{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2b8v97zx1j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Elkan, Mary Stawska"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-06-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Elkan, Mary Stawska, 1921- (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMary Elkan interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on June 01, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMary (Marysia) Stawska Elkan was born in Czestochowa, Poland in 1921. She had one brother, Janek. Their father owned a furniture factory and they lived a comfortable life. After the German occupation in 1939, the family lost their business and was forced to relocate into the portion of the city that became a ghetto. Mary worked as a slave laborer, including inspecting bullets in the ammunitions factory in the ghetto, Hasag-Pelcery. There she met her future husband, Morris Elkan (1912-1980). She also worked as a nanny. \u003cbr\u003eRussian forces liberated Czestochowa on January 16, 1945. After trying to locate members of their family, Mary and Morris made their way to Bamberg, Germany, which was in the American zone. Mary later found out that her brother, Janek, was killed while working for the Underground, and her parents were murdered in the gas chambers at Treblinka. Although Mary wanted to immigrate to Palestine, Morris's only remaining family member, a sister, lived in Atlanta, so the couple decided to make their new home here.\u003cbr\u003eThe couple and their toddler, Regina (1947-2017), arrived in Atlanta on July 4, 1949. Morris, who had some experience in the camp dying hair to get an extra piece of bread, became an apprentice to Mr. Adolf in the Doctor's Building on Peachtree Street and earned his license as a beautician. Eventually, the Elkans were able to buy a small beauty shop. After giving up her childhood dream of becoming a pharmacist, Mary worked as the receptionist. The couple had a second daughter, Stephanie (b. 1953). Mary and Morris joined the Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMary describes her childhood and shares her experience living in Czestochowa (Czȩstochowa), Poland during the Nazi occupation. She discusses working in the ghetto and the Hasag-Pelcery work camp. She recounts how she and her husband met and married in the ghetto and tried to go into hiding. Mary details the slave labor jobs she and Morris worked at. She recalls how she learned they were liberated. Mary talks about the antisemitism and fear they experienced after the war and why they left Poland for the American occupied zone of Germany. Mary recollects how it felt to arrive in the United States and Atlanta, Georgia on July 4, 1949. Mary speaks of her early years of living in Atlanta. She shares her connection to a synagogue in Atlanta and the importance of being Jewish. Mary tells of her grandchildren and the importance of the next generation. She explains who she named her children after and who her grandchildren were named after. The final part of the interview includes her two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28000"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Poland (geographic)","Undergound (topical term)","antisemitism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMary Elkan interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on June 01, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMary (Marysia) Stawska Elkan was born in Czestochowa, Poland in 1921. She had one brother, Janek. Their father owned a furniture factory and they lived a comfortable life. After the German occupation in 1939, the family lost their business and was forced to relocate into the portion of the city that became a ghetto. Mary worked as a slave laborer, including inspecting bullets in the ammunitions factory in the ghetto, Hasag-Pelcery. There she met her future husband, Morris Elkan (1912-1980). She also worked as a nanny.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRussian forces liberated Czestochowa on January 16, 1945. After trying to locate members of their family, Mary and Morris made their way to Bamberg, Germany, which was in the American zone. Mary later found out that her brother, Janek, was killed while working for the Underground, and her parents were murdered in the gas chambers at Treblinka. Although Mary wanted to immigrate to Palestine, Morris's only remaining family member, a sister, lived in Atlanta, so the couple decided to make their new home here.\u003cbr /\u003eThe couple and their toddler, Regina (1947-2017), arrived in Atlanta on July 4, 1949. Morris, who had some experience in the camp dying hair to get an extra piece of bread, became an apprentice to Mr. Adolf in the Doctor's Building on Peachtree Street and earned his license as a beautician. Eventually, the Elkans were able to buy a small beauty shop. After giving up her childhood dream of becoming a pharmacist, Mary worked as the receptionist. The couple had a second daughter, Stephanie (b. 1953). Mary and Morris joined the Ahavath Achim Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMary describes her childhood and shares her experience living in Czestochowa (Czȩstochowa), Poland during the Nazi occupation. She discusses working in the ghetto and the Hasag-Pelcery work camp. She recounts how she and her husband met and married in the ghetto and tried to go into hiding. Mary details the slave labor jobs she and Morris worked at. She recalls how she learned they were liberated. Mary talks about the antisemitism and fear they experienced after the war and why they left Poland for the American occupied zone of Germany. Mary recollects how it felt to arrive in the United States and Atlanta, Georgia on July 4, 1949. Mary speaks of her early years of living in Atlanta. She shares her connection to a synagogue in Atlanta and the importance of being Jewish. Mary tells of her grandchildren and the importance of the next generation. She explains who she named her children after and who her grandchildren were named after. The final part of the interview includes her two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/328/small/Mary_Elkan.png?1619297142","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Elkan_Mary.mp4"]},"duration":5973.485,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/328/small/Mary_Elkan.png?1619297142","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/098/328/original/Elkan_Mary.mp4?1602053037","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5973.485,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Mary Elkan [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Could you start with what your name was at birth, and when and where you\nwere born?\n\nELKAN: My name is Mary Elkan. I was born in Czestochowa, Poland and came here\n[the United States] right after the war. We came here to the [United] States\nJuly 4, 1949. We cherished every single minute we are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I remember coming\nhere, the journey was not easy but knowing we were going to freedom, it made us\nthe happiest people alive. The journey was long [and] not easy on the ship,\nespecially with a little toddler. We were dressed quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warm but coming in here\nJuly fourth--you know the temperature here--we did not mind at all the\ndiscomfort. We were here. We were free. We were in the land of opportunity and\nfreedom. What better day could we come here and enjoy that? I couldn't\nunderstand why so many people were taking it for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granted. Living here is\nwonderful but people should not do things to harm others. They are still doing\nthat. I just could not understand that.\n\nKENT: Give us a general image of the world that you came from so that you could\nappreciate America. What was your family situation before the war? Who were the\npeople in your life?\n\nELKAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost in the Holocaust my mother, my father, and my brother, besides the\nrest of the family. My mother is from a large family. There was ten siblings.\nThere was just one brother and one sister that survived in Israel--I mean, in\nPalestine then. My uncle came [to Palestine] for studies because it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very\ndifficult . . . for a Jew to enter any college, any university in Poland. The\nquota was just nil for Jews. You ask me about those pictures. If not for my aunt\nand uncle, I wouldn't have any pictures at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. My parents used to send quite\noften there [to Palestine] pictures of the family, close family, and different\ncelebrations. Later on, I also found out that my mother's brother and his wife\nsurvived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Strasburg [Germany]. At least I had a chance to go and visit them\nseveral times. From them I had also some pictures. They were sent from my\nparents. My father--may he rest in peace--he was always sort of trying to quiet\nus down. \"Don't worry, it's a Blitzkrieg [German: lightening war],\" he used to\nsay, which means it's a fast war and maybe in a few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks, in a few months we\nwill be free. We will be back in our businesses and our factories. We would live\nour life the way that we were used to. We could not imagine any other way of\nlife. We went to schools. They were private schools owned by Jewish people, and\nstaffed with Jewish [people], and all the faculty was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. Education was\nsupreme. I couldn't imagine any other way but then when September first [1939]\ncame, war started. On September third, they just marched in because Czestochowa\nwas quite close to the German border. Then it just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt like a tornado hit.\nThere was no sunshine anymore. It was just darkness for us. It was too late to\ngo anywhere even though we had the means. It was not easy to pick up. My father\nused to say, \"What should I do? Leave the factory here? Leave the business here?\nI mean, they need us here. We are good citizens. We're paying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taxes.\" Little did\nwe know, little did we realize what's coming. The rest of the life over there\nwas--I mean under the Nazis--absolutely brutal. It was no living. We did not\neven exist. We worked like slaves . . . for a little piece of bread with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soup\nthat was like water. Every single day, it was just a frightening feeling. You\ndidn't know what to expect. For instance, we were not allowed to walk on the\nsidewalk, especially after the time when we had to wear the armbands with the\nblue star of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David. When you went out, it was compulsory to have that. It was\nearly winter, which is like late December or so--very cold. My mother--may she\nrest in peace--asked me to go to grandma and see how she is doing there because\nI can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run together with my brother. We can run and escape in case if they will\nchase us somewhere. It just so happened that he was faster than me. I had two\nNazis that stopped. I hear them calling, \"Halt!\" which means stop and I am\nstopping. They wanted me to take my coat off. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a winter coat with fur\nlining. I wanted to ask them, \"Now how do you expect me to get back home? It's\ncold.\" [They said,] \"Just do it fast.\" Right away, I [was] told I am going to\nget [hit] over my head, which they did. I could not open up with my shaky hands\nthe buttons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fast enough and they just grabbed my coat. I ran the rest of the way\nback home, which was at least four blocks, maybe even more than four. I came\nhome and I started to cry. I was so mad at myself that, with the other problems,\nI am making my parents now worry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that. I said, \"I'm fine. I'm fine. I will\nbe okay. Don't worry about me,\" but my teeth were just going like this. [She\nmakes a sign with her hands.] I was so shivering. This is just something I can\nnever forget. That's why, first when we came here, [we] just [tried] to forget\nthe miserable life that we led. It was no life. It was not even existence\nbecause we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all felt like we were walking with a verdict in our pocket. We know\nwe're going to be killed. We know that is the end of us. When, we did not know.\nWe were just full of hope that maybe somebody in the world will speak for us.\nMaybe G-d will be able to save ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those chosen people. At times, you just give up.\nIf there is anybody there, why couldn't they help us? Why would families be all\nsent to concentration camps, to gas chambers? We couldn't believe about that.\nSome people escaped. They came back. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember my father met somebody. He came\nin and he said to my mother . . . I remember he mentioned somebody's name--a\nfriend that went to the Jagiellonian University, just a brilliant young Jewish\nboy [who] went on scholarship. He says to my mother, \"Can you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe? That\nyoung man is talking nonsense. He's talking about the Jews being buried alive.\nJust impossible. I think he suffered a nervous breakdown.\" All that was true,\nbut you couldn't understand it. Is that what's happening and the world stays\nstill? Everybody is just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"silent? It was very upsetting. Coming in here, coming\nto the [United] States, especially on July fourth, meant to us a lot. I remember\ngoing closer with the ship and looking at the Statue of Liberty. It just won my\nheart. I said, \"G-d is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive.\" I came here with my husband and my little\ntoddler, Jeanie, which is named after my mother, Regina. We could still see\npeople walking around with flags when we came to Atlanta [Georgia]. It was early\nafternoon and we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so sad that we missed the parades or whatever. The flags\nwere still flying. That was such a wonderful feeling. Just to be free and make\nsure that we are going to raise our family on this happy ground, not on that\nground there [in Poland] that is soaked with blood.\n\nKENT: Where were you at the time the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended? What was your situation?\n\nELKAN: When the war [ended], I was working in an ammunition factory--so did my\nhusband--in Czestochowa. [It was] a very difficult job. We had to lift heavy\ncrates, just checking all the bullets as they were passing on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"converter.\nMany times, if we let one of those with a defect, we were all taken into a\npolice station, which was their Nazi station. We all got plenty of spankings.\nThat was common. That was just happening too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often. Some people were fainting. A\nlot of them just wanted to die because there was no hope. It was no life. Coming\nover here was a big change. We will always appreciate that [and are] not taking\nit for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granted. That's why you probably see my little flag on the mailbox. This\nis for all those that gave their lives so we will have a free country. They gave\ntheir lives for their country so we will live in freedom. That's the least that\nI can do is just remember them.\n\nKENT: What are your memories of your husband during that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last part of the war\nwhen you met him?\n\nELKAN: We were planning to get into hiding and to get married first. I still had\nmy uncle there because that was in 1942, before all the rest of the hell broke\nloose. He knew Morris. He said, \"If I'm not here, I want you to take good care\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her.\" Morris said, \"Of course I will. I love her. I mean, this is G-d sent.\nWe will go into hiding.\" That never matured. That never happened because the\npeople that were very trusted by his aunt and uncle, who supposedly wanted to go\nall together, but they were told first they will go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they will let us know\nif everything is okay. Then we should come, but just one or two together because\nthat were all . . . you had to bribe people to go from one hay wagon . . . no\ntrains. You couldn't do that. They were supposed to come very early in the\nmorning, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never showed up. Then Morris and my uncle tried to see if . .\n. just to write a few words in Jewish [Yiddish] so the aunt and uncle (they are\nmy husband's aunt and uncle) that they will be able to answer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. Just one word,\nto come or not to come, 'yes' or 'no' in Jewish [Yiddish], 'ja' or 'nein.' We\nnever received that note from them at all. Later on, we found out that they were\nshot. You couldn't trust anybody. You couldn't trust no one. They were just\ntaking advantage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the poor. I don't mean poor financially, because they were\nall people of means, but poor at this time because we didn't have nothing. Like\nmy father used to say, \"They took away my home. They took away my factory. They\ntook everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away--my dignity, my name--and now I'm going to be a number?\" It\nwas very difficult for some people to understand that. Our going to the hiding\nnever materialized. Then we survived the war. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both incarcerated in that\nHasag-Pelcery. He was in one department. I was on the other department, working\nat the conveyor, checking all those bullets and the covers for the bullets. I\nthink you call it 'shell?'\n\nKENT: Yes, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"casings for the shells.\n\nELKAN: Casings, yes. The times were just absolutely unbearable. If they wanted\nsome more people to send to a different place of work, they would call out loud,\n\"We need 10 more dogs.\" That's what they called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--Hund [German], dogs. Or\n[they'd say], \"We need 100 more dogs.\" They were taking people wherever they\ncould. Right now, at this time, they had everybody in a small ghetto, because\nbefore everyone had to go into a big ghetto after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one selection. Then there was\nanother one. They made a second ghetto, which is the small ghetto. Then they had\npeople from different states, from different countries, that it was like\nBabylon. Everyone was talking a different language there, but mostly there were\nPolish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and all of them were Jewish. It's so hard to talk about.\n\nKENT: What time period was this? Were you in 1944?\n\nELKAN: 1944. We had a feeling that we were going to be burned to death. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just\nmind you: no radio and, of course, no television, no newspaper, no calendar. We\ndid not even know the time of day. We knew it's morning. We had to go out and\nstay outside [in] snow or rain or whatever type of weather and be counted. If\nsomebody was missing, they shot every third or every ten[th person], whatever\nthey had in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their mind. We have seen that something is coming. Around that time,\nI was also working on many different jobs. I was working in a yard. I was\nworking . . . railroads, that was for the men. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working as a maid. I was\nworking as a translator. At one time, I was asked to be like a little nanny to a\nsix-year-old girl, Earnestine. We called her 'Mushi.' She started to talk to me\nlike, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Miss so-and-so.\" Later on, she just called me by my first name. We never\nhad any first name. It was, \"Hey, you!\"\n\nKENT: What was your name at the time?\n\nELKAN: My name was Marysia. When we came here, we shortened that. Marysia, it's\na long word. People don't have the time. So it was Mary. It is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary. I remember\nthat little girl when I walked in that morning. She stood looking at me, mad,\nfurious, with her hands on her hips, \"Because of you we have to leave now in a\nhurry. Because of you.\" What did I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do? \"Well you are sabotaging. You're making\nus lose the war.\" That was absolutely music to my ears. Thank G-d, otherwise we\nwould not know anything like this. Also for that family I was doing a lot of\nknitting. [At] that time, they [the Germans] were having plenty of stores that\nthey were robbing. They had beautiful woolen, and silks, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cottons, but they\ndid not know how to read the instructions so they had big boxes of spools of\nyarns of all kinds. If they wanted something, they always ask, \"Anybody knows\nhow to knit? Anybody knows how to crochet?\" [Raises her hand] So I got that job.\nFor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, I was getting an extra piece of bread. Then I was taking home . . . to\nthe barrack. I had to wait for Morris' shift to give him a half of it. Now,\nlater on, people also were stealing a lot of things from different stores. I\nmean, pilferage, that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their middle name. Especially the men, when they were\ngetting grey, they wanted their hair to be black or blond because if they would\nbe grey, they would probably shoot them or send them somewhere up the first\nfront. I don't know what they had in mind. They always asked, \"Somebody here\nknows how to read that and has the instruction how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do the color of hair?\" I\nmean, how to dye the hair or do the colors or bleach the hair. A lot of the\npeople figured, they know Polish, so they would read the instruction and they\nwill do what they are supposed to. A lot of the people--Morris was among\nthem--[said], \"Oh yes. Sure, I can do it.\" So he was doing the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hair, the colors,\nthe bleaching. The men wanted to have dark mustaches so they were dyeing that.\nFor that too, there was another piece of bread, another slice of bread--usually\nthe dark bread, which looked like clay. [It was] very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heavy, but it was great,\ntastes good. If you're hungry, anything tastes good. Since that little Mushi was\ntelling me she was mad at me for doing all that sabotaging and they are losing\nthe war, I knew that something is coming. I told Morris. He said, \"No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have\nto go there.\" He also has two brothers right there. They said, \"Well, our master\n(that's what they called the foreman) said he needs 100 more dogs. He pointed\nout to us we should be right there in that line because here we would probably\nget burned to death. They will take us to Germany with them.\" They took them to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. They took them to Mauthausen. They took them to Buchenwald. All the\nworst camps that they existed at the time. They came [back] like two skeletons,\nbarely alive, liberated. But they were liberated in April [1945]. We were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated January 16, 1945. It was just raining, firing bullets. We were hiding.\nWe didn't know what to do. We were afraid to be in the camp. There were still\nsome of those Volksdeutsche or Wehrmacht in those dark ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uniforms staying and\nwatching the entrance with the electrical wires.\n\nKENT: Which camp was this?\n\nELKAN: Czestochowa. That was the ammunition factory. It's called Hazag-Pelcery.\nThey converted the existing factory into an ammunition factory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of the\npeople went right up there to the Germans still watching. Stupid, they did not\nknow what's going on. There were planes already going very low. We couldn't\nidentify [them]. We didn't know. We thought that they were Germans. We were\nhiding like little rats wherever we could. Then we told them, \"We have to go,\nall of us. Let us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out because our master will be mad at you, not at us. He's\nwaiting there for us.\" This is how we escaped. Morris was right there with me.\nWe were both running, falling, running, going from one little entrance to the\nother because homes have big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gates. It's not a gated community like here. We\nwere going from one to another to hide. Finally, I said, \"Let's go to Pany\nButchkovah].\" I say Mrs. Butchkovah, which was an old trusted worker who was\nworking in the factory we [my family] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had [that made] . . . bentwood chairs and\nrocking chairs. She was one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oldest workers. We were in there. A lot of\npeople were going right with us. They say, \"Marysia, you are from here. Can we\ngo? Lead us.\" I said, \"Sure, just run.\" We came to that Mrs. Butchkovah. I\nremember we came in the middle of the night. I didn't see any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daylight there yet\nthen. When she opened up the door, she made a [sign of the] cross and said, \"My\nG-d, you are alive. Where is mama and daddy? Where is the rest of the family?\" I\nsaid, \"No, they are not here.\" She put a few potatoes to cook with lots of water\nand we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a delicious potato soup, which was for all of us there. We rested\nand, in the morning when daylight broke, we heard the Russian language. The\nRussians liberated Czestochowa. We remained ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I said, \"I cannot go\nanywhere. I have to wait for my parents. They will worry about me. My brother\nwill be worried. I have to be here.\" We remained there for a while. Very shortly\nafter the liberation, they had a pogrom not far from Czestochowa and people were\njust escaping. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two cousins that I knew they went to Bamberg in Germany\njust because it was the American zone. We would have a better chance either\ngoing to Palestine (because it still was not declared [Israel] yet), or going to\nAmerica. We were afraid for the English, believe it or not, because in our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travels through Germany, we went to Hannover [Germany] also looking for some\npeople, family, that they were there in the concentration camp. We were arrested\nby the English there because there was always a big group of us. They said, \"Why\nare you arresting us? We are leaving here. We're going to Palestine.\" That was\nthe wrong thing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say because that was their protectorate.\n\nKENT: How did you find out about the rest of your family?\n\nELKAN: Later on, people were telling me that they had seen them in Treblinka,\nwhich was a gas chamber. That was where the rest of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family went. They all\nperished there. When my cousins gave us some information that they are in\nBamberg, [they told us] we should come here rain or shine because at least they\ncan breathe there, even though they are still on German soil but it is under the\nAmerican occupation. They had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNRRA, which helped them with bread, and flour,\nand sugar. They could get a little apartment or even a room. It was not as\ndifficult because I many times think that even the Poles still are very antisemitic.\n\nKENT: That pogrom you mentioned, what did you know about that?\n\nELKAN: People were running away. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just killed [them]. They did not discriminate.\n\nKENT: It was Poles doing it?\n\nELKAN: It was Poles and Germans. They were always helpful there. People were\nrunning back to Germany, onto the American, not the English side. We did that,\ntoo. We stayed there with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. We were able to get a little room with a family.\n[They were] a German family, which were old people, so I am sure they were not .\n. . They also suffered during the Nazis otherwise they would not have Jews in\ntheir apartments, in their homes. That's how we survived. [We] had to wait ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on\nour quota because Morris found his sister here. My mind was set on going to\nIsrael. I wanted to be among our people. He wanted to come here [to Atlanta]\nbecause his sister lived here then. She is deceased now. He always promised me,\nhe says, \"Let's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go first and visit my sister because I don't even remember the\nlooks of her because she left very young.\" Their first mother passed away and\nMorris was probably four or five years old. He wanted to come here because he\nwas so happy he found his sister. Or rather, she found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us because there were big\nlists in all the Jewish committees of people who survived.\n\nKENT: What was his sister's name?\n\nELKAN: Goldie Kris.\n\nKENT: Where was she in America?\n\nELKAN: She was in New York. Then she came to Chattanooga [Tennessee] during the\ntime. Then she settled here in Atlanta. We came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here and Morris always says, \"If\nwe do not like it, we can always go to Palestine.\" We came and I am not sorry\nbecause our life was much easier and we really built ourselves up, put our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roots, so to say.\n\nKENT: Could you explain more about Morris' experience during the war? The parts\nthat were separate from yours.\n\nELKAN: He was on different shifts [at the factory]. When I was working during\nthe day, he had to work there during the night. We were just hardly seeing each other.\n\nKENT: Had you known each other even before the war?\n\nELKAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, during the war.\n\nKENT: You met in the factory?\n\nELKAN: Yes, he was introduced to me by a friend. Also, my uncle knew him. He\nsort of checked around, you know. I liked him very much. He was a good friend.\n\nKENT: What was he like as a young man?\n\nELKAN: He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was handsome. I have pictures of him. He was handsome, [with a] good\nsense of humor. Where I was the worrier, he was always cheering me up, always at\nmy side. We worked very hard together. I came here with the intention ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\ncontinuing, or rather starting, my dream to be a pharmacist but unfortunately,\nHitler changed all those plans. When I came here, when we first came here, we\nmet a lot of people and they said, \"You can still do it. You can take a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test. I\ntake you to Emory.\" At that time, they got me a job with a Dr. Hoffman. They\ndon't exist anymore. It was at Ponce De Leon [Avenue] and Boulevard, the corner\nthere. The reason I knew about the pharmacy is because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went myself to find out\nif I can start as an apprentice. That was not far from where we lived because we\nlived farther down on Boulevard. I used to take walks all the way to the kosher\nbutcher on Gilmer [Street]. I started to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there in that pharmacy. Little did\nI realize that nowadays you don't mix [the drugs]. You don't need [to because]\neverything is packed, manufactured. All you have to do is count [the pills out]\nor make soda. One ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, a lady came in and she asked me, \"Do you know anybody\nwho would like to buy a beauty shop? I am right here two doors from the drug\nstore.\" She said, \"Well, if you know anybody, tell them. I'm right here.\" Then\nthere is another movie house close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by, all on Ponce de Leon. I said, \"Well, I'll\nlet you know.\" Morris at the time was working at a place on Decatur Street that\nwas owned by Strauss family. They had clothing, and shoes, things like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this . .\n. even maybe sort of sundries. He was selling the shoes there. He didn't much\nlike that job. So he changed. I don't know if you remember Arthur Sanders. He\njust passed away not long ago. He had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paint manufacturing plant. He [Mr.\nSanders] offered him [Morris] a job with some other people that he knew. He\n[Morris] liked that. One day, I came in and I said, \"I met that lady at the\npharmacy. Do you know anybody who would like to buy a beauty shop?\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"I\ndon't know. I'll check around.\" Around that time also, he told somebody of\nGoldie's friends that . . . because people ask, \"What did you do in the camp?\nDid you save yourself?\" He says, \"Yes, sometimes I did all kinds of odd ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things\njust to get that special slice of bread. I also did some . . . hair colors.\"\nThey said, \"Well, you know what? You might get a job at Mr. Adolph's,\" which was\nin the doctor's building on Peachtree Street and Pine [Street], I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think. The\nlady came, picked him up, took him there, and he remained there for several\nmonths . . . on the job as a learner, apprentice. Then he had to go and take a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course . . . a license. One of the ladies went with him and helped him get the\nlicense. Once he had the license, he says, \"Well, is the store still available?\nWhen you go to Dr. Hoffman, find out.\" I said, \"Well, if she comes for that . .\n. I cannot go away . . . if she comes to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store, then I'll ask her,\" and I\ndid. She had the hardest time selling that store. She said, \"You didn't tell\nanybody, yet.\" I said, \"I told my husband if he could take it here maybe in\nanother month,\" because he wanted to see if he would be able to get the license\non time. Then if the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, there were . . . another young woman . . . working\nthere and he would like her to remain there. That was arranged. That is how he\ngot into business. When he was still at Mr. Adolph's--Adolph [unintelligible:\n46:26, sounds like Maison or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mason]--he had a lot of people who come in just\nbecause he is a European and he was always dressing differently in a bow tie for\na long time. They had a whole write up in the paper and I have that. He was very\nhappy with that because he wanted to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for himself. We bought the tiny little\nstore. That other lady remained there. One lady took me to Emory and I flunked\nnot once, but twice, so I gave it up. He needed me it the store anyway. I was\nthe receptionist, all kinds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jobs wherever and still taking care of my little\nJeanie. Every time, I remember, whoever we met and people [said], \"So nice to\nsee you. Where do you live?\" I gave them the address. [They'd say,] \"We come to\nsee you.\" I ran home, tidied up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the house, I put a bowl of fruit or whatever on\nthe table. I took it for granted [when people said,] \"I see you soon.\" How soon\nis it? It is not soon, a month. It is soon right away. This is what I used to\ndo. Sometimes to take the dress that little Jeanie was wearing to iron it a\nlittle bit in a hurry. Nobody came. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I learned in that time too because we had\nsome clientele that was mixed and they said . . . Jeanie had gorgeous red hair,\ncurly red hair, lighter than what she had now. She was always whatever she had\nto do, to say 'thank you' or 'please.' She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always curtseying. That's another\nEuropean custom.\n\nKENT: Could you talk a little bit more about those four years in Europe before\nyou and Morris came over? From liberation until July 1949, what was happening in\nthose four years?\n\nELKAN: We lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Bamberg. We had some family there, as I said. That was not .\n. . First of all, we lived with the hope to leave, not to remain there. Either\nway, either to Palestine or America, we wanted to leave. He was doing all kinds\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"artwork and usually people in that age and at this time were on the black\nmarket--not any drugs, G-d forbid. Somebody says, \"Do you know anybody who\ncarries this kind of shirt? Do you know anybody who has watches for men, or for\nchildren, or toys, or whatever?\" People were looking around. [One would ask,]\n\"Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know anybody?\" [Another would answer,] \"No, but I have somebody who\ncould sell you a coat or whatever there.\" Like bargaining, bartering. There was\nnot money involved.\n\nKENT: What was it like to be in Germany as a survivor during those early years?\n\nELKAN: We always looked in the back [behind us] what's going on. That\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frightening feeling still existed. We were happy to have the Americans there\nbecause they were the ones who were our protectors at that time. The Germans,\nthe Nazis [said], \"Oh, we never did anything wrong. We were suffering, too.\"\nYeah, sure. They were just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lying. Only ones that we knew was a Nazi, they were\non the front [because] they were walking with a cane, or on crutches, or with\none foot. No, they were not to be trusted. This is the life that we led. We had\nseen each other, reading, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to whatever concerts the Americans were\noffering. Still living with hopes that this is just temporary there. You are\naccepting everything because you knew that this is not the end of it.\n\nKENT: Did the two of you go back to your hometown to see if you had family left?\n\nELKAN: Yes, because we were liberated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and were waiting to see if any of\nthe family will come. Then I went to my apartment where we used to live and\nthere were some strange people there. I didn't see nothing because whatever we\nhad they [had] already long [ago] transferred to Germany I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure. I'm certain.\nThe people didn't know us at all. They were all Polish. Another one came in from\nthe neighborhood when she heard there were some Jews there, some Jews came in\nhere. They came in and they looked and said, \"You mean to tell me that they left\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive? We were told that they killed all the Jews. How did you survive? Did\nyou bribe them?\"\n\nKENT: How did you respond to that then?\n\nELKAN: I don't know. Just like the people that ask me here. I told you, that was\nmy salvation to write because I don't think that anybody was interested to hear.\nAt times I felt guilty, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How did I survive?\" Maybe to be as a witness, to talk\nabout those terrible atrocities. Maybe that is why.\n\nKENT: Talk to us about the early days. Was it New York first, before you came south?\n\nELKAN: No, we just docked in New York. Then we had a ticket on the train, not a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night train. We were just sitting, holding our baby.\n\nKENT: To Tennessee, is that where you went?\n\nELKAN: No, we came to here straight to Atlanta . . . 'Hotlanta.'\n\nKENT: You mentioned Chattanooga . . .\n\nELKAN: No, because his sister was here then. It was just wonderful.\n\nKENT: What were some of those earliest memories of America?\n\nELKAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, which would sound a little bit funny, on the boat, we were not\nused to all that food. First of all, we came on an old military ship, General\nHowze. I think it's . . . H-o-z-e. I'm sure that ship is scrapped already a long\ntime ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago. The men used to paint and scrub and do all kinds of work on that ship.\nNow Jeanie, as little as she was, she was so ill. There was not much we could\ndo. Morris got a job in the kitchen so he could get maybe an orange, or\nsomething, or an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apple. He could get plenty of cakes there, but who could eat?\nThen I remember the first time when we stayed in line on the ship coming here\nalready. I mean, we were almost in the [United] States. We were fed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone\nwas getting a slice of bread--we had to stay in line. It was not a luxurious\nship--and some of the Eggbeaters or whatever, powdered eggs . . . one of those\nindustrial strength, a lot of it together. Morris was standing in the line and\nhe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"Let me try that. It's a challah.\" I said, \"No, I don't know. What is\nit? How do you say 'bread?'\" I was working with my dictionary always. I had\nGerman-English and English-Polish. I said, \"Just tell them you want bread. Just\ntell them, 'Bread, please.'\" He got two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more pieces of the same. He says, \"I\ndon't want this. I want bread.\" They couldn't understand, so they gave him more\nbread. He comes in and he says, \"Those idiots didn't understand. I wanted bread\nand they gave me cake.\" I said, \"Morris, this is not cake.\" [He asked,] \"What is\nit? Cotton?\" That was . . . Everything was taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really very happily. It was a\nwonderful experience.\n\nKENT: I wonder, how did you make the change from the war period where people\nwere evil, people were mean, to where people were nice to you and giving you\nfood? It changed. How did you make that distinction?\n\nELKAN: I had a difficult time with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that because, and don't think that I am\nparanoid, but at times you lose confidence. You lose trust in people. You have\nto think twice if somebody asks you something. [You say,] \"Let me have a chance\nto think.\" You're not making any decisions right there because you don't know\nwhat their plans are. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know if they are trying to cheat you or taking\nadvantage. You know somebody would promise you G-d knows what. Trusting was not\none of the best things then.\n\nKENT: What are your memories of getting more into American culture?\n\nELKAN: It took a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while, but it came along. I went to school, night\nschool. Unfortunately, Morris couldn't because one of us had to be at home with\nthe baby. But I did study. I had all kinds of books and was also buying the\nmagazines just to look at the pictures and getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself familiar with that. I\nwas trying my best. Sometimes I was very timid because if you don't have\nvocabulary you cannot express yourself the way that you wanted people to\nunderstand you. People sort of think, \"What an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idiot.\" I was trying very hard.\n\nKENT: What kind of differences did you notice between American people or\nAmerican culture and what you had been used to in Europe?\n\nELKAN: American people were the finest, the warmest, but also very gullible.\n\nKENT: In what way?\n\nELKAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trusting. Let's say in the news, for instance, somebody has a disaster, a\ntornado hit, or whatever. I'm not talking just in the States, but anywhere in\nthe world. Who is the first there to aid help? Who? Americans. What do they get\nin return? Americans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are good people but very trusting that is why I say\ngullible. I don't have any qualms. I live with everybody in peace.\n\nKENT: What was the Jewish community like in Atlanta in those early days?\n\nELKAN: I think there were about 53,000 families. It was a very prosperous\nindustrial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city.\n\nKENT: What kind of involvement did you and your husband have? How much were you\ninto the Jewish world here?\n\nELKAN: You mean here in Atlanta?\n\nKENT: Yes.\n\nELKAN: First on our agenda was to start going somewhere for the holidays, which\n. . . that was his idea. Mine, I was more of just not believing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went first\nto the Temple because we had some friends who belonged to the Temple. To me,\nthat was just too much. I needed more of it [Orthodox tradition] because the\nTemple was very Reformed. Then we went to another synagogue, which was at that\ntime just building, taken over on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boulevard from a Baptist church, a small\nlittle church. They converted that into a shul [Yiddish: synagogue]. An old\nrabbi, Emmanuel Feldman, was the one that started that shul. Because it was so\nnear to where we lived, we took the little baby and carried her for a while, and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walked for a while, and went to that synagogue. Now to us, that was very\nOrthodox. Both of us are not brought up like that. Then we joined finally AA\n[Ahavath Achim] with Rabbi [Harry] Epstein and remain with that shul still. As\nmuch . . . I liked Rabbi Epstein very much, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blessed memory. He just passed\naway at [the] age of 100. I like his sermons. I remember the first conversation\nI had with him and Mrs. [Rebecca] Epstein, who was really the epitome of a\nRebbetzin [Yiddish: wife of a rabbi]. [She was] not just a rabbi's wife, but a\nRebbetzin. She spoke six or seven languages. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember I asked her one time, \"I\njust feel so bitter for what the Nazis did and nobody came into our rescue.\nNobody. Where was G-d?\" I said, \"Mrs. Epstein, where was G-d?\" She said, \"We\nmust not question. It's God's will.\" I just did not approve of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. To me, it\nwas like a hard nut to swallow.\n\nKENT: How did the Jewish world here address the Holocaust as an issue?\n\nELKAN: We were called \"Greenhorns,\" which I don't care. People didn't want to .\n. . They wanted us to forget about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just like I read you the little piece\nthat I wrote. They would ask, \"So, how did you survive?\" [I would answer,] \"I\ndon't know. Destiny? Miracle? I don't know.\" Indeed, why did I survive? My\nbrother didn't. My parents didn't. Six million other Jews didn't. I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know.\nThat's what I said, \"Maybe I survived to tell the story. I'm a witness.\" If we\nwill forget, the story will repeat itself. We must be alert, vigilant, and\nremember what happened to our loved ones.\n\nKENT: How would you say Morris was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affected by the war afterwards? How did it\naffect his outlook, his personality, his values?\n\nELKAN: He was always very happy-go-lucky. We are here now and he would quite me.\nMany times during the night I would get up screaming because I felt like I was\nrunning, and I had the door knob right in my hand, and it's further, and it's\nfurther, I cannot open it up, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here I was chased, so I would get up sweating\nand screaming. He would wake me up, \"Shhh, you are free. Don't worry. We are\nhere. We are in America. I'm protecting you. Nobody will do us any harm.\" He was\npretty optimistic.\n\nKENT: Were you and your husband aware of raising your children in any particular\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way or with any particular attitude given this background?\n\nELKAN: Do you know that we tried our best to mask all that? I remember in\nschool, the children had some programs or whatever and mine would come back and\nthey would say, \"Susan's parents were there. Both of their grandparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nthere. Where are our grandparents? Don't we have any cousins? Where are they?\nAre they going to come?\" I [would] say, \"No, they cannot come.\" [They would\nask,] \"Well, can we send them a ticket? Can we buy them a ticket so they can\ncome?\" I said, \"Well, we don't have the money to send them a ticket.\" [They\nwould say,] \"But, you can charge it.\" Which was so funny because they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn very\nearly, if you don't have the money, you just go and charge it. We did not\ndiscuss with them anything because it was very difficult. I was really choking.\nI can't. To this day, I was asked so many times to come and speak. I can't\nbecause I am breaking down. I just can't. I'm really choking with tears.\n\nKENT: When you read that piece earlier, before we started filming, how did it\ncome about that you wrote that?\n\nELKAN: For the simple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason, very simple, it was my salvation because nobody\nwanted to listen. They would tell me, \"Ah, forget it. Just don't talk about\nthat. We know it's very painful to you. Just don't talk. Forget it.\" How can you\nforget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that? I mean, if we will forget and nobody would know about that, where\nwill we be? [With] the children, we promised ourselves not ever to talk about\nthose atrocities. They were too young to understand. Even older people cannot\ncomprehend that either. We kept that sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a secret. We were both choking and\nwe could not explain to them what happened that they are just by themselves, no\ncousins. Everyone has family. Where was ours? We promised ourselves that we will\ntalk about that when they would be a little bit older. We were always avoiding\nthat subject. But now, from generation to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation, the grandchildren now ask\nthe questions. They are learning in school. Finally, there is a mention of that\nbecause it used to be not very fashionable to talk about this. If they want to\nknow, I am doing that for them. So they will know the truth.\n\nKENT: Has your evaluation of that war experience changed in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last 55 years?\n\nELKAN: What do you mean by experience?\n\nKENT: In terms of . . . is your understanding about it any different? Have you\nfound any answers?\n\nELKAN: No. There is nothing to understand. They are savages. They are murders.\nThey are brutal. They are just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"full with atrocities. What's there to understand?\nThat's humans and supposedly so intelligent? They are animals.\n\nKENT: Any questions as to why you? Why the Jews?\n\nELKAN: I don't know. Sometimes I'm thinking maybe they were jealous. They knew\nthat they can go to the Jews and take whatever they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had. Somebody asked me not\nlong ago, \"Why didn't you fight? Don't you have no guns?\" I said, \"No. I don't\nknow any Jew that would . . . not even look at a gun, much less own one. No.\nThat was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our upbringing. That was not in our Jewish tradition. A gun? How\ncould we fight?\" [People ask,] \"Well, why didn't you?\" [I say,] \"With what?\"\nMany times I ask, \"Where were you? You should go and protest and say, \"Those are\npeople with no means to fight back. They are going to the ovens like little\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sheep.\" The world stood still.\n\nKENT: To what extent do you suppose the world has learned from all of that? How\ndeep do you suppose the remorse is and the learning, especially in Europe?\n\nELKAN: I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that earth is saturated there with that blood and it's saturated\nwith that antisemitism. I must really tell you that the last news that I am\ngetting from the Wiesenthal Museum there, it's just as bad as it used to be. It\nis growing like a cancer. Unless you cut it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, there will still be somebody\nthere, something there to spread around. Why? I don't know.\n\nKENT: In the last 15 or 20 years, since Schindler's List and a lot of these\nother movies and books, it is obviously a big topic. The Holocaust museums . . .\n\nELKAN: Yes.\n\nKENT: Does that have any effect on you, that the world sees you differently now?\n\nELKAN: I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people are learning, people are seeing now about things that\nthey could never understand. They could never comprehend, but here when they\ncome and see those tiny little shoes, children's shoes, big heaps of glasses\ntaken away from people . . . I mean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why? Why? Just because you're born a Jew?\nWhy? What gives them that power to do that? Because they knew with the Jews they\ncan get away [with it]. The Jews don't have any weapons. The Jews . . . whatever\nthey have, they will just give away for peace.\n\nKENT: As younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people listen to interviews like this and study, what message\nwould you want to convey? What do you want people to learn from testimony like this?\n\nELKAN: I would love for people to know that the world is beautiful. The world is\njust beautiful and there is room for everybody, but there is no room for hatred.\nPeople have to learn to be people, to be humans, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do something worthwhile\ninstead [of] just trying to see who they can hurt next.\n\nKENT: Likewise, is there anything that you think Jewish people or the Jewish\nworld should learn from all that?\n\nELKAN: I think the Jewish world knows about that now. I think that whatever is\ndone, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's justifiable because people have to know. They cannot forget. How can\nyou forget that? If we will forget, who will remember?\n\nEINSTEIN: You said that when you came to Atlanta you really weren't that\ninterested in going to synagogue, or to pray, or have a relationship with the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious part of Judaism. Can you talk a little bit more about that and maybe a\nlittle about how you found your place in the community?\n\nELKAN: About religion: If you go through times like we did during the war, it is\nvery easy because you hope and who is there? We trust in G-d. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The trust was gone\nuntil we joined the Ahavath Achim synagogue with Rabbi Epstein because we wanted\nour child to grow up knowing that she's Jewish. Many times I was rebelling. I'd\nsay, \"Why should I go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there? Nobody is there to listen. They didn't listen to us\nbefore. Who is going to listen now?\" But, once you're there, once I listened to\nthe sermons and opened the book . . . even if I do not understand Hebrew, you\nhave the English translations. Sometimes it made me feel like a child\ncomfortable on a mother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoulder. If a mother holds you tight, this is how it\nfelt to me. That was that way of return, I think. I'm observing as much as I\ncan. The children were both confirmed there. My grandchildren went through bar\nmitzvah and bat mitzvah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandson and the family we took to Israel for his .\n. . after the bar mitzvah, just to have one extra one at the [Western] Wall, at\nthe Kotel. We also went there to the family that we have. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover. As\nthe Jews said, \"Next year in Jerusalem halavai [Hebrew: if only; would that it\nwere so].\" We were in Jerusalem three years ago . . . four now because this is\n2003 . . . four years ago. Margie was bat mitzvahed here.\n\nEINSTEIN: Even though you and your husband were both singled out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be sent to a\nconcentration camp because you were Jews, you still had enough faith in what\nhumanity was capable of to want your children and grandchildren to be Jews?\n\nELKAN: It's our tradition. Let's don't give up that because that would lead us\nnowhere. Also, you can be a big pretender [but] they will somehow know with\ntheir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitic powers that you are a Jew.\n\nKENT: In that experience of being called 'dogs' and being treated like just\ngarbage, how did that affect how you felt about yourself?\n\nELKAN: Lost dignity. Lost everything you had. You're losing your self-esteem.\nHow dare they call people like that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'dogs?'\n\nKENT: How did that start to come back after the war ended?\n\nELKAN: We couldn't wait to leave because, not only we didn't trust the Germans,\nwe didn't trust the Poles either.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did it feel to have your younger daughter here in America?\n\nELKAN: It felt wonderful. She's a real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southerner. My both grandchildren are\nAmericans. My grandson just graduated high school with honors so that pleases\nme. My granddaughter will be graduating [from the] Epstein [School] this coming\nTuesday on the third of June from middle school. Marshall is leaving for college\nand Madelyn is entering high school, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walton [High School]. That makes me proud.\nThese are the ones that give me that zest to life.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was your community like? Your friends in the early days: were they\nalso survivors or did you start to make friends with Americans? What was your\nsocial circle?\n\nELKAN: Mostly survivors because we just sort of stuck to each other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mostly\nsurvivors at the beginning. We used to meet at the park.\n\nEINSTEIN: You talked with each other about your experiences? You had somewhere to\nlet out . . .\n\nKENT: How did the survivors go over the experience?\n\nELKAN: We did talk. We couldn't talk to no one . . . so we did talk. [We would\nask each other,] \"Where did you survive? How did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive? Did you remember\nmaybe so-and-so? Do you remember . . . \" I'll tell you, at the beginning,\nwherever I was walking--in Poland, I am talking about--right at the beginning of\nour freedom, I would look around and see [someone and think,] \"Oh, this one\nlooks familiar.\" I would go so close [and ask], \"What's your name?\" Or [I would\nsay to] a woman, \"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know you.\" It was a strange feeling because you felt, \"Ah!\"\nYou would grab somebody you know, but a lot of people looked like [someone you\nused to know]. They'd have a similar walk or . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Your family was not Orthodox, right?\n\nELKAN: No, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you feel more Jewish or more Polish when you were growing up?\n\nELKAN: No, we felt Jewish. We had a nice warm . . . I wouldn't say a religious,\nwell, yes religious Jewish home. Sure. Friday were Fridays and holidays, of course.\n\nKENT: If you will, describe what the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationships were like with the non-Jewish\npeople around you before the Germans came in.\n\nELKAN: They were good workers. They were good employees.\n\nKENT: Did you have much interaction with neighbors or with other kids your age?\n\nELKAN: Yes. Not in school because I was always going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a private school that\nwas a Jewish school, like Epstein here. Neighbors, people that used to live\naround. Sure, I had plenty of gentile [non-Jewish] girls and boys that we were\nskating during the winter times. There was no other thing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. There were no\nvideo games, no television. What would you do? We were skating.\n\nKENT: What was the general cultural attitude about Jews and gentiles? What was\nthe atmosphere that you grew up in?\n\nELKAN: I think they were always . . . I remember we had very good friends, but\nwhen the war started, they were sort of distancing themselves from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. Sometimes\nnot just because they wanted to, but because they were afraid what the others\nwill say about them.\n\nKENT: When you came to the [American] South, had you been familiar with black\npeople much?\n\nELKAN: Very little. I'll tell you, my first time . . . with my dictionary under\nmy arm, we used to walk because somebody would tell us, \"Come see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.\" So we\nfound out where they lived and we went to see them. We didn't know the streets\nvery well so I would say [to people we passed], \"Excuse me, we are looking for,\"\nlet's say, \"Durant Place.\" I remember that one. [They would say,] \"Oh, you walk\nstraight and it's right down yonder.\" It was not in my dictionary. Where is\n'down yonder?' There are a lot of those things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were not so familiar, but\nfunny because then we would come to those people. We would say, \"We were looking\nfor 'down yonder' and I think you told us the street is a different\nname--Durant.\" She says, \"Well, 'Down yonder' . . . there is no such thing. The\nSoutherners are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking . . . down somewhere.\"\n\nKENT: Were you aware any particular attitude toward Jewish people in the South\nor foreigners? What was the cultural atmosphere for that?\n\nELKAN: [Nods head to indicate \"yes.\"] My biggest surprise: We looked for an\napartment because we wanted somewhere closer to Emory. There were a lot of homes\nthat they had a room to rent or apartments, where they had one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sign, \"Vacancy.\"\nOn the ground, they had another little sign, \"No children. No dogs\". We also\nhave seen a sign, \"No Jews welcome.\" That was something of a wake-up call. You\nhave people of all kinds. You had others who were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friendly. We had a very\nnice Greek friend. We still do. They were very friendly toward us. And some\nother people.\n\nKENT: What are you proud of about yourself and your accomplishments as you look back?\n\nELKAN: I am proud that the generation is growing from one to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. I am\nproud to be a grandma. That's a big achievement. I'm proud that my older\ndaughter is named after my mother and my younger daughter is named after Morris'\nmother. My grandson is named after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father and my brother--his middle name. My\ngranddaughter is named after my father, my aunt, a combination of a lot of\nnames. Generations are going, as they say, from dor v'dor [Hebrew: generation to\ngeneration], from generation to generation. It makes me proud that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persevered\nwith mostly hope and I lived to see that.\n\nKENT: To get into current things a little bit, when you look at the Middle East,\ndo you have any particular thoughts or reactions to that?\n\nELKAN: I wish there would be peace because peace would be good for both of the\nsides. The Arabs could come and do their work. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israelis could employ them\nand vice versa. As we say, one hand washes the other. You cannot win peace\npiece-by-piece just to give everything back. Right now, the situation looks to\nme [like] the Arabs don't want any peace. They don't want any Jews there, which\nis just absolutely unbelievable and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unacceptable. I just cannot understand one\nthing. When we were . . . I say 'homeless' . . . we were staatenlos [German:\nstateless], which is we did not have any state. We didn't want to be in Poland.\nWe didn't want to raise family there. We didn't want to settle there. We didn't\nwant to put our roots back there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel or Palestine was the only one who was\nwelcoming every single Jew that wanted to come. Now all those Palestinians are\nnot from there. They came from many other Arab states. Why don't the Arabs\nabsorb them? It's my silly question. Maybe . . . because they don't want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them.\n\nKENT: Is there anything else you would like to mention about your own story that\nwe didn't ask yet? Anything we left out?\n\nELKAN: Like what?\n\nKENT: Anything else you would like to add.\n\nELKAN: I'm just sad that Morris didn't live to see his grandchildren and be here\nto have that joy, the naches [Yiddish: proud enjoyment] to watch them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduate.\nThat's sad.\n\nKENT: How do you feel nowadays? How are you?\n\nELKAN: How I feel? I feel like I am getting older. I feel like a pretty bloom\ncoming to an end. There are many other questions and problems that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to\nsolve, like big companies downsizing. I don't know if I want to stay here or go\nsomewhere. I am just so used to it and I hate changes. Again, getting used to\nnew surroundings. This is home. This brings many good memories.\n\nKENT: That's a decision.\n\nELKAN: I'm just so sorry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Morris isn't here to enjoy that. It's always\ndecisions. Time does not stay still. It just seems to me like it is evaporating really.\n\nKENT: Thank you for telling us your story.\n\nELKAN: You're very welcome.\n\n[interview pauses, then resumes with Mary's two daughters sitting on each side\nof her]\n\nELKAN: I want to introduce you to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next generation. They are children of\nsurvivors. Jeanie was born in Bamberg.\n\nREGINA: Regina.\n\nELKAN: Regina is her full name . . .\n\nREGINA: My grandmother's name.\n\nELKAN: She is named after my mom. Stephanie is a Georgia [unintelligible:\n1:34:10, sounds like \"cracker\"]. She was born here in Atlanta. I have two\nprecious grandchildren. They give me the zest to life, really. But, they are busy.\n\nREGINA: What did we give you? [laughter]\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did it mean to you to start your own family?\n\nELKAN: It meant a lot because I have my mother [points to Regina] and this is\nMorris' mother [points to Stephanie], named after Morris' mother. Then I have\ntwo grandchildren. Marshall is named after Morris.\n\nSTEPHANIE: Marshall's middle name is . . .\n\nELKAN: His middle name is Janick.\n\nSTEPHANIE: For your brother.\n\nELKAN: For my brother. Madelyn is named after my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. She is Meira and Aaron,\nwhich is a combination of many names.\n\nSTEPHANIE: Her Hebrew name is Chana, which was from my father's sister Chana.\n\nELKAN: Right. It's also 'light,' isn't it?\n\nSTEPHANIE: Meira means 'light.'\n\nELKAN: This is all my pride and joy. I wish I would have ten more. I would start\nwith the grandchildren ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first. I'm joking. That's my life. That's my naches.\nThat's the joy and this is all there is.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything that you all would like to say?\n\nSTEPHANIE: Do you want to go first?\n\nREGINA: Just how special I feel my life has been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of my parents'\nexperiences. Also just growing up as a child of immigrants in Atlanta, which was\npretty unique--to be Jewish and to have come through that experience and be part\nof the very small and unique community that was here. It was kind of an extended\nfamily with a lot of emotional layers to it because you knew how much everyone\nhad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone through--not just as a typical immigrant, if there is such a\nthing--probably not as a typical immigrant, but from having been through such\nprofound experiences.\n\nSTEPHANIE: It's hard to add to that because you've said pretty much said what .\n. . you put it all together. Just to reiterate, I think we are a unique ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. I\nthink we are very special. Growing up, we never had the extended family. Coming\nto Atlanta, we never had the history a lot of other people had. I think what's\nvery special now for me, growing up in Atlanta, and for my children to be in\nAtlanta, and even . . . what you see through the generations is you see how the\ncity has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed from mother's experiences, to my experiences, to my children's\nexperiences. That's very unique and very special. We're able to put the three\ngenerations and look at the three and how they are. They're enriching. I think\nfor the kids, it's really special because you can be in a part of Atlanta and\nfrom mother's eyes, to my eyes, to my children's eyes and how you can\ntake--whether it's the Fox Theatre, or we were talking about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Huddle House,\nor you take other locations--how we look at it and how we can share. I think it\nis very important for the kids, for mother to be able to say, \"The location\nwhere you're standing: there is history that goes back.\" I think that is very\nspecial for the kids to see today because, even though they are children and\ntheir eyes are very young and their experience isn't as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extended as ours, from\nwhat they see they do have an appreciation. I think it is really good for them\nto know as well that life wasn't always so easy.\n\nELKAN: They are absorbing it a lot . . . [Stephanie nods in agreement]\n\nREGINA: Thank you for doing this.\n\nSTEPHANIE: We do appreciate you doing this. I think this is really very special.\nI think it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/transcript/19297/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is good for all of us. Again from the different generations, too. I\nknow for kids, for some of us, there is a history that we knew existed, but we\nreally didn't know what it was.\n\nELKAN: Because we were not talking about it.\n\nSTEPHANIE: I think that it's come out. I think it is good for us and great for\nour kids and for other people.\n\nEINSTEIN: Mrs. Elkan, you have nachas from the kinder [German: children]?\n\nELKAN: I surely do. That's the pride and joy. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5940.0,5970.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa] is a city in southern Poland, located approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles)\u003cbr\u003esouthwest of Warsaw, Poland. Czestochowa has been the center of Polish Catholicism and a site of pilgrimage since\u003cbr\u003ethe fourteenth century. The city is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Gora, which is the home of the\u003cbr\u003eBlack Madonna painting, a shrine to the Virgin Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930’s, antisemitism became more intense in Poland. At the universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities. Jewish students often endured harassment. Most were required to sit in segregated areas of the classroom known as “ghetto benches” [Polish: getto ławkowe]. There was physical violence as well. Right-wing students frequently assaulted their Jewish classmates.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStrasburg is a town in northeastern Germany, close to the Baltic Sea and approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) west of the present-day Polish border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces (who had invaded from the east a few weeks after Germany invaded from the west) and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre. The Germans occupied Czestochowa on September 3, 1939, after which 300 to 500 random civilians were killed, including many Jews. A reign of terror was instituted against the Jews including pogroms in September and December 1939 in which the synagogues were destroyed and Jews murdered. German authorities also immediately introduced anti-Jewish persecutions that impoverished and separated Jews from their Polish neighbors. Jews were conscripted for forced-labor and required to identify themselves by wearing a yellow star on their clothes or white armbands with a blue Star of David. Jewish bank accounts were frozen and every Jewish business was assigned a German Treühander [German: trustee].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them. In November 1939, Jews in German-occupied Poland were required to wear an armband or yellow star on their outer clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, “chosenness” is the belief that the Jewish people were chosen to enter into a covenant with G-d. It is based on Chapter 14 of the Book of Deuteronomy [Hebrew: Devarim], which says “ . . . G-d has chosen you to be his treasured people from all the nations that are on the face of the earth.” Most Jews hold the idea of “chosenness” to mean that they have been placed on earth to fulfill a certain purpose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary seems to be referring to someone who escaped from the Czestochowa ghetto. In April 1941, a ghetto was created in Czestochowa and the Jews were forced into it along with about 20,000 refugees from Lodz, Radomsko, Warsaw, Krakow, Plock, and other cities. There were eventually over 48,000 Jews in the ghetto. Many died of starvation and exposure in the harsh winter of 1941—42. The majority of the rest were killed or deported when the ghetto was liquidated in the fall of 1942. Up until then, the ghetto was not enclosed, although the death penalty was applied to those caught outside the ghetto illegally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJagiellonian University was founded in Krakow in 1364. It is the oldest university in Poland and second oldest in Central Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary and Morris married on May 27, 1942. Between September and November 1942, the ghetto was mostly liquidated in a series of Aktions. At least two thousand were killed in the ghetto, while deportations sent between 33,000 and 40,000 to Treblinka.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHASAG (also known as Hugo Schneider AG or by its original name in German: Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft) was a German metal goods manufacturer founded in Leipzig in 1863. During World War II, HASAG became a Nazi arms-manufacturing conglomerate and the third largest user of forced labor in German-occupied Europe. HASAG maintained dozens of armaments factories in Germany and Poland, with at least four factories around Czestochowa (six in total in the Radom district). When the Czestochowa ghetto was liquidated the Jews were moved to the factory sites, which became labor camps. The largest was HASAG-Rakow, which was a former ironworks. HASAG-Pelcery (also spelled Pelzery) was a former textile factory near the railroad station, which had been converted into an ammunition factory. It functioned from June 1943 until January 16, 1945. There was also Metalurgia, a foundry on Krotka Street, and HASAG-Warta and HASAG-Cestochowianka. In general, a policy of “extermination through work” was applied in the labor camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the liquidation of the Czestochowa ghetto in September and October 1942, 5,185 able-bodied prisoners were sent to temporary labor camps outside the city. Then on November 1, 1942, a “small ghetto” was set up for the remaining Jews. It was located in one of the poorest and oldest districts of Czestochowa and surrounded by a barbed wire fence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBabylon is one of the most famous cities of antiquity. It was a significant city in ancient Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in present-day Iraq. It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from 1770 to 1670 BCE and again between 612 and 320 BCE. In 586 BCE the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, burned down the Temple, tore down the city walls, and drove the surviving Israelites to Babylon to be slaves (called the ‘Babylonian Exile’).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 1942, the living quarters for single men and women in the “small ghetto” were segregated, but married couples lived together between the two areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith the Soviet offensive making the situation in Poland more dangerous for HASAG, operations were moved to Germany. In December and January 1945, the factory camps in Czestochowa were evacuated. Some prisoners were transferred to camps in Germany, where most did not survive, and others were sent on death marches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMauthausen was the primary camp in Austria, with a series of about 50 subcamps. It was opened after the Anschluss (when Germany annexed Austria) in March 1938 on the site of the Weiner Graben granite quarry. In addition to using slave labor to exploit the quarry—which was essentially a death sentence—prisoners also worked on construction projects and for the armaments industry. The death rate was the highest among all the camps in the Greater Reich. About 200,000 prisoners passed through Mauthausen and its sub-camps and the death rate was about 50 percent. The Americans liberated it on May 5, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was established in a wooded area near Weimer, Germany in 1937. In addition to “extermination through work,” the prisoners were used as slave laborers and the camp was known for its cruel punishment system and medical experiments. In 1942-1943 the camp assumed the role of a transit camp as it absorbed prisoners from other places and assigned them to work camps and factories in the area. In all, approximately 56,000 of the 238,980 prisoners who went through Buchenwald died. Buchenwald was liberated on April 11, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the end of the war, nearly all of the Jews from Czestochowa were dead. When the Russians liberated the city on January 17, 1945, they found only 5,200 Jews alive. In all, it is estimated that around 50,000 of the at least 58,000 Jews who were in Czestochowa throughout the war were killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolksdeutsche is a term the German government used beginning in the twentieth century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany. The Wehrmacht was the German military from 1935 to 1945. The German military were complicit in Nazi war crimes during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBentwood objects are those made by wetting wood then bending it and letting it harden into curved shapes and patterns. In furniture making, this method is often used in the production of rocking chairs, cafe chairs, and other light furniture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). One of the most well known examples occurred in the southeastern Polish town of on July 4, 1946 when Polish civilians, soldiers, and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe. Kielce is about 114 kilometers (71 miles) east of Czestochowa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBamberg is a historic city in central Germany, located on the Main River, approximately 55 kilometers (34 miles) north of Nuremberg. After Germany's defeat in the Second World War, the four main allies in Europe—the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France—took part in a joint occupation of the Germany. Much of southern Germany fell within the American zone of occupation and included the German states of Hesse, Bavaria, and much of Baden-Wurttemberg. Bamberg was one of the largest cities in the northernmost part of the American zone of Germany, close to the Soviet zone.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHundreds of thousands of people were displaced by World War II. When hostilities ended in Europe, tens of thousands of homeless Holocaust survivors and other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Russia migrated westward to European territories occupied by the Americans. Opportunities for legal immigration were limited, but various Jewish agencies operated in the American zone, offering Jewish displaced persons (DPs) both assistance and opportunities for immigration. Quotas restricted immigration to the United States, but in December 1945, President Harry Truman issued a directive that loosened quota restrictions on immigration to the United States for DPs. Although the British restricted immigration to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine (Israel did not become an independent state until 1948), underground efforts used elaborate smuggling networks to get as many as 250,000 survivors into Palestine from Austria, Germany and Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannover is a large industrial city in northern central Germany, on the River Leine. As an important railroad and production center, there were three large forced-labor camps in Hannover during World War II. All three of the camps were subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, the British maintained their restrictive pre-war policies on Jewish immigration into Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. Treblinka was a pure extermination facility. That is, the Germans intended that any Jews who went into the camp were never to come out again. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated, and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the decades leading up to World War II, the United States had limited the amount of immigrants allowed into the country. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChattanooga is a city in the southeastern part of the American state of Tennessee. It is located along the Tennessee River in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. It is approximately 193 kilometers (120 miles) northwest of Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private university in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1836. Today it has nearly 3,000 faculty members and is ranked 20th among national universities in U.S. News \u0026amp; World Report’s 2014 rankings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe streets Mary is referring to are in what is known as the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood. The Old Fourth Ward is a historic neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, that stretches from Piedmont Avenue and Downtown Atlanta on the west to the Belt Line and the Ponce-Highland and Inman Park neighborhoods on the east. The area is best known as the location of the Martin Luther King, Jr. historic site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary is referring to the family of Oscar Richard Strauss, Sr. Strauss was a Jewish businessman in Atlanta, Georgia who emigrated from Czechoslovakia in the early twentieth century. He married the sister of the founders of Rich's Department Store and the two families have been successfully intertwined ever since. His descendants remain active in the Atlanta Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Sanders emigrated from Austria to the United States in the late 1940’s and founded Sanders Paints.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Hotlanta” is a common nickname for the city of Atlanta, Georgia that was popularized though a marketing campaign by the Atlanta Convention Bureau and various trade and tourist organizations. “Hot” is a reference to both the area’s warm summer temperatures and the city’s nightlife.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUSS General R. L. Howze was launched in May 1943. She carried troops, supplies, and even Japanese prisoners of war in the Pacific during the war. After the war, she became an Army Transport and between 1948 and 1950, carried thousands of displaced persons from Europe to the United States and Australia. After serving during the Korean War and several other changes in ownership, the General R. L. Howze was finally scrapped in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEgg Beaters is an American product made from egg whites and added flavorings. They are marketed as a healthier substitute than eggs with yolks. Egg Beaters were first introduced in 1972.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is a special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary is likely referring to the two High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or ‘Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,’ is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1,500 families (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. In contrast, Reform Judaism is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The first location was a converted house on Boulevard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. He was born to a family of Orthodox rabbis dating back more than seven generations. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools and a kollel. In 1991, his son, Rabbi Ilan Feldman, succeeded him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim was founded in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1920, they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont and Gilmer Street. The final service in that building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. Rabbi Abraham Hirmes was the first rabbi of the then Orthodox congregation. In 1928, Rabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) became the rabbi and the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. Cantor Isaac Goodfriend, a Holocaust survivor, joined the congregation in 1966 and remained until his retirement. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post. He retired in 2002. Rabbi Neil Sandler is now the rabbi. (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReva (Rebecca) Chashesman Epstein (1905-2001) was the well-educated daughter of an Orthodox rabbi. Her family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois from Poland after World War I. In 1929, she married Rabbi Harry Epstein.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘greenhorn’ is an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Simon Wiesenthal Center is an international human rights organization “researching the Holocaust and hate in a historic and contemporary context.” It was established in 1977 and is named after Simon Wiesenthal (1908-2005), an Austrian Holocaust survivor who devoted himself to tracking down escaped Nazis. The Simon Wiesenthal Center is headquartered in Los Angeles, but maintains offices in New York, Toronto, Miami, Chicago, Paris, Buenos Aires, and Jerusalem. The Center’s educational arm manages three museums: The Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, The Museum of Tolerance in New York City, and The Museum of Tolerance in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchindler’s List is the name of a 1993 American film from director Steven Spielberg based on the novel Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally. The film and novel recount how almost 1,200 Jewish laborers were saved during the Holocaust thanks to their inclusion on a list of workers to be transferred to Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia from the Plaszow concentration camp outside Krakow, Poland by factory owner Oskar Schindler in the fall of 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. A bat mitzvah [Hebrew: daughter of commandment] is likewise a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. She is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Western Wall, or Kotel, is located in the Old City of Jerusalem at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount. It is the remnant of the ancient wall that surrounded the Jewish Temple’s courtyard, and is arguably the most sacred site recognized by the Jewish faith outside of the Temple Mount itself. It has been a site for Jewish prayer and pilgrimage for centuries, the earliest mention being in the fourth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is a holiday that lasts for eight days and celebrates the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue, who wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school, founded the school in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton Comprehensive High School, shortened as \"Walton High School,\" is a public high school located in Marietta, Georgia. It is considered one on the top high schools in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30348/file/98328/annotation_set/190/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fox Theatre is located on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta. The theater was originally planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The theater was ultimately developed as a lavish movie palace, opening in 1929. The auditorium replicates an Arabian courtyard under a night sky of flickering stars and drifting clouds. 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I’ll tell you, my first time . . . with my dictionary under my arm, we used to walk because somebody would tell us, “Come see us.” So we found out where they lived and we went to see them. 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