{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2804x5524v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Beer, Hana Kraus (1987)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1987-04-07 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection Savannah Jewish Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHana Kraus was born in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. She was the only child of Arnost Kraus, who owned an import/export business, and Elsa Kraus, a housewife. The family enjoyed a comfortable life until the Germans dismembered Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and occupied Pilsen. Life for the Jews soon began to deteriorate. At 14, Hana was forced from the public school system. She found a job as an apprentice seamstress. Her father tried unsuccessfully to get visas to immigrate to the United States or England.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn January 1942, Hana and her parents were on one of Pilsen’s first transports to the Theresienstadt camp-ghetto. Hana and her mother were separated from Arnost, who soon died from pneumonia. Hana was put to work repairing German uniforms. She and her mother managed to get their names removed from transport lists many times. However, in October 1944, Elsa’s name went on a list of deportees to Auschwitz-Birkenau and stayed there. Hana accompanied her mother to the assembly point but was stopped from joining her. Elsa did not survive the war.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Russians liberated Theresienstadt in May 1945. Hana briefly stayed in Prague before returning to Pilsen. After a year, she immigrated to England, where she had family. In May 1949, she immigrated to the United States, where she joined an uncle in New Jersey. Hana soon moved to New York City, where she worked as a seamstress for the Simplicity Pattern Company.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, Hana married another Czech survivor, Walter Beer (1922-2011). The couple moved to Peekskill, New York and had two daughters. In 1979, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Hana sewed costumes for the Atlanta Opera and volunteered at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, actively sharing her story with visitors. In 2004, Hana passed away.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHana introduces her family and describes her childhood. She recalls how life began to change when the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia. Hana remembers her family’s attempts to emigrate. She recounts an encounter with the Gestapo. Hana explains how her family was deported. She describes living conditions in Theresienstadt. Hana talks about her father’s death. She explains where she and her mother worked and how prisoners were guarded. She remembers the deception of the Germans when a Red Cross delegation visited. Hana talks about deportations and not knowing about the extermination camps. She recalls her mother’s deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hana describes the cultural activities and Jewish administration in Theresienstadt. She recalls being hospitalized for hepatitis. Hana recollects the rumors in the camp as the war came to an end. She mentions an incident where she was afraid of execution. Hana details the last days in the camp before liberation. She talks about going to Prague and struggling to begin again. Hana explains how she got back to Pilsen and then immigrated to England. She shares what happened when she tried to recover her family’s belongings. Hana summarizes her immigration to the United States. She considers her daughters’ interest in her experience. Hana shares her feelings on religion and reparations. She talks about why she avoids programs about the Holocaust and will not visit Czechoslovakia. Hana reflects on lessons of the Holocaust and the security of Jews in the United States and Israel.  \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28624"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Hana Kraus Beer (personal name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHana Kraus was born in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. She was the only child of Arnost Kraus, who owned an import/export business, and Elsa Kraus, a housewife. The family enjoyed a comfortable life until the Germans dismembered Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and occupied Pilsen. Life for the Jews soon began to deteriorate. At 14, Hana was forced from the public school system. She found a job as an apprentice seamstress. Her father tried unsuccessfully to get visas to immigrate to the United States or England.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn January 1942, Hana and her parents were on one of Pilsen’s first transports to the Theresienstadt camp-ghetto. Hana and her mother were separated from Arnost, who soon died from pneumonia. Hana was put to work repairing German uniforms. She and her mother managed to get their names removed from transport lists many times. However, in October 1944, Elsa’s name went on a list of deportees to Auschwitz-Birkenau and stayed there. Hana accompanied her mother to the assembly point but was stopped from joining her. Elsa did not survive the war.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Russians liberated Theresienstadt in May 1945. Hana briefly stayed in Prague before returning to Pilsen. After a year, she immigrated to England, where she had family. In May 1949, she immigrated to the United States, where she joined an uncle in New Jersey. Hana soon moved to New York City, where she worked as a seamstress for the Simplicity Pattern Company.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1951, Hana married another Czech survivor, Walter Beer (1922-2011). The couple moved to Peekskill, New York and had two daughters. In 1979, they moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Hana sewed costumes for the Atlanta Opera and volunteered at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, actively sharing her story with visitors. In 2004, Hana passed away.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHana introduces her family and describes her childhood. She recalls how life began to change when the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia. Hana remembers her family’s attempts to emigrate. She recounts an encounter with the Gestapo. Hana explains how her family was deported. She describes living conditions in Theresienstadt. Hana talks about her father’s death. She explains where she and her mother worked and how prisoners were guarded. She remembers the deception of the Germans when a Red Cross delegation visited. Hana talks about deportations and not knowing about the extermination camps. She recalls her mother’s deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Hana describes the cultural activities and Jewish administration in Theresienstadt. She recalls being hospitalized for hepatitis. Hana recollects the rumors in the camp as the war came to an end. She mentions an incident where she was afraid of execution. Hana details the last days in the camp before liberation. She talks about going to Prague and struggling to begin again. Hana explains how she got back to Pilsen and then immigrated to England. She shares what happened when she tried to recover her family’s belongings. Hana summarizes her immigration to the United States. She considers her daughters’ interest in her experience. Hana shares her feelings on religion and reparations. She talks about why she avoids programs about the Holocaust and will not visit Czechoslovakia. Hana reflects on lessons of the Holocaust and the security of Jews in the United States and Israel.  \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/124/740/small/Beer_Hana.m4v_1634586367.jpg?1634571969","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Beer_Hana.m4v"]},"duration":4920.468,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/124/740/small/Beer_Hana.m4v_1634586367.jpg?1634571969","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/124/740/original/Beer_Hana.m4v?1634571945","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4920.468,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hana Kraus Beer [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: . . . Atlanta chapter of second-generation Holocaust survivors.\nToday's date is April 7, 1987. Would you state your name please?\n\nBEER: My name is BEER Beer.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where do you live, please?\n\nBEER: I live in Atlanta.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What is your address in Atlanta?\n\nBEER: 216 Pineland Road.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What is your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maiden name?\n\nBEER: Kraus.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When were you born?\n\nBEER: I was born May 31, 1925.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me about where you were born.\n\nBEER: I was born in Czechoslovakia in a town called Pilsen.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you tell us about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family?\n\nBEER: I am the only child. What would you like?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you tell us about your father?\n\nBEER: My father was a businessman. He was . . . In fact, I remember him. He had\na terrific sense of humor. He was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice guy.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What type of business was he in?\n\nBEER: He was in import export of foods.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Any particular type of food?\n\nBEER: Yes, mainly he would import a lot of things from countries like Italy that\nwere not grown in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this country [Czechoslovakia] like tomatoes, anchovies. He had\nto import because we had to import a lot of things at that time in Europe\nbecause they were not readily available in many places like they were here [in\nthe United States]. They were all imported.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your father's name?\n\nBEER: My father's name was Arnost, or in German, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ernst (1893-1942).\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you tell us about your mother?\n\nBEER: My mother was . . . I think I am very much like my mother. My mother was a\nvery kind lady. She loved music. She worked with my father in the office. She\nhelped him in the office. She was a housewife, a little bit maybe a step above ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housewife.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was her name?\n\nBEER: Her first name was Elsa (1896-1944).\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you remember her maiden name?\n\nBEER: Yes, Schiff. \n\nGOODFRIEND: Who lived in your house?\n\nBEER: First it was just my mother, and my father, and myself. Then we moved in a\nlarger apartment and my grandfather and my aunt lived with us.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you give us their names?\n\nBEER: Yes, my grandfather's name was Seigmund Schiff. My aunt was not married at\nthat time. Her name was Mizzie.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was her last name?\n\nBEER: Schiff. She was not married.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Can you describe your house or apartment that you lived in?\n\nBEER: Yes, I can. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a very large apartment. Because my aunt and my\ngrandfather lived with us, it was like two households combined. My grandfather\nwas a widower. My single aunt always lived with him being that she was not\nmarried. At that time, it was customary that children who were not married lived\nin their parents' house until the time they got married. Then we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"combined the\ntwo households, my parents, and my grandfather, and my aunt. The apartment\nconsisted of a formal dining room, a living room, and several bedrooms--I would\nsay two bedrooms--a kitchen and a bathroom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was in an apartment house, but a\nsmall apartment house. There were only maybe one or two apartments on every\nfloor. There were three floors.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have your own room?\n\nBEER: I didn't have my own room, no.\n\nGOODFRIEND: With whom did you share a room with?\n\nBEER: I didn't share it with anybody. I just either slept maybe in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living\nroom or in the dining room. I didn't have my own room. I had a desk. It was a\nliving room. It was more like a den, like this. It was used for everything. I\nknow I had my desk there and I had a closet someplace else.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did you want to do?\n\nBEER: I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always very interested in fashion. I think my ambition was to be a\nfashion designer.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Of women's clothing?\n\nBEER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you ever pursue any courses or training?\n\nBEER: Yes, I did. In fact, I took courses after the war in England, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I\ncouldn't take any courses in designing. I was very young when the war started. I\nhad to leave. I went to it was an all-girls high school but it was on a level\nthat it was a pre-college education, if you would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compare it to education in the\nUnited States. But I could not finish. I had to leave school because all the\nJewish teenagers had to leave school. Then, when we already felt that we were\ngoing to leave the country, everybody learned a trade. I remember on the very\nday when the Germans entered in the war with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland--which, I think, it was\nSeptember first [1939], something like that--I started working with a\ndressmaker. I was supposed to learn how to sew. That was about as far as I got\nin the fashion . . . I wanted to be a designer so this was the closest to it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell us about this school. Was it a large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school?\n\nBEER: I don't think it was a terribly large school. It was an average size.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there many Jewish students?\n\nBEER: Quite a few.\n\nGOODFRIEND: More than half the school?\n\nBEER: No, definitely not.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What types of courses did you take in the school?\n\nBEER: Several ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages [like] Latin, German, math, history. At that time, I\nwould say all the basic courses.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was Shabbat or Yontif like in your home?\n\nBEER: Nonexistent.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You did not celebrate Shabbat at all?\n\nBEER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nBEER: No, I only had Jewish friends. But we were more idealistically inclined\nthan religiously, I would say, my family. I was as a child, I belonged to a\nZionist organization. All my friends were from those particular organizations\nreally when I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teenager.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did your Zionist organization do?\n\nBEER: We met Friday . . . You asked me about . . . We met Friday night and we\nhad our-- we sang songs and we had debates. That's the only thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that . . . I\nknow that they did help young people to immigrate. They arranged trips for them,\nor tried to arrange trips for them, to immigrate eventually to Israel\n[Palestine]. I was supposed to have gone--I learned the training--to\nSwitzerland, through Switzerland, and then eventually make it to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel. But I\ndidn't make it to Israel because it was too late to leave the country.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have any association or contact with non-Jewish people your\nown age?\n\nBEER: No, I didn't, not with my friends and not even by acquaintance. I would\nsay I didn't.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Describe how your life began to change with the coming of the Nazi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement.\n\nBEER: As I said before, first, I had to leave school and at the age of 13, I\nstarted working for a dressmaker. I started really from scratch. I was like an\napprentice. Later on, we were forbidden to use public beaches. Where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were, we\nhad several lakes. We were forbidden to use those. We had a special lake\nassigned to all the Jewish people. That was the only lake we could use. We had\nto give up a lot of things to the Germans. I remember jewelry. I remember other\nvaluable things. We had to give them up. Then, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of my friends, their\nfathers were taken away. That was before any kind of a massive collection for\nconcentration camps. They were already taking away to Dachau, to German\nconcentration camps. I think I was very well aware of some terrible things going\non. We were always talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaving the country. There were many ways we\ntried of leaving the country or just sending the children some place. I don't\nthink that my parents wanted to part with me because I was the only child. I\ndon't think . . . I wouldn't say that they wouldn't let me go, but they were not\nterribly happy about it really when I was supposed to have gone to Palestine.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who came and took away these people?\n\nBEER: The Germans probably. The Germans were visible because Czechoslovakia was\noccupied immediately. I forget what year and what day, but it was occupied very\nshortly after the Polish war started. Maybe even before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have non-Jewish neighbors?\n\nBEER: Yes, we had non-Jewish neighbors living in the [apartment] house.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did the relationship change with these non-Jewish neighbors when\nthe Germans came?\n\nBEER: I don't think there was a relationship. It wasn't anything too close or\nfantastic. I'm not aware of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything. I don't think that our family had any\nnon-Jewish friends, except maybe in business when they associated with people in\ntheir line of work. Not consciously, but that's just the way it was.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did the relationship change with these people that your family did\nbusiness ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with?\n\nBEER: I really don't remember to tell you the truth, because I was too young to\nbe aware of those things.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You mentioned that there was some making of plans when the Nazis\ncame. Would you tell us more about what plans were made, if any?\n\nBEER: First, we had relatives here in the United [States]. My father had a\nbrother in the United States. He lived here. He came here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he was like 18\nyears old, so he lived here for a very long time. I think he had asked him if he\ncould send us an affidavit. He also had cousins in England. He also tried asking\nthem if they could help us. I don't think . . . Everything was . . . I don't\nknow if it was from that side or the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government's side, it was already too late.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know why the affidavit did not help you in leaving the country?\n\nBEER: Why he couldn't get an affidavit? I really have no idea at that time why\nhe couldn't get one. I could tell you more about it after the war, but not before.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your father was not able to obtain an affidavit?\n\nBEER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recall any other orders that were issued by the Nazis other\nthan the restrictions on the beaches and lakes?\n\nBEER: Yes, there were many orders. I can't tell you any particular . . . First\nof all, yes, I do remember now. When the Germans came to Czechoslovakia, first\nthey occupied a part, which is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the Sudetenland. It was very much closer\nto the German border. It was surrounded [by Germany]. All the Jews had to leave\nand come into the inner part of Czechoslovakia, which was Bohemia. Every Jewish\nfamily practically had to take somebody in, another family to live with them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nalready had to share our apartment which was with the family, with maybe three\nor four other people who were thrown out of their homes. I remember that. Other\nrestrictions . . . I know that we had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give the Germans all our jewelry. I\nreally don't remember what else was confiscated. I don't know. We were\nrestricted in the . . . We had to wear the Jewish star. That naturally\nrestricted us immediately from a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that we would do normally.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Can you recall some of the things that you normally would have done?\n\nBEER: Yes, I was most clearly affected by I couldn't continue school and I had\nto go to work. I myself was once ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called--but that was quite a few years\nlater--to the Gestapo. I was alone. Nobody knew about it. I was scared to death.\nThey were trying to pin something on me, that I did something. That was a death\nthreat at the time, to accuse me of not wearing the star. I actually didn't. I\nremember I was only 16 or 17 years old. I told the Gestapo, \"Now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look, a kid\nwouldn't lie to you.\" He let me go. I was just . . . That was really the Gestapo\nheadquarters that I was called to. I didn't know why they called me.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know who accused you?\n\nBEER: Who accused me? Nobody did. They picked people at random, whatever name\nthey picked. I don't think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody had any reason to accuse me.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You had said that they accused you of not wearing the star?\n\nBEER: Yes, they just took me to the Gestapo. If somebody accused me or not . . .\nI don't know if they got my name from somebody else. It never really occurred to\nme. I think I was just called because they liked to torture people.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did they call you?\n\nBEER: I really don't remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore how they called me. Probably somebody came\nto our house. I really don't remember anymore.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay in your house after the Nazis came?\n\nBEER: Only a few years. We only stayed in our house until 1942. The Nazis came\nmaybe in 1939 or 1940.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Why did you leave your house in 1942?\n\nBEER: We had to.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How were you asked to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leave or forced out of the house?\n\nBEER: We got a notice, a piece of paper. Everybody . . . They took town after\ntown, not all the people at the same time, because there were several transports\nfrom our town. We were one of the first transports from our town. I think the\nway it was arranged was that they notified people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Either [that or] they did it\nthrough the Jewish community. They appointed somebody who would give the Jews\norders. I think that's the way.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where were you and your family sent?\n\nBEER: To Theresienstadt.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did you take with you or were you allowed to take with you?\n\nBEER: At that time, we were allowed to. It was only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942. It was really the very\nbeginning when they began to send people there. We were able to take with us a\ncertain amount of kilos or pounds in clothing, a dry cup of food, like lentils,\nand peas, and things like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What happened to your furniture?\n\nBEER: None of it. We couldn't take any of the furniture. We had to leave everything.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about any money?\n\nBEER: No money. There was no use for money anyway. We didn't have any use for money.\n\nGOODFRIEND: At that time, had they taken your jewelry?\n\nBEER: Yes, they took the jewelry quite a few years before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. There were a few\npieces that my parents managed to give to the non-Jewish neighbors that hid\nthem, not too much really.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was Theresienstadt a ghetto?\n\nBEER: It was a ghetto in the sense that it had a Jewish settlement. It was\ngoverned by the Jews. It was ordered by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans, but it was governed by the Jews.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where was Theresienstadt?\n\nBEER: It was in southern Bohemia.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What country is Bohemia in?\n\nBEER: Czechoslovakia. It was one . . . There are three provinces: Moravia,\nSlovakia, and Bohemia. Bohemia was one of them. [It was] closer to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany and\nAustria. It's more the west of Czechoslovakia.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you recall how large Theresienstadt was?\n\nBEER: It was very small. I can't tell you how small, but it was very small. It\nwas actually an army garrison. When they first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sent the Jews there, it was still\noccupied by Gentiles [non-Jews]. There were still Gentiles living in private\nhomes and apartment houses. All the Jews were in the army barracks because the\narmy barracks were empty.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You went to Theresienstadt in 1942?\n\nBEER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you describe how you got there?\n\nBEER: By train.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you describe the condition on the train?\n\nBEER: Let's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start [with] first we were sent to a gathering place. From my home,\nwe didn't go straight to the train. We went to a gathering place which was\nprobably like a gym in a school or something like that. Immediately the\nconditions were terrible because we slept on mattresses. We stayed there maybe\none or two nights. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, the train station wasn't very far away. We all just\nmarched to the train. We took the train. I think the conditions on the train\nwere nothing unusual, except that we knew we were not free anymore, that we were\nbeing sent some place and nobody really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could figure out what to make of it.\nNobody really knew what was going on.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When you were at the gathering place, were you fed?\n\nBEER: I suppose we were at that time.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there restroom facilities that they let you use?\n\nBEER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When you went on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train, were you in cattle cars?\n\nBEER: No, this was a regular passenger train.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Who went with you?\n\nBEER: What do you mean?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Who went with you to Theresienstadt?\n\nBEER: My parents, my mother and my father.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about your grandfather?\n\nBEER: He died before the war. He died before the Germans came. My aunt was\nalready married at that time and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so she was sent some months later with her\nhusband and a child, too.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Just the three of you went to Theresienstadt?\n\nBEER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you tell us about life in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: You have to be more . . . Could you give me a little more specific?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes. For example, tell us about school?\n\nBEER: There was no school in the ghetto, not in the very beginning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except . . .\nI'll start from the beginning. I was already at that age where I was not really\nconsidered a minor or school age. Later on, they did organize something that\ncould be called a school for younger children and they also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housed children together.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did you do in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: I worked in German uniforms.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You made German uniforms?\n\nBEER: No, I don't think we made any. We mainly repaired them. They used to come\nfrom the battlefield or wherever and we had to put them into good condition.\nThat was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning. Then, later on we used to make a certain type of a\njacket, which was called Eisenhower jacket, from old clothes. I don't know what\nthey wanted them [for] or who used them. They were not for German civilians.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did your father do?\n\nBEER: My father passed away very shortly after we came there, so he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't do anything.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was the cause of your father's death?\n\nBEER: He contracted pneumonia, but I think it was due to the fact that he had to\nsleep on the floor. There was no medication, no antibiotics.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did he seek receive any medical treatment?\n\nBEER: He did. He went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital later on but I don't think he received any\nmedication, maybe he received the minimum, not even treatment.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was he attended by a Jewish doctor?\n\nBEER: All the doctors were Jewish.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How old was your father when he passed away?\n\nBEER: I would say he was about 47.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How old were you at that time?\n\nBEER: I was about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"17.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about your mother? What was she doing?\n\nBEER: My mother was at the . . . I have to say something. Before we left the\ntrain house, food was . . . There was a central station, which was an old army\nstation with large cattle. We used to receive tickets for the meals and they had\nan attendants ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside, who would punch our tickets for every meal. Then we went\nto a window and there were people that were giving you a ladle of this or a\nladle of that. My mother was an attendant at the food.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you describe your living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions?\n\nBEER: First of all, women were separated from men. There were women's quarters.\nWhen we first came there, we were not allowed to see my father at all. Later on,\nthe ghetto opened up and they permitted the men to mingle with the women. But,\nwhen we first came there, we lived separately from where my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived. First,\nI would say the room was as large as this den. They would put one mattress next\nto the other on the floor and that's how we lived.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How many people lived in a room?\n\nBEER: It varied. It could be 50. Later on, there was one type of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accommodation\nthat we had and I don't think we lived like that very long. We were given a very\nsmall room in the barracks that we shared with six other people. We were not on\nthe floor anymore on a mattress. I think we had a wooden cot.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you still separated from your father?\n\nBEER: At that time, my father wasn't living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you with other women?\n\nBEER: Yes, the women always lived separate from the men. Men were in their only\nbarracks and own rooms. The women had their own. They could visit each other but\nthey couldn't live together.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you describe the working conditions?\n\nBEER: We were not . . . In the beginning, when I only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repaired the uniforms, we\nwere housed in the barracks. We were never under the supervision of a German. We\nwere only supervised by the Jews. Later on, this particular industry moved to\nthe outskirts of the ghetto and we walked there. I don't remember that we had\nanything to do with the Germans really. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free to . . . We just went to\nwork and somebody else would supervise us. We had to show that we produced.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How many hours did you work a day?\n\nBEER: [unintelligible]\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was there ever any resistance in the camp or the ghetto?\n\nBEER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indirectly there was.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Would you describe it?\n\nBEER: Because I was not a witness to it, I can't describe it. But there were\nmany times there was resistance where people were trying to smuggle things in,\nor smuggle things out, or escape.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any German soldiers in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto?\n\nBEER: Not too many. You see, this was the model for all the camps. It was really\n. . . We had Czech police there. The Germans were really only the top. They came\nand gave orders alright, but there were very few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans in uniform living in\nthe ghetto, but not too many of them because this was a model ghetto.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was other business carried on in the ghetto other than what you did?\n\nBEER: We had many things we did.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you describe some of these things?\n\nBEER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a while, let's say two years or maybe one, they opened up the\nghetto. First of all, the Gentiles had to leave Theresienstadt. It only became a\nJewish ghetto. There were transports coming in every week from different parts\nof central Europe--not just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Czechoslovakia; from Germany, from Austria,\neven from Holland. After a while, being that it was meant to be more or less a\nshowplace for the whole world . . . for the Swiss Red ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cross, the International\nRed Cross, we were . . . They had a lot of music. It was all Jewish. We were\nissued currency that was useless on the outside of the ghetto, but we could go\ninto the store and buy very useless things, like mustard or used ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothing. If\nyou just looked at it from . . . It never really looked normal, but any kind of\na visitor would have a good impression. They couldn't see that people were\nmistreated openly. People suffered terribly. They suffered on the inside. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suffered. Nobody knew how little we got to eat and how we lived. I don't think\nthey showed this to the Red Cross. They only showed them what they wanted to\nshow them. They came away with the idea that it was a good place. If all the\nplaces were like that, they thought, \"Oh, it wasn't so bad.\"\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you suffer on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside?\n\nBEER: I'd have to say that, now that I look back at it, I must have been totally\nunconscious because really, I don't think I did suffer on the inside. I only\nremember I was only frightened a few times, really very badly frightened. I was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worried about my parents. I was worried about my mother because my father had\njust passed away. I didn't know how that would affect her. Maybe I'm jumping\nyour questions, but I just wanted to mention that we had . . . They tried to\nsend us a way many times, my mother and me, and we always somehow managed to . .\n. what they called the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transports, which was going most of the time to\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau], and to Poland, and to other camps, and you could really\nsay 'good-bye' to your life. Once or twice, we were able to take out names out\nof those transports and we could . . . until about October 1944, when they\n[unintelligible], where like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"99 percent of people had to leave Theresienstadt. I\nreally wanted to go with my mother and they wouldn't let me go. That's when my\nmother left.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When did your mother leave?\n\nBEER: In about October 1944. The same time as my husband lived in Theresienstadt.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where did your mother go?\n\nBEER: I have no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea. Probably to Auschwitz[-Birkenau].\n\nGOODFRIEND: You never heard from your mother again?\n\nBEER: [Shakes head no]\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you know where she was going?\n\nBEER: It got to the point where it was a railroad station and there were Germans\nstanding guard at the railway station. They were screening everybody one at a\ntime. That was a cattle car. I went as far as, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like if you are here at the\nairport, you have to go through a scanner, something like that. They pushed me\naway. They said, \"You can't go.\" Because I was young, they needed me.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How old was your mother?\n\nBEER: My mother was younger than my father. At that time, maybe she was 42.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did she know where she was going?\n\nBEER: No, I don't think they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware. There were very few people [who knew].\nThe majority of people didn't know where they were going.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know what they told you or your mother about where she was\nbeing taken?\n\nBEER: They didn't tell us anything.\n\nGOODFRIEND: At the time, did you realize that Theresienstadt was different from\nother ghettos or camps?\n\nBEER: No. Because I, personally, didn't hear anything from the outside. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had\nno idea really about what was happening.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You received no news from the outside?\n\nBEER: None whatsoever.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You had no radios?\n\nBEER: [laughs] No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any newspapers in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was there any cultural life in the ghetto? You mentioned music.\n\nBEER: Yes, there was quite a bit of cultural life because the . . . [It was]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainly music but there was other types. There was a religious life. We had some\nvery well-known rabbis. We had Rabbi [Leo] Baeck. They tried to maintain a\nreligious life. They even had services. For music, there were some very\nwell-known musicians that smuggled instruments in the ghetto. They were actually\nasked to put on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"performances. They were permitted to continue. They had\nclassical music but also other types of entertainment.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What type of other entertainment?\n\nBEER: They called it 'cabaret.' It was a coffee house. They would have a pianist\nplay and maybe some comedians.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you attend these types of . . .\n\nBEER: Yes, I attended a lot of concerts, many of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerts for music.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What types of things did you do in the evening after work?\n\nBEER: [laughs] I don't know, maybe I went for a walk. That's about all. Maybe\nonce in a while to one of those concerts. Nothing [unintelligible]. There was no\nsuch thing as evening [unintelligible] or have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fun.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did people leave the ghetto to work? Did they work outside the ghetto?\n\nBEER: A little bit, yes. There were people who had to work on agriculture. In\nfact, even the people from the ghetto had their own vegetable garden outside the\nghetto. Some worked for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible].\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you tell us more about the government of the ghetto?\n\nBEER: The Jewish government?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was there a Jewish government?\n\nBEER: There was a Jewish government.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you tell us about it?\n\nBEER: I think the Jews were appointed by the Germans . . . congregation before\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. Many of them were definitely not . . . They didn't want to cooperate\nwith the Germans, but I think they had to cooperate with the Germans.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did the Jewish government do?\n\nBEER: Everything that a government does in a small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. Any kind of a law or\nrule that was passed, it was appointed by the Jewish government. They called\nthem 'Jewish Elders.'\n\nGOODFRIEND: Can you tell us how this Jewish government organization affected\nyour life?\n\nBEER: It didn't affect my life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"directly.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You mentioned that your father did not receive much medical\nattention. Do you know generally how illness was treated or how people were\nbeing taken care of?\n\nBEER: Yes, since I was very ill myself, I can tell you it was really treated . .\n. There were many epidemics there of many diseases, like typhoid. I myself had\nhepatitis. This was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic. It was not an individual case. It was already\ntowards the end of the war. I was hospitalized. The hospital was housed also in\na barracks. The stench was terrible. There were I don't know how many of us to a\nroom. We did have doctors and we did have nurses, but they really didn't have\nany service. There was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hygiene. It was very . . . They did their best what\nthey can do. But there wasn't really too much they could do because there was no\nmedication. They could hardly get a medication. I want to say that I think the\npeople who suffered the most were the sick people and old people. There were\nmany old people who really lost their minds and who died there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were first\nto suffer. And children even . . . First of all, after a while, most women just\ncouldn't have children because they lost their periods, but children were not\nallowed to be born in the ghetto. There were exceptions after a while. But as a\nrule, they were really not allowed to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born. I think if anybody became\npregnant, they were in trouble.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What happened if someone became pregnant?\n\nBEER: I think their life was in danger.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know of any incidences . . .\n\nBEER: Or they were sent away. No, I don't know of incidences personally.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What type of treatment did you receive when you had hepatitis?\n\nBEER: I mainly was . . . As a rule, [with] hepatitis, you don't get too much\nmedication even if you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis outside the ghetto. It was really being\ntreated by rest and diet. Rest I did get, because I was just in bed for a long\ntime. There was a doctor. I still remember his name and I think he was Dutch.\nThey gave me as much good food as they could, as much of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diet a person with\nhepatitis was supposed to have as they could. I know was there was a nurse and\nthey used to take my blood every once in a while, to determine how far I've\ngone, whether I'm close to being cured or not. Otherwise, nothing really happened.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How old were you back at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time?\n\nBEER: About 18 or 19 . . . in 1944.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have much contact or association with people your own age?\n\nBEER: Yes, quite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit.\n\nGOODFRIEND: At the time, were you aware at all of the existence of death camps?\n\nBEER: No. I think I received some postcards from somebody I used to know, but\nmaybe one. If there was a message in it . . . Because the postcards were\ncensored, people couldn't really write was [going on]. They just could write a\nfew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"words. I really don't think that I was aware of death camps. I think that I\nwould have felt much worse and that my life would have been totally different. I\nthink that the main thing [about] our outlook [was that] we knew that the war\nwould come to an end soon and that we'll be free. I think that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what kept us\nalive. I think it was our outlook. We knew we were at the end because the\nconditions were bad, but somehow, we knew that we were going to get out of there.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you and your friends talk about this a lot?\n\nBEER: We did at work. There was nothing else to do. Or we talked about or in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evenings.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What other types of things did you talk about with your friends?\n\nBEER: That I don't remember. I remember that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you receive any type of help from non-Jews in the ghetto or from\noutside the ghetto?\n\nBEER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You mentioned there were rabbis inside the ghetto. Were religious\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ceremonies performed?\n\nBEER: Yes. They themselves were very religious Jews and they tried their very\nutmost to even keep kosher and to observe all Jewish holidays [unintelligible].\nYes, there were services.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvahs?\n\nBEER: Maybe. I don't know.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any weddings?\n\nBEER: No, there were no weddings.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were the first signs for you that the war might be coming to an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end?\n\nBEER: I think the first sign for me was when we heard sirens, which were the\nsign of an air attack. But they never bombed our camp, Theresienstadt. Maybe\nthere were some rumors that the Germans are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"losing. There were rumors were\ncoming through that the Allies were coming closer and that we'll be liberated soon.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your worst experience in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: My worst experience was . . . You asked me before if the people were\ntrying to escape and things like this. Somebody was trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escape once. They\ntook I don't how many [unintelligible] there were at that time in the ghetto, a\ncouple of thousand. They marched us all to a meadow, a field. They were going to\ncount each Jew. We all were just standing there. We didn't know, are they going\nto shoot all, or us or let us go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back? I think that was the worst experience.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have any good experiences in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long were you in the ghetto?\n\nBEER: Over two years, from January 1942 till May 1945.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You mentioned that you heard rumors. Where were these rumors coming from?\n\nBEER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were from everybody. The news came from outside the walls of the\nghetto. It had to come [in that way,] because people had to come in and maybe\ndeliver something, or even the Czech police. They were very . . . They were not\nall on the side of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans. And there were many Jews with their own sources\nof news, except I didn't know anything. You just got a feeling and you did hear rumors.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did the attitude or the actions of the Czech police or soldiers\nchange when it came closer to the end of the war? Did they treat you any differently?\n\nBEER: The only place where we had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czech police was at the gate, where people\nwere going in and out. I didn't . . .We didn't encounter them otherwise. They\nwere just on guard.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you describe how you were liberated?\n\nBEER: Yes. After I came out of the hospital, I went someplace else in another\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barrack. We also did here rumors, but I know that that morning we woke up and we\nheard--we were liberated by the Russian army--that the Russian army is coming.\nThey really did come. We all got outside and gathered in the square. We just\nstarted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dance and we just couldn't believe we were free. It was such a weird\nfeeling. All of a sudden, I am free. What do I do with it?\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did the Russians do when they came into the ghetto?\n\nBEER: I forget. They didn't do much because it was just considered one of their\njobs. I don't think they did much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We, ourselves, I don't think we knew how to\norganize our lives, what to do. There were many before other problems. Before we\nwere liberated, other parts of Germany were already liberated. Prisoners from\nother camps came to the ghetto. They came with typhoid and with lice. We were\nall put under a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quarantine. Even though we were free, we were not free. We were\nnot allowed to leave because we could spread those diseases. Whoever left had to\nleave very quietly and very secretively, because officially we were still housed there.\n\nGOODFRIEND: By the Russians?\n\nBEER: No. Well, yes. The Russians took it over. There were no more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans. They\nhad nothing to say. The Russians took it over and they knew that only the Jews\nwere there. Everybody knew it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did the Russians provide medical help?\n\nBEER: I didn't stay there so long that I could really answer these questions. I\ndon't know who provided the medical. I think mainly there were people from the\noutside. I don't think the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians did.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did the Russians provide food?\n\nBEER: I don't know either.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay there after the Russians had entered the ghetto?\n\nBEER: Not too long, maybe two weeks.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did you do after those two weeks?\n\nBEER: After the two weeks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many . . . I, personally . . . People were coming . .\n. into and out of the ghetto. I already had friends . . . people who were in the\nIsraeli English army or Czech army who tried to help us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They helped me a lot.\nWhen I wanted to leave the ghetto, they came with a truck and whatever I had and\nother people went on the truck and they drove out.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where did you go?\n\nBEER: I went to Prague [Czech Republic].\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did you do in Prague?\n\nBEER: In Prague, I tried to contact all the agencies that the Jews were\ncontacting all the time, because we had no money. We didn't have one cent. We\nhad nothing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat. There were already agencies organized, that were trying to\nhelp the people who were in the concentration camps or ghetto and came back.\nThey had food for us and they had money for us. Like housing, I think they had\nit, too. But everybody had some friends and we all wanted to move ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in together.\nThere was always somebody with an empty apartment someplace and they gave it to\nus.I was just telling somebody even a few weeks ago [that] even though I was\nfree, I wasn't free because I came into Prague, that wasn't my hometown. It was\noccupied by the Russians and it wasn't my hometown. I wanted to go to my\nhometown. It was occupied by the Americans. I couldn't go from the Russian zone\ninto the American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zone. I had to be smuggled in an English army truck from one\nzone to the other.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your physical condition at the time the ghetto was liberated?\n\nBEER: I think my physical condition at that time was good enough for somebody\nwho had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent three and a half years in a camp, who didn't have any decent\nnourishment. I really don't think that I thought about it. All I thought about\nwas, \"Well, I hope that my mother will come back.\" The first few weeks, I had\nhope that she would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"return or that somebody from my family [would]. Nobody from\nmy family returned. We were very occupied by watching who would return. Then, we\nwere very occupied by the basic things, which is food, housing, money. We had to\ntry to make a home for ourselves. The next step was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was in my case, to\ncontact my relatives that were in the United States and in England [so] that\nthey would know what happened to the family and what happened to me.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Can you talk any more about your emotional state at the time that\nyou were liberated?\n\nBEER: I think I was numb. I don't think that I had any kind of emotional state.\nI was numb.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you make it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to your hometown?\n\nBEER: Yes, I did. As I said, I was lucky enough that I had these friends who\nwere in Israel and who joined the army. They came to Czechoslovakia. They were\npart of the occupation of Czechoslovakia. I met them. They had an army truck.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because they were not Russian, they also had to move out of Prague because [the\nRussians] were going to occupy Prague. They put me on the truck. They took me on\nthe truck. They took me from one city to the other.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you able to find out any news about your family?\n\nBEER: You mean from my family here [in the United States] or my family there [in Czechoslovakia]?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your family there.\n\nBEER: No, I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found out about anybody. I never met anybody who met anybody\nfrom my family.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You never knew where your mother went?\n\nBEER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you spend any time at all in a displaced persons camp?\n\nBEER: No, I didn't.\n\nGOODFRIEND: After you arrived at your hometown, how long did you stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there?\n\nBEER: I stayed there until about November 1946 from May 1949, which would be\nabout a year . . . and a half.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You were there until November 1946?\n\nBEER: I knew that I would . . . My father already had a cousin that was in\nEngland. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that I would be eventually going to England. You asked before\nabout my uncle and the affidavit. There was such a long . . . The quota was\nsomething to be dealt with. I think the quota of coming to the United States at\nthat time was about three or four years. Even though my uncle had made up an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affidavit, I still had to wait so long to come here. In the meantime, I lived\nwith my relatives in England.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you know whatever happened to your aunt and her family?\n\nBEER: I don't know anything [about] what happened to anybody.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you able to recover any of the property of your family?\n\nBEER: Very little.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Including the property that your parents gave to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors?\n\nBEER: I was able to recover very little. Mainly, it was returned. Some of the\nthings, they denied were given to them. Some of the things, they said it was\ngiven to them as a gift for keeping. We didn't give them money. First, we gave\nthem linens. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, when women got married, they received a trousseau,\nwhich was a large amount of linens. All the linen had my parents' initials on\nit. What they [the neighbors] did was, they were so afraid to have it in hiding,\nthey ripped out all the initials, which really was not an easy thing to do. I\nthink my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother gave them of her clothes so her clothes would be safe. I never\ngot that back. They thought of it as a gift. I was able to get very little jewelry.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You did recover some jewelry?\n\nBEER: Some jewelry, yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How did these neighbors treat you when you came back to Pilsen?\n\nBEER: The same neighbors were not there anymore. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One incident was . . . We left\neverything in our apartment when we went in Theresienstadt. I knew that we had a\npiano. I went back into the apartment after the war. It was really a painful\nexperience. I couldn't find any of our furniture, but I found our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"piano. I also\nfound some music book and some old pictures, which was an absolute miracle. But\nthis was already the property that was confiscated by the Germans and they\nwouldn't give it back to me. It did not belong to me anymore.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Who would not give you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back the piano?\n\nBEER: The present government. At that time, it was quite complex, the government\nthat was after the war in Czechoslovakia. It was originally confiscated by the\nGermans. But then the Czechs took over what belonged to the Germans. And they\nalready had Russians anyhow, so they wouldn't give it back to me. They loaned me\none, but they wouldn't give it back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. They would give anything back that\nbelonged to me before.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What month and year did you leave for England?\n\nBEER: I went of November 1947.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay in England?\n\nBEER: Until May 1949.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you come directly to the United States from England?\n\nBEER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where did you come in the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States?\n\nBEER: To my uncle, who lived in New Jersey.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay in New Jersey?\n\nBEER: Not too long, about three months. Then, I moved to New York.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay in New York?\n\nBEER: About 20 years.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What year did you come to Atlanta?\n\nBEER: We came to Atlanta in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1979.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where did you meet your husband?\n\nBEER: I met my husband in New York, in a Czech club called the Masaryk Club.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you ever talked about your war experiences with your family or\nanybody else?\n\nBEER: Yes, we talk. Our daughters, they want to know everything and we talk to them.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How many daughters do you have?\n\nBEER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What are their ages?\n\nBEER: Twenty-nine and 32.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What are their reactions when you talk to them and tell them about\nyour experiences?\n\nBEER: I think they really do want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know everything, because they want to know\nwhere their parents come from and what their parents have gone through. They\nwant to have it documented. I don't think that I can talk about their reactions\nreally. I just can talk about their interest.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you ever discussed your experiences with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jews?\n\nBEER: Somewhat, very . . . maybe superficially.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What has been their reactions?\n\nBEER: [They say,] \"Oh, really?\" [laughs] That was their reaction. Or [they say],\n\"Oh, that's too bad,\" or something like that. I don't think there is any kind of\nan understanding or any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of an imagination [about] what happened, what that means.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did they believe you when you told them about your experiences?\n\nBEER: Yes, they did believe me. There actually was no sign that they wouldn't\nbelieve me.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You were being singled out for being a Jew. How do you feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that?\n\nBEER: First of all, I feel that it was insane. It was unfair.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did it then or does now change your practice of Judaism?\n\nBEER: It definitely didn't change my practice. I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think it changed my\npractice of Judaism because our family was never [unintelligible]. I always felt\nvery good and I still feel very good. My feeling is very Jewish. As far as being\nobservant, I wasn't brought up to really very strictly . . . I went to Hebrew\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I used to know how to read Hebrew, but now I forgot.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did it change at all your feelings about G-d?\n\nBEER: No, it didn't.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you ever apply for and receive war reparations?\n\nBEER: Yes, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applied maybe 30 years when they first started distributing the\nreparations. The only thing that we received was money for each day that we were\nin the camp.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Are you receiving any reparations now?\n\nBEER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What are your feelings about receiving more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reparations?\n\nBEER: I feel that people should receive more reparations. I'm really sorry that\nI didn't pursue it any further. There's just too many things that not even money\ncan buy or substitute. I think that's the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least that the German government of\nthat time could do for us. We did lose a lot.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you returned to Europe since the war?\n\nBEER: No, I haven't.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Why not?\n\nBEER: I don't have anybody there. I don't have any relatives there. I don't . .\n. Even if I had the desire, I'm a little scared of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my reaction, what it could\nbe. You are talking about Europe or Czechoslovakia? I could go to Europe. I\nwould have no problem with going Europe. I'm talking about Czechoslovakia.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You are fearful of going to Czechoslovakia?\n\nBEER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you go to an event, or a particular place, or when you are even\nsleeping, are you ever reminded or have dreams about your war experiences?\n\nBEER: I never have any dreams about my war experiences. I usually try to avoid\nevents that would be very depressing or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very moving.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you avoid going to programs about the Holocaust?\n\nBEER: I usually don't attend too many programs about the Holocaust, because I\nfeel that I've been through the Holocaust. It's for others to learn really. I\ndon't have to learn anymore. I think I know everything. I've attended many\nmovies. I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attended programs in the past. But I haven't done too much of it at\nthe present. If there's something new that I don't know about--because I\ncertainly was not aware of a lot of things--I would attend or go.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you encouraged others to learn more about the Holocaust?\n\nBEER: I've encouraged my children, yes. I've encouraged ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my children. Luckily, we\nhave family--nieces [from BEER's brother-in-law]--that are all very interested.\nThey don't live in Atlanta, so I don't have that much influence.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When you see them you try to encourage them?\n\nBEER: We talk about it. We talk about what happened, about what we went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you have any feelings as to why you survived?\n\nBEER: No. Why I survived? Not really. The only thing I can thing I can think of\nis to perpetuate my family with grandchildren.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you think another Holocaust is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible?\n\nBEER: I just feel that people have to learn something and they wouldn't let it\ncome to it, at least they would try to preserve a part of the world where it\nwouldn't be possible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel didn't exist at that time. I really can't answer\nyou if it possible. I don't think it's possible maybe in the United States. I\ndon't live in Europe and I really don't know what's going on there now. I don't\nknow what's going on in other parts of the country. There are so many other\nthings going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on that are very frightening that I think even a Holocaust is possible.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Why do you think it is not possible in the United States?\n\nBEER: I think there are too many Jews here and they are too powerful, and the\nUnited States has learned a lesson from the previous happening. Out of fear, I\ndon't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that the government of the United States handled the Jewish problem\ncorrected at that particular time. I think they could have done more for the\nJews. It would have been possible that many more could have been saved.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How important is the existence of the state of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel today?\n\nBEER: I think it's very important. I think they're the cornerstone for the whole\nJewish race. I think that Jews even who live outside the United States would\nfeel much more insecure if the United States wouldn't exist or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/transcript/33117/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Is there anything you would like to say that we have not covered?\n\nBEER: I don't think so. Is there is anything else you want to ask me?\n\nGOODFRIEND: I have no further questions. I want to thank you very much for\ngiving us this interview.\n\nBEER: You're very welcome and I hope this will help the future generations.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4830.0,4860.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePilsen [Czech: Plzeň] is a city in the Czech Republic about 90 kilometers (56 miles) west of the national capital, Prague, and about 70 kilometers (44 miles) east of the German border. As of 2021, it is the fourth most populous city in the Czech Republic. The western part of present day Czech Republic where Pilsen is located was historically a province known as Bohemia. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I, the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathian Ukraine), and portions of Austrian Silesia became the Czechoslovak Republic, which is more commonly referred to as Czechoslovakia. In 1930, there were 2,773 Jews in Pilsen (2.4% of the total population).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAll Jewish children in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were expelled from public schools in November 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif [Yiddish; in Hebrew it is ‘yom tov’] refers to a Jewish holiday, especially one on which work is prohibited, and is a term most commonly used among Orthodox Jews. It includes all but the High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. Amid the upsurge in antisemitism and nationalism in the early twentieth century and the barring of Jewish members from youth groups, Jewish youth throughout Europe became active in the Zionist movement. All emphasized aliyah (the immigration of Jews to Israel) and community, with many also focusing on agriculture. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war broke out in September 1939, the persecution of Jews in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia increased. Jews were fired from their jobs and barred from almost all economic activities. Certain ration items including sugar, tobacco and clothing were denied to Jews. Jews were no longer allowed to use public transportation and, in many cities, were denied access to public parks and other recreational activities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, Jews in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were encouraged to leave the county and a Central Office for Jewish Emigration was established in June 1939. Applicants for emigration had to navigate a difficult system of bureaucracy and a significant financial burden on top of the difficulties of securing a visa to another country, which became increasingly difficult as the war began. By the time emigration was completely banned in October 1941, 26, 629 Jews managed to emigrate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePilsen was in Czechoslovakia until March 1939. Hitler had already seized the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) in April 1938 and annexed it to the Greater Reich. Then the Germans finished the job in March 1939 by dismembering the rest of Czechoslovakia. They divided the country in half, setting up Slovakia as an “independent” country, which promptly became an ally of Germany. The other half became the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. After the division, Pilsen was right on the new border of the Greater Reich just within the borders of the new Protectorate. The persecutions, arrests and executions of Jews in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia began immediately. The Jewish cemetery in Pilsen was desecrated but a plan to destroy the synagogue was given up only because it would have caused the destruction of an entire city block. In 1940, the rabbi Max Hoch and one of the community functionaries were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sudetenland was an area along the border of Bohemia and Moravia near the Sudeten Mountains. The Sudetenland had a predominately German population that was incorporated into the boundaries of Czechoslovakia after World War I. The area became a major source of contention between Germany and Czechoslovakia until the Munich Conference yielded it to Germany in 1938 as an attempt at appeasing the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBohemia is a historical region encompassing the western part of present-day Czech Republic and centered on the national capital, Prague. In the fall of 1938, Bohemia became a refuge for many Jews from communities in the Sudeten area, occupied then by Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring all Jews in the German Reich (which included Austria and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, with the word ‘Jude’ [German: Jew] printed in black letters. The badge was to be sewn on all outer garments on the left side of the chest, at heart level, so as to be noticeable in public. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to https://www.holocaust.cz/en/database-of-victims/victim/102651-elsa-krausova/, Hana and her parents left Pilsen for Terezin on January 22, 1942 aboard Transport S, no. 706. Of the 1,004 people in the transport, Hana was one of only 67 that ultimately survived.         \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1942, 2,604 Jews from Pilsen and western Moravia were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in three transports. Over time, many of the Jews of Pilsen—together with most of the other prisoners in Theresienstadt—were transported to death camps in Poland where about 2,400 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. Established in 1780, Terezin was originally a fortress town. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp during World War II. It was originally designed to hold prominent Jews, persons of special merit and old people. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to 1942, Terezin had been a civilian town. In early 1941, its inhabitants, including 10 Jewish families, numbered 3,700 individuals. The non-Jewish population was completely moved out by June 1942 and thousands of Jews from Germany and Austria were moved in. The first Jews arrived at the end of November 1941 and by the end of May 1942, 28,887 Jews had been deported to the ghetto, about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBecause of overcrowding and the separation of men and women into different barracks, most families in Theresienstadt did not live together. In order to make conditions better for the fifteen thousand children who passed through Theresienstadt, the Jewish leadership established special homes in public buildings. Zionist youth movements, including Youth Aliyah, actively participated in creating a unique atmosphere within the homes that focused on preparing the children for emigration to Palestine. Although forbidden to do so, the children attended school, painted pictures, wrote poetry, and otherwise tried to maintain a vestige of normalcy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Eisenhower jacket or \"Ike\" jacket, officially known as the Jacket, Field, Wool, Olive Drab, is a type of waist-length jacket or blouson developed for the U.S. Army during the later stages of World War II and named after Dwight D. Eisenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman propaganda often portrayed Theresienstadt as a “model Jewish settlement” to mislead or conceal the reality of its role as a collection center for deportations to ghettos and killing centers in occupied eastern Europe. The publicly stated purpose for the deportation of the Jews from Germany was their \"resettlement to the east,\" where they would be compelled to perform forced labor. Since it seemed implausible that elderly Jews could be used for forced labor, the Germans cynically described Theresienstadt as a \"spa town\" where elderly German Jews could \"retire\" in safety. The deception likewise served to calm the public when other special categories of Czech Jews—intellectuals, artists, writers, doctors, and scientists—were deported. A German propaganda film showed the Jews in Theresienstadt being wonderfully treated. The Jews featured in the film, including all the children, were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheresienstadt was administered by the SS but guarded by Czech gendarmes and run internally by the prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuccumbing to pressure following the deportation of Danish Jews to Theresienstadt, the Germans permitted representatives from the Danish Red Cross and the International Red Cross to visit in June 1944. It was all an elaborate hoax. Elaborate measures were taken in preparation for the visit to disguise conditions in the ghetto and to portray an atmosphere of normalcy. To alleviate overcrowding, large transports were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944. The Council of Jewish Elders and the camp-ghetto \"residents\" were engaged in a \"beautification\" program. Prisoners planted gardens, painted housing complexes, renovated barracks, and developed and practiced cultural programs for the entertainment of the visiting dignitaries. The Red Cross were carefully escorted around by the Germans to show them the wonderful treatment they were giving the Jews and how happy they all were. The Red Cross duly published a glowing report. Once the visit was over, the Germans resumed deportations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen prisoners arrived in Theresienstadt, any currency they had brought with them was exchanged and they were given a specially designed currency and ration coupons that could only be exchanged within the ghetto. The currency was part a deceptive technique meant to create a false sense of normalcy. As it was worthless outside the ghetto, it also served to make escape or the purchase of goods from outside the ghetto more difficult. The currency used in Theresienstadt had a portrait of Moses holding the Ten Commandments on the front of each bill and a star of David along with the signature of the chairman of the Judenaelteste [German: Council of Elders], Jacob Edelstein.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1942, the ghetto population reached its peak with over 58,000 people. Beginning in January 1942, Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and killing centers in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe. The final phase of deportations from Theresienstadt began in the fall of 1944 with continuous deportations mostly to Auschwitz-Birkenau. By the end of 1944, only 11,068 people remained in the ghetto. Fewer than 3,100 of the Bohemian and Moravian Jews who were deported from Theresienstadt are known to have survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to https://www.holocaust.cz/en/database-of-victims/victim/102651-elsa-krausova/, Hana’s mother was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau on October 9, 1944 in Transport Ep, no. 541. Of the 1,600 people in the transport, 1,557 were murdered and 43 survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Beer (1922-2011) was born in a Vitkovice, Czechoslovakia. Walter survived the Theresienstadt ghetto, Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Taucha labor camp, and a death march. After the war, he reunited with his brother and both immigrated to the United States. Walter’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the terrible conditions and constant threat of deportation, Theresienstadt had a highly developed cultural life. Outstanding Jewish artists, mainly from Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Germany, created drawings and paintings, some of them clandestine depictions of the ghetto's harsh reality. Writers, professors, musicians, and actors gave lectures, concerts, and theater performances. The ghetto maintained a lending library of 60,000 volumes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Leo Baeck (1873-1956) was a German liberal rabbi. He established himself as a leader of German Jewry in 1905 with his publication of \"The Essence of Judaism.\" Baeck was active in various Jewish welfare organizations until the Nazi party came to power in 1933. At that time, Baeck became head of an umbrella organization that worked to protect the German Jewish community. He helped to facilitate the emigration of approximately one third of the German Jewish population of Germany until his own deportation to Theresienstadt in 1943. In Theresienstadt, Baeck became the \"honorary head\" of the Council of Elders, gave lectures, and worked to care for the youth. After liberation, Baeck settled in London, where he continued to lead the Jewish community and to teach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jews in Theresienstadt lived under a Jewish administration called the Council of Elders. The German authorities charged the Council with implementing orders and making selections for the deportations, but otherwise allowed it to act independently as a quasi-municipal authority. The Council organized municipal services, such as housing, electricity and water, sewage and sanitation, policing, and religious, judicial, and postal services. The council organized personnel for labor detachments and organized educational activities, cultural events, and religious celebrations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal. Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, often caused by a virus. Although easily preventable, it is contagious and can cause chronic liver disease, which can be serious or even fatal in some cases.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi ideology promoted the annihilation of all Jews, regardless of gender or age. During deportation operations and selections, pregnant women and mothers of small children were consistently targeted for extermination as they were “incapable of work.” Research and evidence on pregnancies in concentration camps and ghettos is widely scattered and experiences varied, but in both camps and ghettos, the effects of disease, malnutrition, and a lack of medical care combined with the separation of men and women to make pregnancies less likely. When a pregnancy did occur, the mother faced an increased threat. Jewish women who were pregnant often tried to conceal their pregnancies or were forced to submit to abortions. Even in the “model ghetto” of Theresienstadt, mothers faced a difficult choice. In 1943, the commandant issued an order that all pregnancies be reported to the SS and an abortion performed or the mother would be deported. Although some babies were born in Theresienstadt and other ghettos and camps, the likelihood of the infant surviving was very low.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo maintain their deception and placate Jews who had not yet been imprisoned or deported, the Germans did permit some of the Jews who had been imprisoned in ghettos, concentration camps and labor camps to send and receive correspondence. Such writings had to adhere to a strict code of regulations and were subject to routine and often arbitrary censorship by camp authorities. Content was largely limited to personal matters with brief messages claiming the deported were well and in good health, with minimal expressions of affection. Sometimes messages requested extra clothing items or necessities, but it is clear no mention could be made of the atrocities taking place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInformation on the number of people who managed to escape from Theresienstadt before 1945 varies according to different sources, ranging from around 35 to 100 prisoners. Some of these prisoners were recaptured and returned to the ghetto. In the chaos of the final weeks and months of the war, another 90 to 550 are estimated to have escaped, many in the days between the German’s evacuation and the Russian Army’s arrival. According to multiple survivors, however, a census of the entire ghetto population was ordered in November 1943 after the escape of a large group of prisoners. Regardless of age, the entire ghetto population (estimated at around 36,000 people at that time) was assembled in a field, where they were required to stand from early in the morning until late at night in freezing weather. One source reports that 300 people died from exposure and exhaustion during the census.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Red Cross took over the camp-ghetto’s administration on May 2, 1945. Most of the SS Fled on May 4, the same day a group of doctors and nurses, named Czech Action for Help arrived at Theresienstadt. Scattered German military and SS units continued to fight Soviet forces in the vicinity until Soviet troops liberated Prague and entered the camp on May 9. They assumed responsibility for its prisoners the next day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war’s approaching end brought evacuation transports from at least 22 subcamps of Buchenwald, Flossenburg, Gross-Rosen and Sachsenhausen. Nearly 15,5000 people arrived in Theresienstadt in April and May 1945, nearly doubling the ghetto’s population. The arriving transports were rife with contagious diseases that killed more than 1,500 Jews during the last days of the war and immediately after.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is also the historical capital of Bohemia. It is situated in the northwest of the country on the Vlatava River. The Soviet Army entered Prague on May 9, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the war, western Czechoslovakia remained the last stronghold of the Germans. As the American Army pushed east through Germany, the Soviet Army was pressing westward through central Czechoslovakia, steadily pressing German forces into a pocket in western Czechoslovakia. In the last days of the war, American forces began to advance into western Czechoslovakia. Pilsen was at the far end of the American line of penetration. With its massive Skoda Works industrial complex and a large airport currently utilized by the remnants of the German Luftwaffe, Pilsen was an important city. On May 6, 1945, the 16th Armored Division of General Patton's 3rd Army liberated Pilsen, making it the only large city in the modern-day Czechoslovakia to be liberated by Americans. Meanwhile, the rest of Czechoslovakia, including Prague, was liberated by Soviet troops. Most of the American forces had withdrawn from Czechoslovakia by mid-June, but U.S. troops remained in Pilsen and the surrounding area until December.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth, which were still in place at the end of World War II. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. The law stipulated that only DPs who had been in camps by the end of 1945 were eligible and gave preference to relatives of American citizens who could be guaranteed housing and employment. Finally, in 1952, Congress revised the Immigration Act. However, the 1952 Act really only revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe, including Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and eastern Germany. Soviet troops began to withdraw from Czechoslovakia by July 1945. Edvard Benes, who was head of the London-based Czech government-in-exile during the war returned to Prague to take control of a new national government. Although Czechoslovakia was not formally within the Soviet orbit, the Soviet Communist influence complicated the political scene. Elections in 1946 resulted in significant representation for leftist and community parties, forcing Benes to form a coalition with these parties in his administration. By 1948, communists would completely control the government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Masaryk Club was a social club that was organized by Czech refugees who had immigrated to the United States prior to World War II. Their number increased as new refugees came to the United States after the war. By the early 1950s, the club held monthly meetings in a room at the Empire Hotel on East 57th Street in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/annotation_set/588/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=4380.0,4410.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/index/48990","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Hana Kraus Beer [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/index/48990/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=59.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/index/48990/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would you tell us about your family?\nHana: I am the only child. 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I myself was once called—but that was quite a few years later—to the Gestapo.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740#t=1111.0,1279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/52469/file/124740/index/48990/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Accusation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fear","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Star","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not 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