{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2n4zg6gj1d/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Reed, Tom (2016)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2016-10-19 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Federal Reserve World War II Economies Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTom Reed was interviewed twice by Adina Langer and Mike Bryan on October 19 and November 9, 2016 at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eThomas Reed [Tamas Weiszbluth] was born in Mezocsat, Hungary in 1931. He was the oldest of five children born to Eugene [Jeno], an elementary school principal and teacher, and Rosza, a housewife.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the spring of 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary. Thomas and his family were soon confined to a ghetto for a few weeks before being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Within a few hours, his mother, three younger brothers, baby sister and four grandparents were murdered in the gas chambers. Thomas survived selection by saying he was 17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThomas and his father spent the next 11 months in a series of labor camps that were part of the Dachau concentration camp system. Within just a few weeks of arriving in Auschwitz-Birkenau, they were sent to the Munchen-Allach labor camp and then on to the Mittergars labor camp, which was part of the Muhldorf labor camp complex. As American troops approached at the end of April 1945, Thomas and his father were evacuated on a train that was liberated a few days later near Tutzing, Germany. During the evacuation, Thomas was shot in the leg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerican troops sent Thomas, his father, and other survivors to the nearby town of Feldafing to convalesce. Thomas’ father was soon put in charge of a children’s barrack at the newly established Feldafing DP camp. Later they settled in Munich, where Eugene published a newspaper for the Hungarian survivor community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Thomas and his father immigrated to the United States and settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Eugene remarried a German survivor and Thomas enrolled in college. A few years later, the Korean War had started and Thomas was drafted into the Army. After serving in Army Intelligence, Thomas returned to Cleveland and graduated from Case-Western University with his engineering degree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter marrying his wife, Lora, Thomas was hired by North American Aviation (later known as Rockwell International, then Boeing). While working, Thomas attended night school and earned his law degree from Capital University. Most of his 42-year career was with Rockwell International in International Marketing. He also served on the Defense Department Advisory Board in Washington, D.C. Eventually Tom and Lora moved to Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTom and Lora had three children and five grandchildren. After his retirement, Tom taught classes on the Holocaust. Tom passed away on March 10, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eTom introduces his family and hometown. He recounts his family’s relationships within their community. Tom describes his house and the local market. He recalls his father being sent to perform forced labor. Tom recalls how his family was forced into a ghetto, the abuses he witnessed and how they were deported. He details the selection process in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Tom traces his transfers to Dachau, Munchen-Allach, and Muhldorf. He talks about the religious Jews and political prisoners he encountered in the camps. Tom recalls his job assignments in the camp. He describes the lack of medical care and hygiene in the camps as well as the abuses and deaths he witnessed. Tom remembers the chaos at the end of the war, being shot, and finally liberation. He describes the Feldafing DP camp. Tom explains the decision to immigrate to the United States and not return to Hungary. He tells how he and his father moved to Munich. Tom details how the black market operated in Germany after the war. He traces his journey from Germany to Cleveland, Ohio. Tom recollects his college experiences, being drafted into the Army, and meeting his wife. He reflects on his career and family. Tom details transactions on the black market before and after currency reform in Germany. He recalls his relationships in the Army.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28454"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Tom Reed (personal name)","Eugene Reed (personal name)","Rosza Reed (personal name)","Judit Reed (personal name)","Oszkar Reed (personal name)","Alfred Reed (personal name)","Gyorgy Reed (personal name)","Lora Reed (personal name)","Johann Viktor Kirsch (personal name)","SS-Hauptscharfuhrer Eugene Hausmann (personal name)","Lieutenant Irving J. Smith (personal name)","Fiorello Henry La Guardia (personal name)","Dwight David Eisenhower (personal name)","General George Smith Patton, Jr.  (personal name)","Hans Rohr (personal name)","Isaac Grief (personal name)","Organisation Todt (corporate name)","Red Cross (corporate name)","Ohio State University (corporate name)","Case Institute of Technology (corporate name)","North America Aviation (corporate name)","Jewish Central Office (corporate name)","Jewish Family Service Association (corporate name)","United States Army (corporate name)","Mezocsat, Hungary (geographic term)","Miskolc, Hungary (geographic term)","Tutzing, Germany (geographic term)"," Bremen, Germany (geographic term)","Bremerhafen, Germany (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Feldafing, Germany (geographic term)","Munchen-Allach, Germany (geographic term)","Poing, Germany (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Cleveland, Ohio (geographic term)","Columbus, Ohio (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Mezocsat Ghetto (geographic term)","Warsaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Muhldorf Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Mittergars Lager (geographic term)","Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Displaced Persons Camps (DP Camps) (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Crematorium (topical term)","Gas Chambers (topical term)","Selection (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Hitler Youth (topical term)","Schutzstaffel (SS) (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","Kindercasino (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Korean War (topical term)","Black Market (topical term)","Allied Military Currency (AMC) (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Spoonsorship (topical term)","USS General C. C. Ballou (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eTom Reed was interviewed twice by Adina Langer and Mike Bryan on October 19 and November 9, 2016 at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Reed [Tamas Weiszbluth] was born in Mezocsat, Hungary in 1931. He was the oldest of five children born to Eugene [Jeno], an elementary school principal and teacher, and Rosza, a housewife.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the spring of 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary. Thomas and his family were soon confined to a ghetto for a few weeks before being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Within a few hours, his mother, three younger brothers, baby sister and four grandparents were murdered in the gas chambers. Thomas survived selection by saying he was 17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThomas and his father spent the next 11 months in a series of labor camps that were part of the Dachau concentration camp system. Within just a few weeks of arriving in Auschwitz-Birkenau, they were sent to the Munchen-Allach labor camp and then on to the Mittergars labor camp, which was part of the Muhldorf labor camp complex. As American troops approached at the end of April 1945, Thomas and his father were evacuated on a train that was liberated a few days later near Tutzing, Germany. During the evacuation, Thomas was shot in the leg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerican troops sent Thomas, his father, and other survivors to the nearby town of Feldafing to convalesce. Thomas’ father was soon put in charge of a children’s barrack at the newly established Feldafing DP camp. Later they settled in Munich, where Eugene published a newspaper for the Hungarian survivor community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Thomas and his father immigrated to the United States and settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Eugene remarried a German survivor and Thomas enrolled in college. A few years later, the Korean War had started and Thomas was drafted into the Army. After serving in Army Intelligence, Thomas returned to Cleveland and graduated from Case-Western University with his engineering degree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter marrying his wife, Lora, Thomas was hired by North American Aviation (later known as Rockwell International, then Boeing). While working, Thomas attended night school and earned his law degree from Capital University. Most of his 42-year career was with Rockwell International in International Marketing. He also served on the Defense Department Advisory Board in Washington, D.C. Eventually Tom and Lora moved to Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTom and Lora had three children and five grandchildren. After his retirement, Tom taught classes on the Holocaust. Tom passed away on March 10, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTom introduces his family and hometown. He recounts his family’s relationships within their community. Tom describes his house and the local market. He recalls his father being sent to perform forced labor. Tom recalls how his family was forced into a ghetto, the abuses he witnessed and how they were deported. He details the selection process in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Tom traces his transfers to Dachau, Munchen-Allach, and Muhldorf. He talks about the religious Jews and political prisoners he encountered in the camps. Tom recalls his job assignments in the camp. He describes the lack of medical care and hygiene in the camps as well as the abuses and deaths he witnessed. Tom remembers the chaos at the end of the war, being shot, and finally liberation. He describes the Feldafing DP camp. Tom explains the decision to immigrate to the United States and not return to Hungary. He tells how he and his father moved to Munich. Tom details how the black market operated in Germany after the war. He traces his journey from Germany to Cleveland, Ohio. Tom recollects his college experiences, being drafted into the Army, and meeting his wife. He reflects on his career and family. Tom details transactions on the black market before and after currency reform in Germany. He recalls his relationships in the Army.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/839/small/Reed_Tom.mp4_1616523318.jpg?1616508922","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Reed_Tom.mp4"]},"duration":11086.874,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/839/small/Reed_Tom.mp4_1616523318.jpg?1616508922","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/839/original/Reed_Tom.mp4?1616508871","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":11086.874,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Reed, Tom.xml [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Do you need a sound check?\n\nUNKNOWN: Yeah, let's go ahead and do that.\n\nLANGER: Did you enjoy lunch today? Wasn't it delicious?\n\nREED: Very nice.\n\nUNKNOWN: Go ahead Tom. Can you say a little bit more, please? Would you mind\ntalking a little bit . . .\n\nLANGER: Yeah, just so they can do a sound check.\n\nREED: Sure. I came to the United States in the middle of 1949. I worked very\nhard, very hard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"till September 1950 to have enough money to go to college.\nThat's when I started . . .\n\nLANGER: Great. Wonderful. Let me know when you are ready . . . Today is October\n19, 2016. My name is Adina Langer. I am here at the Federal Reserve Bank of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. I am here with Tom Reed. Tom, could you please start by telling us\nwhere and when you were born?\n\nREED: I was born in Hungary in a town called Mezocsat--which is one of the\nlargest towns in Hungary, if not the second largest--on October 2, 1931.\n\nLANGER: How did your family come to live in that town?\n\nREED: Actually, my mother and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father were visiting my grandfather, which was in\na suburb of Mezocsat, and I decided to come and live with them. There was Saint\nElizabeth Hospital and that's where I was born.\n\nLANGER: What was the Jewish population of that town like and how did it compare\nto the overall population?\n\nREED: I'm talking about Mezocsat. I lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mezocsat. We went back to Mezocsat\nsoon after I was born. My father was a teacher and the principal in a Jewish\nelementary school. The Jewish population in that town was about 500. Every\nJewish family had a lot of children because you're not supposed to use\ncontraceptives. In my family, we were five of us. I was the oldest. Twelve, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten,\neight, six, four . . . My youngest sibling was a little girl, Judit. She was\nfour years old when the Holocaust happened.\n\nLANGER: Was your family and most of the Jews in your town very observant?\n\nREED: That is a good point. Everybody--except maybe a dozen or so people, could\nbe a few more--were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observant. You couldn't slaughter cattle kosher, with\nthe blood drained out and all that. Therefore, we ate chickens, and geese, and\nturkey, but those who were not religious, they ate everything.\n\nLANGER: The kosher . . . I know that there was an anti-kosher law passed in\nPoland. Was there something similar in Hungary?\n\nREED: Yes.\n\nLANGER: When was that passed?\n\nREED: I don't remember because, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far as I was concerned, I was thirteen years old.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember any anti-Semitism when you were growing up?\n\nREED: Yes. Anti-Semitism was always there but we had no problem until the\nGermans came in. We had a lot of Christian friends. We lived in a Christian\narea. In fact, everybody around us were peasants. It was wonderful to be able to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"play in the yard because the haystacks, straw stacks, and cows, horses . . . It\nused to be nice to play hide and seek there.\n\nLANGER: You mentioned that your father was the principal at a Jewish school. Did\nall of the Jews in your area go to Jewish schools as opposed to public schools?\n\nREED: Everybody in Hungary, unless there was a school that was open for all\nreligions, went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious schools. In my town, all the Jewish kids went\nto the Jewish elementary school, which was eight years. The Protestants went to\ntheirs and the Catholics went to theirs. Now, if you wanted to go to the Jewish\nschool--which some Christians did because that was the best school--they paid\nextra for that. In other words, tuition had to be paid.\n\nLANGER: That was true for everyone? Everyone paid tuition?\n\nREED: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Your father worked. Was your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother a homemaker? She took care of the family?\n\nREED: My mother was a homemaker and had five kids. That is a lot of home making.\nWe grew our own food--much of it. We had chickens, geese, and all those things.\n[We had] a lot of cats, too, because they take care of the mice. Those were not\npetting cats. If you pet it, they'd [scratch and attack you].\n\nLANGER: What was your house like? You had this yard with a fair amount of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"property. Was it a big house?\n\nREED: It very easy to simply describe. Our lot was like a triangle. That was a\ngarden. Then there was a rectangle where we had a house. The house had, by the\nstreet, four windows. One was the place where we almost never used, very nicely\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"furnished. The other one was the bedroom. Going backward now away from the\nstreet, there was the living room. There was a room where we kind of, no\nfurniture there. Half of that room was a place for food and then was the winter\nkitchen. In the yard, we had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building. One was where we kept coal. Before my\nfather bought the house, there used to be a stable. There was what we called a\nsummer kitchen, including a kiln. My mother baked her own bread. Then an\nunderground . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". It was a cellar. When the water level was high, part of the\ncellar used to be flooded. On the steps, there used to be frogs all the time. I\nenjoyed kicking them down.\n\nLANGER: Compared to others in your town, were you about average economically,\nbetter off, worse off?\n\nREED: There were some people who were very well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off. But we were, I would say,\naverage. My father got his money from the Hungarian government. They paid the\nteachers. Since we had our own house--my father and mother bought a house--the\ncommunity gave us money because they should have provided a house. That was our income.\n\nLANGER: They bought another house?\n\nREED: No, we had just one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. It was in a peasant neighborhood. The walls\nwere made out of mud bricks. It was nicely covered so you couldn't tell, but the\nground was wet. Sometimes we had to cut out the mud bricks and replace them.\n\nLANGER: Your father's money that came from the state, did he invest that in a\nbank? Do you know anything about what he did with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nREED: No, there was not much money to invest. My father taught also at the\ncultural school. Peasant kids had to go back to school after the graduated,\nafter they got out, to refresh some of their mathematics and rereading. My\nfather taught that, too. They also went out in an area where they performed\nagricultural work [to teach] how to prepare them, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keep them abreast of their\narithmetic and reading. As far as anti-Semitism, there always was some but I\ndidn't feel any until the Germans came in.\n\nLANGER: You mentioned that you grew a lot of your own food. Did you ever trade\nfood with the peasants that lived around you?\n\nREED: No. What we grew was potatoes, corn, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the vegetables. We ate what\nwe grew and my mother had always had put away a lot of stuff for the\nwinter--tomatoes and so forth. In other words, we were self-sufficient. We would\nbuy . . . Every week there was a market. Peasants would come in and sit on their\nlittle chairs. You could buy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vegetables, including milk, but we didn't. We\nbought the milk next door. The Hungarian police had a certain can that they got\nmilk in. They could see by weight if it was watered [down] or not. Some peasants\ntried to water it [down].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: What about clothing? Did your mother make clothing for you or did you\nbuy clothing in the store?\n\nREED: There were people who made clothing. We had a couple people who did. I\nwould say my mother did some for the little ones but we always handed down\nclothes. I was the oldest. When I outgrew it, it handed down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We used our\nclothing very efficiently.\n\nLANGER: Did you have anything that you would think of as a luxury good, maybe\ncandlesticks or anything like that?\n\nREED: No, we had candlesticks because Friday night, we lit a candle for every\nmember of the family. Yes.\n\nLANGER: Everyone held a candle? How did that work?\n\nREED: We actually had silver candlesticks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One had two candles and five [around\nthat] for every one of the children. Mother made a prayer over it and that was\nFriday night.\n\nLANGER: Did she bake special challah bread?\n\nREED: Yes. That was a wonderful thing because I enjoyed challah. The meals\nincluded some fish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and soup, chicken soup with a piece of chicken. I don't\nremember having anything after that. Now, don't forget something. Friday we had\nto go to the mikveh, the ritual baths. That was fun because we didn't have any\nindoor plumbing. Can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you imagine people who didn't have indoor plumbing, how\noften do they bathe? Maybe spring and fall. It was really . . . People smelled.\nEven in Germany after the war, I could smell a lot of people. I told my wife\nthat the Germans don't take a bath or shower every day. She wouldn't believe me.\nWe were in Israel. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans had a group there with a minister, going around\nto Christian places. We stayed in this hotel and downstairs was the breakfast.\nThey give breakfast with your room. I told my wife, \"They won't take the shower\nbecause they are not used to it.\" She didn't believe me but she came down there\nand they went by. She said, \"Tom, I wouldn't have believed you, but you're right.\"\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were growing up, you mentioned that your family had basically\nenough money to live. Did you family give to charity at all? Was there a sense\nof trying to help people who were less fortunate?\n\nREED: My father helped everybody he could. He had good contacts. There was a\nfamily that was totally broke. They couldn't pay taxes. My father would always\ncontact them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enable them that they were able to pay and keep their house. My\nfather was a do-gooder by nature.\n\nLANGER: What were your hopes and dreams before the German occupation? Before you\nknew what was going on in the war, what did you hope to do in the future?\n\nREED: My father had told me that I will be a mechanical engineer, so that's what\nI was going to be--a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mechanical engineer. There was no question about it.\n\nLANGER: How did they know that that's what they wanted you to be?\n\nREED: I don't know, but that's what I was going to be and I accepted it. I was\ngoing to go to Debrecen to the Jewish gymnasium and then engineering, but\nnothing of that came to be true.\n\nLANGER: Were there media outlets that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . How did your family learn about what\nwas going on in the world?\n\nREED: We had a radio. That radio had a battery originally, the one that we had.\nWe had to take it to the electrical station. We had our own electrical generator\nstation. They plugged it in so we could use it. [They] recharged ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nLANGER: Things didn't really start to change in Hungary much until 1944, right?\n\nREED: My father was drafted in the army. Actually, Jews used to be drafted in\nthe army like anybody else. My uncle was a lieutenant in the First World War. In\nfact, he got promoted. He had all kinds of metals for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bravery. My father was in\nthere. [He had] no rank because he was a college graduate. There was a name for\nthat. When later, Jews had to go to in a labor company, my father was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drafted.\nHe ended up in Russia near Kiev [Ukraine]. They did work or whatever had to be\ndone, labor.\n\nLANGER: When was this?\n\nREED: It was 1943. I don't remember exactly. It could have been 1942 when it\nstarted and 1943 when it ended. He came back when the Hungarian Army got\nclobbered by the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"badly. The Germans and Hungarians got clobbered. The\nRomanians as well. He came back and got discharged.\n\nLANGER: Was there a sense of the worsening of things for Jews in German-occupied places?\n\nREED: There was no question. As soon as the Germans came in, soon thereafter\nthey got deported.\n\nLANGER: Did you know that that was happening elsewhere before they came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in?\n\nREED: My father was an optimist. We heard the terrible things that happened. My\nfather wouldn't believe it. [He said,] \"Don't believe it.\"\n\nLANGER: When was the moment that everything changed?\n\nREED: I would have to tell you . . . Jump ahead and we got deported to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. We were in this barracks built for 54 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horses. We were thrown\ninto this barracks so many that we couldn't lie on our back. We had to lie on\nour sides. The second day of this . . . I'm jumping now a lot of stuff over . .\n. The second day, after we were separated from my family except my father and I,\nI saw two men ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were hauling away the 55-gallon thing, which we used at night\nfor a latrine. I asked one of them, \"When am I going to see my mother, and\nbrothers, and my little sister?\" He grabbed me by the shoulder and pulled me\nbetween the two barracks. Here was the one barrack; here was the other barrack.\n[We were] between [the barracks on] a street. He pointed at a chimney that was\nbelching smoke. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"There they are. There they go.\" I said, \"What do you\nmean by that?\" He told me that they gassed and cremated them. I started crying.\nI went back to my father and told him. He said, \"No, the Germans won't do\nanything like that. They are civilized people.\" He wouldn't believe it.\n\nLANGER: We want to get into a lot of that, but before we get into your\nAuschwitz-Birkenau experience, I know that there was very briefly, you\nmentioned, a ghetto formed in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. How did that happen? Who came in to\nform that ghetto?\n\nREED: The Germans came in and there was a neighborhood that had more Jewish\nhouses than other neighborhoods. They declared that area a ghetto. Non-Jews\ncould come and go; Jews were not supposed to get out of there. You could if you\nreally wanted to but there was no point doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. We had a room . . . What\nhappened . . . Take our house. We had to get everything into one room except for\nwhat we wanted to take in the ghetto. We had one room in a house owned by Mr.\nFerencz, a watchmaker. We took the beds and food and all kind of whatnot over\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. The room where we had everything put together was sealed. But I know from\nafter the war that somebody wanted my father's books. They broke it open and\nfrom then on, everybody took what they wanted. All our goods . . . Neighbors\ncame in. Whatever we had was subject to be taken by anybody they wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to. My\nmother painted some . . . She was an amateur painter. She had painted some\nbeautiful, large oil paintings. All that disappeared. After the war, I tried to\nget it back. No.\n\nLANGER: What did you take with you into the little room in the ghetto when you\nhad to move there?\n\nREED: Food, some things that we could bake, and all the food we could get. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\ntook it with us. And we took our bedding and some clothing. We were in the\nghetto about three weeks I think. It was interesting for me because I met all\nthe people who were from the outlying towns. For me, as a kid, it was an\ninteresting time.\n\nLANGER: You were thirteen years old, right?\n\nREED: Yes.\n\nBRYAN: Tom, do you know how it was decided to take food into the ghetto? Did you\nknow what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expect when you got there?\n\nREED: No. We took all we could.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did you bring any money in? Any currency?\n\nREED: Yes, we had money. Some people had more than others. But you couldn't go\nin the stores and buy anything.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did you take any other valuables into the ghetto with you?\n\nREED: My mother had her engagement ring. She gave it to a friend of ours, a\nnon-Jew, to keep it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But her wedding ring had to be turned in.\n\nLANGER: What was the authority structure? Was there a Judenrat in this ghetto\nthat would collect things like the ring?\n\nREED: There was no authority structure at all. You got yourself a room if you\ncould. If not, you slept out in the yard. There were places that had some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roof\nover it. Otherwise, some people had to set up some cover. We were only there a\nshort time.\n\nLANGER: Were there German soldiers marching and guarding it?\n\nREED: No. Actually, there were some German soldiers in Mezocsat. All I saw\nthem--they were maybe about a platoon--and they marched up and down, singing,\nbut they didn't have anything to do with us.\n\nLANGER: Who told you to go into the ghetto in the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place?\n\nREED: In Mezocsat, there used to be what they called the \"Little Judge,\" kis\nbiro [Hungarian: little judge]. He had a drum and he had a sheet or two of news.\nThere were a couple of those. They would go bang, bang, bang [on their drums]\nand there were certain places that they stopped. They would read, \"First, blah,\nblah, blah . . . Second . . .\" That's how we learned things.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you were there, it was a short time, but did you have any\nexpectations of how long you would be there or if you would be moved somewhere else?\n\nREED: No idea.\n\nUNKNOWN: Could you go in and out of the ghetto?\n\nREED: No.\n\nUNKNOWN: It was closed off?\n\nREED: You were not supposed to. Some people did. I mean, fences can be scaled. No.\n\nLANGER: They built a fence around it?\n\nREED: No, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mezocsat, there's fences around everybody's property. That was\nnormal. If you didn't have a fence, you have to be every, very poor.\n\nUNKNOWN: In the three weeks that you were there, did you live off the food you\nbrought in or did you need to get more?\n\nREED: No, we had enough food.\n\nLANGER: When it came time that they decided to deport everyone--you wrote that\nthat was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"June 18, 1944--how did that get communicated to you that this was going\nto happen?\n\nREED: \u003cmakes drumming sounds\u003e\n\nLANGER: Where did they take everyone?\n\nREED: We just had to walk to the . . . They told us at one point that we had to\nget out of the house. The police came and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"searched all the women for whatever\nthey were searching for. The police was in the room watching the women being\nsearched everywhere, shaming our women. We had to get into the yard. They locked\nthe houses. We were in the yard for a couple of days. Then they decided we would\nhave to go to the railroad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station. We had sheets. All of us carried what we\ncould in a sheet, even my little four-year-old sister. We walked through the\nstreet. Many of the Hungarians were looking at us. Can you imagine people\nlooking at you as you're walking with your little baggage on your back? We had\nno luggage.\n\nLANGER: These police who came, were they SS or were they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian?\n\nREED: No, they were just Hungarian. They brought in police from outside of town\nbecause the ones in town were too friendly. We got along well. The police\nwouldn't take care of us. I remember one day, I was walking with my brother. A\nHungarian boy--must have been eighteen or twenty--pulled a knife on us. We went\nto the police and complained. He said, \"I can't help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\" In other words, our\npolice protection was gone.\n\nLANGER: Before or [during] the ghetto time, did you have to wear a yellow star\nor any kind of a badge?\n\nREED: Yes, we did.\n\nLANGER: Was that only when they formed the ghetto or did that happen before that?\n\nREED: Before the ghetto. When the Germans came in, everything happened [quickly].\n\nLANGER: When they came and you were in the yard for a few days, how did they\nherd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everyone together to be deported? Where did you go?\n\nREED: [They] just told people, \"You have to line up and walk to the station.\"\n\nLANGER: Just directly to the train station?\n\nREED: Yes. We did it. Some people died. They were buried in the Jewish cemetery.\n\nLANGER: Was it cattle cars that came to the train station?\n\nREED: Yes, they were cattle cars. Yes, but they didn't fill it up the way the\nway they did later in Auschwitz-Birkenau. There was enough room. We didn't have\nto go very far. They took us to a brick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory in a big . . . We were just\nunder roofs. That's where we endured. That's where we lived. Toilets were just a\n[row in front of] a big tree. The front and the sides were closed. The back was\nopen. The same thing with the women's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toilets. They shamed our women because\nthat was the middle of the place.\n\nLANGER: How long were you there?\n\nREED: I would say about less than two weeks.\n\nLANGER: It was just one big room that everybody was in in this factory?\n\nREED: No, not a room; sheds [with] just a roof on them, one after another. The\nbrick factory wasn't working at that time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Was it clear who was in charge when you got to this brick factory?\n\nREED: No. The police came in and told us when we were about to get loaded to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. They came and they said--they emptied these areas bit by\nbit--\"Go up to get into the railway car.\" They were Hungarian police ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were in\ncharge. I saw some Germans, but the Germans had nothing to do with us. They got\n. . . I should also say something. We were in the ghetto. The Hungarian police\nsuspected some people had money that they didn't turn in. They would take them\ninto a Jewish house--Mr. Rhode's house--and beat the hell out of them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to\nget money, or valuables, whatever they suspected they had.\n\nBRYAN: They were supposed to turn in their wealth?\n\nREED: Yes. They were brutally beaten.\n\nUNKNOWN: What did you have with you when your family left to go to the brick\nfactory? What did you bring with you?\n\nREED: Food and some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothing. I had a winter coat, for example, because we\ndidn't know where we were going to go. I had a winter coat. We assumed it would\nbe in cold. You can always take off clothing, but if you don't have it, you\ncan't put it on.\n\nLANGER: Did you sew any money into your clothes or anything like that?\n\nREED: No.\n\nLANGER: You had turned it all in when they asked for all that?\n\nREED: Yes. An uncle of mine put some in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his shoe, in the heel. In\nAuschwitz-Birkenau, they lined us up and they said, \"If you have anything in\nthere, we will x-ray your shoes. If you don't turn it in, we're going to hang\nyou.\" He turned it in. By the way, next to me on the floor was a dead person.\nThe first time I saw a dead individual.\n\nLANGER: Inside the factory or at the train station?\n\nREED: No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was in Auschwitz-Birkenau inside one of the barracks. The\nbarracks were empty except they took us in there. We came from . . . When we\narrived, we came to a place where we took our clothing and everything. We could\nkeep our shoes and our belt. From there, we got in the shower--hot first, then\ncold water. Then they threw us a hat, and a jacket, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and pants; no socks. We had\nour shoes and our belt. That's how they marched us into the camp.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember there being a selection process when you arrived where\nthey divided everybody into groups?\n\nREED: Yes. When we arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau, it was early morning. I\nremember the doors got slammed open. People in striped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suits kept yelling, \"Los!\n[German: Go on!] Los! Get out! Los! Los! Move! Move!\" We got down. My father's\nparents, we met them in the brick factory because they were from the same area.\nMy father's father, who was a rabbi in the suburb, he lost everything because it\nused to be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prosperous Jewish suburb when the city wouldn't permit Jews to live\nthere. When the city opened the gates, so to speak, a lot of Jews moved into the\ncity. Here was this little place that was fairly empty. He was with us. He asked\nmy father and me to . . . Why just my father and me? They kept yelling, \"Women\nand children to one side. Men to the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side.\" My father told me that I was a\nman and, \"How old was I?\" Seventeen. I spoke German but he made me repeat,\n\"Siebzehn. Siebzehn. Siebzehn.\" [German: seventeen] [He said,] \"If they ask you,\nSiebzehn.\" My grandfather, and my father and I ended up in two wagons. My\ngrandfather, who was a rabbi, blessed my father and me. He told my father he was\na good son and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he will live long years because that's what the Bible says. [He\nsaid,] \"You are a good son. You will have a long life.\" He lived until about 90.\n\nLANGER: Your grandfather was with you for this?\n\nREED: Yes, but he went . . . We moved forward and they pointed this way [to the\nleft] or that way [to the right]. When they came to him, they pointed [to the\nright]. I could see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the women, and children and all that went forward and they\nturned toward the chimneys. That's why I lost everybody except me and my father.\n\nLANGER: You were thirteen but your father had said to say you were seventeen?\n\nREED: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Once you got through that selection process, you got your uniform, and\nyou were in the barracks, did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know what was going to happen? Did you have\nany sense of what you were going to do?\n\nREED: Absolutely nothing.\n\nLANGER: Were you given food?\n\nREED: Yes. We got in the barrack. We got lunch, which was what they called \"der\ngemuse\" [German: gemüse; the vegetables] which was potatoes. Whatever you can\nimagine was put into this soup. They had vessels that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came off the train,\nincluding chamber pots. We came by a big kettle. We lined up ten deep. They put\nsome of this der gemuse and gave it to the first man. He had some, passed it\ndown, and we passed it back and forth until it was gone. That was lunch.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was that every day? That is what lunch was?\n\nREED: Yes, der gemuse.\n\nLANGER: Who brought it? Were they guards that brought the food?\n\nREED: No, they were prisoners. They used prisoners for everything they could.\nThere were always the German guards there, but the food was dished out [by] the\nprisoners [to] the first person [in the line of ten]. You could get a chamber\npot, or you could get a pan, or whatever.\n\nLANGER: Was there a sense that these prisoners ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had these kind of roles were\nhigher up in a hierarchy?\n\nREED: Yes, but don't forget, everything was temporary. Our barrack had two\nGypsies. At the end of our barrack there were two rooms--one opposite [the\nother] at each side. That's where the Gypsies lived, but they didn't do\nanything. There was a man called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weiss, who was a Czechoslovakian Jew. He spoke\nGerman. He was what they called a Dolmetscher [German: interpreter]. A\nDolmetscher is a translator. In German, it was Ubersetzer [German: translator].\nThat was translating written words. A Dolmetscher is vocal. He had a big stick.\nHe was really running the place. The Gypsies that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes wanted some shoes,\nthey would march us by them. They saw a shoe that they wanted, they took it\naway, and they gave you a wooden shoe.\n\nLANGER: Did you keep your shoes or did you end up losing them?\n\nREED: We kept our shoes. Most people kept their shoes, but some they liked [and\nthey] just took it away like that.\n\nLANGER: Was there anyone who gave you a job to do or were you just waiting?\n\nREED: No, I didn't have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job to do. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, I was in the Gypsy\ncamp two weeks. There were Gypsies on the other side. By the way, the Germans\nmurdered half a million Gypsies.\n\nLANGER: You were in Auschwitz-Birkenau then for two weeks?\n\nREED: Actually, three weeks--two weeks in the Gypsy camp, one week in a camp\nfrom where we went to the railroad.\n\nLANGER: How did you find out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were moving from one place to the other? Was\nthat during roll call?\n\nREED: We had to line up every morning and every evening. If you wanted to eat,\nyou had to line up three times a day.\n\nLANGER: While you were there, did you notice anybody ever trading anything or\ngetting better food?\n\nREED: Yes. Not better food, [although] Weiss and the Gypsies got better food\nbecause they took what they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted. The food was the same for us everyday. Once\nan evening . . . I will basically describe for you. Morning, we got [so-called]\ncoffee. Lunch, we got der gemuse. Evening, we got coffee and a piece of bread,\nwhich was mostly sawdust, and a piece of margarine. One day, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to\ngive us some jam. How did they give it to us? Hold out your hand. Pow! It\nhappened only once while I was there.\n\nLANGER: When you were moved into this temporary space and getting ready for\ntransport, did anybody communicate what was going to happen at that point to you?\n\nREED: Nobody communicated anything at anytime. Let's make that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clear. No\ncommunication. I was eleven months in concentration camps and nobody communicated.\n\nLANGER: Were there any rumors about what was going on in the world with the war?\n\nREED: Rumors were always there and we knew what happened. My father wouldn't\naccept it for a while that our family got killed, but we realized after awhile.\nYes, we knew what happened.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Then you were moved to Germany to a labor camp. What was that process\nlike? Were you loaded on a train again?\n\nREED: In Auschwitz-Birkenau, we got loaded into a cattle car. The middle was\nopen because that where two German guards [were posted]. It so happened that one\nGerman guard's name was [Johann] Viktor Kirsch. Later he was commanding one of\nthe last camps I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. He remembered me. We got into the train and the train\nstarted moving, and moving, and moving. We didn't know where or what, but when\nwe saw the giant wheel associated with a city, we knew we were in Vienna\n[Austria]. After that, we ended up in Dachau. The train pulled in but we didn't\nget unloaded. We stayed there for a while. They took us down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Munchen-Allach,\nwhich is a suburb of Munich where there is a big BMW factory. They unloaded us\nand took us to a camp. That camp was . . . We had beds there. Gosh, after\nsleeping on the concrete and on the floor of the cattle car, we had a bed. We\nreally moved up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't do anything. We were there three weeks. One time, I\ngot assigned to the kitchen, a job. I went to the kitchen. The cook looked at me\nand said, \"You are the filthiest, dirtiest kids I ever seen. Take off your\nclothes.\" He gave me a big piece of soap and he made me wash my clothes. When I\ngot done with it, he said, \"Now, wash yourself.\" I washed my self. He said, \"No.\nNot good enough. Again.\" I washed myself about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three times until I got clean to\nhis liking. That's the only work I ever did in this place. Before, a group of us\nwere taken out of Munchen-Allach. Munchen-Allach was [outside of Munich] like,\nsay, Atlanta to Alpharetta. They lined us up. There was a little book like a\ncheckbook. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was horizontal. The pages were not down, but sideways. There was a\nnumber on each page. They asked us our name and birthdate. They tore off the\npage with the number. I got my Dachau number. So did my father.\n\nLANGER: Did they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tattoo in Dachau?\n\nREED: I don't know because I didn't get tattooed. None of us did. A lot of\npeople did, but not us.\n\nLANGER: You said you were there for only about three weeks?\n\nREED: Exactly three weeks. Auschwitz-Birkenau three weeks [and] Dachau three\nweeks [or] Munchen-Allach, I should say.\n\nLANGER: After that, where did they take you?\n\nREED: They took us to Muhldorf. We went through Munich. [We] saw the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombed out\nplaces. Muhldorf was a camp just established for prisoners like us. They used to\nbe in the barracks, the Russian soldiers who were not behind barbed wire. There\nwas an area where there was some left where there was some barbed wire, but we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the camp without barbed wire.\n\nLANGER: This was a labor camp as well?\n\nREED: It was a labor camp. Our primary mission was to build an underground\nfactory to produce a German fighter jet, an Me-242 [Messerschmitt 262] is what\nthey called it.\n\nUNKNOWN: If we could go back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allach, you said that you didn't work there. Did\nyour father work there?\n\nREED: Most people didn't do any work at Allach.\n\nUNKNOWN: No? Okay.\n\nREED: The only thing that I'd like to mention to you [is that] there were some\nreligious [people]. We had some rabbis. Naturally, Jews like to pray. They\nprayed. The people in charge were all kinds of Communist Germans who got locked\nup because they were Communists. They couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put up with that. They would\npunish those who prayed. They punished the rabbis. Praying was forbidden.\n\nLANGER: Did you know they were Communist Germans because of the badges they were wearing?\n\nREED: Yes, they had different badges. They didn't say they were communists, but\nthey were German political prisoners.\n\nBRYAN: Tom, when you went from camp to camp, you went with just the clothes you\nhad with you?\n\nREED: Whatever I wore, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the clothes that I took with me. No socks, but\nwhen we arrived in Muhldorf, when I went into the barrack, some Russian had left\na pair of socks and I had a pair of socks.\n\nLANGER: You still had the same pair of shoes that you had in the beginning?\n\nREED: Yes, they lasted for a while.\n\nLANGER: Here your job was to build this underground ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory?\n\nREED: We had other jobs, too. That was one of them. There was an organization\ncalled Todt, T-O-D-T. They were masters who were carpenters or what not, who\ncould build things. They had a camp. My first job assignment was with some women\nto go and clean that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp for them. This was a good assignment. It was at the\nbottom of a hill. There was water coming out of the hill--good, fresh, cold\nwater. I was a child assigned to it with women. That didn't last long--for me,\nthat is.\n\nLANGER: Who assigned you the job?\n\nREED: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the morning, you lined up. After getting counted . . . They called it\nAppell, A-P-P-E-L-L [German: roll call]. They counted everybody. Assuming\neverybody was accounted for, they let you . . . Somebody had to go to the\nkitchen and get some coffee. Somebody was in charge of every barrack. They had\nto clean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. My father became one of those. They asked if anybody spoke German.\nMy father spoke German well and he became in charge of the barrack. Then they\nlined us up. They had places to send workers to. They just counted off so many\npeople [and sent groups of workers to] this place [or] that place. I ended up in\nthe main fabricator . . . The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"main place to work was the factory. They called it\nHauptbaustelle [German: main construction site], the main work place. I got\nassigned there one day. They had to build some kind of a sewer line or some kind\nof a utility line. They measured off so many feet and assigned the person to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a pickax and a shovel. I got assigned to one of those. I could hardly pick\nup . . . I was thirteen years old. I went to the master, a German. I said, \"Sir,\nI feel sick.\" He took pity on me and said, \"You go and lay down.\" I lay down and\ndidn't do anything. It came lunch and I had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get lunch. We went through the\nlunch line. The person behind me--a man--decided he wants to get his lunch\nsooner. He pushed me out. You couldn't . . . I kicked him in the shin, as had as\nI could and went back in. That's the only time I ended up at the Hauptbaustelle.\n\nLANGER: It was different jobs every day? It wasn't the same thing?\n\nREED: Yes, you never knew what's going to happen. They just counted off and\n[separated into groups] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the men there.\n\nLANGER: Were some of these assignments better than others?\n\nREED: Yes. They decided to build a cellar for food for the kitchen. I ended up\nworking on that. We had to dig out the place and put up the wooden structure. I\nworked there. That was a lot better.\n\nLANGER: Is that a job you only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did once or were you there only once as well?\n\nREED: No, I was there for a while. One time, they were yelling out, \"Who is a\nlocksmith?\" I [volunteered]. I went, \"I'm the locksmith.\" I fixed the lock.\n\nLANGER: Was that something you knew how to do?\n\nREED: No, I figured it out. If they needed a locksmith, that was a lot better\nthan digging a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hole. Then also for a long time I was on the camp clean up\ndetail. I had a broom and a cart--one of those two wheelers. The broom was made\nout of twigs. We went [back and forth with it]. That was a good job.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Do you know what kind of work your father did?\n\nREED: My father took care of Block 10, cleaned it and what not. Later, they\ndecided that his writing was so good in German that they made him a clerk in the office.\n\nLANGER: At this point, it was just you and your father? Did you know anybody\nelse? Did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become friendly with anybody else who was with you?\n\nREED: We knew and we became friendly with people, yes--Hungarian Jews. You get\nto know people. One time, somebody came and said a man in another barrack would\nlike to talk to my father. My father went over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. This man was in bad shape\nalready from working, not getting enough food. He looked at my father and said,\n\"You are lucky.\" My father said, \"What am I lucky for?\" He said, \"You know why\nyou are here. You are a Jew. I am a Christian. My parents were Jews. I am dying\nfor what? I'm a Christian.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Was that the first time that you met someone like that?\n\nREED: No, I didn't meet him.\n\nLANGER: Your father did. In this environment, with everybody doing different\njobs, was it possible to accumulate possessions again, things associated with\nyour work?\n\nREED: No, I had no possessions. My possession ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were my cap, top, pants, and\nshoes, and socks now in Muhldorf.\n\nLANGER: Did people ever trade favors or services?\n\nREED: Yes. Some people were so terribly in need of smoke, they would trade\nthings ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for tealeaves. They got hold of a paper and roll it up. They would trade\nbread for it and whatnot. [They] would rather not eat but smoke. Smoking can be\na terrible thing for people when they can't smoke.\n\nLANGER: Were there actual cigarettes ever present?\n\nREED: No.\n\nLANGER: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about gifts? Did you find that people were just kind to each other?\n\nREED: Gifts? Nobody had anything. You can't give gifts if you don't have anything.\n\nLANGER: Maybe a better place in line for food . . .\n\nREED: No, you got in the line and you were where you were.\n\nBRYAN: Was there any medical care?\n\nREED: Yes, we had a woman who was a dentist. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. They gave her a\ndental chair. That was the dental chair that she and her husband--both\ndentists--used in Latvia, I think, by total coincidence. They put some valuables\nin there. There was the chair. By the way, after we got liberated, she was a\ndentist again in the camp and I was in there now. This was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"displaced persons\ncamp. She had a foot-driven drill. A German nurse--a big nurse--she pedaled it.\nMy teeth went bad [because] no vitamins, no toothbrush, nothing. I had three\nroot canals done. The German nurse would hold my hands behind my back. She\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clamped my mouth open and went ahead. Oh, I know pain!\n\nLANGER: This was in the last camp that you were in?\n\nREED: Second camp.\n\nLANGER: You were there for how long?\n\nREED: Muhldorf, I don't know precisely, but I must have been there four or five\nmonths. You are asking me questions instead of me going through the story. You\nwould have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotten all the answers. I think that I can tell my story better and\nyou will learn about things.\n\nLANGER: Okay, so what happened next?\n\nREED: You are asking little pieces. You don't have the overall picture. In\nMuhldorf, there was a women's camp and a men's camps. The women were a little\nbit better ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off. In charge of the camp was an American German who went back to\nGermany [before] the war and became an SS sergeant, Feldwebel [German:\nsergeant]. They had a Jewish maid from the women's camp. After, she told me how\nhis wife used to yell at him, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say isn't he ashamed to wear the SS clothes and so\nforth? They had two little girls. After the war, he took on a different name and\ngot lost. Eventually, he had to go to a Entnazifizierung [German:\ndenazification] ceremony. Everybody had to go into a group of people to see what\nthey did and answer for it. Some were locked up. He maintained ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that prisoners\nwere in such a bad shape because they came to him that way, which was a lie.\nAnyway, the kitchen had some women help. I was a [so-called] seventeen-year-old\nlittle kid. They gave me milk. The women wanted to help me, but what happened\n[was that] I caught typhoid. If you don't boil the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"milk, you can get typhoid,\nand I did. I ended up in the hospital. I was in terrible shape. There was\nnothing they could do for me. [I had] a high fever. Certain aspects, I don't\neven know what was happening if I look back. I was out of it. My father worked\nin the office and they liked my father, so they kept me there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise, those\nwho got very sick, they are sent back to Auschwitz-Birkenau. There was nothing\nthey could do for me. They took some blood from my father and gave me some\nblood. At one time, they got hold of an ampule of Vitamin C. They gave it to me\n[by a shot] in the rear end. Oh, did I scream! That was painful--Vitamin C. I\nwas in pretty bad shape. To make a long story short, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they opened up a camp\ncalled Mittergars. Little barracks. If you went in there, you saw two\nshelves--one at ground level, another one over it, with some straw on it. There\nwas a latrine, where you could get some water, but nothing else. There was no\nshower, no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. That's where people were . . . I ended up . . . because my\nfather ended up the man who was in charge of what they called \"the magazine.\"\nThere was a kitchen and what they called \"the magazine.\" He went to procure food\nfor the camp. On the way back, he went by a place where the Germans were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building. He stole as much lumber as he could. He brought it back. They ended up\nbuilding some places for a shower and what not. Originally, we were only Jews\nthere. Food was obviously not enough. People were dying. The first thing we had\nto do is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take the golden teeth out to collect it. In charge of the first aid\nplace I should call it--it was the only place that people could go--was Dr.\nGoldstein. Because of my father, we lived with him. I was getting better. I was\nhelping him. People had huge legs full of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water. We had to open them up. The\nonly thing we had is two bottles of spray anesthetics, and a bunch of\npaper--instead of gauze, we had paper rolls--and some aspirin, and two bottles\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of chemical, and we had one with a needle in it. If somebody had a heart attack,\nyou would have to push it directly in their heart. I never seen that used. But\nthey would open up people's leg and drain in. I held ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bucket and then he\nsewed up. Anesthetic--sometimes they had some, sometimes we didn't.\n\nLANGER: Where did these supplies come from? You mentioned your father was in\ncharge of the magazine. Was there procurement?\n\nREED: There was a place in Muhldorf. We had to go there with a wagon. There they\nhad food for every unit, concentration camps, and German camps, whatever.\n\nLANGER: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one central location?\n\nREED: Yes, one central location. There was a kitchen. We had these big kettles\nfor soup. The SS had . . . they cooked for the camp guards on the stove. I\nshouldn't say SS. Some were SS; some were not.\n\nLANGER: They shared the same kitchen that they used for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the inmates in the camp?\n\nREED: No, they got special food. Nobody wanted to eat at the camp if they could\navoid it. You couldn't get enough of it anyway.\n\nLANGER: Okay. While you were in this new place, you were recovering. And your\nfather? Was he doing the same kind of work?\n\nREED: My father was in charge of the storage.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay. Was this still a labor camp associated with the factories around\n[the camp]?\n\nREED: They had all kinds of places to work. I'd never been out. I had to learn\nhow to walk again. I was so weak I couldn't walk. I learned how to walk again.\n\nLANGER: Was there a sense that your situation as unique, that most people who\nhad been that sick would have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed?\n\nREED: Yes, I was very fortunate. When I got better, my father . . . We had a\ncommanding officer who had throat cancer. I think his name was [Eugene]\nHausmann. Every morning he would have everybody out, had people standing there\nwith no under . . . just a little . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". their thin clothing, standing out for\nhours. He would yell at them and all that. He was pretty sick himself, so he\nwent to the physician, Dr. Goldstein. He said, \"Can you help me?\" Dr. Goldstein\nlooked at him and said, \"No, you're going to . . . I can't help you. You have\nthroat cancer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You will die from it.\" My father heard about that. When he came\ninto the magazine, my father said, \"I will help you. I used to study medicine in\nVienna and I think you can be helped. Forget what the doctor said.\" My father,\ngoing for the food, talked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the guard into letting him go to a pharmacy. He told\nthe pharmacist, \"Look, I have a problem. Here is this man. He is up every\nmorning, everybody standing outside, and he has this thing. Can you give me\nsomething that will make at least feel he's being treated?\" He gave my father\nsomething. Father came back and he said, \"Here it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is. First thing you've got to\ndo is don't get up early in the morning. You've got to sleep late.\" He gave him\nthis medicine to inhale and what not. From time to time, he went back to the\npharmacy and got some more of this and that. Instead of people standing out in\n[the cold] for hours, that went away. My father was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smart man.\n\nLANGER: When you father went into town to get provisions, was he given money to\npay for them?\n\nREED: No, it was the German system. You had a unit, or an outfit, whatever it\nwas. You had so many people. People were dying and my father didn't report them,\nso he had some extra.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: If someone died and they were not reported, did you bury them somewhere?\n\nREED: We had deaths--two or three people a day. Dr. Goldstein extracted their\nteeth. Outside the camp, outside the wire, they buried them. If they had three\npeople, they put three people in a grave, or four in a grave, one in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grave.\nThey put a little pine tree on them. The height of them [varied] depending on\nhow many people were buried. They were dying like flies. We had no place to take\na shower, nothing, until my father started getting all these things back. We got\na new prisoner in charge, who was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German. He was in the French Foreign Legion.\nHe went back to Germany and they put him in a concentration camp. Hans Rohr was\nhis name. Hans Rohr was a very capable man. He set up a shower. He built a\nshower and built this and that. He really made a big difference in the camp. At\none time he killed a man. Even the Germans couldn't overlook it. In the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evenings, when people had to go to sleep, he had to go and stand in a corner in\none of the buildings. Hans Rohr, after the war, disappeared. He had a Jewish\nmistress. In Muhldorf, he had a Jewish woman who was his mistress. His assistant\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . I'm trying to think of his name. Anyway, he took a little 18 or 20\nyear old Jewish girl who was there working in the kitchen. He took her into his\nroom and raped her, kept raping her. After the war, she married. She was a very\nnice Jewish girl but she had no choice.\n\nLANGER: That was in addition to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mistress that he had?\n\nREED: No, Rohr had his own mistress. I'm trying to think of her name, but I\ncan't right now offhand.\n\nLANGER: There was this women's camp in Muhldorf?\n\nREED: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Not in the new camp where you and your father were? There were no women?\n\nREED: No, that was strictly men. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a . . . We didn't have any water so\nwater had to be hauled in. Folgermeyer was the name of the person who had a farm\nadjacent to the camp, on the other side of the road that went by the camp. He\nhad a married woman work for him. She would bring in a tank full of water. They\npumped it up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a very nice woman and very free. She tried to make all of\nthe guards happy. She gave them something [a sexually transmitted disease].\nEverybody had it after awhile. There was nothing they could do about it. They\nall had a problem.\n\nLANGER: They all got sick?\n\nREED: I wonder what happened if her husband came back, if he did.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Did [Dr. Goldstein] treat these sexually transmitted diseases?\n\nREED: No. He couldn't treat the ordinary diseases. Nothing . . . These people\ndied. People were dying like flies.\n\nLANGER: Your father was going out into the town. Did he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get information? Was\nthere a way to get quality information at all during this time?\n\nREED: As to what's going on?\n\nLANGER: Yes.\n\nREED: Yes, he had a pretty good idea. We were anxiously waiting for the Allies\nto arrive, the Americans specifically.\n\nLANGER: Did you get a sense for how soon that was going to happen? Did you see\nbombers flying or anything?\n\nREED: We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw bombers flying when we were in Munchen-Allach. We saw bombers\nflying day and night. The Americans went in the day and the English were at\nnight. Later, we saw at one time a fight between an American fighter and a\nGerman fighter. By coincidence, we saw it.\n\nLANGER: Did you think you were going to survive at this point?\n\nREED: I have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laugh. I had no idea. I was hoping.\n\nLANGER: You still had hope?\n\nREED: One has to hope. Actually, the religious Jews did much better than the\nnonreligious ones. The non-religious Jews saw the situation, saw people dying\nall the time like them, so they gave up. [They said,] \"I'm going to die.\" The\nreligious Jews said to themselves, \"I may or may not die, but it's up to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"G-d.\"\nThey prayed and so forth. They had hope. That made a big difference, having hope.\n\nLANGER: That was the case for you and your father?\n\nREED: Yes. We still both had hope. My father was religious and so was I.\n\nLANGER: When did liberation come? Was it sudden?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REED: You're missing most of the things, the most interesting part of my story.\nI should tell you my story.\n\nLANGER: Go ahead.\n\nREED: Okay. Let me start out with, we arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau one morning.\nIt was still dark. The crematorium flames were coming out. I didn't know what\nthey were. We saw flames coming out of the chimney. They separated us. I'm going\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to skip some of it because I told you. They separated us. When I came up to the\nGerman who looked at the men, [he] asked me how old I was. [I answered,]\n\"Siebzehn!\" I went with my father. We were taken past the crematorium to this\nbig room that had showers next to it and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so forth. [We] stripped down. We could\nkeep our shoes and our belt. There were prisoners with straight razors. One man\ngot his breast cut. It practically flipped over. The poor guy was going around\nand around. A couple of days ago, he was a free man. Here he was, his breast cut\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open. I don't know what happened to him, but no doubt they sent him to the gas\nchamber. We undressed. They shaved everybody. I was too young to have anything\nto shave. They led us into a shower. Hot water was so good. No soap, now. That\nwas a luxury. Then cold water. We got out. We took our shoes and took our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belt.\nThey threw us a top and a bottom--prisoner clothes. We exchanged among ourselves\nso everybody had some that more or less fit. They took us past the\ncrematorium--we didn't know what it was--into the Gypsy camp. There was one side\nof the camp, the barracks were Gypsies, except there was the toilet. The toilet\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a cement thing with holes in it. No paper, now. I mean, that's luxury. You\ndon't need that. There were faucets on both sides so you could wash your hands.\nYou had a choice how you want to handle things. They put us between two barracks\nand gave us lunch. Lunch was you lined ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up ten deep and I told you about how we\nate. We did that day in and day out. They gave us some little scissors so the\nmen could . . . They couldn't shave but they could cut the hair off their face.\nThe scissors were passed around. Evening, I remember my first my night. I lay\ndown on my side because that's all you could do. Next to me was a man. He\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduced himself. He was a doctor, Dr. Fackateh Schwartz. Probably he was a\nphysician, but I don't know, but I remember his name. The next morning, we got\nup. You couldn't go to the toilet because if you did, you could never get back\nwhere you were. It was so tight that you had to sleep on your side. You couldn't\nturn around. The next morning, we got up early in the morning and we lined ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up.\nThey counted us. Then they gave us coffee or tea. Tea was valuable because they\nhad something people liked to smoke. When that was done, they let us go to the\ntoilet across the street once and back. [We had] nothing to do. We were that way\nfor at least a week. Nothing. It just repeated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lunchtime, they gave us der\ngemuse. Evening, they gave us a piece of sawdust bread, and a little piece of\nmargarine, except one time we got jam. That kept going of two weeks almost. Then\none morning, we went out. They lined us up. After breakfast, they opened up the\nranks. We were ten deep. An SS man came. We had to drop our pants ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and take off\nour jacket. He would look at you. If he looked at you and [pointed], you went\nout of the ranks and lined up. He came to my father and [pointed]. Came to me,\nsame thing. This Wiess that I mentioned--this Jew from Czechoslovakia--got his\nattention and said, \"Sir, he's too young to work.\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew I'm going to get\nkilled. I'm going to go to a children's barrack and crematorium eventually. He\ndid that! After the war, we found out that when the transports were all over,\nthere was no more job for him, the other prisoners beat him to death. This went\non. Once we were out in the rank, they marched us off toward the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kitchen. We\nwere just . . . A Jewish man came out of the kitchen with some garbage. He was\nwhistling a tune. I asked my father, \"What was he whistling?\" He said, \"That is\nHatikvah. Hatikvah [Hebrew] means hope and that will be the Jewish national\nanthem if there's ever a Jewish state.\" They took us from there to the camp that\nwas the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end of the . . . one of the last camps on the row, and put us in Barrack\n4. In charge of us was a Jew from Czechoslovakia. There, you could get some\nindividual dishes--not keep it, but handed to you with food. There were racks\nwhere you could sleep on wood. He would keep barking at us, \"When I was here,\nyou were eating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chicken at home!\" That was . . . He told us a hundred times. It\ncame evening, to lay down, he would tell everybody, \"Lay down!\" Some people\ncouldn't find space. They could be older people. He would go around yelling,\n\"You people have no respect for older people! You ought to be ashamed of\nyourself. Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down!\" We all came down. There were three levels. [He would\nsay,] \"Okay, now everybody up again.\" This time some young people couldn't find\nspace. [He said,] \"Again!\" We went through the whole thing three or four times a\nnight. Finally, everybody had a space. We were there one week. They marched us\nup to the train. I mentioned to you the train, how we were on it. There were two\nguards. I told you that part of the story. We ended up in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munchen-Allach. We\nwere there for three weeks. I told you there was nothing to do but I did have an\nexperience there with the cook, which was a wonderful that happened to me. I\ndon't know how dirty I could have gotten. They took us to Muhldorf. In Muhldorf,\nbefore us, there used to be Russian prisoners who lived there. They put wire\naround it when we were first in the camp. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a women's camp and a men's\ncamp. Most people worked in the Hauptbaustelle. That was . . . They died because\nmost people in there had to carry sacks of cement up to the mixer, which was\nhigh up--at least one or two floors higher than the ground. Can you imagine to\ncarry it up? Then they went down, moved around, and did the same thing--either\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sand or cement. People were dying like flies. It didn't take very long [with] no\ndecent food, just doing these kind of things. Then they brought into the camp\nsome Jews who came from the Warsaw ghetto. I met Max, a cannibal. Max was a\nGerman Jew. The Warsaw ghetto, if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see a picture of it, the Germans had\nblasted it. It was all [ruins] sticking up and down. They blasted the Jews out\nfrom their hiding places because some would never surrender. The job of this\ncamp was to level it off. If they found anything valuable, turn it in. Max found\nsomething, didn't turn it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. When the Russians came nearer to the camp, the\nGermans lined up these people from the concentration camp, and marched them, and\nmarched them. [They] wouldn't give them food or water. If somebody couldn't\nmarch, shot them. At one time, they came across a little creek. The people said,\n\"Shoot us.\" They went and drank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water. Max was there. Finally, they decided to\n[put] them onto cattle cars. I knew three people who saw Max eating from a\nrecently deceased person's upper leg. He became a cannibal. I was a rotten kid.\nLater, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Mittergars, Max was there. I would see Max looking at me. I'd say,\n\"Max, don't look at me like that. I don't taste good.\" It was a rotten thing to\ndo, but I was a thirteen-year-old kid. To make a long story short, Max ended up\nafter liberation . . . From Mittergars to Muhldorf, he jumped out of the row he\nwas marching in, ran into the forest, and ended up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the framer's house. When\nthe Americans came, he got liberated. He became a policeman in Stuttgart\n[Germany]. I didn't see him after that. But cannibalism existed in a large scale\namong the German prisoners in Russian captivity because they wouldn't give them\nany food. They ate each other. Finally the Russians decided that they have to\nsend some people back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war, so they put an end to it. They would shoot\nthe cannibals if they caught one of them. They didn't give them much food. But\ncannibalism existed in large scale. People don't realize that. You would have to\nread a lot of books like I do. I read about all about it. It's a fact.\nMittergars was a death camp in the sense that [it had] nothing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until Rohr came\nand built showers. Things improved at least somewhat. Then later they brought\nsome Russian prisoners in there. They were not the ordinary [prisoners]. They\nwere the special prisoners. The Russians stuck together. Another group of people\nwho stuck together were the religious Jews. They prayed and no matter what, they\nstuck together. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hope. That helped them a great deal. The non-religious\nJews gave up. We were in that camp for a period of time. Then they took us back\nto Muhldorf. We had a Rapportführer [German: report leader]. He was in charge\nof the prisoners in Mittergars. He knew what was going to happen. The war was\nalmost over. He made a deal with my father. He will save ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us; we will save him. A\ndeal is a deal. That is very important. My father said, \"When you give your\nword, that's all you really have. That the most important thing you have, your\nword.\" He volunteered for the transport out of Muhldorf. They were going to take\nus to a place where the SS were going to shoot us. We ended up in a car with him\nthat had some bread in there, and two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish women from the kitchen whom he got\nto know--they were not nice women--and a Greek fellow [that] he let him in up\nthere, Isaac. There was this SS man, Isaac, my father, and me, and these two\nwomen. The train started to move for a day or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so. We stopped at a place called\nPoing, P-O-I-N-G. American fighters came in, and were going over, and dropping\nbombs, and shooting at some airplanes nearby. At one point, somebody came and\nyelled out, \"Prisoners, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are free. The Americans are here.\" These prisoners\nhad no food, no drink, no water. They all spread out. Having spread out, some\nwent in to German houses and what not, begging for water and food. Others were\njust kind of endlessly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going around. They were trying to get some water mostly.\nThey came in to the wagon that we were in and took all the food out, all the\nbread. That's all that was in there. We and Greiff, the SS man, were standing\noutside the cattle car, and waiting to see what would happen. Somebody took\nGreif's rifle, an Italian carbine. My father saw somebody with the carbine on\nhis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoulder. He went over, and got it, and gave it to Greif. It didn't take\nvery long. We were surrounded. Anybody that was outside was shot. I remember a\nyoung man. His name was Sauer. He was a guard in Mittergars, so that's how I\nknow who he was. He had a little carbine. He was smoking a cigarette. [He] took\na puff; shot a woman. [He] took another puff; shot another woman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was going\non. Finally, everybody got crowded back into the cars. A Luftwaffe officer came\nin and he wanted to shoot me. He had his pistol out. I was sitting in the corner\nand he was going to shoot me. Greif said, \"Why do you want to shoot him?\" [The\nman said,] \"He ran away.\" This man, this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Luftwaffe officer came especially into\nthere. He wanted to shoot me. Why would you want to shoot a thirteen-year-old\nkid? Greiff, who we had an agreement with, talked him out of it. He said, \"No,\nhe was with me.\" He gave up shooting me, but while I was waiting to get shot, I\nsaid my last words, my last prayer, so I won't ever have to say that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. Then\n[Greif] said, \"You can't shoot [him].\" There was a man under our car--I saw him\nbefore we got back in--with a bread in his hand. He was shot through the head.\nHe was munching on it. He shot him. The train started moving again. We'd heard\nsome rumors there was an uprising in Germany. I think they were trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kill\nHitler at one point. That was an event. We ended up in a place called . . . No,\nI'm sorry, I don't know the name of the place. [We were in a place] where\nAmerican planes believed us to be German soldiers because there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were two\nanti-aircraft guns on the back of the train and they were camouflaged. It used\nto be a troop train before they used it for us. They came in and [flew low to]\nshoot us with 50-caliber machine guns. My father had a machine gun bullet scrape\nhis head. I have the bullet. It hit a stove and he kept it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before the second\nwave would come around, apparently the fighters realized after the prisoners ran\nout of the cars that they were prisoners. Nevertheless, my father jumped out and\nI jumped out into the clearing. On the way, it was like taking a hot towel and\nhitting me. I got shot in the leg by a guard. Why he would shoot a little kid?\nBut he did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoot me in the leg. When I lay down, I couldn't get up. One of our\nGreek friends took me back into the wagon. There I was [with] not even a\nBand-Aid. I asked one of the prisoner doctors later when I could talk to one,\n\"How is this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bullet situation?\" He said, \"Can you wiggle your toes?\" I said,\n\"Yes.\" [He said,] \"Don't worry. It's a flesh wound.\" Actually, it's in the bone.\nGreiff went to a meeting. In charge of the convoy, the train, was a German\nsoldier, but he wasn't an SS. [Greif] came back and he said, \"We're supposed to\nmeet the SS in a day or so. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are going to kill everybody.\" We were supposed\nto be shot to death, machine-gunned. He said, \"I could take you--you and your\nfather--away, but you can't walk.\" My father said, \"If Tom is going to die, I\nwant to die too. I'm not going to go away.\" I went to sleep that night knowing\nthis. The next morning, a lot of racket and, guess what? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American tanks! It was\na station called Tutzing. There was a German Red Cross train, empty, and they\nwanted to transfer me in there. I said, \"No. I won't.\" I didn't trust the\nGermans. Usually they wanted to kill me, so I said I didn't want to go. I didn't\never get treated for that bullet. I still have it. To make a long story short,\nwe wouldn't give up Greif. We had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal. He stayed overnight. He gave me his\nwallet. He bought it in France. And I have the bullet from my father's head. He\nleft his SS uniform. In the very early morning, he changed into [civilian\nclothes] and left. I took one of his SS Death's Head [lapel pins] out and kept\nit. I still have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Here I was, wounded and all that. The Americans decided\nsince I didn't want to go to the Red Cross train, they pushed the train further\ndown to a place called Feldafing. There was a huge elite Hitler Youth camp\n[with] two-story beautiful buildings. It was set up a hospital. They took two\nGerman high-ranking doctors from the train next to us and carried me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down there\n[with] an American soldier with a gun behind us. They took me to the mess hall.\nFrom the dirt floor of the cattle car to the mess hall [with] clean linen,\nspoons, fork, knife, beautiful dinner. They gave . . . My father and I ended up\nin a room with three of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. [They] gave us a Red Cross package.\n\nLANGER: It's almost three o'clock. I wonder whether we should maybe stop and\npick up with your life in the displaced persons camp and all of that?\n\nREED: In the [Feldafing] displaced persons camp? I lived there a couple of years.\n\nLANGER: Do you want to do that next time or do you want to try and talk about\nthat now?\n\nBRYAN: I think that is a separate interview.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, it seems like we've gotten to that moment where you are . . .\n\nREED: Have I done okay?\n\nLANGER: Yes.\n\nBRYAN: It is very good.\n\nLANGER: Is there anything else you want to ask about?\n\nBRYAN: I wanted to make sure, are you willing to come back to tell us about the\nDP camps?\n\nREED: Yes, I am willing to do that.\n\nBRYAN: I think that will be very important to us.\n\nREED: There were Jews who were in that train--mostly Hungarian Jews. They went\n[back] to Hungary most of them. We knew what Communists were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like. We knew what\nthey were like. We told them, \"Idiots, don't go back. You've had enough from the\nNazis. You want to go under the Communists?\" They went back. I said to myself,\n\"Don't you ever [ask for] help [from] me. Don't you ever ask me to help you get\nout of there. You deserve what you're going to get.\" Most of them came out to\nthe camp, went down hill, took a number. Then people started coming from Poland,\nand Russia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania, and all that--from Russia most of them--and we were\noverpopulated. I will talk to you about that.\n\nLANGER: Sounds like that would be a wonderful addition. Thank you so much.\n\nREED: You're welcome.\n\nLANGER: Today is November 9, 2016. My name is Adina Langer. I am here at the\nFederal Reserve Bank of Atlanta with Tom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reed. We are picking up where we left\noff in our last conversation, just at the time that Tom and his father were\nliberated. If you want to start just kind leading into that moment.\n\nREED: I'd like to start about a day or two before we got into that [displaced\npersons] camp. We were on the way to get exterminated. There was an SS unit\nwaiting for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to shoot us. Greif, the German SS Corporal, who we agreed with\nthat we would save each other, told us what's going to happen. He said, \"You\nknow, when they get there, I was going to try and walk you away, you and your\nfather, but you can't walk because you have a bullet in your leg.\" My father\nsaid, \"If Tom has to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"die, I want to die with him.\" I went to sleep with that in\nmy head. We were in a station called Tutzing in Bavaria. In charge of the train\nwas a regular German Army officer who delayed it because of what he knew. He\ndeliberately delayed the train so the Americans could catch up with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. He was a\nhero. Next morning when I woke up, I heard this tremendous noise. [I thought,]\n\"What is it?\" The American tanks have arrived. Gosh, I was going to die. I\nexpected to die and get shot and here I was. Greif was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. They rounded up\nall the SS and other guards but we kept Greif in our wagon, not disclosing it to\nanyone. We stayed together that day. In evening, he gave me his wallet and his\nknife, which I couldn't bring in here [to the interview because of security].\nIt's too dangerous for you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to look at those things or play with it. I went to\nsleep. Next morning, he was gone. He changed into [civilian clothing] and left\nvery early. Maybe it could have been the middle of the night. I don't know\nbecause I was sleeping. Next morning, I found his uniform and took off his\nDeath's Head [lapel pin], which I have here, what remains of it. I used to put\nit on my key chain. It wasn't any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help to keep it in one piece. There we\nwere--me with a bullet in my leg, my father, and two women--in that car. The\nwomen were not nice women. Greif used one of them or both of them--they were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters--but they didn't disclose him either. We were together. That evening, he\ngave me his wallet and his knife. There was a German Red Cross hospital train\nright next to us. The Americans wanted to transfer those of us who needed help\nto that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train. I mentioned I had a bullet in my leg. I could wiggle my toes, so\nit was nothing serious. I didn't even have a Band-Aid on that leg, but I decided\nI am not going to go into a German Red Cross train because I didn't trust the\nGermans. I mean, here they were massacring us. It wasn't nonsense. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans\napparently decided to take us down further from Tutzing to a place called\nFeldafing, which is the next village. There was an elite Hitler Youth School,\nwhich was about seven two-story buildings. It was converted into a hospital.\nNobody was there. They pushed the train down on the siding to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing. This\nplace was down from a steep hill on a plateau. The Americans decided to take me\ndown there. They got hold of two German doctors. I think they were pretty\nhigh-ranking doctors. They put their hands together and I sat on it. They gave\nme an American soldier guard. We went down there. We went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wooden building\nwhere there was a dining room. Can you imagine? I was lying on the dirt floor,\nhad nothing but a piece of bread and some water. Here I am in a dining room with\ntablecloths, beautiful service. Gosh. I didn't have a shower now. I was pretty\ndirty, too. I probably smelled as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. Here, my father and I got down there and\nthey served us a beautiful dinner. Then, when we got down there, the German\ndoctors left and so forth. They assigned us into a room in on of those barracks.\nBeautiful clean beds with clean sheets and dirty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. We were three to a room--my\nfather and I and somebody who was . . . He had a drug store. I should say, a pharmacy.\n\nLANGER: How many people were in this group at this point? How many people\narrived at this location with you?\n\nREED: Our camp actually . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they emptied the camp, there were two trains.\nIt must have been at least a thousand, probably more. The other train was\nfurther down the line and they must have had the rest. Probably altogether,\nabout three thousand people. That's just a guess on my part. It could have been\nmore, could have been as many as four thousand. Here we went into this room,\nbeautiful clean sheets, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dirty me. It didn't bother me. There was a sheet on the\nbed and a sheet that had the sides sewn up [like a duvet cover] so there was a\nblanket in it. Boy, it was fancy. The sheet where the blanket was had patterns.\nWe lay down and it didn't take me much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to sleep. Especially after sleeping\non wood, a mattress felt pretty good. Next day, they gave us a Red Cross\npackage, each one of us, [with] candy and all kinds of things in it, which I\ndidn't have any of that for eleven months.\n\nLANGER: Did you ration that out or did you have a feast?\n\nREED: They give it to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you [as if to say,] \"Here. You ration it yourself.\"\n\nLANGER: Right. I have heard some folks . . . Because you went from starving to\nhaving food, was there a sense that you needed to take it slowly?\n\nREED: I know what you are driving at. You are saying, 'When you are hungry and\nstarving and people give you rich food, it may kill you.' And it does. This\nhappened several places where people that liberated the prisoners gave them rich\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food and many died because of the rich food. It didn't hurt me or my father,\nbut, yes, that's a good point. The English did that to people in their zone.\nThey gave rich food to the liberated prisoners and they had a lot of deaths\nbecause of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They emptied the cattle cars, and got everybody down from this\nsteep slope, and they put them in different rooms. We had about four two-story\nbrick barracks. In the barrack I was in--they called them 'Blocks'--I think it\nwas Block 4. The lower level was for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men. The upper level was for women. We were\nin there for about a week. They brought food from the mess hall and they\ndistributed it by giving us plates and so forth to eat on. Then the Americans\nstarted at night coming in to see that everything was okay. They found that the\nsecond floor where there were women--there were large rooms ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three--they found a\nlot of men. There'd be two men in a bed with a woman. That was against their . .\n. [They thought,] \"How can you do that? We have to separate the men from the\nwomen.\" We got transferred to another area to live. It really bothered them. The\nwomen were all for it. Nobody forced them. Americans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought that was wrong.\nThey wanted no part of it. Most of us were Jews from Hungary. There were some 80\nto 100 Jews from Greece and some others that could have been from Latvia,\nEstonia, Russia, and Ukraine . . . but they were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minority. We had food three\ntimes a day. They started bringing in used clothing. It so happened that this\nwas a Hitler Youth school before. They had a lot of Hitler Youth clothing. That\nfit me perfectly, so I wore Hitler Youth shirt and Hitler Youth pants. It worked\nreally nicely. I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid, thirteen-years-old. I was wearing them. I started\nexploring the place. The railroad was here and our camp was here. Then you went\ndown further and there was a lake called Lake Starnberg. If you stood and looked\nat the lake, beyond it were the Alps with snow on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"top. [It was] a fantastic\nplace to look. I couldn't look at it enough. I didn't know how to swim, by the\nway. In Hungary, I never had an opportunity. We settled down there. From my\nschool--from the Jewish school with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight grades--only four of us survived. I\ndidn't know it then but I am telling you right now. [There were] two girls and\ntwo boys. I was one of the boys. The other boy I never met again. The girls was\nJocha, who was a little older, and Anne. Anne ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the one who was came over to\nour place summers and we were [pretending we were] swimming together in the big\nbathtub. One of those days soon after liberation, I was walking on the street\nand, my G-d, here comes Jocha. We got together. We were excited. We hugged and\ntalked a little bit. [I] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found out that she was under the care of a very nice\nlady from our town. We said goodbye and we walked about ten steps. We turned\naround--both of us, same time--and we got together again, gave each other a big\nhug and kiss. That was the last time I saw Jocha. I never saw the other two. We\nwere the only ones who survived in the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Then the Americans decided\nto try to send back to Hungary or wherever they could, people who wanted to go\nback. In fact, they'd rather that people went back. The first transport was by\ntrucks. They brought up these deuce-and-a-half trucks, the two and a half ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ton\ntrucks with seats in the back. [They told] anybody who wanted to go back to\nHungary, \"Please get on the truck.\" People who came from communist countries,\nwho experienced the Communists, were telling us that the communists are no\nbetter than the Nazis except they kill different people. They kill Jews and\nGentiles, depending on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how they look at you. They are no better. They are just\nlike the Nazis. They may not pick on you, but they do it to others. We told\nthese people, \"You go back to Hungary, the Communists have liberated Hungary.\nThey will be establishing a communist government. You will be like you were\nunder Nazis, a dictatorship.\" [They said,] \"No, we've got to go home.\" Here was\n. . . They made even a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian flag, which was red, white, and green [stripes]\nhorizontally. They had a Hungarian flag and all these trucks. They got on them\nand went back home. Home. What would they find at home? What home? If you asked\nwhat happened to our house, the well-connected ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people went in there first and\ntook whatever they wanted to. Then, anybody who wanted to take anything, it was\nplain open. The house was lived in by somebody. We had nobody practically. Most\npeople were dead. Those of us, the few of us who survived, it was pitiful to go\nin to a situation like that, but they did go. Some later left, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came back to\nGermany, but my father and I, we said, \"We had enough of the Nazis. We're not\ngoing to have any part of the Communists.\" There was a communist uprising in\nHungary after the First World War. The communists killed a lot of people. My\nfather hated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. We were just not going to have anything to do with\nCommunists. We were in this camp, the first Hungarian Jewish shipment gone. I\nhad a buddy, another Jewish boy. We went down to the lake and started walking\naround the road along the lake. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found some boathouses on the lake. At one of\nthem, we saw a boat half full of water. Neither of us knew how to swim, now,\nremember. We decided, \"We ought to have a boat.\" We got it in the water. It was\nonly about three, four feet deep and tried to empty it of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water. We managed to\nempty most of it, but not totally. Then we needed some paddles so we kicked off\nsome boards from one of the boathouses. We each had a board. We started--we had\na boat now--paddling. We paddled back toward the camp. At that point, I have to\nmention there was a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp there of Russian prisoners. They\nwere swimming toward us when we got near it. They kept yelling, \"Day eto. Day\neto. [Russian] Give it. Give it. Give us the boat.\" We didn't know how to swim.\nWe were in water [that would have reached] over our head. We had no choice but\nto [hit at] them with the board. We managed to bring the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat near the shore\nwhere the water wasn't very deep. We jumped out and let them have it. Then,\nthree was another opportunity for Hungarian Jews to go back to Hungary. That was\nby train. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not regular passenger trains but trains that were for cows.\nThey had told anybody who wants to go back, \"Just get on the train. We'll take\nyou back to Hungary.\" A lot of people did go. We told them what they could\nexpect but [they said,] \"We are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarians.\" That was the second transport. My\nfather and I decided we were not going back to Hungary, nowhere there were\ncommunists. We don't know what's going to happen to us, but we are not going to\ndo that. It was nice in summer. I enjoyed the weather very much. Then, the camp\ncommanding officer was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American. His name was Irving J. Smith. I remember it\nso well. [He] decided that he'd like to set up a living school for children.\nMost of them were orphans. We could say all essentially. My father became in\ncharge. My father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recruited some teachers and we moved into this barrack or\nblock with two floors [with] women and girls on the first floor; boys on the\nsecond floor. Here was a place that Irving J. Smith's girlfriend or\nmistress--she was actually from Belgium--decided to call \"Kindercasino,\"\nchildren casino. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived in the Kindercasino. There wasn't much teaching you\ncould do even though there were teachers. The religious kids had gotten some\nbooks from the American Army chaplain. They were studying upstairs among\nthemselves, the very religious. They were reading what they called Gemara, which\nis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comments on the five books of Moses and so forth. We lived [there]. You did\nanything you wanted to do. We got food.\n\nLANGER: Was your father paid for this job?\n\nREED: No, no pay. Nobody got paid for anything. We got food. We had our own\nroom. My father and I had a little room with a little bathroom with a toilet and\nsink, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, my gosh, we were in heaven.\n\nLANGER: There were no supplies or books really?\n\nREED: No books. What do you expect? By the way, I went to high school in the\ncamp later. No books. [Just] pencil and paper.\n\nLANGER: Could you write to someone? Was there a mail service?\n\nREED: Yes, you could later. Yes, you could go to the post office in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the village,\nand bought some stamps and an envelope, and you could write. But if you asked\nme, 'Tom, what were your possessions?' Nothing. I had some Hitler Youth\npants--they fit me very well--and shoes. What else did I need? [I needed] a\nbathing suit. I managed to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one so I could go to the lake and learn how to\nswim. There were some bulletins that were published. They displayed them in the\ndifferent camps. They sent them [out to the camps with] who is where--we had our\nnames [listed in] Feldafing--so people could see if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had relatives. We found\nthat we had some cousins who remained alive. We knew four of them for sure. My\nfather had some people working for him. These were young men and these were\ngirls eighteen and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. My father said, \"Why don't you go over there and bring\nthem back?\" If you wanted to go some place, you took the rail. You went to the\nrailroad station, jumped over the fence--no problem, nobody stopped you--got on\nthe train, and whenever you ended up, you jumped off. To make a long story\nshort, they brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back a couple of my cousins. There was one more to go--one\ngirl, Alice. They went back to get her. They got on a train. The train didn't\nstop at the border. They ended up in Czechoslovakia. [They had] no money,\nnothing. What are they going to do to cross the border? They managed to come\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. You didn't have to pay on the train either. Nobody asked us for any money.\nWe didn't have any. They brought back Alice. We had a couple cousins now in\nFeldafing and my father and I. The Kindercasino got pretty empty as the kids\nwent back home to Hungary. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people started coming out of Romania and\nHungary, and people who were Poles who went to Russia to avoid the Germans [when\nthey invaded Poland] started coming out because they were treated badly in\nLithuania and all that. The whole picture changed. It was not Hungarian Jews but\nJews from all over. The only common language we had was Yiddish. I didn't know\nhow to hardly speak Yiddish but I knew how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to speak German. Yiddish is just kind\nof a bad German with some Polish words in it and what not. One of my cousins\nlived with us. Then the kids moved out of the block and people from all these\ncountries moved in. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dignitaries came to visit these displaced persons camps\n[like] La Guardia. In fact, he left his hat in my father's office after visiting\nthe Kindercasino, so my father had a nice hat [from] La Guardia. Eisenhower\ncame, Patton, and all those. In fact, Eisenhower gave a speech for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur\nday. They had built a big wooden building for movies and also for workouts\npresumably. Not too many people were working out very hard. It wasn't our\nbackground. I remember [it was] a hot day. He gave a very nice speech. Then he\nwent around and visited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the camp. At that time, we still had the Kindercasino.\nHe went upstairs and saw this group of Jewish kids studying the Talmud. He was\nvery impressed. Then [Eisenhower] saw that the camp was overcrowded because all\nthese people were coming in and [there was] only about six blocks. There were\nall these beautiful German villas right next to us, a couple of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"streets long in\nterms of villas. Only one place where the people lived themselves. Everybody\nelse was big villas [with] very rich people. They were not just simple. If you\nwould see it, you would say, 'My G-d, this is a millionaire's place.' Eisenhower\ndecided that they should occupy those. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people came out, we couldn't put\nthem in the blocks, got a room in the villas. That had some advantages. When you\nare in a villa, you only have so many bathrooms and so forth. In a block like\nthat where Hitler Youth stayed, they had large bathrooms and all that. People\nlived in [the villas]. They had beautiful gardens and what not. Now the\ndisplaced persons camp was blocks and all these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"villas.\n\nLANGER: Was it enclosed in any way? Was there a border or a guard?\n\nREED: No, nothing was closed.\n\nLANGER: You showed us some identification papers that you had been issued when\nyou came out of the concentration camp. Were those given to you shortly after\nyou got into the DP camp?\n\nREED: Yes. If you wanted an ID, you got an ID.\n\nLANGER: Did everybody just get one or did you have to ask for one?\n\nREED: It depended on whether they wanted one or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not. I thought it was better to\nhave one that not to have one. I was a blonde, blue-eyed kid. I thought maybe I\ncould have been mistaken for a German very easily. I looked like a typical,\n\"ideal\" German kid, so I had an ID, which I showed you. I had two of them.\n\nLANGER: Did your father get one too?\n\nREED: My father got an ID too. Then when we settled down kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of, they created a\nschool. Kindergarten for little kids and then school for us. You didn't have to\ngo to school if you didn't want to. It was voluntary. The director of the school\nwas a Polish. We had a lot of Poles. We referred to him as Panie Dyrektorze\n[Polish], Mister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Director. There was Panie Dyrektorze. We went to school. They\nput us in different classes. The teacher talked and you could take notes. Then\nthere were tests. No big deal. If you wanted to take it, take it. If you didn't,\nyou didn't. It wasn't like a normal high school where you have a book, you study\nthis, and study that, and then take tests. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They gave grades. They started\nlanguages. They started teaching us English and Hebrew but our common language\nwas Jewish [Yiddish]. Everybody spoke a different langauge practically.\n\nBRYAN: Do you know who came up with the curriculum? Who decided what courses you\nshould be taking?\n\nREED: No. They just looked at you [and asked,] \"How old are you?\"\n\nBRYAN: Tom, did your father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a plan for the two of you?\n\nREED: No, you couldn't plan because everything was unknown. You couldn't tell\nwhat is going to happen tomorrow. What are we going to do with ourselves?\n\nBRYAN: It was pretty much a day-to-day existence?\n\nREED: Just live from day to day.\n\nLANGER: Was there a radio or some way of getting outside news?\n\nREED: We didn't have a radio, no. We had some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of entertainment. I remember\non of them was evenings. Some of our wiser people set up a long table. People in\nthe crowd, us, could ask questions. I remember one question was asked, \"Will\nthere be ever another war?\" They discussed it among themselves and came to the\nconclusion, \"Never.\" With what we'd been through and what we'd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen, how could\nthere be another war? I don't have to comment on that. It was interesting some\nof the questions they asked. The answers were interesting. Each of them could\ncomment to give us an answer. Then they showed movies. There was a place that\nwas ideally suited, kind of a hill. People could sit on the hill. They put up a\nmovie screen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a projector. Then they had plays. People devised plays. Then\nthey had boxing matches. Things like that for entertainment. But you didn't know\nwhat's going to happen tomorrow. You just ate, slept . . . In summer you went\ndown to the lake, which was beautiful. In winter, they put a stove in very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room.\n[For] ours, they broke out the glass and put a vent out. It went straight out.\nIn winter one night, the wind blew and blew the smoke back in. I woke up with a\ntremendous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headache. I saw the room was filled with smoke. I opened up the\nwindow. My father woke up and opened it more. Next day, I had the biggest\nheadache I've ever had in my life. We could have been killed. That was just a\nlittle stove. Then, we started having bed bugs. How can you tell you had a bed\nbug? On your sheet in the morning, you saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood spots. They came out. We had to\nmove out of the room and they gassed the room. They came back. You couldn't kill\nthem all. They came back. Everybody had bed bugs. In fact, when I was in the\nU.S. Army in 1954, in my barrack, there was a bed right at the wall. Mine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\n[next to it]. The guy left and I wanted his bed because that was a little\nbetter. Next morning, I woke up and I had blood spots. He had bed bugs. I went\ndown to the office and told them. They took care of it. Bed bugs are not very\nnice. I had lice before--not hair lice, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lice. I remember one louse was so\nbig. It probably was this long. I was afraid to kill it almost. It came out of\nmy shirt. But life went on. Then, most of the Jews wanted to go to Israel\n[Palestine]. They organized along party lines--religious parties, this party,\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"party. They started to get together, organizing and planning. My father and\nI decided that we don't want to go to Israel. We didn't get along with some of\nthese people. They came from such a different culture than we were [from]. To us\nthey were . . . I hate to say 'uncivilized.' That's not the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right word. But we\ndidn't like them. We didn't want to go and live with them ever. We decided\n[that] if we could go to America, we'd like to go to America. In America, the\nstreets are paved in gold. What more could you . . . Get a shovel. We found out\nthat we had some very distant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatives who did some favors to some people who\nlived in America. They did it in Hungary--some favors. We managed to contact\nthem. I don't know how anymore. They decided that in order for us to immigrate,\nmy father had to have a job. They got him a job. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a job on the\nsurface. We applied to come to America. We were on the twelfth list. They had\nlists. Depending on when you applied, they had priorities. Eleven had priority\nover twelve. They were very distant, but they apparently appreciated the favors\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family did for them. My family was pretty well off. They got us this job.\nThey all had to sign this agreement that if we were unemployed, they would\nsupport us, which was a pretty big commitment. We applied for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exit [visa].\nWe were still in Feldafing.\n\nLANGER: Was there an office where you applied?\n\nREED: We went to the American Consulate in Munich.\n\nLANGER: In Munich.\n\nREED: Displaced persons camps were varied. In Weilheim, it was just an old\nhotel. It didn't have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be just what I described. It varied quite a bit. After\nthe war, when Americans liberated the concentrations camps, a lot of them were\nso full of vermin, they just burned them down. What I described as a displaced\nperson camp, is not the same any other place.\n\nUNKNOWN: How long were you and your father at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing?\n\nREED: Liberation was in 1945, around May or June. We left Feldafing . . . We\nlived in Munich. I will get to it. My father decided that he'd like to . . .\nThere were so many Hungarian Jews, they'd like to create a Hungarian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper\nfor Hungarian Jews in different camps. Also there was a federation of Hungarian\nJews in Munich [called the Hungarian Jewish Federation of Survivors]. My father\nstarted a newspaper. He and I moved to Munich. We got a room, rented a room. He\nstarted publishing his newspaper. Then, the head of the Federation--a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very\nreligious man--started having an affair with a maid, with a Jewish girl. He\nwrote her a letter. He didn't put a stamp on it. It came back. They opened it up\nand here he was telling her how he loved her, and when he prays he still has her\nin his head, and all. He had to resign. My father became the president of the\nHungarian Federation and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the editor of the newspaper called Utunk, [which\nis Hungarian for] our way.\n\nBRYAN: Do you remember where you got the resources to start the newspaper?\n\nREED: Yes, the Jewish Federation, the Jewish Central Office in Munich gave him\nmoney. There was a Jewish Polish newspaper and so on. My father had the\nHungarian newspaper, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Utunk. He got some young people who were in school in the\nuniversity and a couple others to write for him.We lived in Munich. We moved to\nMunich. We could move some of the stuff, some of the furniture, ours that was in\nthe room that we lived in. My father started publishing the newspaper. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managed to live there. Food was . . .\n\nLANGER: In the newspaper, did you sell advertisements?\n\nREED: No, it was just news.\n\nLANGER: It was just news? Was it just continuously funded by the Federation?\n\nREED: People had to buy the newspaper so that money and the Federation gave him\nsome money. We managed to live. We didn't live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. You had to have . . . You\nget cards in Germany, food coupons. In the Second World War, it was here, too.\nIf you wanted to buy meat, or what not, or bread, you had to have coupons. That\nwasn't much of a problem because the displaced persons camp and also in Munich,\nthe Federation gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us cartons of cigarettes. If you sold a carton of\ncigarettes, you got ten thousand Marks or whatever it was. It was . . . As far\nas when it came to the Marks, we had Marks going out the gadzooks. We had no\nproblem at all until they changed the money. Now, we had . . . We didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have\nthat anymore. To us, Marks became very expensive. Then when they changed the\nmoney, people didn't have to buy American cigarettes. There was German\ncigarettes. Everything all of a sudden became available. We applied to the\nGerman government for some money. They offered some money to me for my mother's\ndeath. Believe it or not, I couldn't take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I just couldn't accept a couple of\nhundred, five or six hundred Marks, which was good money, for my mother's death.\nI just couldn't accept any money for it, but they gave us some money to live on.\nWe lived on that money. Naturally, now we couldn't . . . My father had the\nnewspaper and I was a report for it. I had one of those passes. I could go to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movies, free. That was nice. I still have those.\n\nBRYAN: Do you remember how the newspaper was distributed?\n\nREED: Yes. We mailed it to different displaced persons camps and they sold it.\nSome of the money came back. They wanted news in Hungarian. After all, good\nHungarians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't speak Yiddish. They are Hungarian! Yes, we lived fairly\ndecently. It was interesting. I could go places. To me, there were so many\nthings to see in Munich from the Tiergarten [German: zoo] to the flower ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gardens\nand the various interesting buildings. I had a good time.\n\nBRYAN: Do you remember other things that might have gotten sold other than cigarettes?\n\nREED: Cigarettes were the primary thing, but you could sell others. You could\nalso buy things. People started doing this and that. We had a whole row of\npeople selling stuff. People ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making borscht and what not. You could buy it.\nNaturally, if you wanted a haircut, you had to pay for that too.\n\nLANGER: This was in Munich or in the DP camp?\n\nREED: Displaced person camp was Feldafing. When we moved in Munich, we moved in\nwith a German apartment--one bedroom.\n\nLANGER: The Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were selling things were they selling those things in Munich?\n\nREED: No. In Munich when we were there, you had to pay . . . Initially, you\ncould use the Mark. Later, the Mark changed. The old Mark wasn't worth anything.\nLuckily, the time came for us to leave. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left everything behind except four\nmetal suitcases. I still have them. I have two of them and I gave on each to my\nolder children. Everything we had [went in the suitcases]. We moved into what\nused to be an old German military camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were there long enough for them to\nx-ray us and do all the things that normally was done in America when people\narrived. We went through all that. After about a week or two . . . They gave us food.\n\nLANGER: This was in Bremen [Germany]?\n\nREED: We went through Bremenhafen [Germany]. There's Bremen and Bremenhafen.\nBremenhafen is the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place where the ships are. If you look at the [Weser] River\nor whatever you call it that comes into the sea, there was Bremen at the head of\nthat and Bremenhafen was right at the sea. We ended up on an American troop\nship. The USS [General C. C.] Ballou was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. They had four beds stacked\nup. They had a mess hall. I volunteered to work in the mess hall. Therefore, we\ngot a better place to sleep. The ship took off and it was seven or eight days or\nso before we got here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My stomach wasn't always very good. It was [rocky on the\nocean]. It was an ordinary troop ship, but it was fairly small for a passenger\nship. Finally, we arrived in New York. [We] saw the Statue of Liberty. Oh, gosh,\nit was a great sight. We got into New York. They pulled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in on the shore. They\ntold us, \"Get off. Get your baggage.\" We had to go through customs. They didn't\ntake anything from us. We had some silver that we purchased for the relatives of\nour friends that were here. It was a six-person service. They didn't have any\nsilver, so we brought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. My father had a girlfriend whom he later married. She\nwas a German lady from Berlin who survived the concentration camp. She was\noutside waiting for us. We got out. There we were. Here it is. I was looking for\ngold on the streets but I couldn't find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any. Besides, I had no shovel either. We\ngot off and what are we going to do? Some of my cousins that I mentioned\nearlier, one of them got married. They had an apartment. They put us up for a\ncouple of days, about a week. My father tried to find a job as a journalist.\n[He] couldn't find any. Then the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who sent us [the papers for\nimmigration], got him a job in Cleveland, Ohio. We called them. [They] said,\n\"Come down here. We have a job for Tommy.\" That's [what they called] me, Tommy.\nWe took our last bit of money and took a train down to Cleveland, Ohio. They\npicked us up. Turned out that they had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. It was three stories. Second\nstory was rented. It was an apartment, very nice. The third one was smaller.\nThere lived a woman who somehow . . . One of the relatives was dating or\nwhatever it is. He was supposed to marry her and he didn't so they were trying\nto make up for her, to have my father marry her. She was a very simple woman.\nShe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked at the May Company. Nothing that my father would wanted to . . . He\ndecided not to marry her. After a couple of days, they told us we'd have to get\na room somewhere and move out of the house. They came up with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room at the\nhouse of Hungarian woman whose husband left her. He wanted to become a cook. I\ndon't know. In Hungary, men didn't cook, now. Being a Hungarian man cooking?\nUgh. Men didn't do that. It wasn't a manly thing to do. We moved into a room for\nten dollars a week. My father went to the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Services and borrowed\nmoney. They got me a job [getting paid at] 75 cents an hour. They had a friend\nwho had a manufacturing place, manufactured kitchen chairs and things like that.\nI got a job there for 75 cents an hour. They took out some money for\nhospitalization [medical insurance] and whatnot. Needless to tell you, we didn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live very well. We couldn't buy anything, but I did buy a pair of jeans. The\nlegs were long. I rolled them up. Some idiot took a cigarette and threw it in\nthere. It burned a big hole. I wore it anyway. My father was without a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job for a\nwhile. Then he found a job at a clothes factory in the office. Now we had more\nmoney. We ate out of cans. Here, we could even afford once a week we even went\nto a very simple restaurant that had some food. The rest of the time, we ate out\nof cans. [We] slept in one bed. That was my arrival to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America. Did I tell you\nhow I met my wife? No? I better tell you that. When I came over here, I went to\nwork. I worked as many hours as I could from June 1949 to September 1950 to\nstart school. I wanted to become an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engineer. I had enough money for one year's\ntuition. My father, in the meantime, married the woman he knew from Europe,\nTrudy. She was a German lady. I lived with them. I started out at Case Institute\nof Technology. I was lucky they took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. It was difficult because my English\nwasn't very good. I could always pretend, \"No speak English,\" but you couldn't\ndo it on tests, [whether] you spoke or no spoke. My grades were very poor the\nfirst semester. Then they improved. By the time I got into junior ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year, I was\ndoing pretty well. Then the Korean War came along. I flunked the exemption test.\n[I] wasn't in the top ten percent of my class. Bingo, they drafted me. They\ndrafted me [and] took me to Fort Meade. Then they took me in another place where\nI was in the 101st Airborne [Division] for four months. [I was in] basic\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training for four months. That was tough training. Then they found out that I\nspoke Hungarian and German. The relationship between West and East was bad. They\ndecided to put me in military intelligence because of my linguist capabilities\nand to be able to take me over there if they needed me. I was at Fort Meade. I\ndecided, after I got schooling in military branch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligences, to go to any\nschool I could. I just might as well study instead of doing details. I took\nquietly about a two months course in chemical, biological, radiological warfare\n[and] radio operation, radio repair, typing, correspondence, anything that came\nalong. Only thing I didn't want to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was become a class. No cooking classes. I\nwas still a little prejudice. I could have gone to cook school if I wanted to,\nbut I didn't do that. Here I was in the military. I went home in 1954 in\nSeptember. I went home back to Cleveland. Cleveland was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. I ran into my\npresent wife, Lora. I didn't tell you something. I'm sorry. I messed up on that.\nWhen I started school, I had a partner in chemistry lab. The first year,\neverybody took the same courses. His name was Dick Hartman. He had a steady\ngirlfriend at Cleveland Heights. One of the fraternities asked us to pledge.\nThey looked you over. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. [I] didn't have a car, but his father had\none. They fixed me up with a girl. Only time in my life I got fixed up. Here I\ngot fixed up with this girl. She was a very nice girl. I enjoyed myself with\nher. [We] went to the fraternity house. They served us Chow Mein. Gosh, that was\nChinese food? I said, \"If that is Chinese food, I never want any of it.\" Next\nday, went back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school and Dick comes up to me in the lab. He says, \"Tom, I\nhate to tell you this, but my steady girlfriend said to never double date with\nyou.\" I said, \"Dick, what did I do?\" He said, \"You were necking in the back\nseat. You wouldn't even talk.\" I said, \"Dick, I was busy!\" I didn't have a date\nall that time since I arrived. It happened to be Lora, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife. I came back on a\nfurlough in September 1954. I ran into her. This girl wouldn't even double date\nwith me! We fell in love. That was 62 years ago. You see what can happen to you.\nWe are very happily married. I finished engineering school, got my degree ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after\nI got out of the army. I had sixteen job offers. Sixteen! I took a job with\nNorth American Aviation in Columbus, Ohio. I wanted to get away from my father\nand parents. Lora and I got married when I got to my senior year. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived in a\ncockroach-ridden apartment. She quit school and worked as a secretary just to\nmake it by. I had some money coming from the government but w still had to live\nand an apartment to pay for. It was enough. I wanted to work far enough from the\nfamilies so that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't have control over us but close enough to be able\nto go back. That was Columbus, Ohio. I retired from there after 42 years of\nservice. When I started working for them, I wanted to get a Masters degree in\nelectrical engineering. Ohio State said, \"If you want a Masters degree, you have\nto go to day school.\" How could I? Lora got pregnant even though we went to the\nPlanned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parenthood. We flunked! I went to night law school and got my degree in\nLaw. Now I was an electrical engineer [and] I was an attorney. I did some\nprivate practice but I decided it was a lot better to work for North American\nAviation. You don't have the pressure, the clients. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked in international .\n. . I worked for years in engineering in international matters. I had the\nPentagon, the State Department, and all the embassies in Washington [D.C.]. I\nmade a darn good living and I retired. After 42 years, they told me I could stay\nlonger. In fact, they wanted me to. But I said, \"Forty-two years is enough.\" I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"read that if you work after 65, which I was, you're going to pay for it with\nyour health later. I decided I didn't want to do that. Lora had a job teaching.\nShe had two more years to go before she became 65. I decided I will work two\nmore years but what am I going to do about my health situation? I didn't want to\nget the disadvantages of it, so I went in every morning an hour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"late. But I made\nup for it by going home an hour early. Lora kept saying, \"They're going to fire\nyou!\" I said, \"No, they know who gets things done.\" I became the license expert\nin the whole corporation. When they had a difficult license, it was me. I had an\noffice in Washington [D.C. and] one in Columbus, Ohio. They gave me a budget. I\ncould come and go. Finally, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retired. This is my house that I live in in a\ngated neighborhood. I gave the house to my wife. I paid for it in cash and gave\nit to her.\n\nLANGER: When you first went to Case, before you had any money from the\ngovernment, did they give you a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scholarship?\n\nREED: No.\n\nLANGER: How did you pay for that?\n\nREED: I paid for it with the money I made the year I worked. I worked very hard\nand very long. I don't know. Any questions you have about anything? We now have\nthree children, five grandchildren. My son is an attorney. My older daughter\n[Judy] has a PhD in education, married to a PhD in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education. My youngest\ndaughter had trouble at her birth. She got her oxygen cut off. She works but she\nis not as bright as the rest of the family. But she can live a normal life. My\nolder daughter had two children, Seri and Josh. Seri has a Masters in finance,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married to a man who is a Princeton [University] graduate. He has established a\ncompany where he is selling mutual funds, with a few people working for him. My\ngrandson [Josh] from Judy is working for a company where he has seven states he\nis responsible for. It is a shoe company. He can live anywhere he wants as long\nas he lives near a decent size ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"airport. He has people working for him. It's a\ngreat job. He loves it. [Of] my other three grandchildren, the oldest one is a\nphysician, a pediatrician already. Now he has decided not to practice as a\npediatrician but work with preemies. He is in a three-year course, neonatology.\nHe is finishing his last six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months. He doesn't have to do any more work in the\nhospital. He is in research for the next six months. He has a girlfriend who is\na singer, has a Masters in singing. She is now going for a PhD in conducting. A\ngirl conductor! I don't know. The next one is working for a company in bar\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sales, manages hotels. He has a girlfriend. He is engaged. Her name is Erin. She\nis a non-Jewish girl, but a wonderful girl. We love her. They were going to\nclimb Mount Kilimanjaro before they got [married]. That was the plan. Later they\ngot engaged but they were not engaged then. I told them when they go up\nKilimanjaro, which is pretty high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, and they get to the top, I said, \"Andy,\nask her to marry you. If she says 'yes,' hugs and kisses. If she says 'no,'\npush.\" The youngest one is a ceramics artist. He is in that. [I have] five\ngrandchildren. No great grandchildren. I'd love to have some of those little\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones. I'm ninety-five. I better have some soon. This is my story. Do you have\nany other questions?\n\nLANGER: Your life has taken a tremendous journey. Can you think of how you\nimagined it when you were young, living in Hungary?\n\nREED: Absolutely not. I was going to become an engineer. I knew that.\n\nLANGER: Even then, you wanted to be an engineer?\n\nREED: Yes. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ambitions, but what happened . . . No, it's beyond my\nimagination. We came [to the united States], my father and I, with 75 dollars in\nour pockets. I've not done badly. I am happy. My wife is very happy. We are very\naffectionate. We kiss at least six times a day, hug and kiss. Enjoy life!\n\nLANGER: How did you end up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in Georgia?\n\nREED: My company moved from Columbus, Ohio the missile system division to Georgia.\n\nLANGER: When was that?\n\nREED: I don't know anymore. Twenty years ago. I don't have a southern accent\nyet; just an accent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People think that I have German accent, not a Hungarian one.\n\nBRYAN: You said you left with 75 dollars. That was from the camp to the United States?\n\nREED: No, we had to buy dollars on the black market.\n\nBRYAN: You used Marks?\n\nREED: Yes.\n\nLANGER: In Munich?\n\nREED: The black market was a bunch of people mingling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among themselves. You went\nthere and said, \"I'd like to buy some dollars. Do you have any?\" You had to be\ncareful. They folded the money, double folded it [so that it looks like more].\nNo, you have to be careful, make sure that they've pulled it out. We bought 75\ndollars worth of dollars [on the] black market. Everything was black market. You\nwanted to buy shoelaces? Black market. Anything you wanted was black market for\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long time.\n\nBRYAN: You say it was a black market. Does that mean it was an illegal market?\n\nREED: Yes. That's all you could do.\n\nBRYAN: The black market was located in a particular place?\n\nREED: No, depending where you went. In Munich, there was a location where you\ncould buy dollars. In other places, you just had to pay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more money for in a store.\n\nBRYAN: The Marks came from the newspaper. Is that correct?\n\nREED: The money? Yes. Also, when the Marks changed, there was what they called\n\"Wahrungsreform\" [German: currency reform]. They took the old Mark in and made\nnew Marks, but a very limited amount. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we requested that the German\ngovernment gave us some support. We got some money from them--not much but\nenough to pay the rent.\n\nBRYAN: You were about thirteen or fourteen at this time?\n\nREED: Thirteen.\n\nBRYAN: Your father handled the money?\n\nREED: Yes. He gave me some. I was eleven months in concentration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. I was, I\nthink, just about thirteen when we got liberated. When I came out here, I was seventeen.\n\nBRYAN: You wanted to have dollars because that was better in the United States?\n\nREED: I think it's a lot better than Marks. You needed some money. How are you\ngoing to pay for anything? I remember I went into a place in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York. I said,\n\"Do you sell any Coke [Coca-Cola]?\" They said, \"Coke?\" They started laughing at\nme. Thing was, I didn't know anything [like] what to buy where. In Germany, it\nwas very different.\n\nUNKNOWN: In these markets, were Marks the only acceptable form of payment or\ncould you pay with other things? For example, cigarettes or something.\n\nREED: No, you sold the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cigarettes on the black market. You got Marks and that's\nwhat you paid with. Once the currency changed, everything popped up on\neverywhere. You could buy it in the stores. Your cigarettes were worthless\nunless you wanted to smoke them. It was not a fun time. Everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . .\nNothing was available for normal use. In stores, you had to have a coupon or you\nhad to go somewhere on the black market. Everybody went to the black market.\n\nLANGER: Both you and your father had the experience of trading on this black\nmarket or was it more stories you father told you?\n\nREED: No, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the displaced persons camp, it was all black market. Just walk down\nthe street and there were little places where you can buy ice cream or whatever.\nIt all was black market. Shoestrings, wanted a shirt . . . Everything was black market.\n\nLANGER: Was there a sense that the administration of this camp disapproved of\nthis commerce?\n\nREED: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, they did not. They couldn't have disapproved. There was no other way\nof getting anything.\n\nBRYAN: Were there moneylenders?\n\nREED: I didn't know anybody. There must have been some, but I didn't know\nanybody. I grew up in a displaced persons camp where we got rations, and sold\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cigarettes so I had Marks, and used it on the black market.\n\nBRYAN: Do you remember if the military participated in the black market?\n\nREED: Yes, sure they did. There was a military currency. That was valuable, too.\nYes, a lot of military ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been on the black market. They sold their cigarettes\nand whatnot. They knew what they were doing.\n\nBRYAN: Do you remember the military currency being valuable to you?\n\nREED: Not so much to me, but to some people, yes.\n\nBRYAN: This currency was traded on the black market, not just in the military?\n\nREED: No, that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. The military could buy paintings and all that. The\nGermans needed money. A lot of them bought all kinds of things. There was one\nthing that I didn't talk to you about, [which] is the place where you can bring\nsomething in and get some points. Other people would do the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. You can\nbuy with your points whatever you saw there. [It was called] Austauschstelle\n[German: exchange point], an exchange place. If you brought in a pair of shoes,\nyou got so many points. If you wanted to buy skis, you could get it [with your\npoints]. I got a pair of skis.\n\nBRYAN: This store was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the displaced persons camp?\n\nREED: No, it was in Munich. It was a totally legitimate store.\n\nBRYAN: Anybody could participate?\n\nREED: Yes, as long as you had points. You had to bring in something. They gave\nyou so many points for it and you could use those points to buy something else.\n\nBRYAN: Do you remember how points were established?\n\nREED: What they were willing to give you for it. I don't know. I can't tell, but\nsome things were more valuable than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others--shoes, for example. Skis were not\nvery valuable.\n\nBRYAN: Were points negotiable? Could you walk in and say, \"I'll give you a\ndifferent amount of points for these skis\"?\n\nREED: You could try, but I don't think there was much negotiation. At least I\ndon't know of any. I didn't experience it. We took in some things and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave\nus so many points. I ended up buying a pair of skis. Not that I was a good\nskier. I put a girlfriend of mine on the skis. She wanted to try it. She put\n[them] on and I pushed her. It went down [a hill]. I lost a girlfriend.\n\nLANGER: When they gave you those points did they write them down?\n\nREED: Yes, they gave you a piece of paper [that said you had] so many points.\nYou took it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. You had so many points. You looked it up. What do you want to\nbuy? If you're looking at the way money went . . . In the displaced persons\ncamp, you got some rations, including cigarettes. You sold them on the black\nmarket. No question. That's what you had to do. You got Marks. You used the\nMarks to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy things on the black market. You wanted to go to a restaurant? You\nwant coffee or beer? Schon [German: beautiful]. But you want food? You had to\nhave a coupon or pay for it special on the black market. Everything was black\nmarket. Nothing that you wear could have been gotten . . . The Germans were\nsupposed to get so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many things a year--maybe a pair of shoes every two years or\nthree years. They got a coupon for it and then you could buy it with Marks, but\nthat didn't work too well. When I came over here, I wore the same clothing for\nyears. I didn't have any dollars to buy a new one. It wasn't easy to come over\nhere and speak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English. That's a hell of a language. I'll tell you that. You\ndon't speak the way you write it and so forth.\n\nLANGER: How did you learn English?\n\nREED: I learned some in Europe. But when I came over here, if I didn't want to\nunderstand something, [I would say,] \"No speak English.\" Then I picked up and\nstarted to read books. I love to read books. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started buying paperbacks and\nstarted reading them. Then, one thing that I learned, go to the movies. I went\nto a lot of movies. That's a good way of learning English. That helped me a\ngreat deal. When I got into the army, I thought, \"My gosh, I'm going to learn\nEnglish being with Americans all the time.\" I ended up in military intelligence.\nThey spoke everything but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English. What a blow! There were a lot of Ukrainians\nin military intelligence because they spoke Russian and Ukrainian. We had some\nFrench guys. We had some Arabs. We had two Arabs bunking across from me in the\nbarrack. Ali Hakim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of them and I forgot the name of the other one. They\ngot up early in the morning before we woke up generally. They had a flashlight\nand they started reading the Quran. They went. That's the way they sounded to\nme. They read the Quran every early morning. We had some French guys. My\nbuddy--who I'm still in touch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with--he's from Poland, was involved on some kind\nof an operation where he had to bivouac. He went out in the forest to do some\nexercises. One of the French guys somehow ended up stepping in the place where\nthey had the garbage in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the garbage pit. He kept teasing him. The French guy\ncouldn't take it. He started wrestling with him and he hurt one of his fingers.\nMy buddy used to have to go to the hospital and they'd massage his fingers to\nget it back. The French didn't have any . . . You kidded them and they . . .\nThey're very serious. One of the French guys [that was] on the second floor\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we were, he had a habit of getting up in the night and doing it on the\nfloor, wetting [urinating on] the floor. Some of the [Ukrainians] below him got\nthe benefit of it. Finally, they figured out who did it. They came up one night\nand they wetted him. Hosed [urinated on] him up to his face! We didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the\nFrench guys. They all looked to us as queers. You name it . . . We used to have\nto march every once in a while. We always put in charge of us somebody who\ndidn't speak English. That was fun. We would march forward. March, march. Then\nhe would tell us to turn. The way he put it, we turned either way. We just had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fun. Everybody had to take part of the . . . once a week or once a month,\neverybody had to parade. It was . . . We were not the kind of people who liked\nto have discipline. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We used to go out and we marched. Then one of the airborne\ntroopers came there to train ROTC. We decided we were going to show them who\ncould march better. We outdid them. We got the first place. They hated us. We\nwere not nice to them. They kept yelling, \"Airborne!\" We kept yelling that's\nbird ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/transcript/24595/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poop. We didn't have a relationship. We had as much fun as we could. The\narmy was good to me as far as I'm concerned. When they started paying my tuition\n. . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=11070.0,11100.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMezocsat [Hungarian: Mezöcsát] is a town in northern Hungary, about 35 kilometers (22 miles) south of the city of Miskolc. The Jewish community dates back to the middle of the eighteenth century. In 1880, the Jewish population was 487. By the end of the 19th century, the community had established a synagogue along with multiple schools and charitable organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear if Tom means to say Mezocsat here. According to camp registration, post-liberation and immigration documents, Tom’s pre-war residence is given as either Miskolc or Mezocsat. Various records for Tom’s siblings and mother also place the family in Mezocsat before the war. However, according to records related to Tom’s father (such as his Dachau concentration camp prisoner registration and the American Joint Distribution Committee in Munich), he was from a town called Mezonyek [Hungarian: Mezőnyék], which is an alternate name for Nyekladhaza [Hungarian: Nyékládháza]. Nyekladhaza is a small town in northern Hungary. It is about 20 kilometers south of the city of Miskolc and midway between Miskolc and Mezocsat. The Jewish population of the town in 1930 was 87. It seems likely Tom’s father was born in Mezonyek but that the family lived in Mezocsat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom’s four siblings were: Oszkar (1936-1944), Alfred (1938-1944), Gyorgy (1934-1944), and Judit (1940-1944).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to \u003cem\u003ehalakhah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. According to \u003cem\u003ekashrut\u003c/em\u003e, certain animals and poultry are slaughtered in a ritual method known as \u003cem\u003eShechita\u003c/em\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1933, shortly after the Nazi party came to power in Germany, a nationwide ban on ritual slaughter was passed. Bans were subsequently introduced in all the countries the Nazis occupied, beginning with Poland. As allies of Germany, Hungary and Italy had similar acts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Semitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe failed communist revolution in 1919 became identified with Jews in part because a high proportion of the leadership had been Jewish. As a result, negative reactions toward the Jewish community intensified. In reality, only a small fraction of Hungarian Jews had participated in the revolution. The majority of Jews, who were middle class, had opposed the communist government, with some actively supporting counterrevolutionary activities. Many Jews were also among the victims of the Red Terror. Nevertheless, violent anticommunist and anti-Jewish reprisals accompanied the establishment of Horthy’s regime in August 1919. By 1921 the political situation had stabilized and violent antisemitic acts subsided but Hungarian society continued to be characterized by nationalistic, right-wing and anti-Jewish attitudes. Anti-Jewish legislation began in 1920, when Hungary had passed one of the first antisemitic laws in Europe. Persecution continued in the 1930's with a series of “Jewish Laws” that restricted the number of Jews in universities, liberal professions, administration, and commerce. Hungarian racial laws passed between 1938 and 1941 were modeled on Germany’s Nuremberg Laws.  The new laws reversed the equal citizenship granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. Among other provisions, the laws defined “Jews” in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life. By 1939, many Hungarian Jews had converted to Christianity to combat the loss of work and poverty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDebrecen is Hungary's second largest city after Budapest and lies in the eastern part of Hungary, near the present-day border with Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003egymnasium\u003c/em\u003e is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to college preparatory high schools in the United States. The \u003cem\u003egymnasium\u003c/em\u003e prepares pupils to enter a university for advanced academic study. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, at least 27,000 Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died before the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944. In Mezocsat, most Jewish males up to the age of 60 were mobilized for forced labor on the Ukrainian front in 1942, where many of them perished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. In October 1940, Hungary had officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Hungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943 and the alliance with Germany began to weaken. After the defeat, Hungarian Admiral Miklos Horthy and Prime Minister Miklos Kallay recognized that Germany would likely lose the war. With Horthy's tacit approval, Kallay tried to negotiate a separate armistice for Hungary with the western Allies. To prevent these efforts and losing the territory, German forces occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. Horthy was permitted to remain as Regent. Kallay was dismissed and the Germans installed General Dome Sztojay as prime minister. Sztojay had previously served as Hungarian minister to Berlin and was fanatically pro-German. He committed Hungary to continuing the war effort and cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuthorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees immediately after the German occupation in March 1944. The Germans isolated the Jewish population from the outside world by restricting their movement and confiscating their telephones and radios. Jewish communities were forced to wear the yellow star on their clothing. Jewish property and businesses were seized, and from mid- to late April the Jews of Hungary were forced into short-lived ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. With the deportations from Hungary, the role of Auschwitz-Birkenau as an instrument of the German plan to murder the Jews of Europe achieved its highest effectiveness. Between late April and early July 1944, approximately 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported in more than 145 trains, around 426,000 of them to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn May 1944, a ghetto was established in Mezocsat for the remaining Jewish residents as well as those from neighboring villages. The homes and belongings of the Jewish residents were plundered and distributed among the town’s Christian inhabitants. Conditions in the ghetto were deplorable. Gendarmes and police tortured well-to-do Jews searching for hidden valuables. A few Jews managed to escape from the ghetto and reach Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Hungary had initially been resistant to mass deportations of its Jewish population, after the German occupation in March 1944, Hungarian authorities complied. In coordination with the German Security Police, police, gendarmerie, and local administrators began to systematically roundup and concentrate the Hungarian Jews in ghettos before forcing them onto the deportation trains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, Hungarian authorities in coordination with the German Security Police, police, gendarmerie, and local administrators began to systematically roundup and concentrate the Hungarian Jews in ghettos before forcing them onto the deportation trains. German authorities charged local forces of Gendarmerie with carrying out the regime's anti-Jewish policies. A Gendarmerie (sometimes also Gendarmes) is a military body charged with police duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme is derived from the medieval French expression \u003cem\u003egens d'armes\u003c/em\u003e, which translates to \"armed people\". The Hungarian Gendarmerie was a police force whose job was to maintain law and order in the Hungarian countryside. At the time of the deportations of Hungarian Jewry in 1944, it consisted of 3,000-5,000 policemen who were divided into 10 districts with one or two districts assigned to each of the country’s six zones. Under the guidance of German SS officials, the Gendarmerie carried out the roundups, forced the Jews in ghettos and later onto deportation trains. As Jews were forbidden from leaving the ghettos, Gendarmerie guarded the perimeters. Gendarmes had a reputation for brutality. Individual gendarmes often tortured Jews and extorted personal valuables from them. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or\u003cem\u003e Magen David\u003c/em\u003e, on their outer garments. The star had the word “\u003cem\u003eJude\u003c/em\u003e” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. Prior to the German occupation of the country in March 1944, as the Nazis did not directly control the internal activities of its ally, Hungary, and Jews were not required to wear yellow stars. However, immediately following the German occupation, Authorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees and Jewish communities were forced to wear the yellow star on their clothing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore deportation, Tom’s family was sent to Miskolc. Miskolc is a large city in northeastern Hungary. In the 1940s, the city was reported to be the second largest city in Hungary, with a population of about 100,000, which included approximately 14,000 Jews. In May 1944, a ghetto was established in the city and thousands of Jews from surrounding towns and villages were crowded into it along with some 7,500 Jews from Miskolc. On June 5, the gendarmes began to empty the ghettos, forcing the Jews to move to a open brickyard in an area on the outskirts of the city known as Goromboly. On June 11 or 12, deportations began. Five transports over four days carried around 14,000 to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a majority was sent to the gas chambers on arrival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn initial selection process took place upon arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Selection [German: Selektion] is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selection of mass Jewish transports took place on three railroad unloading platforms, or ramps. SS doctors made most of the decisions about who was qualified for labor, and who was killed immediately. The selection procedure carried out on the ramps was as follows: families were divided after leaving the train cars and all the people were lined up in two columns. The men and older boys were in one column, and the women and children of both sexes in the other. Next, the people were led to the camp doctors and other camp functionaries conducting selection. They judged the people standing before them on sight and, sometimes eliciting a brief declaration as to their age and occupation, decided whether they would live or die. Age was one of the principal criteria for selection. As a rule, all children below 16 years of age (from 1944, below 14) and the elderly were sent to die. As a statistical average, about 20% of the people in transports were chosen for labor. They were led into the camp and registered as prisoners. The remainder was killed in the gas chambers.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri (Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews. Some 23,000 Gypies in the Greater German Reich were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At least 19,000 died there. Uniquely, entire families were housed together in a special compound that was called the \"Gypsy family camp.\" In the spring of 1944, camp leadership decided to murder the inhabitants of the Gypsy compound. After transferring as many as 3,000 Roma capable of work to Auschwitz I and other concentration camps, the SS killed the remaining inmates on August 2, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrisoners received three meals per day. In the morning, they received only half a liter of “coffee,” or rather boiled water with a grain-based coffee substitute added, or “tea”—an herbal brew. These beverages were usually unsweetened. The noon meal consisted of about a liter of soup, the main ingredients of which were potatoes, rutabaga, and small amounts of oats, rye flour, and Avo food extract. The soup was unappetizing, and newly arrived prisoners were often unable to eat it, or could do so only in disgust. Supper consisted of about 300 grams of black bread, served with about 25 grams of sausage, or margarine, or a tablespoon of marmalade or cheese. The bread served in the evening was supposed to cover the needs of the following morning as well, although the famished prisoners usually consumed the whole portion at once. The low nutritional value of these meals should be noted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohann Viktor Kirsch (1891-1945) was a German SS-Hauptscharfuhrer who joined the Nazi party in 1933 and the Waffen-SS in the summer of 1944. After three weeks of training in Auschwitz-Birkenau, he was transferred to the Dachau concentration amp on August 6, 1944 and was installed as the camp leader in the subcamp Kaufering. In the beginning of January 1945, he became the command leader at the Dachau subcamp Mittergars. He returned to the Dachau main camp at the end of the war and was arrested. In December 1945, he was indicted by an American military court for severely abusing prisoners and for separating children from their parents in Kaufering. On May 28, 1946, he was hung.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wiener Riesenrad [German: Vienna Ferris Wheel] is 64.75-meter (212 foot) tall Ferris wheel in the Prater Amusement Park. Built in 1897, it is one of Vienna’s popular tourist attractions and is a well-known landmark.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1935, BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke) had established a factory for arms production about 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of Munich [German: Munchen], Germany on the edge of the Allacher Forest. The factory utilized many foreign civilian forced laborers, prisoners of war, convicts and concentration camp prisoners. By 1942, BMW had already made plans to begin constructing an underground production complex. When bombing raids in Munich destroyed part of BMW’s operations in the spring of 1943, prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp were brought in to begin construction on the underground complex. Initially, work detachments of prisoners were sent to the site daily and returned to the Dachau main camp each evening. The SS soon established a camp in the vicinity and by March 1943, Munchen-Allach had become an operational subcamp. It later included the Karlsfeld OT (Organization Todt) and Rothschwaige subcamps, making Munchen-Allach one of the largest Dachau subcamps. The camp was secured by an electrified fence and guard towers. It consisted of 30 buildings, including a building with a kitchen and washing facilities, an arrest bunker, prisoner accommodation barracks (some of which were stables with no windows), a roll-call square, SS accommodations, and the camp office. There were between 3,000 and 5,000 prisoners in the camp. The majorities were from the Soviet Union, France, Poland, Yugoslavia, Italy and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlpharetta is a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia, located approximately 25 miles north of downtown.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Dachau concentration camp records, Tom was given prisoner number 79768\u2028 and his father was given 79767.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Allied air offensive intensified after 1943, Nazi leadership decided to construct underground installations in order to produce weaponry and related war material. Muhldorf [German: Mühldorf, and also spelled Muehldorf) was a complex of camps hastily constructed in mid-1944 in Mühldorf am Inn in upper Bavaria as a satellite system of the Dachau Concentration camp system. Prisoners were housed in two larger camps near the towns of Muhldorf and Amfing, at a forest camp, and in two smaller camps in nearby communities (Mittergars and Thalham). Mettenheim (M1) was located in the barracks of a former clothing depot, while Waldlager V and VI were newly constructed in the nearby forest. Prisoners in the Waldlager forest camps were housed in earthen huts and barracks partially submerged in the ground with canvas roofs that rain and snow penetrated in the winter.  The camp’s purpose was to provide labor for an underground installation for the production of the Messerschmitt 262 (Me-262) jet fighter. Prisoners frequently worked 10 to 12 hour days hauling heavy bags of cement and carrying out other arduous construction tasks. In addition to the concentration camps, there were several Todt Organization work camps and foreign labor camps in the vicinity of Muhldorf. Although these were not subordinate to the concentration camp in Dachau, they were mostly assigned to similar construction projects. Between July 1944 and April 1945, more than 8,300 prisoners (800 females and 7,500 males) passed through the camp. Most were Hungarian Jews, but there were also Jews from Greece, France, and Italy, as well as political prisoners from Russia, Poland, Germany, and Serbia. Living conditions in the camps were catastrophic. There was no firewood in the winter, inadequate rations, little or no running water and medical care was non-existent. Typhus raged through the camp. It is estimated that more than half of the prisoners held in Muhldorf perished following deportation or on site from overwork, abuse, shootings, and disease. In the fall of 1944, SS guards deported hundreds of sick and disabled inmates to the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolitical opponents of Hitler and the Nazis (Communists, Social Democrats, Democrats, trade unionists and others) were the first victims of systematic persecution. Between 1933 and 1939, criminal courts sentenced tens of thousands of Germans for “political crimes.” The Nazis targeted communists in particular because communism’s prioritization of class over nation or race directly conflicted with Nazi priorities. The proximity of Germany to the Soviet Union and competing Nazi-Soviet territorial ambitions in Eastern Europe further made communism a threat. Once in power, the Nazi regime banned all political parties and began arresting German Communists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1938, a yellow star sewn onto their prison uniforms (a perversion of the Jewish Star of David symbol) identified Jews in the camps. After 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles; political prisoners with red; \"asocials\" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or—in the case of Roma in some camps—brown triangles. Homosexuals were identified with pink triangles and Jehovah's Witnesses with purple ones. Non-German prisoners were identified by the first letter of the German name for their home country, which was sewn onto their badge. The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrganisation Todt\u003c/em\u003e was a civil and military engineering group named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure. The organization was responsible for a huge range of large-scale construction projects including military factories and fortifications both in pre-World War II Germany and in Nazi Germany and its occupied territories from France to the Soviet Union during the war. One of its primary responsibilities was building the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e (highway) network in Germany. It became notorious for using forced labor. About 1.4 million laborers worked for Todt, among them concentration camp prisoners, prisoners-of-war and compulsory laborers from occupied countries. Many did not survive. Near the end of the war Albert Speer assumed control of the organization and it was expanded and renamed Ministry for Armaments and War Production.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi’s racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws. Under Hungarian race laws that were passed between 1938 and 1941, around 100,000 coverts to Christianity were defined as “Jews” in so-called racial terms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families in the camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVolksdeutsche\u003c/em\u003e is a term the German government used beginning in the twentieth century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany, regardless of citizenship. After Hitler came to power, the Nazis pursued an initiative to convince all \u003cem\u003eVolksdeutsche\u003c/em\u003e who were living outside of Germany to return home. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before World War II ended, the Allied leaders met at the Yalta Conference where they agreed to wipe out the Nazi Party and its influence. This view was restated in the Potsdam Agreement of August 1945. Their aim was to remove all Nazi officials from public life through a process of denazification [German: \u003cem\u003eEntnazifizierung\u003c/em\u003e]. The Allies classified former Nazis into five categories, intending to punish those in the first four: Major Offenders; Offenders; Lesser Offenders; Followers; and Persons Exonerated. The process was carried out on the basis of questionnaires where suspected Nazis were asked to classify themselves about activities during the period of Nazi rule. Most true major offenders lied about their participation in Nazi actions, and were not punished at all. The extent of denazification was also inconsistent from zone to zone as the four powers occupying Germany (the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and Franc) had diverse policies and goals. By the beginning of the Cold War, the denazification process was turned over to German authorities (except in the Soviet zone, where it ended altogether), and many Nazis began returning to important positions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal. Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mittergars Lager, also referred to as Cone Lager, was across from the Muhldorf-Rosenheim rail track. The camp measured 75 x 150 meters (150 by 500 feet). It was surrounded by a barbed wire fence and had one guard tower. At first, this camp was primarily composed of tents. Later, the 300 prisoners lived in small wooden barracks. The dead were buried in a mass grave near the SS barracks just outside the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSS-Hauptscharführer Eugene Hausmann managed the Mittergars camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt was common practice in concentration camps for gold teeth and gold fillings to be removed from victims before their bodies were cremated or buried. Along with other gold valuables such as jewelry, the gold would then be melted down and reused by the German Reich. Allied soldiers found piles of teeth and fillings when they liberated many of the camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Foreign Legion is a military service branch of the French Army established in 1831. Legionnaires are highly trained infantry soldiers and the Legion is unique in that it is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLittle biographical information can be found about Hans Rohr except that he was a long-time prisoner in Muhldorf who served as a camp elder recalled by many survivors as particularly abusive. After the war, Rohr was put on trial in Germany along with the former camp commandant, former SS guards, and a Kapo called “L.” The trials were ultimately closed down due to a lack of eyewitness accounts and evidence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHatikvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: hope] is the national anthem of Israel. It was the unofficial national anthem of Israel from its founding in 1948, and was adopted officially in 2004. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jew sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 19, 1943—after the Warsaw ghetto was officially liquidated—a special concentration camp was set up there. Ironically, between August 31 and November 27, four transports of 3,683 Jews arrived from Auschwitz-Birkenau to clean up the area and reclaim building materials for construction in Germany. The camp was called Konzentrationslager Warschau but was known as “Gesiowka” after the prison for the Jews that had been in the ghetto and in which they were now housed.  Other Jewish prisoners retrieved the bodies of Jews who had died in the ghetto during the liquidations.  They were brought to Gesia Street and burned on byres. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany survivors of concentration camps reported incidents of cannibalism among starving prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn \u003cem\u003eSS-Rapportführer \u003c/em\u003ewas usually a mid-level non-commissioned officer specific to thee concentration camp system. The primary duty of a \u003cem\u003eRapportführer \u003c/em\u003ewas to conduct daily and evening camp roll call. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 26, 1945, the order was given to evacuate Muhldorf. Some 4,000 prisoners were crammed into freight trains that began traveling south. During the journey, the train stopped in Poing on the outskirts of Munich. On the morning of April 28, 1945, the accompanying SS guards opened the doors of the trains and told the prisoners that the war is over and they’re free to go wherever they wish, and then the guards fled. After plundering the supply train, the former inmates dispersed throughout the area. Suddenly, shots and screams were heard. An SS field police unit from Poing had materialized and with them, some of the former Muhldorf camp guards. Some of the prisoners were shot or bayoneted. The surviving prisoners were rounded up and forced back into the freight train. Meanwhile, a low-level air attack by American fighter aircraft, which had mistaken the train for a troop transport, claimed the lives of several inmates. Nevertheless, the train went underway and for days, traveled around aimlessly with no set destination before coming to a halt near Tutzing and Seeshaupt. On April 30, 1945, American troops finally liberated the prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLuftwaffe\u003c/em\u003e literally translates to “air force” and is the generically used German term for their air force. From 1935-1945, it was also the official name of the Nazi air force led by Hermann Goering [German: Göring]. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom is referring to an uprising in Munich by the \u003cem\u003eFreiheitsaktion Bayern\u003c/em\u003e [German: Freedom Action Bavaria], the FAB. Rupprecht Gerngross (1915-1996), a German lawyer who served in the Wehrmacht and had been put in charge of an interpreter company in Munich, Germany, was the leader of the FAB. The group consisted of about 400 disillusioned soldiers and civilians who attempted to overthrow the Nazi regime in Munich in April 1945. In the final days of the war, when the order was issued to defend Munich to the last man by blowing up all bridges and using the Munich trams to form barricades, the FAB decided to resist this order to prevent a complete destruction of the infrastructure of the city. On the night of April 28, 1945, the FAB occupied two radio stations and began broadcasting messages encouraging resistance to the Nazi regime. The resistance was quickly crushed and many civilians who had participated were killed. While the resistance movement failed from a military point of view, it was successful in preventing the further destruction of Munich and did speed up the collapse of the Nazi regime in the city, with many soldiers abandoning their posts. When American forces arrived in Munich two days later, they faced virtually no resistance. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBand-Aid is a brand name of adhesive bandages and related products from American pharmaceutical and medical devices company, Johnson \u0026amp; Johnson. The brand name is often used colloquially as a generic verb to describe a temporary bandage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTutzing is a town in Bavaria, Germany, on the west bank of Lake Starnberg, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) southwest of Munich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in January 1933, the Nazi Party began to reshape the private charity sector. By July 1933, the German Red Cross [German: \u003cem\u003eDeutsches Rotes Kreuz\u003c/em\u003e] (DRK) was one of only four non-state aid organizations left in Germany. Its new president was a Nazi Party official, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In December 1937, the DRK became a unit of the Nazi Party and, the next year, it became a Social Work Organization within the Ministry of the Interior. It had no relationship with the International Red Cross during this time. It was an active aid organization, helping German soldiers in the field and operating recovery hospitals. The DRK was disbanded after the war in 1945 and Edward was imprisoned. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e (SS) adopted the \u003cem\u003eTotenkopf\u003c/em\u003e [German: death's head] image of a skull and crossbones as a symbol, wearing it as a badge on their caps and shirt lapels. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and is located on the west shore of Lake Starnberg, approximately 32 kilometers (20 miles) southwest of Munich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reichsschule Feldafing was founded on April 1, 1933 as a 9th class Nazi Party school on Lake Starnberg and was located in a villa neighborhood in Feldafing, Germany. The Hitler Youth [German: \u003cem\u003eHitlerjugend\u003c/em\u003e] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the \u003cem\u003eSturmabteilung\u003c/em\u003e (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called \u003cem\u003eDeutsches Jungvolk\u003c/em\u003e and a girls’ section called \u003cem\u003eBund Deutscher Madel [\u003c/em\u003eGerman: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The Hitler Youth emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. Children and adolescents in the camp organized \u003cem\u003eKibbutzim\u003c/em\u003e (Zionist communes). Newspapers were published. Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January and February 1945, Soviet forces liberated Budapest. By April, Soviet troops had driven the last German units and their Arrow Cross collaborators out of the rest of Hungary. A communist government was then installed. In 1949, the country was renamed the People's Republic of Hungary and it became a socialist state, under the influence of the Soviet Union. It remained under Soviet control until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLake Starnberg or Starnberger See is Germany's second-largest body of fresh water and fifth-largest lake by area. It lies in three different Bavarian districts in southern Germany. Created by ice age glaciers from the Alps, it extends 21 kilometers (13 mils) from north to south and has a width of 3-5 kilometers (2-3.5 miles) from east to west.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to a 1941 census, Hungary, including its recently annexed territories, had a Jewish population of 825,000—less than 6 percent of the total population. About 63,000 died or were killed prior to the German occupation in March 1944. Under German occupation, just over 500,000 died from maltreatment or were murdered. By the time the Soviet army liberated Hungary in April 1945, up to 568,000 Hungarian Jews had perished. Some 255,000 Jews, less than one-third of those who had lived within enlarged Hungary in March 1944, survived the Holocaust. About 190,000 of these were residents of Hungary in its 1920 borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March 1919, a communist revolution led by a Hungarian of Jewish descent, Bela Kun, seized power in Hungary and established the Hungarian Soviet Republic. As Kun attempted to build a people’s republic, workers were given unprecedented rights while landowners, aristocrats and the church came under extreme pressure. After a failed anti-communist coup in July, Kun initiated a policy of violent oppression that became known as the “Red Terror.” After the Romanian Army intervened, a right-wing government led by Admiral Miklós Horthy seized power.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first director of the Feldafing displaced persons camp was Lieutenant Irving J. Smith. Little biographical information is known about him, although one source indicates he was Jewish and an attorney prior to the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Feldafing, 450 children and adolescents were housed in a separate block known as the Kindercasino or kinderblock [Kinder is German for ‘Children”]. Many of the youngsters in the kinderblock organized \u003cem\u003ekibbutzim\u003c/em\u003e (Zionist communes). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions.  It has two divisions: the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eGemara\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e is the interpretation of Biblical law. The \u003cem\u003eGemara\u003c/em\u003e is a commentary on the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e by a group of later scholars. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe end of World War II brought in its wake the largest population movements in European history. Millions of immigrants from every country in Eastern Europe rushed to escape from the newly installed Communist regimes in Soviet-occupied eastern European countries to the west in the five years immediately following the war. The horrors of the Holocaust, coupled with postwar antisemitism and violence, and fear of further persecution from Stalin’s regime prompted hundreds of thousands of Jewish survivors to pursue immigration from Europe. Many flooded into the western Allies’ zones, where they would temporarily be placed in Displaced Persons camps (primarily in Germany, Austria and Italy).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFiorello Henry La Guardia (1882-1947) was an American politician. He is best known for being the 99th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945. He was a United States Congressman from 1916 to 1920, and from 1922 to 1930. For nine months in 1946, La Guardia headed the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). In August 1946, La Guardia visited DP camps in the Munich area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. Eisenhower personally inspected the living conditions of Feldafing in September 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II. Patton toured the Feldafing DP camp in September 1945 with General Eisenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish leaders like David Ben-Gurion also visited Feldafing. Ben-Gurion’s initial visit to the camp in October 1945 was an important boost of confidence to the population and its central committee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, the western Allies were initially prepared to repatriate Jewish displaced persons to their homes, but many DPs refused to return because of persistent antisemitism, the destruction of their communities during the Holocaust, and the trauma they had suffered. In 1946, a large wave of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape further persecution from Stalin’s regime. As the flood of Jewish refugees poured out of Eastern Europe, Zionist organizations—most notably the \u003cem\u003eBrihah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: flight, escape]—operated in DP camps to organize the “illegal” immigration of Jewish refugees from Europe to Palestine. A large majority of the survivors in Germany and Austria were under the age of 25 and, in many cases, had been active in Zionist movements before the war. For others, immigrating to Palestine was simply the most attractive option available to them. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the prevailing misconceptions among waves of eager immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth and early twentieth century was that it was an easy place to get rich. Idioms about money growing on trees and streets paved with gold were common expectations among immigrants seeking greater economic opportunity than could be found in war-ravaged Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWeilheim in Oberbayern is a Bavarian town in southern Germany. It is approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) southwest of Feldafing. During World War II, a sub-camp of Dachau operated in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom may be referring to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp near Celle, Germany, which was burned to the ground by British forces after liberation to prevent the spread of typhus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, ration coupon books and tokens were issued dictating how much of a product could be bought. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing, and gasoline.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eReichsmark\u003c/em\u003e was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 1948, when the Deutschmark in West Germany and East German mark in East Germany replaced it. It is commonly referred to as the “Deutschmark” in English and the “Mark” or “D-Mark” in German.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the spring of 1948, the German economy was collapsing. Food production was half what it had been in 1938 and industrial production was one-third of its pre-war level. With salaries controlled by the government, wages were low, and many workers failed to show up, contributing to the decline in production. Instead, people devoted their time to finding the food they needed to survive. Anywhere from one-third to one-half of all transactions were on the black market or through barter. American cigarettes were used as a more reliable currency than paper money since cigarettes held their value. Many soldiers sold their cigarettes on the black market to add to the meager salary they were receiving. Food was so scarce that on weekends, many Germans left the cities for the countryside to try and buy food directly from farmers since the shelves of stores in the city were bare. Some Germans grew food in their back yards to keep themselves from starving.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith the growing tension between the western Allies and the Soviet Union, the need to revive the German economy in the Western occupation zones became imperative. Monetary reform was urgently needed to facilitate the introduction of the Marshall Plan, eliminate the black market, and create a more favorable ratio between available goods and the amount of money in circulation. On June 20, 1948, the \u003cem\u003eDeutschemark\u003c/em\u003e (DM) was introduced. Germans, who had gone to bureaucratic offices to pick up their ration coupons, instead received 40 Deutschemark in the new currency and an additional 20 \u003cem\u003eDeutschemark\u003c/em\u003e soon after. Germans were allowed to exchange a limited amount of their Allied Military Currency into \u003cem\u003eDeutschemarks\u003c/em\u003e, but most of their money was lost. Stocks and bonds were converted from \u003cem\u003eReichsmark\u003c/em\u003e into \u003cem\u003eDeutschemark\u003c/em\u003e at the rate of 1 to 10. A bond or stock that had been worth 100 \u003cem\u003eReichsmark\u003c/em\u003e was now worth 10 \u003cem\u003eDeutschemark\u003c/em\u003e. Goods were now rationed by \u003cem\u003eDeutschemark\u003c/em\u003e, not by ration coupons. Though investors suffered losses, consumers were ecstatic. The effect of the currency reform was immediate. Within a week, store shelves were full, black markets were eliminated, and economic stability returned to Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBorscht\u003c/em\u003e is a soup that is popular in many Central and Eastern European countries. The soup is of Ukrainian origin, made with beetroot as the main ingredient giving it a deep reddish-purple color. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremen is a city straddling the Weser River in northwest Germany that is known for its role in maritime trade.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremerhaven [German: Bremenhafen] is a port city on Germany’s North Sea coast. Between 1830 and 1974, the city was Germany’s largest passenger port handling transatlantic traffic. Following World War II, it was a primary port of disembarkation for displaced persons immigrating to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eUSS General C. C. Ballou\u003c/em\u003e (AP-157) was a transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of U.S. Army general Charles Clarendon Ballou and launched in March 1945. She was transferred to the U.S. Army as \u003cem\u003eUSAT General C. C. Ballou\u003c/em\u003e in 1946 and began carrying immigrants from Europe to the United States and Australia. She was reacquired by the Navy in 1950 and became the \u003cem\u003eUSNS General C. C. Ballou\u003c/em\u003e. After earning five battle stars for service in the Korean War, she was placed out of service in September 1954. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCleveland is a major city in Ohio on the shores of Lake Erie.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Family Service Association of Cleveland (Ohio) was established in 1875 as the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society that, after a merger in 1883 with the Hebrew Relief Organization, became the Hebrew Relief Association. In 1894, it merged with The Russian Relief Committee (established in 1882 to assist the large number of Russian Jews settling in Cleveland) and became the Hebrew Relief Society. After joining the Federation of Jewish Charities in 1904, the society dispensed more than $10,000 annually in aid. In 1924 the society changed its name to the Jewish Social Service Bureau.  In 1933 the bureau turned the dispensing of relief over to governmental agencies and expanded into homemaker services, refugee resettlement, and vocational guidance, creating the Vocational Adjustment Department (later the Jewish Vocational Service). In 1943 the name changed to the Jewish Family Service Association. Over the ensuing decades, the association began to offer services such as individual, family, and group counseling, support groups, education, outreach, and referral.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Case School of Applied Science, the predecessor of the Case Institute of Technology, was founded in 1880 in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, in part through the donations of local businessman Leonard Case. Most colleges and universities in the nineteenth century were devoted to the concept of a liberal arts education. The Case School of Applied Science was only the fourth American institution of higher learning to focus on a technical education, and the first such school to be located west of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1948, the Case School of Applied Science was renamed the Case Institute of Technology. In 1967, the school merged with its neighbor, the Western Reserve University, to form Case Western Reserve University. Case Institute of Technology became the first engineering college to offer a program in computer engineering in 1963, and Case Western Reserve University, through its Case School of Engineering, continues to be a strong leader in a number of engineering fields today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. American troops entered the war in defense of the Republic of Korea to the south against the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when an armistice agreement was signed maintaining a border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Korean nations that still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 prompted Congress to extend the Selective Training and Service Act, which had been signed into law during World War II. The Selective Service Act was reauthorized in 1951 as the Universal Military Training and Service Act, and all males age 18 to 26 were required to register for the draft. More than 1.5 million men were inducted into the armed services during the Korean War, and an additional 1.5 million were inducted between 1954 and 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 101st Airborne Division (\"Screaming Eagles\") is a light infantry division of the United States Army specializing in air assault operations. The 101st Airborne Division was activated August 16, 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. On June 6th, 1944 (D-Day), the division parachuted into the Contentin Peninsula becoming the first Allied Soldiers to set foot in occupied France. The division participated in many of the major battles of World War II including Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands, the Battle of the Bulge and later pushed into Germany. In spring 1945, the Screaming Eagles liberated the Landsberg concentration camp and Hitler's mountaintop retreat in Bertchtesgaden. The end of World War II in Europe relegated the 101st Airborne to occupation duties in Germany, Austria, and France. During the Korean War, the 101st Airborne was reactivated and stationed first at Fort Breckenridge in Kentucky (through 1953), then moved to Fort Jackson in South Carolina (1954), and later to Fort Campbell in Kentucky (1954).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort George G. Meade is a United States Army installation located in Maryland. It opened in 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCleveland Heights is a residential neighborhood six miles east of downtown Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChow Mein is Chinese stir-fried noodles with vegetables and sometimes meat or tofu; the name is a romanization of the Taishanese chāu-mèn. The dish is popular throughout the Chinese diaspora and appears on the menus of most Chinese restaurants abroad. It is particularly popular in India, Nepal, the UK, and the US.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorth American Aviation (NAA) was a major American aerospace manufacturer. The financier and corporate organizer Clement Melville Keys founded it in 1928 as an elaborate holding company. NAA was responsible for a number of historic aircraft, including the T-6 Texan trainer, the P-51 Mustang fighter, the B-25 Mitchell bomber, the F-86 Sabre jet fighter, the X-15 rocket plane, and the XB-70, as well as Apollo command and service module, the second stage of the Saturn V rocket, the Space Shuttle orbiter and the B-1 Lancer. Through a series of mergers and sales, North American Aviation became part of North American Rockwell, which later became Rockwell International and is now part of Boeing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1870, the Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large public research university in Columbus, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlanned Parenthood is a non-profit organization that provides reproductive, maternal, and child health services, including cancer screening, HIV screening, contraception, and abortion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pentagon is a large five-sided building in Arlington county, Virginia that serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Department of State, commonly referred to as the State Department, is a federal executive department responsible for carrying out U.S. foreign policy and international relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrinceton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano in Tanzania. It has three volcanic cones: Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira. It is the highest mountain in Africa and the highest single freestanding mountain in the world: 5,895 meters (3.7 miles) above sea level and about 4,900 meters (3 miles) above its plateau base.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market is economic activity that takes place outside government-sanctioned channels. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to let participants avoid government price controls or taxes. During and in the years immediately after World War II, rationing and shortages forced many Europeans to rely on goods and services produced and sold in the underground economy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/annotation_set/446/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllied Military Currency (\"AMC\") was a form of currency issued by the Allied powers during World War II to be issued to troops entering liberated or newly occupied countries, as a form of currency control. After the war ended, the occupying powers replaced the \u003cem\u003eReichsmark\u003c/em\u003e with the AMC. 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Was there a way to get quality information at all during this time?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4316.0,4450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied Powers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hope","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Information","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munchen-Allach","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Religious Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4316.0,4450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arriving in Auschwitz, the Entrance Process, and Life in the Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4450.0,4919.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me start out with, we arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau one morning. 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We were there for three weeks. I told you there was nothing to do but I did have an experience there with the cook, which was a wonderful that happened to me. I don't know how dirty I could have gotten. They took us to Muhldorf. In Muhldorf, before us, there used to be Russian prisoners who lived there. They put wire around it when we were first in the camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4919.0,5230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cannibalism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cattle Cars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hans Rohr","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hauptbaustelle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Men's Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Muhldorf Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munchen-Allach Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Soliders","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Valuables","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Women's Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=4919.0,5230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Muhldorf, Interactions with American Fighters, and Escaping from the SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5230.0,5761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they took us back to Muhldorf. We had a Rapportführer [German: report leader]. He was in charge of the prisoners in Mittergars. He knew what was going to happen. The war was almost over. He made a deal with my father. He will save us; we will save him. A deal is a deal. That is very important. 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The Americans decided since I didn't want to go to the Red Cross train, they pushed the train further down to a place called Feldafing. There was a huge elite Hitler Youth camp [with] two-story beautiful buildings. It was set up a hospital. 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We were on the way to get exterminated. There was an SS unit waiting for us to shoot us. Greif, the German SS Corporal, who we agreed with that we would save each other, told us what's going to happen.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5958.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blocks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bullet Wounds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isaac Grief","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lake Starnberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rationing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutsstaffel - SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tutzing, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=5958.0,6812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans Sending People Back to Hungary ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6812.0,7197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the Americans decided to try to send back to Hungary or wherever they could, people who wanted to go back. In fact, they'd rather that people went back. The first transport was by trucks. They brought up these deuce-and-a-half trucks, the two and a half ton trucks with seats in the back. [They told] anybody who wanted to go back to Hungary, \"Please get on the truck.\" People who came from communist countries, who experienced the Communists, were telling us that the communists are no\nbetter than the Nazis except they kill different people.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6812.0,7197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communists","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lake Starnberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=6812.0,7197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living and Working in the Kindercasino, Tom's Possessions, and Reuniting with Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7197.0,7528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, the camp commanding officer was an American. His name was Irving J. Smith. I remember it so well. [He] decided that he'd like to set up a living school for children. Most of them were orphans. We could say all essentially. My father became in\ncharge. My father recruited some teachers and we moved into this barrack or block with two floors [with] women and girls on the first floor; boys on the second floor. Here was a place that Irving J. Smith's girlfriend or mistress--she was actually from Belgium--decided to call \"Kindercasino,\"\nchildren casino. {02:01:00} We lived in the Kindercasino. 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The whole picture changed. It was not Hungarian Jews but Jews from all over. The only common language we had was Yiddish.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7528.0,7798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dignitaries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camps (DP Camps)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dwight David Eisenhower","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fiorella Henry La Guardia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General George Smith Patton Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Villas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindercasino","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7528.0,7798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Creation of a School and Entertainment in the DP Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=7798.0,7996.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when we settled down kind  of, they created a school. Kindergarten for little kids and then school for us. You didn't have to go to school if you didn't want to. It was voluntary. The director of the school was a Polish. We had a lot of Poles. We referred to him as Panie Dyrektorze [Polish], Mister Director. There was Panie Dyrektorze. We went to school. 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You just ate, slept . . . In summer you went down to the lake, which was beautiful. In winter, they put a stove in very room. [For] ours, they broke out the glass and put a vent out. It went straight out.\nIn winter one night, the wind blew and blew the smoke back in. I woke up with a tremendous headache. I saw the room was filled with smoke. I opened up the window. My father woke up and opened it more. 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We left everything behind except four metal suitcases. I still have them. I have two of them and I gave on each to my older children. Everything we had [went in the suitcases]. We moved into what used to be an old German military camp. 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They didn't take anything from us.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8959.0,9277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cleveland, Ohio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clothing Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Family Services","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Journalism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silver","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Statue of Liberty","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=8959.0,9277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to School, Working in Military Intelligence, and Meeting His Wife","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9277.0,9598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did I tell you how I met my wife? 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I had sixteen job offers. Sixteen! I took a job with North American Aviation in Columbus, Ohio. I wanted to get away from my father and parents. Lora and I got married when I got to my senior year.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9598.0,9855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbus, Ohio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Engineering School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Law School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lora Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Masters Degree","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North American Aviation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ohio State University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Planned Parenthood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9598.0,9855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom's Children and Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=9855.0,10147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We now have three children, five grandchildren. My son is an attorney. My older daughter [Judy] has a PhD in education, married to a PhD in education. My youngest daughter had trouble at her birth. She got her oxygen cut off. She works but she is not as bright as the rest of the family. 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That was from the camp to the United States?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10147.0,10777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied Military Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black Market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cigarettes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Reed","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Marks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian Newspaper","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Skis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Dollars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10147.0,10777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning English and Tom's Experience in Military Intelligence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10777.0,11086.874"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you learn English?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10777.0,11086.874"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839/index/47794/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ali Hakim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning English","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marching","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military Intelligence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quran","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukrainian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39440/file/110839#t=10777.0,11086.874"}]}]}]}