{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2804x54v3n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Beton, Solomon \"Sol\""]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1992-03-31 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSolomon Beton was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on March 31, 1992 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSolomon Beton begins the interview talking about his parents who came to the United States from the Island of Rhodes. He details a history of the Sephardic community that had originated in Turkey and Spain. He describes the history of the region, how the Jews lived, their livelihoods, religion, and art. He discusses the Ladino language and its history and evolution in the Sephardic community. He talks at length about the different alphabet scripts and dialects in comparison with Spanish and Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol talks about his father’s shoe repair business in Montgomery, Alabama, and Atlanta. He talks about his mother’s singing talent andr emembers fondly the \u003cem\u003eromancero\u003c/em\u003e songs she would sing. He remembers studying with Rabbi Joseph Cohen from Congregation Or VeShalom for his  \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah \u003c/em\u003e and describes giving his speech in the Ladino language and reading from the Ladino script. He talks about the history of Congregation Or VeShalom in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol recalls fondly his youth and going to Western films in Atlanta theaters. He relates that most Sephardim did not socialize with the Ashkenazi Jews when he was a youth. He talks about being stationed in England while serving in the United States Army during World War II and conducting the religious service while there. He discusses the history of Sephardim in the United States and its future. \u003cbr\u003eSol speaks of his wife, Rose Habib Beton, and their two children, Dr. Robert Beton and Albert Victor Beton.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27986"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Beton, Solomon, 1921-1997 (personal name)","Island of Rhodes (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Sephardic Jews (topical term)","High Museum of Art (corporate name)","Georgia State University (corporate name)","World War II (topical term)","The Holocaust (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSolomon Beton was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on March 31, 1992 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSolomon Beton begins the interview talking about his parents who came to the United States from the Island of Rhodes. He details a history of the Sephardic community that had originated in Turkey and Spain. He describes the history of the region, how the Jews lived, their livelihoods, religion, and art. He discusses the Ladino language and its history and evolution in the Sephardic community. He talks at length about the different alphabet scripts and dialects in comparison with Spanish and Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol talks about his father’s shoe repair business in Montgomery, Alabama, and Atlanta. He talks about his mother’s singing talent andr emembers fondly the \u003cem\u003eromancero\u003c/em\u003e songs she would sing. He remembers studying with Rabbi Joseph Cohen from Congregation Or VeShalom for his  \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah \u003c/em\u003e and describes giving his speech in the Ladino language and reading from the Ladino script. He talks about the history of Congregation Or VeShalom in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSol recalls fondly his youth and going to Western films in Atlanta theaters. He relates that most Sephardim did not socialize with the Ashkenazi Jews when he was a youth. He talks about being stationed in England while serving in the United States Army during World War II and conducting the religious service while there. He discusses the history of Sephardim in the United States and its future. \u003cbr\u003eSol speaks of his wife, Rose Habib Beton, and their two children, Dr. Robert Beton and Albert Victor Beton.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/745/small/Sol_Beton.png?1619533804","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Beton_Sol.mp3"]},"duration":5410.27265,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/097/745/small/Sol_Beton.png?1619533804","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/097/745/original/Beton_Sol.mp3?1610569197","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":5410.27265,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Sol Beton [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KREMER: Today is March 31, 1992. This is Ray Ann Kremer interviewing Sol\nBeton for the Atlanta Jewish Oral History Project sponsored by the American\nJewish Committee, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National Council of\nJewish Women. Mr. Beton, I'd like you to go back as far as you can in your\nfamily's personal history and tell me where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they originated from.\n\nBETON: My mother and father both came from the Island of Rhodes. My father came\nto this country as early as 1909 with a Turkish citizenship. My mother came in\nabout 1918 under an Italian citizenship.\n\nKREMER: Why did they have different citizenships?\n\nBETON: The reason is they had the war in the Balkans. The island ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was owned by\nTurkey ever since 1522 when Suleiman the Magnificent wrested the island from the\nKnights of St. John. As a result of the war in the Balkans, the Turks lost and\nit was given to the Italians. So, they came under different passports. I might\nmention this, there were Jews who came from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Turkey and Jews who came from the\nIsland of Rhodes. Since 1910, the Island of Rhodes was dominated by the Italians\nand the people that came from Izmir Bodrum were still under the Turkish rule.\n\nKREMER: Can you go back further than your parents? Do you remember your grandparents?\n\nBETON: My uncle mentioned to me and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to his children that when we left Spain,\nthey went to Southern France. From Southern France, they went to the\nMediterranean, came to Salonika. From Salonika they went to an island known as\nChios and eventually settled in Rhodes.\n\nKREMER: He knows this from family passing it down?\n\nBETON: Yes. Family passing. We've never been able to trace our family history ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no\nfurther than about three generations. But this is what he was telling his daughter.\n\nKREMER: Your parents met in Rhodes. Were they married there?\n\nBETON: They were married in Montgomery, Alabama.\n\nKREMER: How and why did each one come here?\n\nBETON: My father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came along with his brothers because of the troubled times\nduring the war of the Balkans. If they had remained in Rhodes or in Turkey,\nbecause they did work in Turkey, they would come across the island of Boaz, and\nthey would have been subject to draft in the army.\n\nKREMER: What did they do for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work?\n\nBETON: My father and his brothers were shoe repair men. They learned this trade\nin Turkey and in Rhodes. When they came over, they were engaged in that\nparticular type of trade. My father had a store in Montgomery. The one unusual\nthing about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, would make about $200, and he would put a sign on his store\nsaying, \"Be gone for about two weeks.\" He would take off and he would visit all\nof the states throughout the United States. He visited at least 44 different\nstates. I would ask him questions every once in a while. He had such a good\nmemory that he would remember the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"streets where certain buildings were located\nand where certain historic monuments were.\n\nKREMER: Did he take your mother with him?\n\nBETON: He didn't take her at that time because they weren't married.\n\nKREMER: How old was he when he came?\n\nBETON: I imagine he was probably in his late teens.\n\nKREMER: He opened the store in his late teens?\n\nBETON: In his late teens.\n\nKREMER: What kind of store was it?\n\nBETON: It was a shoe repair store. Very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small. He learned the trade from his brothers.\n\nKREMER: Were his brothers in Montgomery also?\n\nBETON: They were in Montgomery. There were two families of Betons in Montgomery\ntogether with his sister who married a Piha there. They taught him the trade. He\nwas looking for a wife, and one of his cousins recommended my mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that\ntime, my mother was living in Atlanta with her brother.\n\nKREMER: What was her maiden name?\n\nBETON: Her name was Piha.\n\nKREMER: What was her first name?\n\nBETON: Mary Piha.\n\nKREMER: Your father's name was?\n\nBETON: Ralph Beton.\n\nKREMER: Mary came over to Montgomery?\n\nBETON: She came over first to Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with her family, her brother, sister, and mother.\n\nKREMER: What did her family do for a living?\n\nBETON: She was more or less a seamstress because her sister was engaged in that.\nThey did some sewing for quite a little while. My grandmother was more or less a\n- what would you call it? A handmaid. A person who delivers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"babies. She was\ninvolved in that. My Uncle Leo Piha had a shoe repair shop. I would say 90\npercent of the Sephardic people that came over were involved in shoe repair work.\n\nKREMER: Is that because they worked with leather in the old country?\n\nBETON: Not necessarily. It's because they picked up the trade from various\nrelatives ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from brothers. As a result, they had mastered that pretty well, so\nthey were engaged in that. There were other people who had delicatessens,\nrestaurants, little fruit stands but very little of that. Most of it was\nprimarily engaged in the shoe repair business. They opened up their own stores\nindividually. They didn't believe in working for anyone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else.\n\nKREMER: In this shoe repair, what other kinds of things did they do in the old\ncountry that they were willing to give up?\n\nBETON: I asked my father once, I said, \"What did your father do?\" He said, \"He\nwas more or less of an auctioneer.\" He said he would sell things. He would buy\nthings and sell them. He would stand on the public square ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and auction off\nvarious things like oriental rugs or various other things for the house,\njewelry, various ornaments, or whatever he could pick up. He would buy and then\nturn around and auction and sell it.\n\nKREMER: That's interesting. I've seen people doing that in Israel where they're\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of trading, so to speak, from their little shops.\n\nBETON: It's that sort of business. Remember that they lived on an island that\nhad no industry. The Island of Rhodes was very similar in weather to, let's say,\nDaytona Beach. The sun would shine all the time. They had to cool . . . my\nmother mentioned on several occasions, the pool was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blue, a very good color of blue.\n\nKREMER: Why do you think? Were they in professions there or were they\ndiscriminated against as to what they could be or owning things? Was there a\nreason that they were in these sorts of businesses?\n\nBETON: Let me say this, they had a college of rabbis in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhodes. That was one of\nthe most important places where a person could learn the rabbinical and go off\nand become a rabbi. But, the people that lived there, they knew the religion and\nthey knew how to perform it so well that I imagine you could say that each one\nwas an individual rabbi without a certificate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the primary thing. The\nAlliance Francaise was responsible for sending them to school. My mother spoke\nseveral languages and so did my father. My mother spoke Spanish, French, a\nlittle Italian, and a little Greek. My father spoke Turkish, Spanish, Greek. He\nknew a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italian. It became under the Italian influence, but my father had\nleft before that time. My mother would learn some of the Italian.\n\nKREMER: When did your father leave about? What year?\n\nBETON: I'd say it was 1909.\n\nKREMER: And your mother?\n\nBETON: She came over around 1918, right after the war.\n\nKREMER: How did they meet? He was looking for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife.\n\nBETON: One of the cousins knew both families. He said to my father, \"It's time\nfor you to get married.\" He said, \"I've got a nice girl for you in Atlanta.\nYou're going to like her. You're going to like her family.\" They made the\nnecessary and formal arrangements and meeting and it developed into a marriage.\n\nKREMER: They lived in Montgomery?\n\nBETON: Then he brought her over to Montgomery, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only stayed in\nMontgomery for about two years, then they came to live in Atlanta.\n\nKREMER: What made them move?\n\nBETON: I think she wanted to be near her family and more people were coming to\nAtlanta because there were better opportunities here than there was in\nMontgomery. We had two large communities. Well, I wouldn't say they were very\nlarge at that time, but they had people that came from Montgomery before they\ncame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Atlanta.\n\nKREMER: What did your father do when they came to Atlanta for a living?\n\nBETON: When he came to Atlanta, he opened a little shoe repair shop because he\nhad that experience. He was engaged in repairing shoes. My mother was strictly a\nhousewife. My mother had a quality, which I'll bring out a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little later. She\nused to sing all the time. She sang songs when she was little. Everyone would\ntell her, \"If you want to hear a song just ask Mary Beton to sing it.\" She would\nsing romanceros. Ballads. She would sing part of the liturgy. She knew the\nliturgy as well as some of the men, especially during ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Passover services. She\nhad a very good voice. If she had had some training, perhaps she could have sung\nopera, but at that time, no one was engaged in any type of profession. She was\nstrictly a housewife. I would say out of all the women that came over, they were\nhousewives. Very few were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engaged in any type of a profession other than maybe\nbeing a seamstress.\n\nKREMER: When did she start having children? How many did she have and when?\n\nBETON: We are a family of four. One sister, the elder, and three . . .\n\nKREMER: What are their names?\n\nBETON: My sister's name is Suzanne.\n\nKREMER: Suzanne who? Give me her complete name.\n\nBETON: Suzanne Hanan. She married a young man from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery, Alabama.\n\nKREMER: H-A-N-A-N?\n\nBETON: H-A-N-A-N. I was the second person to be born, the first son. My brother,\nI. Robert Beton, who is now living in Los Angeles engaged in estate planning. He\ngraduated from the University of Southern California. I have another brother\nnamed Morris, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"runs a shoe department for some large department store.\n\nKREMER Here in Atlanta?\n\nBETON: No, in Dallas, Texas. I'm the only one who remained in Atlanta.\n\nKREMER: Tell me about growing up. You were born when?\n\nBETON: I was born in 1921. We grew up between Central Avenue and Pryor Street.\nSometimes we would live on Central Avenue and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes we would live on Pryor\nStreet. I can remember in our particular case, there were at least about five or\nsix different houses that we lived in amongst those streets. My brothers and I\nboth carried paper routes when we were young. I started at the age of 12,\ncarrying a paper route. My brother followed me carrying a paper route. Also,\nthey sold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"football colors on Saturday. This is how they gained a little extra\nspending money.\n\nKREMER: Where did you go to school?\n\nBETON: I went to Formwalt School and then went to Hoke Smith High School. I went\nto Commercial High School for one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year, transferred over to Boys High and\ngraduated in 1939 from Boys High. One thing I wanted to mention about my bar\nmitzvah. Rabbi Cohen came to this country from Cuba in 1934. The first bar\nmitzvah was Charlie Alhadeff, the brother of Jake Alhadeff.\n\nKREMER: Would you spell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alhadeff?\n\nBETON: A-L-H-A-D-E-F-F. His speech was in Ladino. That is the Rashi cursive\nscript. It has the look of the Israeli script or perhaps some Arabic script, and\nthe words were in Spanish. All of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar mitzvah speeches were given in\nSpanish. It just happened that I the second one and mine was in Ladino, the\ncursive script. I learned it. I was able to speak it and write it at that time.\nBut when the third person came up, he wasn't able to learn it, so he had to use\nthe Roman style speech in Spanish. But it was all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given in Spanish.\n\nKREMER: What was the difference between Ladino and Spanish?\n\nBETON: Ladino is Spanish, but it's the old archaic Spanish antiquated with words\nthat were used during the time of Cervantes. It wasn't until the Expulsion from\nSpain that King Ferdinand and Isabella had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commissioned Nebrija to write a\nlanguage known as Castilian. This was formulated in 1492. Since our parents\nleft, they were speaking the old archaic Spanish mixed in at that particular\ntime with Portuguese words and Hebrew words just like in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. When they left\nSpain and went to the Island of Rhodes or Turkey, they picked up Greek, Turkish,\nand other languages such as Serbian and Arabic in addition to the Hebrew and the\nold antiquated Spanish and Portuguese. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a sort of a conglomeration of so\nmany different languages. It was spoken by the Sephardic Jews as Yiddish was\nspoken by the Ashkenazi Jews.\n\nKREMER: In the writing of it, though, their letters are different from all other\nlanguage letters?\n\nBETON: That's right.\n\nKREMER: It has a completely different look than any other language?\n\nBETON: That's true. It's a cursive Rashi. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not the Israeli script. Of\ncourse, you have metal by, which is the Hebrew with block lettering that is\nprinted. This particular part is the script but it is adapted from the Rashi\ncharacters. As I mentioned, my bar mitzvah speech was in Ladino.\n\nKREMER: How did you celebrate your bar mitzvah? Tell me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the event.\n\nBETON: This is very interesting. If I was bar mitzvahing today, it would\nprobably cost somewhere, so many thousands of dollars to have a bar mitzvah. In\nthose days, it was very simple. I imagine the most amount of money we spent was\nabout $20 or $25. The gifts we got were a little different from the gifts they\nget today. I can remember getting about 20 shirts. They came from Highs\ndepartment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store or Richs. They sold for about $1 at those times. I got a few\nneckties and a few belts. The majority was shirts. This is very unusual in\ncomparison to today's market.\n\nKREMER: Tell me about the party. Was there a party?\n\nBETON: There was a party.\n\nKREMER: When was it? Right after the bar mitzvah?\n\nBETON: No. The party was held at my home. We invited all of the people there\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the ceremony. I was asked to recite my speech again, which I did. The\nspeech was from memory. In those days, we didn't have a microphone or a cassette\nrecorder to learn your speech or a piece of paper so that you would recite your\nspeech by reading the paper. I was strictly from memory. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me say this, the\nmajority of the songs that you hear today are all sung from memory because a lot\nof them have never been actually given a musical connotation as far as scale is\nconcerned. All the music was adopted from one generation to the next from memory.\n\nKREMER: I'm sure by now it's been notated and recorded and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of that to\npreserve it.\n\nBETON: Yes. Let me say this, some of the songs that you hear today on tape are,\nperhaps, too commercial. They have various instruments, various background\nmusic. Most of the songs that were sung during our time were just sung acapella,\nwithout any musical arrangement or without any music accompaniment, so it had a\ndifferent flavor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was, perhaps, in some instances, pagan or raw, but it had\nits own flavor.\n\nKREMER: Tell me more about the party. It was at your home?\n\nBETON: It was at my home.\n\nKREMER: What did they serve?\n\nBETON: They served little things like borekas and pastels.\n\nKREMER: What is a boreka?\n\nBETON: A boreka is a little . . .\n\nKREMER: Would you spell that?\n\nBETON: B-O-R-E-K-A. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A pastel is P-A-S-T-E-L. The boreka is composed primarily of\ncheese and potatoes and egg wrapped around with dough. The pastel is composed\nprimarily of rice and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ground meat together with egg and a little parsley. It's a\nlittle small round, I guess you call it a dainty thing that you would normally\neat with coffee, very small in nature. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember when the ladies would make\nthat with dough, they would take a knife and cut the edges to give it a little\nartistic look.\n\nKREMER: Tell me about how you celebrated Sabbath. How did your family celebrate that?\n\nBETON: We went to the synagogue on Friday night and also on Saturday. Not being\ntoo strict or too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox, even though the Sephardics are considered Orthodox\nin nature, because there is no distinction between the Reform, Conservative, or\nOrthodox. It is Orthodox, but we were not as strict as the normal people were\nbecause we went out and we worked. We either carried a paper route. We sold\ncolors at the football games.\n\nKREMER: Did you have a special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meal that day or night of the week?\n\nBETON: Just on Saturdays only.\n\nKREMER: Saturday lunch?\n\nBETON: Right.\n\nKREMER: After synagogue.\n\nBETON: Right.\n\nKREMER: You came home and had a big meal?\n\nBETON: Yes, we had a big meal. From there, we left and went on our way and\ncarried our paper routes in the afternoon. I carried a Journal route. My brother\ncarried one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My other brother was too young, but he eventually sold colors at\nfootball games.\n\nKREMER: How did you celebrate Passover?\n\nBETON: This is very interesting because our services were done in Hebrew and\nLadino. Just to give you an idea, let's take Ma nishtana ha-layla ha-zeh mi-kol\nha-leylot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We used to sing it. This is the same song as the Hebrew and this is\nthe Ladino part. It also has Aramaic connotations to it too. We would take the\nentire service and read parts of it in Hebrew, and we would come back and repeat\nthe same thing in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladino. Normally, you would repeat it in Hebrew the first\nnight but we always did it two nights and we did it in Hebrew and in Ladino. We\nused to have a famous song called, which is about the little goat. Everyone\nenjoyed singing that. I can remember on some occasions we would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three or\nfour families together when we had the Passover. They were generally relatives.\nWhen we came to that song, moon kav rateku, it went something like this. And\neverybody would shout chad gadya at that particular part.\n\nKREMER: Chad gadya is Hebrew, isn't it?\n\nBETON: That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew.\n\nKREMER: That's \"Only a kid. Only a kid.\" You say it all in one breath, and\nwhoever can say the most is that . . .\n\nBETON: That's right. Some would shout it out. This was the refrain. Then you\nwould come in with the second verse. Then you'd come in with chad gadya, chad\ngadya again.\n\nKREMER: Did that come from way back? Do you know?\n\nBETON: Yes.\n\nKREMER: I just wonder how far back because the Ashkenazi have a similar thing.\n\nBETON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say this came back during the time prior to the Inquisition\nbecause everything that the families had learned in Spain was carried over. I'm\ntalking about the customs, the habits, the songs and, of course, the liturgy.\nThe liturgy would date back, there's no telling how far back it would date. One\nthing I wanted to mention about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"songs that came from Spain. In the early\n1900s, Don Ramon Menendez Pidal was . . .\n\nKREMER: Wait. You better spell that.\n\nBETON: I'll spell it for you later. I'm just going to mention his name. Don\nRamon Menendez Pidal. He was a statesman and an ambassador who was commissioned\nby his government to search out the folklore in Spain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As he traveled from\nvillage to village, he found that a lot of the people there had forgotten the\nsongs or had never even heard of the songs. He asked them, \"We know it's on\nrecord that there is a song.\" They said, \"Well, you'll have to search the\nSpanish Jews who were expelled from Spain.\" So, he went to Salonika. He went to\nTurkey. He went to the Island of Rhodes. He sent a lot of his emissaries there.\nThey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recorded these songs. In that particular time, they didn't have a tape\nrecorder, but they just got the words. He was primarily interested in the words\nat that time. As this developed and the tape recorder came into existence, then\nit was necessary for some of those people to put those songs into words and sing\nthem into tape to preserve them. That's why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have a lot of Sephardic records\ntoday because the first generation of the mothers and fathers who knew the songs\nare coming out with these songs in order to put them on record. This was very\ninteresting because it brought out one interesting point that the Jews had\nretentive memories, and they remembered these things. Whereas, the people who\nwere living in Spain had forgotten all about these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"songs. When I'm talking about\nthese songs, I'm talking about hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of songs. Some\nof them being very popular. Some of them are dated back so old that they,\nperhaps, were more than 500 or 600 years old. I happen to know a lot of these\nsongs. I've had them taped by my mother and, of course, I have them in my own repertoire.\n\nKREMER: Would you be willing to let those tapes be copied and put in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish\narchives? Federation is going to have a heritage center and we're collecting a lot.\n\nBETON: I'd be glad to give you a couple of tapes.\n\nKREMER: We can copy tapes. We have a machine to do that. You don't even have to\ngive us those.\n\nBETON: Yes, I'd be glad to do that.\n\nKREMER: Any memorabilia that you may have that we can copy or even borrow for\nthe exhibit. In 1993, we're going to have a Jewish exhibit at the historical\nsociety, so we're trying to gather things for that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also.\n\nBETON: I was a member of that historical society. This was about two or three\nyears ago. We got to a point where nothing was developing, so everything just\nstopped at that point. I had given a lot of these things to Sandra Berman.\n\nKREMER: Right. Sandy is cataloging them and got them all?\n\nBETON: I was on the same committee with her and also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mark Bauman.\n\nKREMER: Right. They're still doing it but the exhibit isn't for two years.\n\nBETON: For some reason they stopped that.\n\nKREMER: They're going again.\n\nBETON: They're going again. That's great. I'll be glad to give you . . . you\nwould probably be interested in the songs that were taped by my mother and\npossibly people that aren't doing it for commercial reasons. You can always get\na tape by Nico ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Castel, Victoria del Sanchez, or Reef Karos. I have that\ncollection at home. They have some that emanate from Spain now, from Madrid,\nthat I have received. But these are done a little differently from the\nauthenticity that I would say that came from some of the mothers and fathers.\n\nKREMER: Have you gone back to Rhodes or Spain? Have you made that trip?\n\nBETON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, I haven't. My brother has been there two or three times.\nMy sister-in-law has been there, but I'm sorry to say that I haven't had the\nchance to go there yet.\n\nKREMER: Because you're so knowledgeable about it. Since you're an artist, let's\ngo to art. Is there, besides the illuminated manuscripts that I was reading\nabout, anything special about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic art? Or is it just art that was done at\nthe time in different places by various people?\n\nBETON: Let me mention this about illuminated manuscript and the difference\nbetween the Sephardic art and the Ashkenazi illuminated manuscripts. The style\nused by the Sephardics are the Oriental script, strict Oriental, influenced by\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Muslims in the Oriental world in contrast to the style used by the\nAshkenazis, which came from Europe and was influenced by Latin illuminations.\nThey were perhaps a little bit more liberal. To give you an idea, most of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illuminations that were done in the Sephardic art were done with square Hebrew\nletters. They were illuminated in the front and at the back, but the text was\nnot illuminated. This was different from the Ashkenazis. They would go in and\nilluminate the entire book.\n\nKREMER: For the tape, would you describe what illumination is?\n\nBETON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right. You have parchment paper. You have certain types of pens and you\nhave gold leaf. You scribe this with your pen to do the Hebrew lettering, which\nis generally done black. Then the illuminations are done with arabesque, curves,\ngrotesque figures. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing that the Sephardics would not do since they\nobserved the Second Commandment, \"Thou shalt not make any sculptured images,\"\nthey would never put a figure of a person, a man or a woman, in their particular illuminations.\n\nKREMER: Did the Ashkenazis?\n\nBETON: They would do it because they were influenced primarily by the . . .\n\nKREMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christian illuminations?\n\nBETON: Christian illuminations. But they would not do anything that remained in\nthe synagogue but in the Haggadah, which was a book that was used at home.\n\nKREMER: Could you spell Haggadah?\n\nBETON: Yes. H-A-G-G-A-D-A-H. They would take that and they would be able to put\ncertain things in there that they were restricted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by use of anything that\nappeared in the synagogue, such as stain glass windows, art work, or anything of\nthat nature. When it was done for home use, it was a little different situation.\nOne used one style which was a very conservative, strict Oriental style, the\nSephardics. The people that came from Germany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were the ones, primarily,\ndoing the illuminations, theirs was influenced by Latin illuminations. They were\na little bit more liberal in their depiction of things. Illuminations were done\nnot only for religious work. They were done for medical works. They were done\nfor legal works.\n\nKREMER: What period of time are we talking about that these were done? The\nSephardic ones. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When were they done? What year?\n\nBETON: They were done in the 12th century, 13th century. The Mishneh Torah by\nMaimonides. We had various artists. I could name you four of them that came from\nSpain that were doing these. One was Crescas. C-R-E-S-C-A-S. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One was Zarfeti.\nZ-A-R-F-E-T-I. One was done by Sofer. The word sofer in Hebrew means scribe. One\nwas done by Solomon ibn Alzuk. A-L-Z-U-K. These were primarily artists with\nSephardic backgrounds that actually did the work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the works originated\nin Spain prior to the Inquisition. Some of these works were not finished, but\nthey would take them to other countries like Southern France and to Italy, and\nthey were done. The Hebrew lettering was done by Jewish artists, but in some\ninstances, the illuminations were done by Italian artists. So, you had a\ncombination. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can give you one in particular. There was a Perugian artist.\nP-E-R-U-G-I-A. A part of Italy. His name was Matteo di Ser Cambio. He had a\nstudio. In his studio, the wealthy Jewish patrons would come over to him and\nthey would commission him to do the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illuminations around the Hebrew text. In\nmany instances, he would follow their instructions. But then they found out\nlater that these were done by non-Jewish artists because of certain indications.\nIn some instances, it was the way they held their hands. Some other indications,\nthere were certain things in there that were definitely not Jewish. I'd have to\ngo into detail ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to show you the differences and show you an actual illumination.\n\nKREMER: This is sort of off the subject. Do you feel that your own personal art\nhas been influenced by your Sephardic background?\n\nBETON: Let me say this, being Sephardic and Sephardic is generally considered\nconservative in nature. My art is more or less realistic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has a certain\nstyle. It doesn't go too liberal, perhaps in colors, maybe, from some influences\nof the Impressionistic Period. We had three famous artists who were Sephardic\nprior to the 1900s and even past the 1900s. One was Camille Pissarro, who was\nconsidered the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather of Impressionists, together with Monet. Then you had\nAmedeo Modigliani, who had a style all his own influenced by African mask. His\nparticular influence was also used by Picasso. You also had Jules Pascin, whose\nreal name was Julius Pincas, which is a typical Sephardic name. He came from\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bulgaria. He went to Germany and then he went to Paris. All these three artists\nlived and flourished in Paris in the early 1900s. In the case of Camille\nPissarro, was from 1860 up to the first part of 1900. Whether their influence\nwas because of their Sephardic background is hard to say because they were\nliving in Paris, where Paris ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a place where you would experiment a lot and\ntry new things in order to gain recognition.\n\nKREMER: Let's go back again to your growing up. I don't think we got much past\nyour school. We were talking about the celebration of different holidays, for\ninstance. I'd like to get back to that, how you celebrated the High Holy Days.\nDid you do it any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differently than the Ashkenazi population?\n\nBETON: Yes, definitely.\n\nKREMER: How?\n\nBETON: Let me say this, I used to sing in the Sephardic synagogue under Rabbi\nCohen. He recognized my voice and asked me to sing solos. We sang some songs in\nHebrew. I was asked to sing some songs in Ladino, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I learned from Mr. Rubin\nPiha and other relatives and Rabbi Cohen. In particularly, the melodies that\ncame from the Island of Rhodes were just a little different. It was a variation\nthat was different from those that came from, in the case of Rabbi Cohen, he\ncame from Constantinople. That was different. Not too much difference there but\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain amount of difference. Maybe it was because the Island of Rhodes was\ninhabited by the Italians in 1910, and having an operatic background, they would\ninfluence certain melodies and the phrases and the way they were sung. Whereas,\nthe Turks were Muslim in nature, and their songs had more of a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chant.\nLet me go a little further. I learned certain solo songs like the . . .\n\nKREMER: You've got to spell that.\n\nBETON: Alright. In Spanish, means the sacrifice of Isaac. We went to the\nsynagogue and we sang in a choir. Our choir was different from the Ashkenazis.\nThe Ashkenazis have four-part harmony. They have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soprano, an alto. An alto\nsometimes is a tenor if there is a mixture of men and women. Then you had a\nbaritone. Then you had a bass. When there is the mixture of the women and men,\nyou have soprano, tenor, mezzo or alto, and baritone. In the Sephardic\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue, everyone sings in unison. The rabbi serves as a cantor. We do not\nhave a separate cantor. Other synagogues such as the Shearith Israel in New York\nor the congregations in Seattle and Los Angeles have a rabbi and a cantor, but\nin our particular case where it's a little smaller community, its usually the\nrabbi that does ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of the singing and the chanting and doing the actual\nservices. The choir usually responds in unison, one melody. There is your basic\ndifference. In addition to that, you have to consider that we were singing with\na Sephardic background and the Sephardic accent, which is different from the\nAshkenazi accent. I could give you some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good examples of that. The Sephardic\naccent is based primarily on the last syllable. The accent falls on the last\nsyllable. I'll give you an example of that. The Ashkenazi is the next to the\nlast syllable. Here's a typical example. If you say SHAB-bat, you would say\nShab-BOS. If you said Pu-RIM, you would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say PU-rim. If you said Han-u-KKAH you\nwould say HAN-u-kkah. If you said Rosh Ha Shan-AH, you would say Rosh Ha-SHAN.\nIf you said Yom Kip-PUR, you would say Yom KIP-pur. If you say Sel-i-HOT, you\nwould say SLE-hos. You can see the difference right there.\n\nKREMER: This is side two of tape one. As far as friends. You told me you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked.\nTell me what the social life was like.\n\nBETON: My social life in contrast to some of the others was a little different\nbecause I worked most of the time. In fact, I'd say I worked about 100 percent\nof the time. I'd go out on dates but not too frequently. I was primarily\ninterested in my profession as an artist.\n\nKREMER: When did you start with your art work?\n\nBETON: I started going to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Museum of Art, it's now known, the Atlanta\nCollege of Art back in 1939 or early 1940. I was drafted when I was in my third\nyear. I went overseas. I stayed in England and France. When I came back, I\nfinished my last year. I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia State and got enough credits where I\nwould get a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree. I taught for a while and then I went\ninto commercial work. But prior to that time while I was at the school, I was\nthe storekeeper. That helped pay for my tuition. After I got out of school,\nwhich was 4:30 because I was ordering supplies and selling supplies . . . there\nwas only one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store keeper in the entire school, I would go to my cousins, the\nFrancos. They had a delicatessen.\n\nKREMER: Which Franco?\n\nBETON: This was Sam Franco, Isaac Franco, and Jack Franco. I was working for\nthem. They gave me a job working after school. I would work from 4:30 until 7\no'clock. You can see my whole day was taken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with going to school, opening up the\nstore, opening up the store again during the breaks, also, right at lunch, then\nanother break period. Then at 4 o'clock the school was out and I'd spend 30\nminutes sometimes taking inventory and finding out what I had to order. Then I'd\ngo straight to my cousins. I was doing short order cooking and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learning\nsomething about the operation of the store in order to make a little extra money\nto help pay for my supplies. The monitorship I had was a full scholarship. I had\nthat for two years and about two months until I was drafted. I use to work on\nSaturdays and sometime on Sundays. You can see my life was just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little\ndifferent from the others.\n\nKREMER: Right. Tell me, were you in LOT?\n\nBETON: I was never in LOT. We had our own club. It was a different club. I can't\nremember the name of it. The people who were in LOT were just about three or\nfour years older than myself, so there was a transition period between our\ncrowd. We had our own club when I was about 11, 12, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"13.\n\nKREMER: Who was in your club?\n\nBETON: I can name you a few. Victor Benator, Jack Shumaria, Nace Piha, Nissim\nAlmeleh, Charlie Franco. Basically, that crowd. Isaac Ike Habif, Morris Rousso.\nWe had our own club. I was the first president of that club.\n\nKREMER: Was that LAP?\n\nBETON: It might have been.\n\nKREMER: With a \"P\" instead of a \"T.\"\n\nBETON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was another one called LAP, which was younger than us. They were\nour brothers. They belonged to that club, and I can't remember the name of our\nparticular club. We had one. That was while we were going to school.\n\nKREMER: What did you do in this club?\n\nBETON: We had organizations. I can't remember exactly whether we had parties\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because at that time we were too young to date. We would go to the movies. I can\ntell you exactly what movie we would go to. On Friday, we would go to the Cameo\nTheater and see a Western and a chapter picture. On Saturday morning, we would\ngo to the Empire. If you gave them 15 cents, you could go in to see the movie\nand they would give ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you a box of popcorn. You would see a movie and a chapter\npicture. In those particular days, we used to have cowboy cards just like you\nhave baseball cards today. We used to flip them and match them. We would win\ncards from the other person. Our favorite movie stars were the cowboys. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could\nname you a few of them. Buck Jones, Ken Maynard, Fred Thompson, Bob Steele, Tom\nTyler, etc.\n\nKREMER: Did you socialize with kids other than from your congregation?\n\nBETON: A little but not too much. While I was growing up, we didn't associate\ntoo much with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazis except where they had certain clubs where we\nparticipated together. Out of my family, I'm speaking about my wife, her two\nsisters, and her brother, we all married among the Sephardim. But other\ngenerations, and I'm talking about some older than us, Jack Alhadeff married. He\nwas one of the first ones that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married. At that time, we just didn't meet or\nmarry because we didn't belong to the same organizations or the same club. It\nwas just a tradition among our people that Sephardic married Sephardic.\n\nKREMER: How did you meet your wife?\n\nBETON: I've been knowing her ever since she was nine or ten years old.\n\nKREMER: What was her name?\n\nBETON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her name was Rose Habib. H-A-B-I-B. She comes from a Sephardic\nbackground. My three brothers-in-law all married Sephardics. It just happened\nthat way. In this generation and prior to this generation, my son married an Ashkenazi.\n\nKREMER: Tell me who your children are. Their names.\n\nBETON: I have one son named Dr. Ralph Robert ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beton.\n\nKREMER: What year was he born?\n\nBETON: He was born in 1960. I have another son born in 1961, the later part. His\nname is Albert Victor Beton. The point that I'm trying to bring out is that\nthere hasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been a Sephardic marriage in the last 15 to 20 years.\n\nKREMER: Not one?\n\nBETON: Not one because the Sephardics are marrying Ashkenazis. The boys are\nmarrying the girls and they come from a different background. I think that's\ngood because now they're getting the chance to know each other. In my day, if\nyou didn't speak Yiddish, you weren't considered Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only rabbi in town\nthat knew the history of the Sephardics was Rabbi David Marx from the Temple. He\nwas the only one that had the knowledge of the background and the history. He\nwas familiar with the Expulsion. He was familiar with the history of Maimonides\n. . . Yet, the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis, and this always surprised me, somewhere along the\nline they should have told their congregation, \"Look, these people do not speak\nYiddish, they speak Ladino\" and explain to them that just because they don't\nspeak Yiddish they're not Jewish because they would tell us that.\n\nKREMER: Was there any interaction with people from the Temple between your congregation?\n\nBETON: Not very much except for one person. His name was Henry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexander. He\nowned the property where Phipps Plaza is now. He came from a line of Alexanders.\nIt's in the book here Of Seven Generations. They came from England to South\nCarolina. From South Carolina they came to Atlanta. Cecil Alexander is one of\nthem, too. He happens to be the nephew of Henry. Henry would come to our\ncongregation because of his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic background. He was a close friend of Rabbi\nCohen. Being a lawyer, he had something to do with bringing him over to this\ncountry and establishing him as the Sephardic rabbi. He would come to our\nservices on Saturday morning. He would also come during the High Holy Days. He\nwas the only one outside of our people that had come from the Island of Rhodes\nor Turkey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that realized that we came from a different background than the\nAshkenazim. One thing that I can say at this point is that you really have three\ntypes of Jewish people and backgrounds. You have the Ashkenazim, who came from\nGermany primarily, then from Poland and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia and Hungary. Then you have the\nSephardim who came from Portugal and Spain and emanated from those countries to\nthe Mediterranean, Turkey, and Rhodes. Then you have the Oriental Jews, who are\nclassified now as Sephardics, yet their background is different. They have none\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture of the Iberian Peninsula. They do not speak Ladino. They do not\nknow the romanceros. They do not cook . . .\n\nKREMER: Excuse me, what is romanceros?\n\nBETON: Romanceros is the folk ballads. It's the songs. Like you would sing\nCuando Me Enamoro. That's a romancero. Romance, I suppose. Just to continue,\ntheir background ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is Arabic because they came from either Lebanon, Damascus,\nSyria, certain parts of Egypt, North Africa, Tunisia, Afghanistan. They were so\nclosely related to the Arabs that they spoke Arabic as their language, whereas\nwe spoke Ladino, and the Ashkenazi spoke Yiddish. Yet, when they went into\nIsrael, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had two chief rabbis because of their pronunciation and the fact\nthat the rituals would be basically the same. When I say basically, I mean there\nalways certain things about it that were different. They classified them as\nSephardic. The word Sephardic refers to anyone who came from Spain or Portugal\nright up to the Inquisition. That's how they identify the Sephardics. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how\nthey identify the Ashkenazis. Even these people have identified themselves as\nOriental Jews, having come from countries that were dominated by the Arabs. I\nknow that might sound a little controversial, but this is it. This is the way\nthat it came.\n\nKREMER: It's interesting because even in the paper today, talking about David\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Levy resigning and the problem with the Sephardic and he was from Morocco.\nThat's going on in Israel today.\n\nBETON: He's Sephardic.\n\nKREMER: From Morocco.\n\nBETON: From Morocco, right. In Morocco, you have Sephardics and Orientals. He\ncomes from a Sephardic background because Morocco, when the people left Spain, a\nlot of them went to Morocco. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they were engaged with people who were already\nin Morocco. But the people who were already in Morocco never knew anything about\nthe Ladino language or the folk songs or the customs or the cooking or the heritage.\n\nKREMER: What do you see happening to the Sephardim in the United States? Do you\nsee them disappearing as a community?\n\nBETON: The language will disappear, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladino, just like I'm afraid Yiddish\nwill disappear. The reason I say that is because . . .\n\nKREMER: Do your sons speak Ladino?\n\nBETON: No.\n\nKREMER: You didn't teach them.\n\nBETON: No. That's primarily our fault. It's not really a fault. It's a fact that\nthey've grown in a country where the progressive attitude is to learn the\nlanguage of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country and dress according to the customs of the country and to\npick up the habits and customs of the present generation.\n\nKREMER: Yes, but from 1492 until the 19 something, they kept Ladino.\n\nBETON: Let me explain that. In 1492, when the people in Spain were expelled,\nthey considered themselves Spanish. They went to different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries and they\nspoke the same language that they spoke in Spain no matter where they went to,\nGreece, Salonika, Rhodes, or Turkey. They picked up the other language. The\nSephardics are very good when it comes to languages. They still spoke Spanish\namongst themselves because they lived in a quarter juderia they would call it,\nJ-U-D-E-R-I-A, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where everyone went to the same congregation or in some places\nthey may have three or four congregations because they had that in Rhodes. Never\nthe less, they spoke Spanish at home amongst each other. If there was another\nlanguage involved, they learned the other language.\n\nKREMER: But why didn't they do it in this country?\n\nBETON: Because when they came to this country, the language was English. Even\nthough, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, being one of the first generations, I learned it and my wife learned\nit and her brothers and sisters learned it. First generation, mind you, they\nlearned it. To what extent did they learn it? They didn't learn the script. They\ncan't read the script. I can show you examples of the script, but I can read it.\nMaybe it was because I was more attentive, or maybe it's because Rabbi Cohen\ninfluenced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me because I used to teach Sunday school for about 13 years. Then, I\ngave it up at the time. Prior to that time, I was interested in the language.\nThe main reason why I brought this book about is because I knew that a lot of\nour traditions were being lost. If I didn't put this in writing and get other\npeople to contribute to this, that someday it would be lost. As far as the\nlanguage is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned, it is not going to be used unless you're in a Spanish\nspeaking country. The people in Argentina or the people in Caracas, Venezuela,\nor people in other Spanish speaking countries like Cuba, they will speak a\nSpanish like Castilian, but they will be aware of Ladino, and they will be able\nto speak the two. I can remember when Rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cohen was teaching me some of the\nsongs. He told me, \"You can say it this way in Ladino. You can say it this way\nin pure Castilian.\"\n\nKREMER: Is the Jewish population in Argentina Sephardic? Or are a lot of them\nimmigrants after World War II? Or is it half and half from Germany?\n\nBETON: You would have, I imagine, a certain percentage. The majority of them\nwere Sephardic because you can remember when Columbus came over, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he came to the\nCaribbean. There were a lot of countries there that the roots were Sephardic\nbecause there was no other nation here that came from the Jewish parts of the\nworld. Just to give you an idea, the first Jews that came to this country were\n23 that landed in New Amsterdam in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1654. From that small community where the\nShearith Israel is known in New York, they brought over wives by going back to\nAmsterdam or England.\n\nKREMER: The Jews in Amsterdam were Sephardic, right?\n\nBETON: Were Sephardic. The first Askenazis to come to this country, a mass\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration wasn't until 1820. That is quite a long time. You did have some\nexceptions. Haym Salomon came from Poland. He was instrumental in loaning money\nto George Washington during the War of the Revolution. He was just one\nindividual, but I'm talking about a mass immigration coming in. The Russian Jews\ndidn't come until 1890. They came over because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pogroms in Russia. They\ncame two million in one shot.\n\nKREMER: Right. I don't want to get into all that. I want to get back to where we\nare. My question was, will the Sephardim survive in the U.S.? You said the\nlanguage will not. What about the community?\n\nBETON: Not because of the next generation.\n\nKREMER: Right. We've already got that. What about the community?\n\nBETON: The communities will. Yes.\n\nKREMER: You don't think they will just get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diluted into the general Jewish community?\n\nBETON: Let me give you an example, this happened in Savannah. The first Jewish\npeople to come to Savannah were Sephardic Jews because the first child born in\nGeorgia was Philip Minis.\n\nKREMER: How do you spell that?\n\nBETON: M-I-N-I-S. Philip Minis. He was the first child born in Georgia, mind\nyou, because that's where the center was, in Savannah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're interested in the\nsurvival. They formed congregation known as Mikve Israel. Because of their\nnumbers, which did not increase as a result of marriage and children and\ngenerations, the German Jews had come over and they were more or less engulfed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by some marrying into the German Jewish community and some of them marrying,\nintegrating into the non-Jewish community.\n\nKREMER: Non-Jewish?\n\nBETON: That' right. This happened up in New York, too, because there weren't\nenough Jews of their background to get married. This will probably happen\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possibly in Atlanta because right now our congregation, which was up to World\nWar II, about 95 percent Sephardic. It's now about 50-50 or maybe 40-60. I'm\ntalking about the fact that we are overwhelmed by the Ashkenazis but a mixed\ngroup, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Sephardic and an Ashkenazi marrying together. Yet, the services will\nalways remain Sephardic up to a certain point until we bring in another rabbi,\nand there aren't that many Sephardic rabbis. Let's say another rabbi comes in\nand he's not Sephardic, yet the people that would join the community because of\nthe fact that the marriages have already been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mixed. They will be overwhelmed\njust like it happened in Savannah.\n\nKREMER: Is that congregation in Savannah still Sephardic in the way it handles\nits service and all that?\n\nBETON: No.\n\nKREMER: What about Montgomery?\n\nBETON: Montgomery. No, because a lot of them, even though they imported a rabbi\nfrom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . . Maxwell Field, he happens to be a German Jew. He is trying to\nbring their services, but it depends upon some of the elder statesmen. I'm\ntalking about people older than myself that are conducting the services, but\nthey're not rabbis. They are participating with the rabbi, but they participate\nbecause of the Sephardic tradition. But that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be erased. Montgomery will go\nbefore we go. I'm talking about 20 to 30 years from now. Let me mention this,\nwhen a young man gets married to a young lady, some of them have joined other\ncongregations. They are pulling away from the main source and going into the\nother because of their engagement with their spouses. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand, you\nhave certain communities in this country like Los Angeles and Seattle, Seattle\nprimarily. I understand that you cannot join the Seattle congregation unless\nyou're Sephardic. They want to retain their tradition over a period of years.\nYou have two congregations there, which is unusual because usually you have one\nin a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain city, but Seattle happens to have two.\n\nKREMER: Is one more Turkish and one more Rhodes?\n\nBETON: Let me bring out the difference. One comes from Turkey. The other one\ncomes from the Island of Rhodes. Not to deviate, but just go back to the Or\nVeShalom. It was in the year 1910 that we had a congregation and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called\nAhvath Shalom.\n\nKREMER: Where was that? Here?\n\nBETON: Right here in Atlanta. It was known as Love of Peace. That is what\nAhavath Shalom means in Hebrew. Two years later, the people who came from\nTurkey, I'm talking about Bodrum, Izmir, Constantinople, they didn't like the\nway the Sephardic people who came from Rhodes were conducting the services. They\nsaid, \"Look, we used to do it this way or this way.\" They had their own\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differences. So, they fragmented. There was a splinter group that came out of\nthis group. They formed a congregation in 1912 known as Or Hachaim.\n\nKREMER: How do you spel1 that?\n\nBETON: I'm going to give you the spelling right here.\n\nKREMER: O-R H-A-C-H-A-I-M. Light of life.\n\nBETON: What actually happens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in 1914 they had a meeting of the various\ncongregations. Since World War I was on, they said, \"Look, we shouldn't fight.\nWe should unite.\" The war more or less brought them together. They took the Or\nout of Or Hachaim, and they took Shalom out of Ahvath Shalom, and they found Or\nVe Shalom. That's how we got our name, Light of Peace, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1914. When I was in\nLos Angeles during World War II, I was stationed in Blythe, California. I went\nto Los Angeles. Some lady asked me, \"Where are your people from?\" I said, \"They\ncome from the Island of Rhodes.\" She said, \"Oh, you're haueno.\" Haueno means\nyou're a stranger.\n\nKREMER: I'm sorry I couldn't hear that. How do you spell that?\n\nBETON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"H-A-U-E-N-O. The reason they said that is that you don't belong to the\nsame group that we belong to. We're all Sephardics, but our group comes from\nthis city and your group comes from that city.\n\nKREMER: When you were in the army, did you have any other experiences with your\nroots, so to speak?\n\nBETON: Yes, this was an unusual incident. I was stationed in Paris at the time.\nWe had just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived practically during the High Holy Days. The chaplain of the\nbase said, \"Jewish personnel, get on convoy trucks. We're going to take them\ninto Paris. There are five congregations there. We'll drop you at various points\nthere.\" They dropped us at a little synagogue which was near the railway\nstation, La Garenne. As I walked into the place, I noticed people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were going\nthrough the various rituals. Being in Paris, I would expect everyone to speak\nFrench. All of the sudden a man said, \"Señor, . . . el livro,\" which means\n\"Please give me that book.\" I turned around and looked at him and said, \"My\ngoodness, he's speaking Spanish.\" As the services continued, they were speaking\nin the Sephardic tongue. Right away, I said, \"There's something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unusual here.\"\nWhen the services were over, I introduced myself. They were always interested in\nknowing where we came from because we were American soldiers trying to help the\naxis forces. When I mentioned the Island of Rhodes, they said, \"Oh, we have a\ncouple of people here from the Island of Rhodes. Most of us come from Turkey.\" I\nfound out they were Sephardic, and the people that were from the Island of\nRhodes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought me home to their homes and gave me some boreks and pastels plus\nthe regular meal. I had a couple of my buddies coming over who were not\nSephardic. They were in for a treat. They enjoyed it. They asked me about that.\nThere was another incident that happened in the army, which I think is very\nunusual as far as an anecdote. I was stationed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England. We were gathering\naround for the various services that the chaplain announced. He mentioned the\nProtestant service. He mentioned the Catholic service. He didn't mention the\nJewish service. After the meeting, I approached him and asked him, \"What\nhappened to the Jewish service? You didn't mention them.\" He said, \"Well, I'll\ntell you. We used to have a Jewish chaplain that would travel the circuit, but\nhe can't come here anymore. However, we have had personnel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were able to\nconduct services from our fellow servicemen.\" He said, \"Can you conduct\nservices?\" I said, \"Sure.\" Of course, I volunteered for primarily another\nreason. He says, \"I'll put you on my staff while you're here temporarily,\"\nbefore we were going to be assigned. He said, \"When would you like to have\nservices?\" I said, \"On Friday night.\" I sent out a notice to all the squadrons\nthere. We had the services that Friday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. According to the Jewish Welfare\nBoard, you have to give the services partly in English and partly in Hebrew\nbecause they supply the books. I started the services. I started reading the\n23rd Psalm. These boys, they looked at me and they looked at the book and they\nlooked at me and they said, \"There is something unusual here.\" When the services\nwere over, they approached me and asked me, \"You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did a good job, but your\npronunciation, we never heard Hebrew pronounced like that.\" I asked these\nfellows, \"Where are you from?\" One of them said, \"I'm from Baltimore, Maryland.\"\nAnother one from New Jersey. One from New York. One from Boston. One from\nPhiladelphia. One from Chicago. I said, \"I happen to be from Atlanta, Georgia. I\nwas speaking Hebrew with a southern accent.\" They let it go at that. They had\nnever heard of a Sephardic Jew. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, they never even heard of Atlanta,\nGeorgia. They thought all Jews lived up there in the east somewhere. This\nactually happened to me because I was involved in interpreting. When we reached\nParis, and the minute we hit France, they found out I could speak a little\nFrench, they made me the interpreter. We got to Paris. I didn't stay there no\nmore than about three days because I had to go on an advance party together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with\nthe major and the captain and the jeep driver. Our mission was to locate\nquarters as the army was approaching and the Nazis were going backward. We were\nable to follow them and pick out certain air force depots to supply the people\nwith. While my boys were enjoying Paris and seeing everything that was there\nregardless of the fact that there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was no light at night, I was going out\nfighting the war. I had some unusual experiences. I saw women that had their\nhair shaved off. I met certain people there.\n\nKREMER: Did you get to any of the concentration camps?\n\nBETON: I didn't meet any. In fact, we had no idea what was going on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't\nlearn anything about the concentration camps until I went back to Paris and I\nmet a few families that had been hiding, not in concentration camps, but at\nfarms outside of the city. They had heard about the concentration camps, and\nthey told us about it, but I was not aware of the concentration camps until\nabout November or December of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944.\n\nKREMER: Did you hear anything about the people of Rhodes? Anyone you knew that\nwas left behind?\n\nBETON: I heard about that after the war. They massacred, out of 1,700 people\nthat they captured from Rhodes that went to Auschwitz, I think only about 40 or\n50 survived.\n\nKREMER: Did your whole family leave Rhodes?\n\nBETON: Yes.\n\nKREMER: So you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no people left.\n\nBETON: No. My mother lost her sisters. My father lost relatives. We had various\nrelatives that were lost. My wife's family, her grandfather was taken. He died\non the boat on the way going. They would come to them and they would take the\ngold from their teeth while they were still on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board. They would take all their\npossessions. Some of them were elderly, and they weren't able to make it to\nAuschwitz. Perhaps it was just as well because they were doomed. How these other\npeople managed to live because they were just a handful. But there were other\nJews. The Jews from Turkey were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bothered because they were under a Turkish\ncitizenship, and Germany was not at war with Turkey. So, they were able to\nremain in Turkey. Even some of those who had Turkish citizenships who were\nvisiting Rhodes at the time were released to the Turkish ambassador. The people\nwho came from Rhodes were under the Italian influence. It was in 1939 that\nMussolini ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came out with his pogroms that made a lot of Jews leave Rhodes and go\nto Africa. Some went to the Belgian Congo, which is now Zimbabwe. Some went to\nZaire. Some went to Cape Town. There is a great community in South Africa today\nthat originated from Rhodes. One of the largest remnants of the Rhodes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community\nare living in South Africa today. They were able to leave in 1938. Most of these\npeople that were taken from the Island of Rhodes was in July of 1944. I was\nstationed in the army at that time, and I had no knowledge of what was going on.\nThere were people from the Island of Cos and people from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various other\nplaces that were considered under the Italian influence or the Greek influence.\nThere were some from Greece that were taken. At that time, Greece was fighting a\nwar with Germany. when the British army wrested the island away from the Nazis,\nthe island was given over to the Greeks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the island has been under the\ninfluence of the Turks, the Ottoman Empire, for many, many years, ever since\n1522. They were under the influence of the Italians from 1911 to the World War\nII. Then the British army took it from the Germans and they in turn gave it over\nto the Greeks. There were Greek communities living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Island of Rhodes as\nwell as the Italians and the Spanish Jews. Of course, Turkey was close by. As a\nresult, this is how some of the people were able to learn these different\nlanguages. My father spoke very good Greek. He knew a lot about the customs and\nthe holidays. My mother spoke a little Italian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and French. They would go to the\nAlliance Francaise and they would learn a lot of things in French and certain\nsongs in French. I remember she used to sing La Madelon, which was the song of\nWorld War I, which was banned in France during the occupation. The song then was\nLili Marleen. I learned that in French and in German. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still know La Madelon,\nwhich was an old song of World War I. My mother used to sing it all the time,\nand I learned it.\n\nKREMER: Do your siblings sing? And are they artistically meant also?\n\nBETON: My two sons are artistically inclined. Years ago, I taught them songs in\nfour or five different languages. They can still sing them if they want to, but\nthey dropped it after a period of time. I learned to sing songs in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten languages\nfrom my mother and father and from various service men that I met in the army. I\nwas interested in various people from various backgrounds. Every time I hear a\nname like Poulos or something of that nature, I know the person is Greek. I go\nover to him and I speak to him in Greek, just a few phrases here and there.\n\nKREMER: What about your brothers and sisters? Are they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"artistically . . .\n\nBETON: Not really. They're more business oriented like my brother went to\nCommercial High, which is a business school, basically. Then he went to the\nUniversity of Southern California.\n\nKREMER: That was a long way to go from here.\n\nBETON: That is. I was supposed to go and he beat me to the punch because he got\nout a month before I did. I already had a prospectus of the school. He thought I\nwas going to join him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, but I wasn't able to make it. He specialized in\naccounting. CPA. He later studied law. Now he handles estate planning, taxes,\nand things of that nature.\n\nKREMER: So, you're the only artistic one and the historian of the family?\n\nBETON: Right. I'm probably the only one who learned most of the songs from my\nmother, who was a great signer. She used to sing songs all the time when they\nused to go on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picnics. This was one thing that I admired about our people. They\nwere pioneers. They wouldn't stay home on Sunday. They would get a group\ntogether and go to Indian Springs. They would go to Dixie Lakes. They would go\nto Mooney's Lake. Mooney's Lake was a place right behind K-Mart at Lindbergh\nPlaza. It's now part of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expressway. They would go to the place where\nFranklin Delano Roosevelt went. Warm Springs, Georgia. They would go to all\nthese places.\n\nKREMER: Did they take you?\n\nBETON: They took us. They took the children along. They would hire a truck. They\nwould all get on the truck. While they were driving, my mother would start\nsinging all these songs.\n\nKREMER: Did you do that with other families or just your family?\n\nBETON: Oh, no. With other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families. We would have relatives to get together.\nSometimes they would have 10 or 15 families. They would just get together.\nThey'd go out and have picnics. They would explore all these different places,\nwhich is something we don't do now. Maybe it's because of television. Maybe it's\nbecause, first before television, there was the radio. But during that time,\nthey wanted to go see the countryside and see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various things. That's one reason\nwhy my father went to about 44 different states when he was young because he\nwanted to explore to see the people. My father had a habit of going into a\nplace. If he found out that the person had a Greek background, he'd speak to\nthem in Greek. The next thing you know they'd call him a patriótis, which is\nthe Greek word for comrade, a fellow countryman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/transcript/21651/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They'd treat him to a meal.\n\nKREMER: Thank you very much. I think we're about out of tape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5400.0,5430.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRhodes is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, off the southwest coast of Turkey. It is the largest island of the Dodecanese archipelago and serves as the capital of the Greek Islands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Balkan Wars consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913 and served as a prelude to World War I. Four Balkan states (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro) defeated the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought its former allies from the first war along with facing a surprise attack from Romania from the north. The conflicts ended catastrophically for the Ottoman Empire, which lost the bulk of its territory in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuleiman I (1494-1566), commonly known as “Suleiman the Magnificent” in the West, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death. Under his administration, the Ottoman caliphate ruled over at least 25 million people. Suleiman succeeded his father as sultan in 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in central Europe and the Mediterranean. Belgrade fell to him in 1521 and Rhodes, under the rule of the Knights of St. John, in 1522–23.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word \u003cem\u003eSepharad\u003c/em\u003e, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1927 to 1937, Rhodes maintained a rabbinical college which served the Aegean Sea area. Rhodes was always known for its traditional observance of Judaism. The rabbinical college was originally located in the Old City of Rhodes in the Jewish Quarter. Later it was moved to larger premises in the New City of Rhodes. In 1938, the College was closed down when anti-Jewish laws were passed by the Governor of Rhodes. In its relatively short existence, it had become one of the leading rabbinical seminaries among Sephardic communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eL’alliance française\u003c/em\u003e is an international organization that aims to promote the French language and francophone culture around the world. Created in Paris on July 21, 1883, its primary concern is teaching French as a second language. Today, the \u003cem\u003eAlliance\u003c/em\u003e has 850 centers in 137 countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eromancero\u003c/em\u003e is a collection of Spanish romances, a type of folk ballad, dating from the 14th century. The \u003cem\u003eromancero\u003c/em\u003e is the entire corpus of such ballads. It is a distinct body of literature having themes of war, honor, aristocracy, and heroism from epic poetry. They often have a pretense of historicity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e. The celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “son of commandments.” A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Isaac Cohen (1896-1985) was born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey. He was trained for the rabbinate in Turkey and accepted his first pulpit in Havana, Cuba in 1920. In 1934 he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he was installed as the rabbi of Congregation Or VeShalom, a Sephardic synagogue. Rabbi Cohen officially retired in 1969, but remained active at both the synagogue and in the community until his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHistorically, the Rashi script and its cursive form, Solitreo (a cursive form of the Hebrew alphabet), have been the main orthographies for writing Ladino. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as \"Judeo-Spanish,\" Ladino is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish originally spoken in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa) as well as in France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and the United Kingdom. Today, Ladino is spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616), born to a poor family near Madrid, is perhaps Spain’s most important literary figure. His most famous work is \u003cem\u003eDon Quixote\u003c/em\u003e, which is still read by readers of all languages.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Edict of Expulsion, also known as the Alhambra Decree, was an edict issued on March 31, 1492, by the joint Catholic monarchs of Spain – Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, that ordered the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by July 31 of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converted population (known as \u003cem\u003econversos\u003c/em\u003e) and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFerdinand II (1452-1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 and, by marriage, King of Castile from 1474, reigning over a dynastically unified Spain jointly with his wife Isabella I (1451-1504). Ferdinand is considered the de facto first King of Spain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntonio de Nebrija (1444-1522) was the author of the first Spanish grammar (1492) and the first dictionary of the Spanish language (1495). He was commissioned by Ferdinand II and Isabella I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCastilian Spanish is the variety of Peninsular Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain, or the language standard for radio and TV speakers. In Spanish, the term \u003cem\u003ecastellano\u003c/em\u003e (Castilian) refers to the Spanish language as spoken in Spain, as opposed to the language spoken in Latin America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA language combining a German dialect with words from Hebrew and other modern languages. Originally spoken in central and eastern Europe before the Holocaust, it is now mainly spoken in the United States, Israel, and parts of Western Russia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, Ashkenazim account for about 75% of the world's Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe J. M. High Company was a department store in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded by Joseph Madison High (1855-1906), whose wife, Harriet \"Hattie\" Harwell Wilson High (1862-1932), donated her family's mansion on Peachtree Street to house the museum that has grown into the High Museum of Art, Atlanta's foremost art museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Four Questions [Yiddish: \u003cem\u003eFir Kashes\u003c/em\u003e; Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eMa Nishtana\u003c/em\u003e] are part of the Passover \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e. These questions provide the impetus for telling why this night is different from all other nights. They are traditionally asked by the youngest child (who is able to speak) and are: (introductory question) Why is this night different from all other nights? 1. Why is it that on all other nights we eat either bread or \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, and on this night we eat only \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e? 2. Why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables, but on this night we only eat bitter herbs? 3. Why is it on all other nights we do not dip our vegetables even once, but on this night we dip them twice? 4. Why is it on all other nights we eat either sitting or reclining, but on this night we only eat in a reclining position?\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChad Gadya\u003c/em\u003e, \"one little goat” or \"one kid,\" is a playful cumulative song in Aramaic and Hebrew. It is sung at the end of the Passover \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of Passover. The melody may have its roots in Medieval German folk music. It first appeared in a \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e printed in Prague in 1590, which makes it the most recent inclusion in the traditional Passover seder liturgy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCatholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile established the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the “Spanish Inquisition,” in 1478. It was originally intended to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted to Catholicism from Judaism and Islam. Those Jews who converted were called \u003cem\u003econversos\u003c/em\u003e (converts), and were regarded with deep suspicion by the tribunal. Eventually, all Jews who refused to convert were totally expelled from Spain in 1492. The figures vary dramatically from 800,000 to more modern figures of 40,000 (with about 40,000 Jews converting to avoid expulsion). The Jews immigrated first to Portugal (which in turn expelled them in 1497), and then to North Africa. Some went to Italy, Greece, and other places in Europe. These became the “Sephardim.” The \u003cem\u003econversos\u003c/em\u003e who remained in Spain were heavily persecuted, and, if accused and convicted of being a “crypto-Jew,” were often burned at the stake. Other minorities suffered as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamón Menéndez Pidal (1869-1968) was a Spanish philologist and historian. He worked extensively on the history of the Spanish language and Spanish folklore and folk poetry. One of his main topics was the history and legend of \u003cem\u003eEl Cid\u003c/em\u003e. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize 23 times, the most nominated person in the history of the Prize.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"Creating Community: The Jews of Atlanta from 1845 to the Present” was an exhibit sponsored by the Atlanta Jewish Federation and presented at the Atlanta History Center from October 24, 1994-October 22, 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra Katz \"Sandy\" Berman is an American archivist. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, she was the founding archivist of the Cleveland Jewish Archives. She later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1985 became the founding archivist of the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. During her 28-year tenure at the Breman, she co-curated multiple exhibitions and expanded the scope of the museum to include collections from Jewish communities throughout Georgia and surrounding states. She is the interviewer for many of the oral histories that can be found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Mark Keith Bauman (b. 1946) is a scholar of Southern Jewish history. A native of New York City, he was educated at Wilkes College, Lehigh University, the University of Chicago, and Emory University. He served for many years as a professor of history at Atlanta Metropolitan College, and has published a number of books on Southern Jewish History as well as Methodist Bishop Warren A. Candler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders, and miniature illustrations, often decorated with either gold or silver. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are a total of 613 different \u003cem\u003emitzvot\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: commandments] given to the Israelite people, the most famous of which being the Ten Commandments, in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e. In the 12th century, the scholar Maimonides recorded and classified the commandments. The 613 commandments include \"positive commandments,\" to perform an act (\u003cem\u003emitzvot aseh\u003c/em\u003e), and \"negative commandments,\" to abstain from certain acts (\u003cem\u003emitzvot lo taaseh\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e.  Reading the \u003cem\u003eHaggadah\u003c/em\u003e at the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e table is a fulfillment of the scriptural commandment to each Jew to “tell your son” of the Jewish liberation from slavery in Egypt as described in the Book of Exodus in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the acronym Rambam, was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e scholars of the Middle Ages. In his time, he was also a preeminent astronomer and physician, serving as the personal physician of Saladin. He was born in Spain but spent most of his life and died in Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImpressionism was a radical art movement that began in the late 1800s. It centered primarily around Parisian painters. Impressionists rebelled against classical subject matter and embraced modernity, desiring to create works that reflected the world in which they lived. Uniting them was a focus on how light could define a moment in time with color providing definition instead of black lines. The Impressionists emphasized the practice of \u003cem\u003eplein air\u003c/em\u003e painting, or painting outside.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Temple Tifereth Israel, also called The Sephardic Temple, is a large, urban Sephardi Jewish synagogue located in Westwood, Los Angeles, California at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard and Warner Avenue. Established on February 1, 1920 as the \"Sephardic Community of Los Angeles,\" it exists today as the merger of three major Sephardic organizations with approximately 600 member families. The current (2021) rabbi of the congregation is Rabbi Dr. Tal Sessler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMetropolitan Seattle, Washington has either the third or fourth largest Sephardic community in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles, and tied with Miami. The two Sephardic congregations in the city are the Sephardic Bikur Holim Congregation and Congregation Ezra Bessaroth. Mr. Beton is likely referring to Congregation Ezra Bessaroth in this interview, as its traditions and character come from the Isle of Rhodes, where his family is from.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Shearith Israel in New York, often called the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, is the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. It was established in 1654 and until 1825 was the only Jewish congregation in New York City. The Orthodox synagogue is located on Central Park West at 70th Street. The congregation's current building was occupied in 1897.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of \u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eChanukah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003eHanukkah menorah\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “head of the year”] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e, God sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelihot\u003c/em\u003e are the penitential prayers recited during \u003cem\u003eYamim Noraim\u003c/em\u003e (the ten days that begin with \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e) and the period leading up to it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Empire Theatre opened March 19, 1928 with \u003cem\u003eThe Cohens and the Kellys in Paris\u003c/em\u003e. It was a neighborhood theater located on Georgia Avenue and Crew Street in Atlanta. It closed in the 1950s and was demolished in the mid-1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2021, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Abraham Alexander, Jr. (born Henry Alexander II, 1918-2013) was an American architect, principally a designer of commercial architecture, best known for his work in Atlanta, Georgia. He worked with the firm FABRAP, which, in 1985, became Rosser FABRAP International and later Rosser International. Together with other architects of the firm, he \"shaped the skyline of Atlanta.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes on the Alexander Family of South Carolina and Georgia and Connections, 1651 – 1954\u003c/em\u003e is a book by Atlanta native Henry A. Alexander Sr. published in 1954. The 142-page book contains a family tree, photographs, and notes about family members as well as those by marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Aaron “Harry” Alexander, Sr. (1874-1967) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Julius Mortimer Alexander and Rebecca Ella Solomons Alexander. His grandfather, Aaron Alexander, was the first Jew of American birth to settle in Atlanta. He was a prominent attorney, scholar, and religious leader. Alexander served in the Georgia State House of Representatives and was a veteran of World War I. He was also a president of the Atlanta Historical Society and a prominent Atlanta attorney. He was a member of the defense team in the trial of Leo Frank. In 1930 he and his wife, Marion Kline Alexander, built one of the largest homes in Atlanta on Peachtree Road. The Alexander family sold part of their land for development of the Phipps Plaza mall, which opened in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, also referred as Oriental Jews, are the descendants of the local Jewish communities that had existed in the Middle East and North Africa from biblical times into the modern era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Levy (b. 1937) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1969 and 2006. He was born in Rabat, Morocco, and immigrated to Israel in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 6 million Jews were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, sponsored by the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabela, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Amsterdam was a 17th century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. In 1624, it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province of New Netherland in 1625. In 1664, the English took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York City after the Duke of York. Today, much of what was once New Amsterdam lies in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Revolutionary War, also called the “American War of Independence,” was fought between American colonists and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. It resulted in the independence and formation of the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaym Salomon (born Chaim Salomon; 1740-1785) was a Jewish businessman and political financial broker who immigrated to New York City from Poland during the period of the American Revolution. He helped convert French loans into ready cash by selling bills of exchange for Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance. In this way he aided the Continental Army and was possibly, along with Morris, the prime financier of the American side during the American Revolutionary War against Great Britain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Minis (1734-1789) was the son of Jewish settlers Abraham and Abigail Minis. Born in Savannah, he was the first white male child born in the Colony of Georgia. He was a successful merchant at the outbreak of the American Revolution. An ardent patriot, he advanced considerable sums to the Revolutionary cause, mainly in connection with the payment of the troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Mickve Israel, located in the Historic District of Savannah, Georgia, on Monterey Square, was founded in 1733. It is the third-oldest Jewish congregation in America. The first synagogue, constructed in 1820, was the first synagogue built in Georgia. Founded by Sephardic Jewish settlers, today (2021) it is a Reform congregation led by Rabbi Robert Haas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road. As of 2021, the congregation’s rabbi is Josh Hearshen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called the \"First World War\" or the \"Great War,\" was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Welfare Board is an agency providing for the religious, educational, and morale needs of Jewish military personnel. The National Jewish Welfare Board (JWB) was formed on April 9, 1917, three days after the United States declared war on Germany, in order to support Jewish soldiers in the United States military. The organization was also charged with recruiting and training rabbis for military service, as well as providing support materials to these newly commissioned chaplains. The JWB also maintained oversight of Jewish chapel facilities at military installations. In 1921, several organizations merged with the JWB to become a national association of Jewish community centers around the country in order to integrate social activities, education, and recreation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of concentration and death camps built and operated by Nazi Germany just outside the Polish town of Oświęcim (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (1883-1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. He was known as “\u003cem\u003eIl Duce\u003c/em\u003e” (“The Leader”). Mussolini was captured and executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans on April 27, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ottoman Empire was a state and caliphate created by Turkish tribes that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. At its height, the empire encompassed most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including present-day Hungary and parts of Ukraine. The empire came to an end in 1922, when the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East replaced it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA lake known as Mooney's Lake was originally located in Lindbergh on the east side of Piedmont Road. Deuward S. Mooney developed it into a recreation center in 1920. It had two spring water pools, a lake for swimming and canoeing, horseback riding, miniature golf, and a railroad. Food was sold at the pavilion, and there was dancing to jukebox music. The pavilion burned down in the 1950s and subsequently went out of business. In 1958, Mooney's Lake was drained and the developers Jordan, Davis, and Carter built the Broadview Shopping Center, later named Lindbergh Plaza.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/annotation_set/360/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=5310.0,5340.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Beton, Sol [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=23.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Beton, I'd like you to go back as far as you can in your family's personal history and tell me where they originated from.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=23.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alliance Francaise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chios","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Delicatessens","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Island of Rhodes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary Piha","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ralph Beton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salonika","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shoe Repair Shop","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southern France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spain","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=23.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Family and Growing Up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=807.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did she start having children? How many did she have and when?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=807.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Borekas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boys High","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Central Avenue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Commercial High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dallas, Texas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Formwalt School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hoke Smith High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I. Robert Beton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladino","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morris Beton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pastels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pryor Street","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suzanne Beton Hanan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=807.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Celebrating Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1449.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me about how you celebrated Sabbath. How did your family celebrate that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1449.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazi Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladino","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1449.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Art","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1999.0,2537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since you're an artist, let's go to art. Is there, besides the illuminated manuscripts that I was reading about, anything special about Sephardic art? Or is it just art that was done at the time in different places by various people?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1999.0,2537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Illuminated Manuscripts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Art","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=1999.0,2537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing Up and Social Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2537.0,3228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's go back again to your growing up. I don't think we got much past your school. We were talking about the celebration of different holidays, for instance. I'd like to get back to that, how you celebrated the High Holy Days.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2537.0,3228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazi Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta College of Art","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cameo Theater","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Empire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia State University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Holy Days","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Museum of Art","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rose Habib Beton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=2537.0,3228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Beton Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3228.0,3465.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you meet your wife?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745#t=3228.0,3465.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29824/file/97745/index/47219/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albert Victor Beton","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Ralph Robert 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