{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2804x56j3n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Milikh, Yakov"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-08-25 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Milikh, Yakov (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Esther and Elliott Cohen Russian Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eYakov Milikh was interviewed in Atlanta, Georgia on August 25, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eYakov Milikh was born on June 5, 1952, in Vinnytsia, Ukraine. His mother, Vera Vaytman Milikh (1922-1991), worked as a cosmetologist, while his father, Mikhail Milikh (1913-1998), was a civil engineer and a member of the Communist Party. Yakov grew up with his older brother, Gennady (1946-2022), in a home where Yiddish was spoken but Jewish traditions were not openly observed. Despite their efforts to blend in, Yakov encountered both state sanctioned and cultural antisemitism. Yakov was affected by both the explicit and the more understated forms of discrimination he experienced from his peers.\u003cbr\u003eYakov left Vinnytsia to study aviation in college in Moscow. There, he found a supportive community of Jewish friends and began to reconnect with his heritage. When he completed his master’s in aeronautical engineering, Yakov returned to Vinnytsia. He found work repairing airplane motors for a while. After marrying, he and his wife settled in Moscow, where they welcomed a son and cherished the city’s rich cultural life.\u003cbr\u003eAround 1979, Yakov and his wife decided to apply for permission to emigrate, joining the wave of Soviet Jews seeking a new beginning. Yakov’s parents and brother also applied, and the entire family found themselves in a long period of uncertainty. For nearly a decade, their applications languished due to changes in emigration policies brought about by ongoing political shifts. During that time, Yakov moved from one job to another, always waiting for permission to leave. In 1988, the long-awaited approval finally arrived. \u003cbr\u003eThe family’s journey took them first to Vienna, Austria and then to Rome, Italy, for a two-month waiting period. With the support of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), Yakov, his wife, and their son finally journeyed to Atlanta, Georgia. Upon arrival in Atlanta, they were welcomed by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, who helped them secure housing, childcare, and employment. They were also reunited with Yakov’s parents and brother, who had arrived shortly before. Adjusting to their new American life was often challenging, but Yakov appreciates the opportunities it gave his son. Today, Yakov is an American citizen. He and his wife continue to make their home in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eYakov recollects incidents of antisemitism in his youth. He describes his education and career goals. Yakov talks about the decision to emigrate and why he chose the United States. He explains the challenges and delays he faced during the process. Yakov recounts leaving Ukraine for Western Europe before finally arriving in the United States. He remembers the help his family received when they first arrived in Atlanta. Yakov discusses the challenges of adjusting to life in a new country. He relays an antisemitic encounter in the US. Yakov compares Russian and American culture. He considers whether immigration was the right choice.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29449"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eYakov Milikh was interviewed in Atlanta, Georgia on August 25, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYakov Milikh was born on June 5, 1952, in Vinnytsia, Ukraine. His mother, Vera Vaytman Milikh (1922-1991), worked as a cosmetologist, while his father, Mikhail Milikh (1913-1998), was a civil engineer and a member of the Communist Party. Yakov grew up with his older brother, Gennady (1946-2022), in a home where Yiddish was spoken but Jewish traditions were not openly observed. Despite their efforts to blend in, Yakov encountered both state sanctioned and cultural antisemitism. Yakov was affected by both the explicit and the more understated forms of discrimination he experienced from his peers.\u003cbr /\u003eYakov left Vinnytsia to study aviation in college in Moscow. There, he found a supportive community of Jewish friends and began to reconnect with his heritage. When he completed his master\u0026rsquo;s in aeronautical engineering, Yakov returned to Vinnytsia. He found work repairing airplane motors for a while. After marrying, he and his wife settled in Moscow, where they welcomed a son and cherished the city\u0026rsquo;s rich cultural life.\u003cbr /\u003eAround 1979, Yakov and his wife decided to apply for permission to emigrate, joining the wave of Soviet Jews seeking a new beginning. Yakov\u0026rsquo;s parents and brother also applied, and the entire family found themselves in a long period of uncertainty. For nearly a decade, their applications languished due to changes in emigration policies brought about by ongoing political shifts. During that time, Yakov moved from one job to another, always waiting for permission to leave. In 1988, the long-awaited approval finally arrived.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThe family\u0026rsquo;s journey took them first to Vienna, Austria and then to Rome, Italy, for a two-month waiting period. With the support of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), Yakov, his wife, and their son finally journeyed to Atlanta, Georgia. Upon arrival in Atlanta, they were welcomed by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, who helped them secure housing, childcare, and employment. They were also reunited with Yakov\u0026rsquo;s parents and brother, who had arrived shortly before. Adjusting to their new American life was often challenging, but Yakov appreciates the opportunities it gave his son. Today, Yakov is an American citizen. He and his wife continue to make their home in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYakov recollects incidents of antisemitism in his youth. He describes his education and career goals. Yakov talks about the decision to emigrate and why he chose the United States. He explains the challenges and delays he faced during the process. Yakov recounts leaving Ukraine for Western Europe before finally arriving in the United States. He remembers the help his family received when they first arrived in Atlanta. Yakov discusses the challenges of adjusting to life in a new country. He relays an antisemitic encounter in the US. Yakov compares Russian and American culture. He considers whether immigration was the right choice.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/306/636/small/Milikh_Yakov.mp4_1774442528.jpg?1774442528","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Milikh_Yakov.mp4"]},"duration":2364.88567,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/306/636/small/Milikh_Yakov.mp4_1774442528.jpg?1774442528","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/306/636/original/Milikh_Yakov.mp4?1774442527","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2364.88567,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Milikh, Yakov [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Date of birth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Yakov Milikh and I've been …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1.0,10.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Date of birth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=10.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Yakov Milikh and I was born in 1952, June 5th.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=11.0,18.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=18.0,20.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in a Ukraine little town. The name is Vinnytsia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=20.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How far is that from the capital [Kyiv, Ukraine]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=24.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It's about 250 kilometers or about that. Which direction? Which direction?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=26.0,34.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which direction?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=34.0,34.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Which direction? Which direction? It was east. I mean, west-south from Kyiv.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=34.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. So, we are going to start by you describing a little bit about your early life, and your relationship with your parents, and how Judaism is associated with your early life. So, tell us first what your mother and father did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=40.0,53.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My father, he was a civil engineer, and my mother, she was a cosmetologist. And I have actually an older brother, and his name is Gennady.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=53.0,66.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What does he do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=66.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e He is a professor in Maryland University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=67.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What subject?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=70.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e He is in physics and the subject is ionosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=72.0,81.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, coming back to your early life, tell us the role that Judaism played in your household, what languages you spoke, and what languages your parents spoke besides Russian or Ukrainian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=81.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e As a fact, my father and mother, they did use Yiddish. It's a language what they brought … I mean, not they brought, but their parents brought from Germany or Poland when they used to live [there]. When they did not want to understand—us, [me] with my brother—what they are saying between them, they used this language. Unfortunately, I didn't understand anything except a couple of words. But my older brother, Gennady, he did understand and sometimes he even could explain to myself what they were talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=92.0,132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How did your parents learn this language?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=132.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My father … In other words, my grandfather, he was a very religious man. For that reason, he knew Yiddish and he knew Hebrew because he used to read these religion books. As a fact, he was not exactly a rabbi, but he was almost rabbi because in this little city where he used to live, he was most of the religion man, and he was doing service for the people who used to live in this little city. I don't remember the name of this little city. I just know exactly it was somewhere in Ukraine, close to Odesa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=135.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, you and your brother could not understand this language. Did you guys ever go to some sort of services, some temple services in your childhood?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=180.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we could not do this because my father, he was a member of the Communist Party, and it was against the law to do this. In other words, we couldn't go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=190.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Officially against the law?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=202.0,203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Official against the law, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=203.0,205.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e But were there instances where Jews still observed in secret or things of that nature that you have heard of?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=205.0,213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I know some old people, they used to go to some private house where they did have a service, but usually it was only for older people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=213.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Let us come back for a moment. Can you tell us about your early education?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=229.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I finished school in this little city, Vinnytsia, in Ukraine. Then, I go to Moscow [Russia], where I got a master's degree in engineering. I finished aviation college and my field was jet engines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=235.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were in the early stages of your school before the university, in grade school, was there interaction between Jews and non-Jews? Or was it not even noticeable?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=255.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was. Sometimes, we did have a problem. I mean, we little guys, we did have problems with other guys because they didn't like Jews very much. I remember one … I mean, [the] first time I could understand we are different. It was probably third or second grade. We went to the public library, where librarians, they introduced us to the books and it was very nice, everything. We were sitting around a big table, and then they asked us to fill out the application, just a little application, where they have to put down our name, just a normal procedure. And the first time in my life … It was again, second or third grade. I saw 'nationality,' and of course, I knew I was Jewish, and I put down Jewish. The guys who were sitting around [me], they started to smile, and then laughing, and they show to other guys, \"He's Jew! He's Jew!\" It was a shock for me because I didn't expect reaction like that, but it was real life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=266.0,346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there other Jews in your class?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=346.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, as a fact, our class was about 30 little guys, and probably a third of those little guys were [Jewish], about a third.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=347.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Did anything ever escalate into something more besides being mocked and laughed at?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=360.0,366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, sometimes I could get a punch or kick in my little butt, and somebody could say, \"Jew.\" From the beginning, I didn't understand why is so big difference between Jew and some other guys, but they wanted me to understand this, \"Jew! Jew!\" Sometimes, I did not hear this, \"Jew! Jew!\" but in my head it was, \"Jew! Jew!\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=366.0,401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What about when you reached the college level?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=401.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e In college? We are talking about the same subject? Yes. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=405.0,410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=410.0,410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Yes. In college, from the beginning, you know, I was not typical Jew, as I know. In what sense? What do you mean? In what sense? What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=410.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e In what sense? What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=415.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e In what sense? What do you mean? In what sense? What do you mean? I mean, in my face, nobody could not say, \"This guy is Jew.\" But I could not … I never said different way. I'm Jew. I knew this, and when sometimes guys ask me, \"You are Armenian, or Georgian, or somebody?\" Because I was not typical Jew as I knew, \"No,\" I said, \"I'm Jewish.\" I remember I had a couple of very close friends. For them, it was a very good joke, \"Yakov, you're a Jew, but still, you're very good guy.\" It was a joke. I still love these guys, but this joke … You know, they probably they didn't want to remind me about my nationality, but still, this joke was not so good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=415.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, during college and during your grade school, were you friends with Jews or non-Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=466.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e During college, as I told you, I was living in Moscow. In Moscow, it was usually I had just one guy who was Jewish as I am. But usually they were different guys: Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Georgian, not Jew. This college was not so popular for Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=471.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Why? Because of what was studied?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=497.0,500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Because the general line of this college was for aeronautical engineers, it was for cosmonauts as we call them. For Jews, it was not so attractive because usually Jews went to different directions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=500.0,523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Why did you decide to go to specifically into this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=523.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, when I was a young guy, I used to dream about the cosmos. I wanted to be an aeronautical engineer. I wanted to be a cosmonaut. I wanted something else except [other than what] I was. It was my dream. Let's put it this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=526.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any problems for you to get accepted into this university?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=543.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=548.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. Let us return back to your family for a moment. Did you, within your family, ever observe any Jewish holidays?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=554.0,562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e No. As I told you, my father, he was a member of the Communist Party, and for him it was … Yes, sometimes he could remind about Hanukkah, about some other Jewish holidays, but he didn't explain to me what does it mean and I never asked him, because for us it was not so interesting, because we used to live in a different atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=562.0,591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, while you were in college, did you already begin to contemplate moving, immigrating to the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=591.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e No. As a fact, no. Of course, I knew about Israel. I knew about United States. I mean, about Jewish community who used to live in this time in United States and Israel. Sometimes, as young guys, we go to a synagogue in Moscow. It was a big place, very nice place, and too many young guys were around this place during Jewish holidays. We wanted to see Jewish tradition, we wanted to see Jewish girls, of course, Jewish people, because for us, it was unusual to see these people on the street. And [we] wanted to be … Probably inside of ourselves, we wanted to be a little bit close to this place, because our roots probably pushed us to see this place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=599.0,656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e But if there was very little religious observance, what do you think made you feel this closeness to the synagogue? Was it simply because you felt as though you were not one with other Russians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=656.0,670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It's a difficult question, and it was so long time ago, but I think inside of ourselves something, as I told you, pushed us to see these people, to be close to this place, because we were Jewish, and they did not want us to forget about this. I mean, when I say 'they,' I mean government, friends, anyone. They didn't want us to forget about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=670.0,694.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do? Did you begin to work after you graduated from the university?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=694.0,699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did work in some factory where we did repair engine for airlines. As a fact, when I came to this place from the beginning, it was very nice. I mean, very nice. They accept me as a normal guy. And just from the beginning, when I came to the work place, some Jewish old guy—at this time, he was around 60 probably—he told me, \"When you decide to go to Israel, just quit this job before you go, because it will be much easier for you to go, to apply to go Israel from the other place,\" because this place get a clearance. And for that reason, he did not want me to get a problem. Because if a person had a clearance before he applied to go to Israel, he could have a problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=699.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, by this time, how old are you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=762.0,765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e By this time, I was 25 [or] 24.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=765.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, by this time, you had some thought of Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=769.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I did not have a thought of Israel, but around our family, some people moved to Israel already. It will push us to think about our future, because Jewish looks like a people who wanted to see a better future for themselves, for kids, for future kids, because at this time I was not married.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=774.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What city were you in while you were working?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=805.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a little city, Vinnytsia, in Ukraine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=807.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, you returned after your master’s degree?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=810.0,812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=812.0,814.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, what was the final outcome of the family that requested a clearance to move to Israel, and what year was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=814.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e The last point was when my mother's sister applied to go to Israel. It was 1979, as I remember right, and they applied and they got permission to go to Israel. It pushed our family because it was part of our family, [on to the] first step, for us to go and think about … Maybe not go to think, but for us it was open, different world, because when they left Ukraine, they wrote to us, they called to us. They were excited about … At this time, they were living in Milwaukee, United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=825.0,873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, they did not stay in Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=873.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they did not go to Israel. They did go to Milwaukee, United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=874.0,881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e I see. So, you continued working? How …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=881.0,884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e At this time, they sent us some invitation, as I can [recall], to change our place and we applied. Before applying, I quit this job and I was unemployed because I thought in my mind it could take just a couple of months before we can get permission. But at this time [Leonid] Brezhnev … If you know a little Russian history, he died. In Russia, it was a different story. Other words, we were waiting around ten years [before] we got permission to leave the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=884.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What did the death of Brezhnev change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=925.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a changed political climate in Russia. If you know, after Brezhnev, was [Yuri] Andropov, then [Konstantin] Chernenko, then [Mikhail] Gorbachev. When Gorbachev became [General or First] Secretary of Communist Party [of the Soviet Union], he opened the door for Jews, and he permitted Jews to leave country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=928.0,953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, during the time between your first submission of your documents for approval to leave and until you actually did, how did you work during that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=953.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I worked periodically. I worked for one place, then for another place, then the third place, if I remember right, because … No, I did this way because I could not see my future in this country, and for me it was not interesting to do something special. In other words, in my mind, I was in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=966.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e In what year were you finally granted permission to leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=990.0,994.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e We got permission … If I can say a couple of words, during this time when we were waiting for permission, I moved to Moscow, I married, and we applied to … During this time, my parents left the country, then my older brother, and then my wife, and my son, and myself left the country. It was in 1988.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=994.0,1023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e And you guys were granted permission from the first time after you submitted the documents, since you were married …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1023.0,1030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1030.0,1033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Is your wife Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1033.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, [she] is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1035.0,1037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Did it make a difference in your mind for approvals to leave if one was married or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1037.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me, one more time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1045.0,1047.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e If a single man submitted documents in Soviet Russia to leave the country, did it make a difference for his approval if he was married or not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1047.0,1056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Not as I know. It's nothing different. For government, it was not different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1056.0,1061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned that you had family in the United States. Was that the reason that you decided to go specifically to the United States and not to maybe Israel or Australia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1061.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was the most important reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1070.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Describe to us the process of coming to America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1077.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1080.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you come directly to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1081.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we lived a couple of weeks in Austria, Vienna. Then, we lived a couple months in Rome, Italy. Then, we moved to the United States, and we moved directly to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1083.0,1097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What organization sponsored you guys?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1097.0,1101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e The organization was named, if I remember right, HIAS [Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1101.0,1106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell us a little bit about the time that you spent in Austria and in Italy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1106.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was a very nice time for us, because before, I did not see different countries, different cultures, different cities, so nice cities of Vienna and Rome. For me, it was unbelievably impressive, because never in my life I did even dream to see cities like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1110.0,1134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Were the people that surrounded you there also Soviet Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1134.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was Soviet Jews, most of all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1139.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you make any lasting relationships there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1141.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I met some guy who finished the same college than I am. He used to live in this time in Vienna, Austria, and told me about the rules in Vienna, and how it's difficult for him to find some job because he's Jewish, because he has the same education as I am and he was not even working. He used to work at this time about ten years and he's not even permanently working. He worked like a driver, like a tour guide, whatever, but he bought some stuff from Russian Jew, and he sells, you know, just nothing special. What is so important for me—and I couldn't even understand how it's possible because I was young and I was so naive—he told me he never can have some relationship with women in Vienna, because he's Russian Jew. I was unbelievably upset about it, because I didn't know it could be so deep and so nasty. For that reason, he met Russian Jew girls who came in Vienna, in Italy. He wanted to meet some girls, and he wanted to have some relationship, but it was very difficult because, for a Jew who left [the] country, for them it was … You know, Vienna or Rome, it was just a little distance, where they did not want to have some relationship or whatever. I saw him, and I remember his eyes, and it was so depressed because for them, he was not interesting. For a Jew who just left country, he was not interesting too, because, you know, as I told you, just a little distance what they wanted to … I mean, little time what they wanted to spend in Austria and Rome. For them, it was future in different country. He was not interesting, you know. And he was a very nice guy. I remember he brought us to his apartment and he brought us to … I mean, us, myself and some other guys. Because he saw in myself some something different. It was … We finished the same college, and you know, he wanted to have some friendship between him and people who just left the country. I remember when he was drinking some vodka and he told me his story. I could not believe him, but it was true. It was a true story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1145.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your time in Italy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1309.0,1311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it was very nice. I saw Rome, as I told you. I saw Napoli. I saw Capri, Venice. It was a very nice time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1311.0,1324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How long did you stay there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1324.0,1325.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e About two months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1325.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e In that time, were you surrounded by Russians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1327.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e By Russians, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1329.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, you spent two months in Italy and then …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1331.0,1335.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e And then, we came here in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1335.0,1337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Directly to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1337.0,1338.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Directly to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1338.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell us about some of your first impressions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1339.0,1342.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It was unbelievable. I used the word unbelievable because it was absolutely different than what was in my imagination. It was a different city, different climate. It was a city full of black people, [which I did] not see in Russia. It looks like … We were lost here, especially my wife. She was one child in her family and when we came here, she really missed her parents, her friends. She was upset many months. And one more thing: when we became here, it was summertime. In Atlanta, summertime is very different than in Russia. It was hot, food was different, people were different. Everything that we saw here, it was not for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1342.0,1401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you imagine America to be?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1401.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, I read many American writers, and in my dream, in my imagination, it was absolutely different country, different culture, different people. And in my dreams, I was absolutely different, because I could not imagine when a person came to different country it could be so difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1404.0,1430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Why was it difficult?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1430.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Difficult because we were nothing. I was a nice guy. I saw many nice things in Russia, in Moscow. It was a city full of theaters, museums. It was my culture. I lost culture and I lost myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1431.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, when you first came to America, what did you begin to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1453.0,1458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, gosh, it was difficult time. First of all, Jewish Federation took care about us. If you want, I can say a little bit more about this. It was Rosa Coletti. She introduced us to the American culture, American situation, what could be here, who's looking for a job. You know, it was … In our mind, we were absolutely lost. It was about three, six, maybe even one year. We were just thinking about Russia, about Moscow, about friends, about Russian culture, about Russian food. It was absolutely amazing time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1458.0,1505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How did your brother and your parents adapt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1505.0,1508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother could not adapt. She was thinking … She never said this, but I saw her eyes full of tears. Yes, and she never said again, \"It was a mistake,\" but I think inside of her mind, she was thinking, \"It's a mistake. It's mistake. Why we did this? Why we did this?\" But my father, he took this a little bit easy, probably because he was a strong man. My brother, he was upset. He was very upset because when he left country, he leave behind of himself his wife and his daughter. He was a very loving father and he was alone. I think for him it was devastating time, but he didn't show anything to myself. Only one time he told me, \"You know, when I came here, I was upset and I was crying.\" It means not that he was crying like a girl, but he was crying like a man inside of himself. But it was real life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1508.0,1594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How long did this state of mind continue? Can it ever really leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1594.0,1600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e For myself, I think it was first two years, maybe three. For my wife, I don't know. Sometimes I can see her eyes and inside of herself, she understood. She understood, you know, it was not a mistake for our young family. But still, sometimes she has to call to her friends in Moscow, she can stay on the phone couple hours. I think for her it's relief to call these people like that because she never found people who were so close to her as they were and then these people who she left in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1600.0,1649.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e When you guys first came, what did the Jewish Federation at first give you? How did you guys find a place for living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1649.0,1660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, I understand. First of all, when we came here, Jewish Federation rented some nice apartment for us. It was two-bedroom apartment, as I told you, for my wife, for my son, and for myself. It was very nice. And my brother, Gennady, he needed to live with us at this time because he was out of job. For him, when we came here, it was a relief because he could find a place where he could live. Because before we came here, he used to live with our parents in pension house, whatever we call them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1660.0,1701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Senior home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1701.0,1702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, senior house, and it was for him, not comfortable because the administration of this house, they did not want him to live over there. He had a hard time, about a couple of months before we came here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1702.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e We forgot to mention this, but what is the education of your wife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1722.0,1725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My wife, she's a mechanical engineer. Mechanical engineer? Mechanical engineer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1725.0,1726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mechanical engineer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1726.0,1726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Mechanical engineer? Mechanical engineer? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1726.0,1728.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, how long did this continue that you guys lived in this place the Jewish Federation rented for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1728.0,1733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e If I am right, it was about six months for sure, maybe a little bit longer. And for this period of time, they paid for our rent, they paid for our food, they paid for our utilities, and they even paid for my son, who went to Jewish Federation KinderCare. It was very nice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1733.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, how did you guys begin to get on your feet in this new country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1752.0,1756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e We started looking for job and we found some Russian guys who used to live here for about ten years at this time and they little bit open door for us. They went, they told us how we have to found job, how we had to put down our resume, whatever, you know, and they gave us many stories. We got a little bit of knowledge from them, from the beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1756.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, how long did it take for you to find your first job?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1788.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It was about probably eight months, seven months, [something] like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1790.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Then, you continue to work this job or …","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1799.0,1802.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I continue to work this job, unfortunately for myself, about five, six years. And my wife, she found a job and she used to work for a company like about ten years, if I'm right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1802.0,1820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e And this was according to your specialties?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1820.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Not my specialties, not even close, but my wife's specialties. It was close [to] what she did in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1822.0,1831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you describe the job that you did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1831.0,1833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, we did some display for gas stations, for Kmart, for Walmart if, you know, they change price. We call this changing price—I don't know exactly how—or calendar, or whatever. Today, gas station unleaded is a dollar this time, 20 cents, tomorrow $1.25 and whatever. And we did this display for company what I used to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1833.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Why were you unable to find a job according to your specialty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1863.0,1867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I applied for Delta because I thought it was close to my field, but they didn't even send me back an answer. Then, at this time it was different airline, Eastern, if I'm right. I applied to job for this airline, too. They didn't answer again. You know, for me, it was a little bit different because my field was so specific. For my wife, it was a little bit different because she was a mechanical engineer and honestly, she was more flexible than I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1867.0,1906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you guys involved in the Jewish community in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1906.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we had a volunteer, a very nice guy. His name was Dr. Kutner, if I'm right. He was a very good guy. He invited us a couple of times to his place. Then, we went together to the synagogue, but something didn't work between us. Probably it was our fault because we were different people and he wanted us to be close to his family. But honestly, inside of ourselves, we were not open and we lost this relationship, this friendship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1910.0,1948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you guys ever go to a synagogue or observe holidays?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1948.0,1951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, during holidays we went a couple of times to synagogues and again, inside of myself I didn't see myself as a religion man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1951.0,1965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever experience any antisemitism to the extent that you did in the Soviet Union, in America since you have been here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1965.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes, yes. I remember one day, my boss, he told me something about bar mitzvah, something like that. I saw his face, and his eyes, and saw his mouth, and it reminded me of my situation in Russia. I just turned my back and didn't want to see his face. I just … You know, I was upset a little bit, but this time, I was almost 40 years old, and I didn't want to get him inside myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1973.0,2008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Has your wife ever experienced anything of that nature that you know of?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2008.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know. Probably yes, but she didn't want me to know about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2013.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e And your son?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2017.0,2020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e My son, I can say, [had] a little bit different situation. When we came here, as I told you before, he went to Jewish daycare. What surprised me is [that at] this Jewish day care, he had a problem because he was Russian and he was not the same as these little guys. They tried to abuse him. I was upset about this, too. Yes, it was a different situation, but it looks like it was not nice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2020.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Describe your friends in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2056.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e In America, as I told you, we are living here about 18 years. Yes, we do have friends. I hope we do have friends. But from the other side, when we used to live in Russia, we did have friends what we wanted to have. Here, you have to have somebody. We have somebody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2059.0,2085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Are they Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2085.0,2087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, some Jewish, some Russian. It doesn't matter for me here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2087.0,2090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, you mean to say that they are just friends by circumstance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2090.0,2093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2093.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you still miss the Soviet Union?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2099.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. I miss my young age, but not Soviet Union. No, if I can say exactly, I still miss culture. I used to go to the theater in Russia, and it was my more exotic place. Of course, I miss this part of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2101.0,2127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you a citizen of the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2127.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2129.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What year did you receive your citizenship?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2130.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e If I am right, it was 1995 [or] 1996.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2132.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this time heavily anticipated? Meaning after you became a citizen, did you feel now that you were a part of America? Not really. Not really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2138.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2149.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. Not really. Not really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2149.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. I wanted to be part of America, but it's not so easy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2151.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you find that was so uneasy to adjust to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2160.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Many things. People are very different than I wanted. Culture is much different. Political life is much more different. Everything is different. Economical situation is much better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2166.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the most difficult to adjust to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2183.0,2186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e A relationship between American and Russian. In Russia, where you have a relationship between somebody, it's a relationship. Here, it's just nothing. I mean, nothing!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2186.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think that is because of the difference between the Russian culture and American culture?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2201.0,2208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I can say it's different between people. In my opinion, it's people who are different and they don't want to be so close. They don't need to be as close as we Russians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2208.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you understand that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2223.0,2228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e Because I met these guys. So, it's just a relationship, nothing special. You're the same as somebody else. If even you're invited home, nothing's special. You're just somebody. Not body, somebody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2228.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e So, it seems that even up till this day, you somehow feel out of place in your new home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2247.0,2254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't care now. It's not hard for me now. It was hard before, not now. I want to be alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2254.0,2269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly what year did you emigrate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2269.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It was 1988.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2272.0,2275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e At the end of the day, can you say that it was worth it, or was it a good decision? Since you said that you didn't experience tremendous antisemitism in Russia, why did you make that move, if you can kind of put it into words? And then, what did you find here that made it worth it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2275.0,2294.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e From the beginning, I wanted a different future for our family, for my son, for my wife, for myself. It was most important thing. I wanted to see different style of life. I want to be a different person. I don't want to see these communist guys around. I didn't want to see these KGB [Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti; Russian: Committee for State Security] guys around. And you know, it was a difficult decision, but I think it was the right decision for our families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2294.0,2324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you feel about life in America now for you and for your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2324.0,2330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It's still difficult. Yes, I can say it's better, good, but it's still very difficult sometimes. It's even more than so difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2330.0,2343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think that you were able to give a better future to your son?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2343.0,2348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e For sure, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2348.0,2350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEinstein:\u003c/strong\u003e Does that make it worth it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2350.0,2352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e It makes me happy inside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2352.0,2361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKent:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2361.0,2362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/transcript/92352/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMilikh:\u003c/strong\u003e You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2362.0,2363.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe and is the second-largest European county after Russian Kyiv is the capital and the largest city in Ukraine. The country has a long history with Russia. It was at one time part of the Russian Empire but formed the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1917. During the Bolshevik Revolution, it was forcibly reconstituted in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the country regained its independence. The country has continued to have ongoing conflict with Russia, including the 2014 annexation of the Crimean Peninsula and the invasion of the Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. Since 2014, Ukraine has sought closer economic, political, and military ties to the Western world. Ukraine is also one of the largest grain exporters in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=24.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVinnytsia is a city on the Southern Bug River, in west-central Ukraine. It is located 198 kilometers (123 miles) southwest of Kiev.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=24.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGennady Milikh (1946-2022) was a theoretical physicist renowned for his contributions to plasma physics. Milikh was born in Uzbekistan, but raised in Vinnytsia, Ukraine. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1971 and received a Ph.D. from the Institute of Applied Geophysics in 1978. After immigrating to the United States in 1988, Gennady became a research scientist at the University of Maryland, in College Park, where he worked for nearly 30 years. Gennady and his wife had one daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=66.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=132.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOdesa, also known by the Russian spelling Odessa, is the third largest city in Ukraine and is a major seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=180.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Soviet laws applied equally throughout the USSR, antisemitic actions were more intense in Ukraine. Soviet authorities often used antisemitism as a tool to suppress nationalist activities. Local Ukrainian KGB officials and Communist Party members enforced especially strict measures against Jewish citizens to show loyalty to Soviet policies and avoid being seen as sympathetic to nationalism. The closure rate of Jewish cultural organizations like Yiddish theaters, schools, and libraries was higher in Ukraine, and community leaders who promoted cultural activities faced worse punishments. In addition, informal quotas limiting university admissions and employment opportunities for Jews were enforced more strictly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=202.0,203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Soviet Union, internal passports and various other forms of identification had a mandatory entry for “nationalnost” [Russian: nationality]. It was supposed to classify individuals by their ethnic origin rather than citizenship or religion. However, identifying as \"Jewish\" triggered unofficial quotas for university admissions and employment in certain fields.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=346.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish population in Vinnytsia at the time is not known. However, Jews have lived in Ukraine since the 9th century, with significant communities forming in urban areas during the era of the Pale of Settlement. Jewish communities in Ukraine experienced significant turmoil in the 20th century, including waves of pogroms, rising antisemitism, and population losses due to violence, repression, and the Holocaust. Even after World War II, discrimination and hostility persisted. Soviet policies further suppressed Jewish culture and institutions, accelerating large-scale emigration, particularly to Israel, the United States, and Germany. Even after the dissolution of the USSR, Ukraine’s Jewish population decline significantly, with an estimated 500,000 emigrating between 1989 and 1999. Despite these challenges, Ukraine remains home to one of the Europe's largest Jewish communities. In 2022, Ukraine was home to an estimated 40,000 Jewish residents, most of whom were based in cities such as Kiev, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkov, and Odesa. In recent years, the Jewish population has continued to decline due to ongoing emigration and the impacts of conflict, but the community retains historical significance and resilience within Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=347.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=562.0,591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1906-1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=884.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) was a Soviet politician who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from late 1982 until his death in 1984. He previously served as the Chairman of the KGB from 1967 until 1982.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=928.0,953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKonstantin Chernenko (1911-1985) was a Soviet politician who briefly led the Soviet Union from February 1984 until his death in March 1985. He became a full member of the Communist Party in 1931 and eventually rose to become a full member of the Central Committee in 1971. He was made a full member of the Politburo in 1978. He was elected General Secretary in February 1984 after the death of Leonid Brezhnev and his successor, Yuri Andropov.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=928.0,953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev (1931-2022) was a Russian and Soviet politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union. He held to Marxism-Leninism ideology, but he moved towards social democracy by the early 1990's. He pushed for a policy of glasnost (openness) which allowed for greater freedom of speech and press. He also implemented perestroika (restructuring) which worked towards decentralized economic decision-making to improve efficiency. His efforts in the Soviet Union led to various Eastern Bloc countries abandoning Marxist-Leninist government and he refused to intervene militarily. Eventually, leading Marxist-Leninist hardliners launched an unsuccessful coup attempt against him. The coup attempt led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and his resignation as President. Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and was praised for his role in ending the Cold War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=928.0,953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) is a Jewish American non-profit that aids refugees. Founded in 1881, its original purpose was the help the flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. In 1975, the US State Department asked the organization to assist the incoming Vietnam refugees. Today, the organization continues to provide support to refugees and immigrates of all nationalities, ethnicities, and religions. The organization also works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1101.0,1106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America. The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta was formally incorporated in 1967 as a merger of three precursor organizations: the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service (founded in 1905), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund (founded in 1936), and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council (founded in 1945). It is a regional branch of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1458.0,1505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKmart (formerly Kmart Corporation) is a major American department store chain founded in 1899 and based in Michigan. Once among the world's largest retailers, Kmart operated 2,486 stores at its peak in 1994. Over the following decade, the company faced a steady decline, ultimately filing for bankruptcy and closing most of its locations. As of 2026, only three Kmart stores remain open.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1833.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalmart Inc. (formerly Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets (also called supercenters), discount department stores, and grocery stores in the United States and 23 other countries. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company was founded in 1962 by brothers Sam and James \"Bud\" Walton in Rogers, Arkansas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1833.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDelta Airlines is one of the major US airlines. It was founded in 1929 and is one of the world’s oldest airlines still operating. The company headquarters is in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1867.0,1906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEastern Air Lines was an airline in the United States that operated from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution, it was headquartered in Miami, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1867.0,1906.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=1973.0,2008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636/annotation_set/2443/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe KGB was the main security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954-1991. It was the chief government agency responsible for carrying out internal security, foreign intelligence, counterintelligence and secret police functions. KGB is an acronym for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti [Russian: Committee for State Security].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/168599/file/306636#t=2294.0,2324.0"}]}]}]}