. As a traditionally nomadic group, Roma have often been viewed as outsiders. For centuries, Roma were scorned and persecuted across Europe. Among the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti, and Lalleri (Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews. Some 23,000 Roma in the Greater German Reich were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At least 19,000 died there. Uniquely, entire families were housed together in a special compound that was called the \"Gypsy family camp.\" In the spring of 1944, camp leadership decided to murder the inhabitants of the Gypsy compound. After transferring as many as 3,000 Roma capable of work to Auschwitz I and other concentration camps, the SS killed the remaining inmates on August 2, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrisoners in Auschwitz-Birkenau received three meals per day. In the morning, they received only half a liter of “coffee,” or rather boiled water with a grain-based coffee substitute added, or “tea”—an herbal brew. These beverages were usually unsweetened. The noon meal consisted of about a liter of soup, the main ingredients of which were potatoes, rutabaga, and small amounts of oats, rye flour, and Avo food extract. The soup was unappetizing, and newly arrived prisoners were often unable to eat it, or could do so only in disgust. Supper consisted of about 300 grams of black bread, served with about 25 grams of sausage, or margarine, or a tablespoon of marmalade or cheese. The bread served in the evening was supposed to cover the needs of the following morning as well, although the famished prisoners usually consumed the whole portion at once. The low nutritional value of these meals should be noted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the late summer of 1944, the \u003cem\u003eWehrmacht\u003c/em\u003e sent Emil Kaschub (1919-1977), a German physician with the rank of corporal, to Auschwitz in an effort to unmask the various methods of malingering that were becoming widespread among German soldiers, especially on the eastern front. Soldiers were often self-inflicting wounds, abscesses, fever and infectious hepatitis. In August 1944, Kaschub began conducting dermatological experiments on healthy Jewish prisoners. The subsequent wounds were then documented. Kaschub rubbed various toxic substances into their skin or injected it into their limbs, and then gave them oral medicine (Atebrine) in order to provoke the same symptoms being presented by German soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlka-Seltzer is a medicine that treats pain accompanying heartburn and acid indigestion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eWehrmacht\u003c/em\u003e was the German military from 1935 to 1945. The German military were complicit in Nazi war crimes during the Holocaust.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany’s military engagements in Europe during World War II are generally divided into two separate headings—the Western Front and the Eastern Front. The Western Front included Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. The Eastern Front included conflicts against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies. The war on the Eastern Front was the scene of the largest military confrontation in history and was particularly brutal.     \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Siege of Leningrad was a prolonged military blockade (from September 8, 1941 through January 27, 1944) on the Eastern Front in World War II. Following Germany’s surprise invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, German and Finnish armed forces had rapidly advanced as far as the city of Leningrad. After bombarding and surrounding the city, Hitler ordered the city by blockaded. Sometimes also called the 900-day siege, it actually lasted 872 days. During that time, an estimated 800,000 civilians died from enemy fire or starvation. Finally, in January 1944, a successful Soviet offensive drove the Germans westward from the city’s outskirts, ending the siege.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Darfur region lies in the western part of the Sudan (Africa's largest country), near the borders with Libya, Chad, and Central African Republic. The region encompasses an area roughly the size of Spain. The 2002 population of Darfur was estimated at about six million, eighty percent of whom live in rural areas. Conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection in protest of what they contended was the Sudanese government’s disregard for the western region and its non-Arab population. The principal causes of the conflict are the result of environmental degradation and competition for resources, but it is also the product of a long history of ethnic marginalization and manipulation by Sudan's ruling elites. In response to the rebels’ insurrection, the government equipped and supported Arab militias known as the Janjaweed (which loosely translates to ‘devils on horseback’) or Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to fight the rebels. These militias are historic rivals of the main rebel groups, the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). In what has been called the worst humanitarian conflict of the twenty-first century and labeled genocide, the Janjaweed systematically destroyed Darfuris by burning villages, looting economic resources, polluting water sources, and murdering, raping, and torturing civilians. It is an ongoing conflict. As of spring 2020, over 480,000 people have been killed and more than 2.8 million people are displaced.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It can usually be cured with antibiotics but before they were discovered in the 1940’s tuberculosis was the single most common cause of death in the United States. Today it is still a killer, causing about 3 million deaths around the world yearly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary concentration camp in Austria. It had a whole series of sub-camps (about 50). It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938. It was established on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry and its purpose was to use slave labor to exploit the quarry. At first it was a punishment camp where prisoners were sent to serve out their sentences under very severe conditions. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. In addition to working in the quarries, which was essentially a death sentence, the prisoners also worked on construction projects (such as building roads, power plants, tunnels or power stations) and for the armaments industry. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranz Xaver Ziereis (1905-1945) was a career soldier, who was the commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp from 1939 until the camp was liberated by the American forces in 1945. Ziereis was notorious for his brutality and cruelty. Ziereis and other members of the SS fled at the end of the war but he was tracked down and mortally wounded during exchange of fire with US Army soldiers. Before his death he made a detailed confession.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEbensee was a sub-camp of Mauthausen. The prisoners there worked in the armaments industry. The camp was in a dense forest and close to a rocky formation where tunnels were dug to protect the factories from Allied air raids. It was second only in size to Dora-Mittelbau with 12 factories and 1,404 feet of tunnels. The main purpose of Ebensee was to provide slave labor for the construction of enormous underground tunnels, which were to be used for the development of rockets. The tunnels were never used for rocket production, however. As higher priority was assigned to other kinds of military production, the tunnels that had already been completed were assigned new tasks. One series of tunnels (Plant A) was instead used for refining petroleum. The other series of completed tunnels (Plant B) were used for manufacturing motor parts for tanks and trucks. The first prisoners came from Mauthausen in November 1943 and started digging the tunnels. They worked 12 hours per day in all weathers. More transports of prisoners arrived until 1945 when the number of prisoners peaked at 18,500 in the last desperate days of the war; although overall about 27,000 prisoners passed through. About 8,200 prisoners died there. Living conditions were severe, and the work was exhausting and dangerous. The death rate soared. Those who fell ill or who died were sent back to Mauthausen, until Ebensee got its own crematoria. The last roll call took place on May 5, 1945. The commandant Anton Ganz ordered the prisoners into the tunnels where it was rumored that explosives had been set up to seal them in. The prisoners refused to leave roll call. That night about 600 guards fled the camp and the next day the Americans arrived. Several former guards and Ganz were tried and convicted after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnton Ganz (1899-1973) was a soldier and policeman before joining the SS and rising through the ranks. In October 1942, he was put in charge of a Mauthausen satellite camp. After that camp was closed, he was installed as the Commandant of the Ebenee concentration camp, where he was nototriusly brutal and cruel. Ganz went into hiding after the war, but was apprehended in 1962. A German court sentenced Ganz to live in prison, where he died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V1 and V2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II.  They were the world’s first cruise missiles. The V-2 rocket was more sophisticated and was really the world’s first ballistic missile. The area of destruction of a V-2 was 800 to 1,200 yards wide.  It was developed during World War II in Germany as a “vengeance weapon,” designed to attack Allied cities in retaliation for Allied bombing of German cities. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman bombs repeatedly targeted London, killing thousands of civilians, throughout the war. Between September 7, 1940 and May 21, 1941, the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) strategically bombed 16 British cities. The period of sustained aerial raids became known as “The Blitz” (shortened from the German Blitzkreig, meaning “lightning war”). More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged, and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Then, between June and August 1944, Germany fired nearly 8,000 V-1 rockets at London and Southern England in what was called the “Second Blitz.” London was targeted a third time beginning on September 8, 1944, when Germany launched its V-2 rockets. The V-2s killed or wounded over 6,000 people in London, Paris, and Belgium and seriously injured and maimed another 18,000.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePeenemünde is a remote island in the Baltic Sea, where a V-2 production plant, which used slave laborers, was built in 1943. When the Allies bombed that site in the summer of 1943, production was moved underground out of reach of Allied bombers to various sites in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi regime used the term ‘asocial’ to categorize a group of people who did not conform to their social norms and attempted to remove them from society. The term was often applied along with ‘workshy’ to many groups on grounds of their lack of productivity and use to society. Most individuals who fell into this category were beggars, alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes, pacifists, Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), and disabled or mentally ill people. These groups experienced persecution ranging from social exclusion to mass murder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eL'Hôpital Bichat [French: Hospital Bichat] is located in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, France and was founded in 1881. In 1970, it joined with Hôpital Claude-Bernard [French: Claude Bernard Hospital] and is now known as the Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Jews were the primary victims persecuted by the Nazi party’s policies during World War II, historians estimate that another five million non-Jewish victims were also murdered during the Holocaust. Other groups singled out by the Nazis included LGBTQ individuals, the physically and mentally disabled, Roma (gypsies), Poles and other Slavic people, Jehovah’s witnesses, and members of political opposition groups. Jehovah’s Witnesses were subjected to intense persecution under the Nazi regime and were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps. Jehovah’s Witnesses were targeted because of their unwillingness to accept the authority of the state and their strong opposition to war, which was a complete contradiction of the ideology of the Nazi state. It is estimated that between 2,000-3,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses died or were murdered in concentration camps and prisons during the Holocaust. The majority were from Germany. The others were deported from The Netherlands, Austria, and Poland, along with some from Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR. At least 273 Jehovah’s Witnesses were also executed after military courts sentenced them to death for refusing military service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1944, Kaschub conducted experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau to research the faking of jaundice by means of picric acid.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eNederlands Volksherstel\u003c/em\u003e (Dutch People’s Recovery, NVH) was an umbrella aid organization that focused on “promoting the mental and physical recovery” of Dutch people who were in distress as a result of the Second World War. It was established to aid the nation’s social recuperation after liberation from German occupation. It encouraged ‘healthy’ family life and it pursued moral and cultural enlightenment; ‘Family recovery leads to people’s recovery’ was its slogan. A lack of finances and good organizational structure prevented it from success and it only existed until March of 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax Factor is a line of cosmetics from Coty, Inc. It was founded in 1909 as Max Factor \u0026amp; Company by Maksymilian Faktorowicz, a beautician from Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Holiday on Ice” is an ice show that began in the United States in 1943. It began touring internationally in 1947. Today, it is the largest touring ice show in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDe Bijenkorf is a chain of premium department stores in the Netherlands. It opened in Amsterdam in 1870 and today (2021) has seven stores throughout the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1636, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Originally named Harvard, as a college, it was recognized as a university in 1780. Harvard is based in Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarrods is a department store in London, England that was founded in 1849. It is one of the most famous and largest department stores in Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustin Reed was a British fashion retailer founded in 1900, and the brand was acquired by Edinburgh Woollen Mill in 2016.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeb’s Restaurant was owned by Charlie Lebedin (1901-1989) and was at the corner of Forsyth and Luckie Streets, across from the popular Rialto Theater. Lebedin was a well-known segregationist, and Leb’s, like most downtown restaurants in hotels, did not allow Black customers. In the early 1960s, protestors including students from Atlanta College, began to hold repeated pickets and sit-ins, and Leb’s was a frequent target. After a series of civil rights protects that were met with increasing violence, Leb’s and the other downtown restaurants were finally integrated on July 23, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Robert Lewis (1940-2020) was an American statesman and civil rights leader who served in the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966. Lewis was one of the \"Big Six\" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. He fulfilled many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States. In 1965, Lewis led the first of three Selma to Montgomery marches across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. In an incident which became known as Bloody Sunday, state troopers and police attacked the marchers, including John Lewis. A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to Congress in 1986 and served 17 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. While in the House, Lewis was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party, serving from 1991 as a Chief Deputy Whip and from 2003 as a Senior Chief Deputy Whip. John Lewis received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLester Garfield Maddox Sr. (1915-2003) was an American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve Black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, the Pickrick, in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He later served as Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllman’s Catalog Showrooms was established as a wholesale jewelry company, M. Ellman and Co, by Michael Ellman. The company sold jewelry for post exchanges at military installations nationwide. In 1962, it became a catalog showroom operation headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with eight showrooms in Georgia and North Carolina. In 1985, Ellman’s was bought out by Service Merchandise, a retailer chain of catalog showrooms carrying jewelry, toys, sporting goods, and electronics that existed from 1934 until 2002. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth Kent was a former vaudeville performer who hosted a local talk show called \"Today in Georgia\" throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The show aired every weekday at 9am on WSB-TV. On December 1965, \"Today in Georgia\"  was the first live broadcast in color on WSB-TV, which was the first television station in Georgia to broadcast live in color. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe second Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Suez War, broke out on October 29, 1956 when Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. In 1956, the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal, a vital waterway connecting Europe and Asia that was largely owned by French and British concerns. France and Britain responded by striking a deal with Israel—whose ships were barred from using the canal and whose southern port of Elat had been blockaded by Egypt—wherein Israel would invade Egypt; France and Britain would then intervene, ostensibly as peacemakers, and take control of the canal. In five days, the Israeli army captured Gaza, Rafaḥ, and Al-ʿArīsh—taking thousands of prisoners—and occupied most of the peninsula east of the Suez Canal. In December, after the joint Anglo-French intervention, a UN Emergency Force was stationed in the area, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957. Egypt dropped the blockade of Elat. A UN buffer force was placed in the Sinai Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrank Pallotta had been the head of design and display department at Rich’s in downtown Atlanta in the 1940s. By the mid-1950s, Pallotta was an executive at Rich’s. Pallotta came up with the idea of installing a monorail for children that would ride over the toy department, which was later moved to the roof. Originally installed for Christmas, it was called the “Snowland Express.” When a headlight fell off a few years later, the store added a pig snout, painted the ride bubble gum pink, and named it Priscilla. Joined in the 1960s by her friend Percival, the monorail became a holiday tradition for thousands of children until the downtown store shut its doors in 1991. Pallotta is also credited with having come with the idea for Rich's Great Tree, now the Macy's Great Tree, which was a large 70–90-foot tall cut pine Christmas tree that had been an Atlanta tradition since 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosiah Wedgewood and Sons, or Wedgwood, is a fine china, porcelain, and luxury accessories manufacturer that was founded in 1751 in England. Wedgwood is especially associated with its blue and white Jasperware.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrady Memorial Hospital is the largest hospital in Georgia, and the fifth-largest public hospital in the United States. It is considered one of premier public hospitals in the Southeast.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold Sidney Ellman (1915-1990) was an Atlanta native who was a former president of Citizens Jewelry Co. and the vice president of Ellman’s Catalog Showrooms. Ellman was a member of Ahavath Achim and active in the Atlanta Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the city of Atlanta began to grow in the late nineteenth century, so did its Jewish population, as a large influx of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe arrived. The newcomers’ religious and social customs were different from those of Atlanta’s more established, well-assimilated and more liberal German Jewish community. They tended to intermarry within their own groups and resisted assimilation. They also tended to be younger and poorer. As a result, social and religious barriers between the two communities manifested with separate synagogues and clubs. By the end of the 1920s, some of the barriers between the two groups had begun to dissolve, however. The Eastern European Jews had begun to assimilate and their economic statuses had vastly improved so that there was less distinction between the two groups. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America (BSA, colloquially the Boy Scouts) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 2.3 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110 million Americans participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives. BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The movement is best known for its outreach activities, introducing secular Jews to more stringent religious observance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, \u003cem\u003ebracha\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eberkkah\u003c/em\u003e (plural: brachot/berakkot) is a blessing recited in public or private, usually before the performance of a commandment or the enjoyment of food or fragrance, or in praise of God as the source of all blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosey E. Pool (1905-1971) was a was a Dutch translator, educator, and anthologist of African-American poetry. Born to a secular Jewish family in Amsterdam and received a PhD the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, Germany. During World War II, she taught at the Jewish Lyceum in Amsterdam. Rosey was arrested in 1943 for her resistance activities, but managed to escape and survived in hiding. She immigrated to London after World War II, where she became an acknowledged authority on Black poetry and hosted \"Black and Unknown Bards,\" a series on public television that highlighted Black writers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (1898-1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Brecht was a Marxist who saw theater as a social and ideological forum for leftist causes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Missionary Association, with later assistance from the Freedmen’s Bureau, founded Atlanta University in 1865. It was the nation's oldest graduate institution serving a predominantly African-American student body. In 1988 it combined with Clark College to become Clark Atlanta University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cockerel Grill was a restaurant inside Rich’s downtown Atlanta store that was located on the lower level, in the Men’s Store. Until 2:30pm, it was for men only. Women, however, could eat at the Magnolia Room on the sixth floor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInterstate 285 (I-285, also known as “The Perimeter”) is an interstate highway loop encircling the city of Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Alliance Theatre is a theater company in Atlanta, Georgia. It is based at the Alliance Theatre, part of the Robert W. Woodruff Arts Center. The company, originally the Atlanta Municipal Theatre, staged its first production at the Alliance in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Academy Theater is a theater company Hapeville, Georgia, a city seven miles south of downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1956, it was the first to offer a Shakespearean festival in Atlanta and the first theater where professional actors perform for children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue Ridge Mountains Art Association is a nonprofit organization located in Blue Ridge, a mountain town in northern Georgia, about 90 miles north of Atlanta. The association operates The Art Center, which hosts art exhibits, events, classes, and programs. They also publish a newsletter, “The Voice of the Arts.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKoninklijke Philips N.V. is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation that is engaged in the healthcare, lighting, and consumer well-being markets. Philips, as it is commonly referred to, was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, it has been mostly headquartered in Amsterdam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOskar Schindler (1908-1974) was an ethnic German born in Svitavy (Zwittau), Moravia (present-day Czech Republic). During World War II, he was a Nazi party-member who became a factory-owner and is credited with saving the lives of the almost 1,200 Jews he employed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrederick “Frits” Jacques Philips (1905-2005) was the president of the Philips company when the Germans invaded the Netherlands in May 1940. Rather than flee the country, the deeply religious Frits wanted to protect his employees and prevent the family enterprise from aiding German occupiers. Although Philips was then run by a Nazi government-appointed director, Frits remained influential in the company’s operations and, during the war, the company deliberately manufactured faulty radio valves, hid its capacity to make weapons and tried to be as unproductive as possible. In December 1941, Frits came up with the idea to create a special division of Jewish workers known as SOBU, the Special Orders Bureau. The group was physically separated from the rest of the company’s employees, but enjoyed decent conditions, including a cooked meal every day and were spared from deportation. Over the course of 1942, Frits tried to arrange for members of the group and their families to leave the country by obtaining exit visas for them, but was unable to. After RAF bombs destroyed the Philips factory, the SOBU group was moved to the Vught concentration camp in January 1943. After deportations from the camp began in June, Frits and the Philips management began drafting as many Jews as possible into the Philips Kommando, as the work battalion at Vught was called. This protected the workers only temporarily. In early June 1944, all of the SOBU workers were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Although Frits had not been able to save them from deportation, the workers did receive preferential treatment. After their registration in Auschwitz-Birkenau, almost all the prisoners of the so-called Philips Transport were transferred to the Gross-Rosen subcamp at Langenbielau [also known as Reichenbach]. There, they were employed by Telefunken, under an agreement reached between Telefunken and Philips. Of the 496 people—391 women, 90 men, and 15 children under the age of fourteen that had been in the SOBU, 376 survived. Three hundred and twenty-five women arrived in Sweden on May 4, 1945; 11 women and ten children arrived in Hamburg, Germany in May 1945; and 40 men returned to the Netherlands. Frits also survived the war and in 1995, Yad Vashem recognized him as Righteous Among the Nations.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“White buses” refers to a rescue operation by the Swedish Red Cross in the final weeks of World War II. After a series of negotiations with Heinrich Himmler, Count Folke Bernadotte, vice-president of the Swedish Red Cross, was able to secure the release of concentration camp prisoners from Germany. In March 1945, the Swedish Red Cross received permission to transport prisoners from concentration camps that had not yet been liberated by the advancing Allies. The Allies agreed to avoid shooting at or bombing the white buses, although they refused to guarantee their safety. Originally, the Swedish Red Cross was only able to secure the release of Scandinavian prisoners in concentration camps. However, as the Allies continued to push into Germany in April 1945, Himmler became increasingly desperate. Hoping to negotiate his own surrender in the most favorable terms possible, he eventually allowed citizens of other countries to be evacuated and even agreed to include Jewish prisoners. Between mid-March and the beginning of May 1945, 15,345 prisoners were collected on buses painted white with red crosses and transported to Sweden. Many of the evacuees were brought to a holding center at the Neuengamme concentration camp before they were transferred across the German border to Padborg, Denmark and on to neutral Sweden—most via bus or train and then ferry, but some by boat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMcCaysville is a city in Fannin County, Georgia, United States. It is located right on the Georgia, Tennessee State line adjacent to Copperhill, Tennessee, its twin city. The population was 1,056 at the 2010 census.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRotary International is an international service organization whose stated purpose is to bring together business and professional leaders in order to provide humanitarian services, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. It is a secular organization consisting of Rotary Clubs with about 1.2 million members. Membership is by invitation only.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million, which was more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population. Most European Jews lived in eastern Europe, with about 5.5 million Jews living in Poland and the Soviet Union. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II ended in 1945, there were an estimated 235,000 Jews living in France. In the decades following World War II, France experienced a large influx of North African Jews and of Muslim migrant laborers. As of 2021, France has the largest Jewish population in western Europe, estimated between 500,000 and 600,000 , with 60 percent of those Sephardic. France’s Arab population is estimated at almost 6 million. Tensions between these two groups began to emerge in the late 20th century and in the early 21st century. Those tensions were intensified by the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict and antisemitic incidents escalated. The 2006 kidnapping, torture and murder of Ilan Halimi, a young Frenchman of Moroccan Jewish ancestry by a gang of men of Arab ancestry, was one particularly brutal incident that highlighted the division between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jew sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe February Strike (Dutch: \u003cem\u003eFebruaristaking\u003c/em\u003e) was a general strike in the German-occupied Netherlands in 1941, during World War II, organized by the then-outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands in defense of persecuted Dutch Jews and against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazis in general. In Amsterdam, protestors took actions all over the city: in public transport, schools and in some companies. Protest actions also took place in several cities around Amsterdam and in Utrecht. The Nazi administration managed to suppress the strike within just a few days, killing nine of the protesters, injuring many and perpetuating several other ruthless actions. Today, there is a monument to commemorate the strike of Amsterdam dock workers next to the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam. Called the February Protest Monument, a statue represents a striking worker called ‘De Dokwerker”. The sculpture is by Mari Andriessen, a Dutch sculptor who went into hiding during the war after he refused to join the Nazi-led artist union and hid Jewish friends at his home to save them from deportation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank (1929-1945) was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and, after the Germans occupied the Netherlands in World War II, went into hiding with her parents, Otto and Edith, her sister Margot (1926-1945), and others. After Margot received call-up papers for a labor camp in Germany in July 1942, the group went into hiding in the Secret Annex above Otto Frank’s office, which they had prepared. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. They were sent to the Westerbork transit camp and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Edith died. After a month, Margot and Anne were transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Margot died in March 1945 and Anne died in April, at the age of 15. Margot’s father, Otto Frank is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear who Arnold Brunder is. Jaap seems to be referring to a book written by Eddy de Wind. Eliazar “Eddy” de Wind (1916–1987) was a Holocaust survivor who was born in The Hague and completed his medical studies in 1940. After working as a doctor in Westerbork, he was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in September 1944. To avoid being sent on a death march in the last days before the camp was liberated, de Wind hid in a pile of clothes underneath a barracks and began writing his memoir. After the war, de Wind reunited with his wife, who had also survived, and settled in Amsterdam, where he worked as a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst specializing in the treatment of severe war trauma. In 1946, Eddy published the book \u003cem\u003eEindstation Auschwitz. Mijn verhaal vanuit het kamp\u003c/em\u003e (1943–1945) [Dutch: Last Stop Auschwitz. My story from the camp (1943–1945)]. In 2020, it was published in English. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJanowitz [Czech: Vrchotovy Janovice] was a small market town in the Czechoslovak Republic, about 65 kilometers (40 miles) south of Prague. On July 24, 1944, a Flossenburg subcamp was established there. The prisoners were housed in wooden barracks and worked in a quarry, building, doing road maintenance, and various other jobs. At its maximum capacity, the camp housed 202 men, almost half of whom were Russian, 40 were French, 40 were Polish, one was German, one was Czech, and the remainder were from seven other countries. Prisoners were subjected to violent mistreatment and many died. Prisoners were dying daily from a typhus epidemic in January and February 1945. As the front drew nearer, the camp was dissolved in March and the prisoners were moved to a provisional camp near Kschepenitz [Czech: Krepenice]. At the end of April, they were transported to Prague, where they joined a larger prisoner transport and were sent by train in the direction of Budweis [Czech: Ceske Budejovice]. On May 8, the survivors were liberated by Czech partisans near Kaplitz [Czech: Kaplice].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCornelia “Corrie” Arnolda Johanna ten Boom (1892-1983), her sister, Elisabeth “Betsie” ten Boom, and their father, Casper ten Boom were deeply religious Dutch Christians who owned a watch shop in Haarlem. During the war, the ten Boom family was actively engaged in the Resistance. They opened their home to a large amount of fugitives and Resistance workers. They also helped dozens of Jews, including many children, find shelter, either in their home or in other safe places, and provided them with food. On February 28, 1944, the Ten Boom family was betrayed and their home was raided. The people in hiding managed to escape in time. However, all three of the ten Boom family and 30 others were apprehended. Corrie was released from a concentration camp in December, but Casper and Betsie both died in camps. After the war Corrie wrote several books about her wartime experiences. Yad Vashem recognized all three ten Booms as Righteous Among the Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution\u003c/em\u003e (AJC) is a major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. The newspaper is the result of the merger between \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/em\u003e. Separate publication of the morning \u003cem\u003eConstitution\u003c/em\u003e and afternoon \u003cem\u003eJournal\u003c/em\u003e ended in 2001. The \u003cem\u003eConstitution\u003c/em\u003e, as it was originally known, was first published in 1868. Its name changed to \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/em\u003e in 1869. \u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e was established in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJaap is referring to a stereotypical individual who is well-dressed, well-spoken, well-mannered, and very polite, especially to the opposite gender.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaschal's La Carrousel was a jazz club in Atlanta, Georgia. Opened in 1960, it became known as Atlanta's \"jazz mecca\" as it featured top-name artists such as Aretha Franklin, Dizzy Gillespie, Gladys Knight, and Jimmy Smith. It was the only nightclub in Atlanta open to blacks in the then-segregated city. The club was owned by brothers Robert and James Paschal, who also ran the Paschal's Restaurant next door and, in 1967, a 125-room motor hotel which they added to the premises. The restaurant, lounge, and motel closed in 1996 and were sold to Clark Atlanta University for use as a student dormitory and conference center. An event space resembling the original La Carrousel lounge was installed at Paschal's at Castleberry Hill, which opened in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZuilen used to be a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 1954, it merged with the city of Utrecht and is now a district in the northwest section of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTV Guide is an American digital media company that provides television program listings information as well as entertainment and television-related news. The company sold off its print magazine division, TV Guide Magazine LLC, in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGoy\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003egoyim\u003c/em\u003e) is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.” In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person. The word \"\u003cem\u003egoyishe\u003c/em\u003e\" would be used as an adjective to describe something non-Jewish. The word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense, but can also be neutral.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/annotation_set/880/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard “Bernie” Lawrence Madoff (1938-2021) was an American fraudster and financier who ran the largest Ponzi scheme in history, worth about $64.8 billion. Madoff plead guilty to 11 federal felonies in 2009 and died of natural causes in a federal prison. He was at one time chairman of the NASDAQ stock exchange. Madoff was born to a Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=9090.0,9120.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Jaap Groen [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groen's family and childhood in Holland, and emigrating to the U.S. in the 1950s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GROEN: . . . Originally, my name is Jaap [pronounces Groen in Dutch like “Ch-ruin”], but it sounds like a throat infection in the United States, so we changed it into Jaap Groen.\nKENT: Where were you born?\nGROEN: I was born in Antwerp, Belgium, from Dutch parents. When I was three-and-a-half years old, my parents decided to go back to Holland.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amsterdam (Netherlands)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antwerp (Belgium)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brussels (Belgium)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children--Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diamond cutters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diamond industry and trade--Netherlands--Biography","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foster children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groen, Abraham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groen, Lena Rootveld","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guitar players","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust victims","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrants--United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews--Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"motherhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"music","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only child","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palisades Park (N.J.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Persecution--Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud Torah (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theater","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weile, Lora \"Dickie\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=6.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groen's memories of the Nazi invasion of Holland and being arrested in Amsterdam","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=542.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What do you remember when the war actually started? What started to change?\nGROEN: First, when it started, it was . . . I remember very well when we woke up in the morning at four o’clock and there were all these planes going over. That was not a normal thing in Amsterdam to hear all these planes flying over. Now and then you heard there was a plane going over, but these [were] a hundred planes at the same time. We all woke up and said, “What is going on?” My father turned on the radio and then the news [said it] was that the Nazis—not the Nazis; the Germans.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=542.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amsterdam (Netherlands)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"betrayal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Counterfeiters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hachsharat Hayishuv (Organization : Palestine)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew language--Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hiding places","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrants--Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish children--Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish families","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish neighborhoods--Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police raids","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prisons--Netherlands","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Utrecht (Netherlands)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"van Voorthuyzen, Maria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=542.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groen's time at Westerbork and arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1002.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What are your memories of day-to-day existence in Westerbork?\nGROEN: Westerbork was a very strange camp, but it was the beginning. Every time you went to another camp, it got worse. You always said, “I wish I was back in . . .” so, that was about the best camp ever, because really, the SD, the Sicherheitsdienst, they were really in charge of that camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1002.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abuse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)--Buildings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blockälteste","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DeLanger, Harry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gas chambers--Poland--Oświęcim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mengele, Josef, 1911-1979","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps--Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"railroad cars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sicherheitsdienst der SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Westerbork (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1002.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typical day in Auschwitz for Groen and getting injured","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1517.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was a typical day like for you?\nGROEN: [They said,] “Aus dem Bett!” in the morning, [which means in German,] out of bed. In Auschwitz[-Birkenau], it was at four o’clock. Then you had thirty minutes to wash up. That was nice in Auschwitz[-Birkenau], because there were faucets. There were . . . I can’t use with the word on this program, can I? Okay, they called it the ‘scheisshaus’ [German: shithouse]. The man in charge was the scheissmeister [German: shit master].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1517.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boys from Brazil (Motion picture)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration camp guards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gardening","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mengele, Josef, 1911-1979.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi concentration camps--Buildings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewerage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=1517.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groen's experience in a Josef Mengele experiment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102#t=2013.0,2680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79129/file/167102/index/51848/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GROEN: . . . One day, “Achtung! [German: Attention!] Everybody out of bed. In front of your bed.” Now, you didn’t have the hospital gowns. You been in that bed in the same uniform that you work in. Then two officers come in. I remembered this face. It was Mengele, with another guy that we later found out was named Heinz Kaschub, K-A-S-C-H-U-B. 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Then we got a job. I got a very good job. I had to develop the x-rays of the Nazi guards and the SS officers—because there were no x-rays made from the prisoners—the guards who were sick. That was my job. Sim Jakobs worked in the lab—same thing—to do blood work. He was smart. He was a very smart cookie. Bardi, we don’t know exactly where he ended up. We never saw him again. 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