{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2b8v97zx91/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Ulman, Boris"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project (AOH)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBoris Ulman was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBoris Ulman was born in Braslaw, Poland (now Belarus). His father was a business owner in the town. Boris had one sibling—a sister two years younger than him. Boris was a teenager when the Germans occupied his hometown.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoris’ parents and sister were killed when a local peasant denounced the family. Boris was not at home at the time. When the ghetto that had been established in Breslaw was later liquidated, Boris escaped and was hidden by a local farmer. After a few months, he returned to a newly established ghetto for Jews from the surrounding areas that had been brought into Breslaw. When that ghetto was also liquidated, Boris was sent on a train toward Ponary to be executed. When the train stopped in Vilna, he jumped off.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoris spent the next few months in the Vilna ghetto, smuggling guns into the ghetto for the resistance. Shortly before the Vilna ghetto was liquidated, Boris fled to the nearby forest and joined Russian partisans. He actively participated in partisan operations until the end of the war. After the war, he joined the Soviet army and served until 1949. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoris married another survivor from Braslaw, Taiana (Tonia). The couple had two children. In the late 1960’s, the family immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia to join Boris’ extended family. Boris died in 2006 and Tonia died in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBoris explains how he escaped the liquidation of the Breslaw ghetto by hiding in friend’s home. He recalls returning to the ghetto when it became too dangerous and then escaped a transport to Ponary, ending up in the Vilna ghetto. He describes joining the resistance and escaping the ghetto to join the partisans in the forest. He recounts his time with various partisan groups. Boris talks about his family and the choices others made to either resist or submit to the Germans. He shares his motivation for fighting with the partisans and later the Russian army. He describes encounters with the Jewish police in the Vilna ghetto and the dangers of smuggling weapons. Boris explains how he reunited with family and came to the United States. He shares how some towns collaborated with the Germans for fear of reprisals.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28043"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Boris Ulman (personal name)","Jacob Gens (personal name)","Breslaw Ghetto (geographic term)","Vilna Ghetto (geographic term)","Ponary, Lithuania (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Braslaw, Poland (Belarus) (geographic term)","Vilna Guberniya (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Lithuania (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Russian Army (topical term)","Russian Partisans (topical term)","Jewish Police (topical term)","Nedveitzski Partisan Group (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBoris Ulman was interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 15, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoris Ulman was born in Braslaw, Poland (now Belarus). His father was a business owner in the town. Boris had one sibling—a sister two years younger than him. Boris was a teenager when the Germans occupied his hometown.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoris’ parents and sister were killed when a local peasant denounced the family. Boris was not at home at the time. When the ghetto that had been established in Breslaw was later liquidated, Boris escaped and was hidden by a local farmer. After a few months, he returned to a newly established ghetto for Jews from the surrounding areas that had been brought into Breslaw. When that ghetto was also liquidated, Boris was sent on a train toward Ponary to be executed. When the train stopped in Vilna, he jumped off.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoris spent the next few months in the Vilna ghetto, smuggling guns into the ghetto for the resistance. Shortly before the Vilna ghetto was liquidated, Boris fled to the nearby forest and joined Russian partisans. He actively participated in partisan operations until the end of the war. After the war, he joined the Soviet army and served until 1949. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoris married another survivor from Braslaw, Taiana (Tonia). The couple had two children. In the late 1960’s, the family immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia to join Boris’ extended family. Boris died in 2006 and Tonia died in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoris explains how he escaped the liquidation of the Breslaw ghetto by hiding in friend’s home. He recalls returning to the ghetto when it became too dangerous and then escaped a transport to Ponary, ending up in the Vilna ghetto. He describes joining the resistance and escaping the ghetto to join the partisans in the forest. He recounts his time with various partisan groups. Boris talks about his family and the choices others made to either resist or submit to the Germans. He shares his motivation for fighting with the partisans and later the Russian army. He describes encounters with the Jewish police in the Vilna ghetto and the dangers of smuggling weapons. Boris explains how he reunited with family and came to the United States. He shares how some towns collaborated with the Germans for fear of reprisals.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/539/small/Screen_Shot_2021-03-07_at_11.46.41_AM.png?1615117623","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Ulman_Boris.mp4"]},"duration":1490.709,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/539/small/Screen_Shot_2021-03-07_at_11.46.41_AM.png?1615117623","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/539/original/Ulman_Boris.mp4?1604336264","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1490.709,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ulman, Boris [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What is your name?\n\nULMAN: My name is Boris Ulman.\n\nBERMAN: Mr. Ulman, could you tell us where you are from, a little bit about your\nlife before the Nazis came to power, about your family, then how your life\nchanged and what happened to you after the Nazis came to power?\n\nULMAN: My family . . . my parents and my sister were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed when the Germans\ncame after two months in 1941. I wasn't home in this time. I was hiding in my\nfriend's house. When I went out from the house, I went to go together with my\nparents and somebody--I don't remember who--stopped me and said, \"Don't go. They\nwill take you too.\" They take me in their house and they hide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me for a few\nmonths until the Germans found out I was left over. They was looking for me.\nThey make an announcement if they found that somebody was hiding me, they will\nget killed--the whole family. I have to live all the time in the bushes . . . I\ncame over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat somewhere else, in different places. Before in 1942 the Germans\nstarted killing all the Jews from my town, I and a friend escaped from the\nBreslaw Ghetto . . . One of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"policemen--a Pole. His name was\nNiedzwiedski--stopped us. He was in a uniform. We were very scared. He took us\nboth, not to the Germans, but he took us to his brother who was living on a farm\nin Poland. The brother kept us for a few months and feed us with food before one\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors showed he was hiding Jews. He went to the Germans and tell\nthem. His wife came that time and said the Germans are coming. We escaped in the\nwoods with my friend. We went back. It was a small town where still Jews were\nliving. We went back to the ghetto. We were living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there before they took\neverybody on a transport to Ponary. In Ponary, our group . . . we were single\nboys . . . one of our friends was a lady. We escaped from Ponary to the Vilna\nghetto. When we came in Vilna ghetto, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that this is not a place to stay\nthere. We have to do something to save our lives. There was two groups at this\ntime. One group in ghetto was organized. It was saying that we had to fight here\nin the ghetto to save our lives, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . . and of the Jewish people. In our\ngroup . . . without the families . . . we want to get arms and escape. We\nalready hear that the Russians partisans are around . . . not too far from\nVilna. We started organizing . . . saving money. We bought a pistol. We went out\nfrom the ghetto and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped in two groups. There was 21 when we escaped from\nthe ghetto. We went to different places on different farms with the pistol and\nwe got some food for us. On one of the farms . . . when we stopped, he left to\ntell the Germans that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews is here. The Germans start coming. They killed\nfour of us before we escaped and got to the Russian partisans . . . we met the\npartisans, they took away our pistols. They send us to a group of people who\nwork for the partisans: cooks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tailors, and shoemakers, who repaired the shoes.\nLater in the month, they came and took me and my friend to a group who came from\nMoscow with parachutes. It was five people and they took both of us to the\npartisans. The name of the group was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nedveitzski. Later on, they start training\nus how to use mines . . . dynamite . . . how to use the arms. Little by little\nwe was going to the trains and put mines under the transportation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a\nwhile, after we did about six big transportations they named me for commander of\non of the groups. By this time, they had about 48 partisans who was doing the\nsame. After we did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this job, I have on my account eighteen German\ntransportations with my group and me. Some of the transportations were\nammunition and some of them were Germans lives. We would hear how they cried and\nhowled. This was our job in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partisans. After the Russian front start moving\nforward and come closer to Vilna, in one of the small towns, we met the Russian\nsoldiers when we came out from the partisans. One of the groups was one Russian\nofficer with a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medals. His was Polkovnik. He came to us. He said to me\nand to my friend, \"Yiddish? Are you Jews?\" I say, \"Yes. Tell us, is it true that\nthe Germans is killing the Jews . . . put them in the concentration camp, and\nkilling children, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody is killed?\" He said, \"Yes, this is true.\" He\nstart crying. When he went back . . . there was a major doctor, a lady Jewess .\n. . they hardly cannot believe what the Germans is doing to us. After I met\nthem, they give me a position because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the best fighters. They let\nme stay in a town called Postov in Poland. They give me a position to work, but\nI don't have nobody. I am by myself and I get used to the arms. I went by myself\nback to the Russian Army. I spend there until 1949 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Russian army . . .\nstill fighting the Germans.\n\nBERMAN: If we can go back for a minute, you made some choices. You made a choice\nto join the partisans while a lot of people did not make that choice. Can you\ntalk a little bit about that?\n\nULMAN: The people who made the choice to stay in the ghetto was a big group.\nThey fought. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Germans came to take the ghetto out, they were fighting.\nThey have good ammunition. They killed a lot of Germans. Finally, the Germans\nwas very strong with arms and they blow up the buildings with the Jews that were\nfighting. I have a tape from the ghetto. We saw on the tape how the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\npeople were fighting in the ghetto and how we was fighting in the partisans.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have a message to tell the world about being a partisan?\n\nULMAN: My message would be there would have been a lot more escaped . . . I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel\nvery good when I have my ammunition and I fight back. I was a complete different\nperson, as I know I can die, but I enjoy it when I can kill too and I can fight\nback. That is the reason why I went back. I still want to fight and take nekamah\nfor my parents and for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my family. I think if everybody would do the same way,\nthere would be a lot more Jews alive today--if they would fight. If we would\nhave more ammunition and we would have more from the older people, from the\nrabbis . . . If they would support ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting, a lot more escape. Some of them\nused to say this came from G-d. My uncle was a very religious man. He said, \"No\nway . . . you cannot escape. You cannot go nowhere. This came from G-d.\" They\nkilled him in his home. He never tried to escape.\n\nBERMAN: You didn't mention in the beginning what city you were from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"originally.\n\nULMAN: I was from Braslaw in Vilna Guberniya, not too far from Vilna. It was\n3,500 Jews living before the war.\n\nBERMAN: Can you tell us a little bit about your life there before the war?\n\nULMAN: My life? I was living with my parents. We used to own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small hotel. We\nused to make a good living. Right after my bar mitzvah in the synagogue, when\nthe war started. My sister was younger than I am by two years.\n\nBERMAN: You told me earlier you went to the Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army. You didn't try to get\nto the West. Why was that?\n\nULMAN: When I went to the Russian Army?\n\nBERMAN: After the war.\n\nULMAN: After the war, I still never had a place where to go. I don't have\nparents. I don't have relatives. I went back to my town. Nobody was there. This\ntime . . . I don't know how . . . some people tried to escape ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Germany and\nget to America and Israel. I was in a part of Russia . . . I don't know how you\ncan do this. This is the reason why I have to stay with Army before . . . they\nlet me go.\n\nBERMAN: Can you tell us some more remembrances from your time with the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partisans? You spoke of a good friend that was caught with a gun. Tell us a\nlittle bit more about that when you were in the partisans.\n\nULMAN: In the partisans . . . our place in the woods. We sleep there. We used to\ngo only in nighttime. The Germans used to be scared to go in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nighttime. They\nused to go in daytime. We were operating only in nighttime. When they make a\ncounterattack on the partisans, one of my friends, who lives still in\nConnecticut, was the commander of the partisans, said to escape if you can\nbecause there was a lot of Germans back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. He went on top of a tree. He\nescaped. The Germans was under the same tree on the ground. When he fell asleep,\nhe fell. The Germans . . . was scared. They started running away and he escaped.\nHe is still alive here in Connecticut. He is one of my best ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends.\n\nBERMAN: What about the friend that was caught with the gun?\n\nULMAN: The friend that was caught with the gun was in the Vilna ghetto. When we\nstart buying the guns, we used to have a hiding place. When we used to go out\nfrom the ghetto . . . We sneaked out of the ghetto and buy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guns from Poles. He\nbought a gun and he want to come back to the ghetto. They was already waiting\nfor him. Somebody told he have a gun and they catch him. This was the Jewish\npolice. They catch him and they brought him to the office of the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police.\nHis name was Gens, the commander of the Jewish police. They took the gun away\nfrom him. They called and the Germans came. They tried to get from him who was\nthe other people. They want to know the names for the other people and he never\ntold them. They cut him in pieces and he never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told the names of the other\npeople. His brother is still living in Canada. One of his brothers escaped and\nhe still lives in Canada.\n\nBERMAN: How did you finally come to the United States?\n\nULMAN: I have a family. I find out that I have a family. My uncle was writing.\nHe lived here in Atlanta. He was writing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the American ambassador in Moscow.\nHe have a brother back there and he would like to know what happened to his\nbrother and if somebody from the family was alive. One day I received from the\nambassador . . . they brought me a letter. I was living in Vilna. One of the\nPoles brought me the letter saying an uncle from the United States was looking\nfor somebody from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ulman's. I write to the ambassador and I write a letter to\nmy uncle. This is how we get in touch. He came to visit in Poland where I used\nto live. He came to visit and he tried to bring me here to this country.\n\nBERMAN: How long after the war was that?\n\nULMAN: I came in here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1968 or 1969.\n\nJANE: Mr. Ulman, what can you tell us about the Jewish police?\n\nULMAN: The Jewish police was different people. Some of them work only to save\ntheir own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives. Some of them know . . . was real . . . they have a Jewish\nheart. They was like . . . I have a good example. One of the policemen who was\nin Vilna ghetto, he tried . . . He was a good friend. He was born in Swieciany,\nPoland, a town not too far from Vilna. He have a pistol ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. He was supposed to\ngo out in the second group after us. The Jews who was waiting to check out the\npeople . . . when you go out from the ghetto they check you out . . . they find\nthe pistol on him. He took the pistol and he shot the policeman. Then the\nLithuanian policemen were on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside and they shot him from the other side.\nThis is a story which everybody knows who was in the Vilna ghetto. If you say\nyou were in Vilna ghetto when the policeman was shot, everybody can remember this.\n\nJANE: When you were living in the woods, what was that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like and did you move\nfrom place to place or did you have a territory?\n\nULMAN: Our group have our territory. We had a few places to live because one\nplace was very dangerous because somebody could have seen which direction we\ncame from and how we would go. We used to go get groceries from produce farms to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat and the people were upset. They were upset because you take away from them\nbread and meat. They used to go to the Germans and tell them. One example is one\ntown, they don't like the partisans, they don't like the Russians. They was\nworking with the Germans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The commander of our otriad said that he have to teach\nthem a lesson. He sent a group of five people to the same town and tell them to\nplay like they was drunk, they don't know what they doing, they was drunk. He\ntook another group of people outside the town in hiding in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woods. I was in\nthe wood area hiding. I see somebody on the horse was going to the Germans . . .\nwas not too far was the Germans living. He went to the German soldiers telling\nthem they have five Russian partisans drunk. They went with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him to get the\npartisans and most of them, we killed them because we were very close. We kill\nthem. Then he tell us to set the whole town on fire.\n\nBERMAN: I have heard that often when the partisans blew up something like a\ntransport, that there were then reprisals by the Germans to punish the town or\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto. Did that happen?\n\nULMAN: This happened. They punish a town . . . like the . . . They know if you\nworked close with the partisans . . . They punished. They burned them up or put\nthem on fire or kill the people. There are a lot of stories but it is hard to\nremember. It is hard to tell everything. We lived in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woods. We sleep in the\nsnow, whether it was raining, or snow, or cold weather, so what? I was very\nhappy as I can fight back. I always have in mind . . . the only way . . . if\nsomebody wants to kill you, you have to fight back. He kill me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/transcript/20664/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or I kill him.\nThis is the way . . . was very close to get killed when I was in the partisans,\nbut I killed before he killed me.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1470.0,1500.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoris's mother was Leah Ulman and his father was Zelig Ulman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoris's sister's name was Chasia Ulman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoris was born and grew up in Braslaw, Poland (now in Belarus). On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked Soviet forces in Eastern Europe. The Germans occupied Vilna in June 24, 1941 and captured Braslaw on June 27, 1941. Restrictions and abuse began immediately and tens of thousands of Jews in the area were killed in mass executions during the first few months of the occupation. It is not clear when Boris’ family was murdered, but it appears to have been early in the occupation, before the ghetto was formally established on April 15, 1942 and before the first large Aktion took place in June 1942. Another survivor of Braslaw (Anna Zelikman), however, described their murder in detail. She says that Zelig bribed a villager with jewelry and valuables to hide his family. Instead, the peasant betrayed them, telling the Germans that the Ulman family had an illegal radio and were listening to Soviet stations and distributing the information. For this crime, Zelig, Leah and Chasia were arrested and sent to the prison where a man named Szliachczik, a \u003cem\u003eVolksdeutsch\u003c/em\u003e (ethnic German), was in charge. Szliachczik was a sadist and he tortured the entire family and finally murdered them. Boris, she noted, their only son, managed to escape.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeib Sherman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn another account, Boris relays how he and his friend, Nehamka Sherman, hid with others during the liquidation of the Braslaw Ghetto on June 3-5, 1942. After three days, they came out of hiding when the Germans announced that those who came out of their own free will would not be harmed. When the police began herding survivors together (to indeed be executed), Boris and Nehamka ran away, hiding in a cemetery and then making their way to the nearby village of Opsa, where Jews were still living.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTwo months after the ghetto in Breslaw was liquidated, a so-called “second ghetto” was established in Breslaw for Jews brought in from other nearby villages. It was short-lived and was liquidated in March 1943. In another account, Boris recalled that at that point, he and his friend, Nehamka Sherman, were sent on a train with other Jews from the “second ghetto.” They soon learned the train was headed to Ponary. When it stopped in Vilna on the way, Boris and a few others managed to jump from the train. With nowhere else to go, they settled in the Vilna Ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePonar’ or ‘Ponary’ was a wooded area approximately seven miles from Vilna where the Soviets had dug large pits for fuel storage tanks, but had been forced to evacuate the incomplete project when the Germans invaded. The Germans and their Lithuanian auxiliaries used the site for mass executions from early summer 1941 to July 1944 when 70,000-100,000 people were brought to Ponar by foot, truck, and train and murdered. Most were Jews from Vilna and the surrounding area, although Soviet prisoners of war and other enemies of the Nazis were also murdered there. In the early phases of the Ponar exterminations, the victims were buried in the same pits where they had been shot. However, in September 1943, the Nazis forced 80 Jewish prisoners to dig up the pits and burn the bodies in order to destroy evidence of mass murder. Most of those prisoners were killed, but 15 escaped.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna [Lithuanian: Vilnius; Yiddish: Vilne] is the capital of Lithuania, located in the southeast part of the country, near the present-day border of Belarus. Until World War II, the city of Vilna was part of northeastern Poland. In the summer of 1941, German forces invaded. The Germans established two ghettos in Vilna in early September 1941. The larger ghetto (ghetto #1) was for 11,000 Jews considered able to work. The smaller (ghetto #2) was for 9,000 sick, the elderly, and those without work permits. In a series of operations conducted by German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian auxiliaries, ghetto #2 was completely liquidated between September and October 1941. Between 9,000 and 11,000 inhabitants were taken to the Ponar woods and murdered. The remaining Jews crowded into the larger ghetto (ghetto #1) were forced to work in factories, on construction projects, or sent to nearby labor camps. Periodic killing operations murdered many of the ghetto’s inhabitants at Ponar. Liquidation in the larger ghetto began on October 23, 1941 when 5,000 Jews without work permits were shot in the woods. Roundups and executions continued through November and December. By the end of the year, 34,000 Jews had been murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the summer and fall of 1941, SS units and their Lithuanian collaborators killed more than 30,000 of Vilna’s Jews. In response to these actions, various political factions and resistance groups in the Vilna ghetto began to organize their efforts. Abba Kovner and other young people who belonged to a variety of Zionist, socialist and communist youth organizations in the ghetto came to understand earlier than the other ghetto inhabitants that the Jews who were being deported from the ghetto were not going to work but were being executed in the Ponar Woods. The youth groups banded together to resist the Germans. This was quite remarkable because the groups ranged widely in political philosophy and they were never able to agree before the war. In January 1942, Abba Kovner, Yitzhak Wittenberg (Communist) and Joseph Glaszman (Betar) formed a single group, the \u003cem\u003eFareynegte Partizaner Organizatsye\u003c/em\u003e [Polish: United Partisan Organization; also known as the ‘FPO’].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe FPO set out to unite all the ghetto resistance groups, launch an uprising in the event of the ghetto’s liquidation, carry out sabotage, and encourage Jews outside of Vilna to take up arms and fight. But while they agreed they had to resist, they couldn’t agree on tactics. Kovner wanted to stay in the ghetto and resist the Germans in a last ditch stand there. Glazsman felt fleeing to the woods and fighting with the regular partisan units would better serve the Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet partisans were members of resistance movements that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis forces in the Soviet Union, the previously Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland in 1941–45 and eastern Finland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn Friday, July 27, 1942, Glaszman led a group of fighters called the “Leon Group” out of the ghetto into the woods by infiltrating a Jewish work unit.  They intended to meet a Soviet soldier named Markov, who commanded a partisan unit.  Unfortunately they were ambushed on their way into the forest and nine Jewish fighters were killed.  Glaszman escaped death and the rest of the fighters pressed on into the forest where they found Markov.  Kovner, despite his desire to defend the ghetto, also sent small groups of fighters to the forest to link up with Markov.  Markov usually disarmed the Jewish fighters who appeared in the woods and told them they had to go to the partisans’ base where there were to serve a tailors, cobblers and cooks. At some point, Glaszman managed to form a Jewish partisan unit named ‘Nekamah’ [revenge] which he led together with a Soviet partisan named Zerakh Ragovski. Ultimately, when it became clear to Kovner that neither the ghetto population nor the \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e leadership (Jacob Gens) would support the fighters, and even actively opposed them, he and his fighters made their way to the forest too.  They refused to be disarmed and formed an entirely Jewish partisan unit. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Rudniki Forest, about 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of Vilna, extensive partisan activity began in the summer of 1943 when a group of paratroopers under the command of Captian Alko arrived in the region. In the beginning of September, Lithuanian partisans arrived in the area from the Narocz forest. Alko’s groups were only willing to accept a few of the fighters from Vilna who were armed. The rest of the FPO members who arrived in the Rudinki forest organized into three groups. The Jewish fighters went out on forays to obtain food, cut telephone lines, and sabotage the municipal electrical and water systems of Vilna. In spring 1944, weapons from the Soviet Union were dropped over Vilna and the partisan forces expanded their activities. They laid mines on train tracks and carried out raids, ambushes and revenge attacks against hostile locals. Dozens were killed in battle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn July 1944, Jewish partisans returned to Vilna with the Soviet Army and took part in the liberation of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePostov is the Yiddish name of Postavy, a town in present-day Belarus, near the Lithuanian border, approximately 107 kilometers (67 miles) northeast of Vilnius (Vilna) and 70 kilometers (43 miles) southeast of Boris’ hometown. Boris was given orders to guard German POWs in the town, but after two weeks left to join the Red Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoris may be referring to the Braslaw ghetto rather that Vilno ghetto. During the final liquidation of the “second ghetto” in Braslaw in March 1943, a group of armed resistance members barricaded themselves in one of the ghetto buildings. They managed to kill some of the Germans who surrounded them before running out of ammunition. At that point, the Germans threw grenades into the building, killing everyone inside. While there was a larger, more organized resistance group, the Germans encountered less dramatic resistance during the Vilna ghetto’s liquidation. On September 1, 1943, the FPO mobilized its forces when German and Baltic police units entered the ghetto to round up Jews for deportation to Estonian labor camps. Fearing that the ghetto was to be liquidated, the Jewish underground called for an uprising. Though one of its units opened fire on German troops, the ghetto’s population did not heed the FPO’s call to arms. The Jewish underground was thus forced to alter its strategy. As the ghetto’s final liquidation approached, Kovner and hundreds of the ghetto fighters escaped through the city’s sewers and other outlets to the forests where they joined Soviet partisans in many combat missions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBraslaw [Polish: Brasław] was in the Vilna Governate [Russian: Vilna Guberniya], a regional area in Lithuania organized during the Russian Empire. The area is often called the ‘Pale of Settlement,’ and was where Jews were allowed to live. Between the two world wars (1919-1939), most of Vilna Guberniya was in Poland (Wilno province).  Today, the area is the southeastern part of modern Lithuania, and in the northwestern part of Belarus. Vilna, or Vilnius, was the regional seat of government, located approximately 170 kilometers (105 miles) southeast of the Braslaw. Braslaw was part of Poland after 1921 until September 1939, when it was annexed by the Soviet Union. When the Germans captured the city on June 27, 1941, there were 2,500 Jews in Braslaw. A ghetto was established on April 15, 1942 and was crowded with Braslaw’s Jews, Jews from surrounding areas, and Jewish refugees. On June 3, 1942, 2,500 Jews were executed near the local railway station. The remaining 1,000 Jews were killed on March 12, 1943 after an effort at resistance failed. The Russians occupied the town in 1945. In 1991, it became part of Belarus and is now called ‘Braslau.’ \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1939, under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which effectively dissolved and divided Poland, Soviet forces occupied the city of Vilna, along with the rest of eastern Poland. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and the area around Vilna was soon occupied by German troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In 1946, a large wave of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape further persecution from Stalin’s regime. With the help of \u003cem\u003eBrichah\u003c/em\u003e, an underground network, about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) went to Palestine via Austria, Germany and Italy, through elaborate smuggling networks. Other DPs waited in camps that had been established across Germany, Austria, and Italy until they could immigrate to the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Vilna Ghetto, Boris belonged to group that smuggled guns into the ghetto. Another member of the group, Tevka Bilak, was caught smuggling a gun into the ghetto. The Jewish Police interrogated him until finally beating him to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Gens was appointed in 1941 by the Germans to be the head of the \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish Council) in Vilna, Lithuania and the head of the Jewish police. Gens did not support the Vilna resistance movement as he felt that its existence and activities might cause the Germans to liquidate the entire ghetto. Gens believed that cooperating with the Germans would allow some Jews to survive. However, the German’s determination to murder all the Jews regardless of whether they could work or not negated Gens’ theory about survival. The Germans shot Gens on September 14, 1943 and the ghetto was liquidated. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSvencioneliai [Lithuanian: Švenčionėliai; Polish: Nowe Święciany] is a city approximately 75 kilometers (46 miles) northeast of what is present-day Vilnius, Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAvraham Tory, author of “Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary,” described the incident as having occurred in June 1943. A Lithuanian policeman arrested Chaym Hirsh Levin at the ghetto gate and handed him over to the Jewish police. Levin had indeed bought a gun in preparation for joining the partisans in the forest. Desperate not to be handed over to the Germans for fear of torture or reprisals on his family, he shot and killed a Jewish policeman. He was then shot and died before the Germans arrived on the scene.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and occupied their Polish territories in June 1941, the Germans often drew on local civilian and police support to carry out their operations. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and ethnic German collaborators played a significant role in killing Jews throughout eastern and southeastern Europe. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/annotation_set/235/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePartisans engaged in classic guerilla activity—hit and run tactics. Strategic targets were selected and attacked, often under the cover of darkness. Despite being less well armed and equipped, partisans typically had the advantage of operating in their home territory, whereas the forest and marshes of occupied territories in western Russia were particularly challenging for German forces to navigate and police. As a result, the Germans often punished the local civilian population in retaliation for partisan attacks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1410.0,1440.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Ulman, Boris [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life After the Nazis Came to Power","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=22.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My family . . . my parents and my sister were killed when the Germans came after two months in 1941. I wasn't home in this time. I was hiding in my friend's house.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=22.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=22.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping the Breslaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=94.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before in 1942 the Germans started killing all the Jews from my town, I and a friend escaped from the Breslaw Ghetto . . . One of the policemen--a Pole. His name was Niedzwiedski--stopped us. He was in a uniform. We were very scared. He took us both, not to the Germans, but he took us to his brother who was living on a farm in Poland.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=94.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Breslaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Policeman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=94.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to the Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=191.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Ponary, our group . . . we were single boys . . . one of our friends was a lady. We escaped from Ponary to the Vilna ghetto. When we came in Vilna ghetto, we  know that this is not a place to stay there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=191.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ponary, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=191.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping the Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=268.0,304.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went out from the ghetto and we escaped in two groups. There was 21 when we escaped from the ghetto. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=268.0,304.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=268.0,304.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting and Joining the Russian Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=304.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They killed four of us before we escaped and got to the Russian partisans . . . we met the partisans, they took away our pistols. They send us to a group of people who work for the partisans: cooks,  tailors, and shoemakers, who repaired the shoes.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=304.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dynamite","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landmines","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nedveitzski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=304.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Choosing to Join the Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=576.0,746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we can go back for a minute, you made some choices. You made a choice to join the partisans while a lot of people did not make that choice. Can you talk a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=576.0,746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nekamah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uprising","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=576.0,746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=746.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You didn't mention in the beginning what city you were from originally.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=746.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Braslaw, Poland (Belarus)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna Guberniya","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=746.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joining the Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=806.0,865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You told me earlier you went to the Russian army. You didn't try to get to the West. Why was that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=806.0,865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=806.0,865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Time with the Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=865.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you tell us some more remembrances from your time with the partisans? You spoke of a good friend that was caught with a gun. Tell us a little bit more about that when you were in the partisans.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=865.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Police","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=865.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1064.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you finally come to the United States?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1064.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Ambassador","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1150.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Police","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1150.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences Living in the Woods","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1260.0,1395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were living in the woods, what was that like and did you move from place to place or did you have a territory?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1260.0,1395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otriad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Territories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Woods","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1260.0,1395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans Punishing for the Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1395.0,1490.709"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have heard that often when the partisans blew up something like a transport, that there were then reprisals by the Germans to punish the town or the ghetto. Did that happen?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1395.0,1490.709"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539/index/47335/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Punishments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31817/file/100539#t=1395.0,1490.709"}]}]}]}