{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/251fj29x78/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Brook, Julian"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-01-27 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection Savannah Jewish Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJulian Brook was born in in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1942. He grew up during the civil rights era in Birmingham, Alabama. He is a member of Temple Beth-El in Birmingham and is an active member in his community. He has been a board member of United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, the Jewish Federation Allocation Committee, and other organizations. He is married to Adrian Brook. They have two sons. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJulian Brook discusses Jewish life in Birmingham, Alabama, and reflects on how attitudes towards Jews in Birmingham have changed since his childhood. He tells of his family history and their arrival to the United States through Ellis Island. He mentions their migration to Alabama as primarily for work and reflects on the family’s fruit and vegetable market in Russia and in Alabama. He discusses his experiences growing up during the civil rights era and segregation in Birmingham. He recounts that he was a pre-teen to teenager during that period. He remembers the Jewish businesses downtown. He reflects on the role of the Jewish community during the civil rights era and their involvement in politics in Birmingham. He reflects also on the Jewish community’s involvement with Israel during that period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe tells of his bar mitzvah and attending both Sunday school and Hebrew school at Temple Beth-El. He talks about the three synagogues in Birmingham and the social divisions along those lines in the1950s. He discusses Rabbis Milton Grafman and Abraham Mesch at Temple Beth-El and their positions during the civil rights era. He reflects on the attempted bombing of Temple Beth-El in 1958. He talks about the famous letter that Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote from the Birmingham Jail. He speaks of relationships with non-Jewish communities and recounts his personal relationships with African Americans from his childhood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe is a member of Temple Beth-El. He talks about his involvement in the community and as a board member of United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, Jewish Federation Allocation Committee, and other organizations. He talks about his wife, Adrian, and their two sons.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28610"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Julian Brook (b. 1942) (personal name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJulian Brook was born in in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1942. He grew up during the civil rights era in Birmingham, Alabama. He is a member of Temple Beth-El in Birmingham and is an active member in his community. He has been a board member of United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, the Jewish Federation Allocation Committee, and other organizations. He is married to Adrian Brook. They have two sons. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJulian Brook discusses Jewish life in Birmingham, Alabama, and reflects on how attitudes towards Jews in Birmingham have changed since his childhood. He tells of his family history and their arrival to the United States through Ellis Island. He mentions their migration to Alabama as primarily for work and reflects on the family’s fruit and vegetable market in Russia and in Alabama. He discusses his experiences growing up during the civil rights era and segregation in Birmingham. He recounts that he was a pre-teen to teenager during that period. He remembers the Jewish businesses downtown. He reflects on the role of the Jewish community during the civil rights era and their involvement in politics in Birmingham. He reflects also on the Jewish community’s involvement with Israel during that period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe tells of his bar mitzvah and attending both Sunday school and Hebrew school at Temple Beth-El. He talks about the three synagogues in Birmingham and the social divisions along those lines in the1950s. He discusses Rabbis Milton Grafman and Abraham Mesch at Temple Beth-El and their positions during the civil rights era. He reflects on the attempted bombing of Temple Beth-El in 1958. He talks about the famous letter that Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote from the Birmingham Jail. He speaks of relationships with non-Jewish communities and recounts his personal relationships with African Americans from his childhood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe is a member of Temple Beth-El. He talks about his involvement in the community and as a board member of United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, Jewish Federation Allocation Committee, and other organizations. He talks about his wife, Adrian, and their two sons.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/123/722/small/Brook_Julian.mp4_1632161681.jpg?1632147282","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Brook_Julian.mp4"]},"duration":3884.65,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/123/722/small/Brook_Julian.mp4_1632161681.jpg?1632147282","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/123/722/original/Brook_Julian.mp4?1632147277","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3884.65,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Julian Brook [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is January 27, 2009. I am with Julian Brook, who has agreed to\nbe interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. My name is Sandy Berman. I'm the\narchivist at the museum. I'm thrilled and grateful that you have agreed to\nparticipate in this project.\n\nBROOK: Thank you. My pleasure.\n\nBERMAN: I'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background.\nWhen you were born and when your family and you ended up in Birmingham.\n\nBROOK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born in 1942. My family had been in Birmingham for probably about\n10 years at that point. They were relative newcomers to Birmingham. My father\ngrew up in Mobile [Alabama], which I'm sure you will get to Mobile eventually.\nAll of that family is from Mobile. My mother grew up in New Orleans [Louisiana]\nand spent some time in the regional home in New Orleans. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met. I think she\nwas in camp and a friend of hers said I have somebody I want to meet in Mobile.\nThey met. My father's brother had a business in Birmingham. He got to a point\nwhere he needed help. He asked my father to come up from Mobile to help him in\nthe business. They were in that business from that point until 1964 when they\nsold it.\n\nBERMAN: What was the business?\n\nBROOK: Alabama ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restaurant supply. They sold kitchen equipment, supplies, dishes,\npots, pans. All that kind of stuff.\n\nBERMAN: How did your father's family end up in Mobile?\n\nBROOK: They came in through Ellis Island. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"migrated primarily for work. In\nMobile, they went into the fruit and vegetable business because my father would\ngo out early in the morning with his father to buy vegetables. They bought the\nback end and were initially on a pushcart. Then they bought a store on a corner.\nI just found out recently they had been in the vegetable business in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia\nbefore. I didn't know that. That tied it together for me, which was kind of interesting.\n\nBERMAN: Very quickly, for the purpose of the tape. Your father's name?\n\nBROOK: Frank Brook.\n\nBERMAN: And your mother?\n\nBROOK: She was Libby Feinblum in New Orleans. Libby Feinblum Brook.\n\nBERMAN: When you said earlier the children's home. Again, for the purpose of the\ntape, you meant the Children's Orphans' Home. The Hebrew Orphans' Home in New\nOrleans. Why was she in the home for a short time?\n\nBROOK: Both ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of her parents died fairly young. She had a brother who was in the\nservice. She had a sister who she nursed for a while, who died of scarlet fever.\nShe had some relatives in New Orleans, and some of them were there as recently\nas [Hurricane] Katrina. I think most of them are gone now but there are a few\nstill there. There really wasn't anybody who could afford to take care of her,\nso for a while she was there.\n\nBERMAN: Did she talk much about these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiences?\n\nBROOK: Not at all. She was very private. We don't know much about it. The home\ndoes not have specific records of her because I've talked to them. It's a lost chapter.\n\nBERMAN: I'm sorry. We knew what drew them to Birmingham. It was job opportunity.\nDid they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initially join this congregation, Temple Beth-El?\n\nBROOK: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: They were Conservative? Orthodox? There really wasn't a Conservative\nMovement yet.\n\nBROOK: No. Beth-El was interesting. When it was first formed, it was essentially\nan Orthodox congregation except it did not have separate seating. That was the\nmain reason it was formed because husbands wanted to sit with their wives. For a\nperiod of time, it was related to both the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Union and the Conservative\nMovement. In the 1940s, it dropped the Orthodox affiliation all together and\nbecame a Conservative congregation. As near as I can find out, that is about the\ntime that United Synagogue [of Conservative Judaism] created a region in the\nsoutheast. That made some sense. I think that is probably accurate.\n\nBERMAN: You were around when Rabbi [Abraham J.] Mesch was the spiritual leader here?\n\nBROOK: He was my rabbi.\n\nBERMAN: What was he like?\n\nBROOK: I'll tell you a Rabbi Mesch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story. His son and I were best friends. We\nwere very close. I was over at his home playing with Barry, his son, one\nafternoon. I don't remember how old I was. I was probably early teens. Maybe\njust barely. We were on the floor in the living room sitting around doing\nsomething. I have no idea what. Rabbi Mesch walked in. He was wearing a pair of\nslacks and one of those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old-style undershirts that men used to wear with the\nnarrow straps. I looked up at him. I said to myself, \"My goodness. He wears an\nundershirt just like real people.\" That was a startling revelation to me. That\nwas the image he had. He was not real people. He was a rabbi. Initially, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\nin grammar school with a whole bunch of Jewish kids at Lakeview School, which is\nnear St. Vincent's Hospital. That's the southside, the first migration, if you\nwill. In the fifth grade, I was invited into an enrichment class, which met at\nSouth Highland School. It was fine. It was a lot of fun, but there were only two\nJewish kids at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Barry and me. That was a different experience\ntotally. Barry and I got very close at that point.\n\nBERMAN: What was it like being only one of two Jewish children?\n\nBROOK: The class we were in probably was not the favorite of a lot of the other\nstudents anyhow, even some of the teachers. From that point of view within our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class, we didn't have any antisemitism or negative reaction at all. Occasionally\nfrom some of the other students we might but nothing really violent, but it was\nthere. You could sense an undercurrent.\n\nBERMAN: You could?\n\nBROOK: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did you like growing up in Birmingham? Was it a good experience for you?\n\nBROOK: Yes. I wouldn't be anywhere else, and I've had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunities. The kids\nwere close. I was in AZA as well as [unintelligible]. All the groups were very\nclose, even those that didn't get along would stick together would feel\nthreatened, which is probably a Jewish thing. I guess. Back in the 1950s, there\nwas not much interdating between Beth-El and Emanu-El, Conservative and Reform,\nalthough there was a little bit. There was one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girl from Emanu-El that I dated\nfor a while, rather seriously, and some others did too, but it didn't happen\nvery often. With the Orthodox and Conservative, it was not an issue at all.\nEmanu-El was mostly the German Jews. Beth-El was mostly the Eastern European\nJews. They didn't mix a lot.\n\nBERMAN: Were you friendly with anybody at Emanu-El? Boys?\n\nBROOK: Yes. Occasionally some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinds of parties we would be together. There were\na few people who crossed the dating lines here and there, me being one of them\nfor a while. We were friendly but we just didn't date.\n\nBERMAN: Did you attend Jubilee? Was it still around and active when you were . . .?\n\nBROOK: It really wasn't. I can remember Jay Cohen, who is in Atlanta now,\nstaying at my mother's house when he came in for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jubilee. I can remember us\nputting up a date for him for Jubilee. He was in college, and he is a few years\nahead of me, so I was familiar with it. But the closest I ever got to it was\nsleeping on the pledge porch [unintelligible] when I was down there for a\nweekend when I was a senior in high school.\n\nBERMAN: Did you keep kosher in your home?\n\nBROOK: No. We did not. I guess my mother never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. We didn't have any ham or\npork in the house, but we didn't really keep kosher.\n\nBERMAN: School. You went to public school.\n\nBROOK: Went to public school. High school, went to Shades Valley, which was also\na public school. It had a very heavy Jewish student population. We used to\ngather in the library during Christmas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they would have convocations in\nthe auditorium. We would all go to the ghetto, which was voluntary, but we did.\nWe opted out of that.\n\nBERMAN: You were 12 years old in 1954 when the schools were desegregated. Do you\nhave any recollection of what that was like for you?\n\nBROOK: Not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really because South Highland, where I was at class, was not at the\ntime neither the school nor us. It's interesting. I wasn't here during the\nSixies era when most of the national photographs were taken. Even then, from\nwhat I've been told, if you weren't in the immediate area when any of this was\ngoing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, you did not know it was going on. A lot of it was intense in certain\nplaces. It wasn't wide spread. When we lived on Highland Avenue in an apartment\nwhen I was growing up, our maid was black. She raised me. She was part of the\nfamily for 30 years. I played with the building maintenance man. Back then, he\nwas a janitor. I played with his son and didn't think anything of it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't\nsomething that registered so much. We weren't in school together just because we\nweren't in school together, but it didn't register as anything. In high school,\nit registered a little bit but not as a major issue. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tough. I can remember\ndances where we would use a Confederate flag just for decoration. You can't do\nthat anymore. I don't remember when it got to be politically incorrect, but\nsomewhere along the line, it happened. But it wasn't then. It was, \"Hey, I'm a\nSoutherner, and I'm proud of being a Southerner.\" That's pretty much all it\nmeant, any more than an Alabama flag says I'm from Alabama or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever.\nObviously, there were some difficult times. [Rabbi] Milton Grafman was in the\nmiddle of it. Beth-El less so because part of it at that time we didn't have a rabbi.\n\nBERMAN: Did you think about the separate facilities? Did that ever cross your\nmind in the fairness of it? Different drinking fountains. Different washroom\nfacilities. Or was it just such a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of your life?\n\nBROOK: One, it was a part of my life. Two, if I thought about it, and I guess I\ndid some. I thought it was more silly that it should be that way than anything\nelse. I can remember riding on the bus as a kid. We used the buses a lot. My\nfriends and I would think nothing of sitting behind the signs on the bus if we\nfelt rambunctious that day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just irritate the people on the bus or the bus\ndriver. Same thing with water fountains or restrooms. If I wanted a drink of\nwater and that was the one available, I didn't worry about it. Some people\ndidn't like that. But I kind of thought the whole thing was unnecessary. I guess\nI got that at home, but if I did, it was subtle.\n\nBERMAN: Was it discussed in your home what was going on?\n\nBROOK: Not really that much. That's what I'm saying. If I picked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it up there,\nI'm sure I did. I don't know where else. It was subtle. My father had a couple\nof black men working for him at the store, porters and delivery boys. I was very\nclose to them. Very friendly. In fact, one of them who lived until fairly\nrecently did odd jobs and worked for various relatives of mine up until not too\nmany years ago. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maintained the relationship even such as they were. It was strange.\n\nBERMAN: How do you think they perceived the relationship? You said the\nhousekeepers you cared for them from your point of view, but have you ever\nthought about how they, perhaps, perceived the relationship?\n\nBROOK: It's hard to know. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impression was that they were as fond of us as we\nwere of them, but that could just be my impression as a kid. Who knows? I can\nremember when my folks would go out in the evening. I'm supposed to go to bed at\nnine o'clock; Alma would let me stay up late. She would sit in the window\nwatching for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them so that she could hustle me off to bed before they got in the\ndoor. I don't think she would have done that if she didn't really care for me.\nOf course, I could also remember her saying, \"Stop that. I'm going to go cut me\na switch.\" She really raised me.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful. Did you go to Sunday school or Hebrew school?\n\nBROOK: Both here. Yes. Hebrew school was five days a week, which it's not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. Sunday school, obviously Sunday morning. Junior congregation when I was\na little bit older.\n\nBERMAN: Bar mitzvah?\n\nBROOK: Bar mitzvah on this bimah. The predecessor to this bimah. Since we\nremodeled it away a few years back.\n\nBERMAN: Is the old bimah hanging around this synagogue anywhere?\n\nBROOK: No, but there are pictures.\n\nBERMAN: What did you decide to go into as you grew older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and went off to college?\n\nBROOK: I had no idea.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you go to college?\n\nBROOK: I went to the University of Virginia. It's interesting. A few friends of\nmine in high school who didn't have one burning interest and seemed to be about\nequally good, although I wouldn't particularly a great student, in a lot of\nthings were discussing that one day. We said it's kind of tough because these\nguys who know for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure they've always wanted to be a fireman, policeman, or a\ndoctor, know what they want to do. Us, who like a variety of things, we don't\nknow what to major in or what to do. I got to school, and even after college, I\nthought I was going to be an actuary because I was a math major in college, but\nI had also taken one computer course, actually just a seminar, not even a course\nin college because that was all that was offered. There wasn't anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else. I\nloved it. I didn't become an actuary. The first job I had back in Birmingham was\nwith a computer company. I've been doing that ever since.\n\nBERMAN: How would you describe the Jewish community of Birmingham?\n\nBROOK: Outstanding.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nBROOK: It's a very close community. It does a lot of things together. It does a\nlot of things in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooperation. We fight sometimes, but we do it properly by and\nlarge. The community cares about each other. We've got a small Orthodox\ncongregation, but there are members of Beth-El and of Emanu-El who are members\nof that Orthodox congregation just to keep it going because they think it is\nimportant to have an Orthodox congregation in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. It's that kind of an\nattitude. I used to occasionally when we would have church groups visit Beth-El,\nI would get drafted to show them around to answer questions and things of that\nsort, which was fun because I used to love to hear the questions they would ask.\nI found the questions interesting. But, I would turn the tables on them and ask\nsome of the groups how many Jews do you think there are in Birmingham. I would\nget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15,000, 25,000, 50,000. I would tell them there are only 4,000 to 5,000,\nclose to 5,000. There are 5,000 now Jews in Birmingham. They would be absolutely\namazed. It's because the Jewish community has always had a fairly high profile\nand been involved even though I think my parents and that generation tried to\nkeep a very low profile for, what they perceived, as safety reasons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether\nthey like it or not, the community has been very prominent and very public.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think your parents in that generation did try to keep a low profile?\n\nBROOK: I know they did in Birmingham. There is no other explanation for it.\nThere were a very few who didn't. Abe Berkowitz. Even Abe worked mostly behind\nthe scenes in civil rights. Milton Grafman worked very much behind the scenes.\nTo some extent, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been vilified for that by the civil rights community\nbecause they didn't understand what he was trying to do. The Jewish community\nwas very much behind the government change in Birmingham that opened the door,\nbut, from behind the scenes.\n\nBERMAN: I know your parents . . . do you remember a feeling of behind afraid in\nyour household?\n\nBROOK: Not really. Not even so much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there was attempted bombing here. At\nleast my folks weren't. I remember my reaction to that was, \"Gee, that just\nproves there are miracles because the fuse went out half an inch from the\ndynamite.\" I took that as a sign.\n\nBERMAN: Did they ever arrest anybody in that case?\n\nBROOK: They never did. They know who did it, but they never arrested anyone.\n\nBERMAN: Who did it?\n\nBROOK: Sol would know that better, but I believe [Robert Edward] Chambliss was\ninvolved. Of course, he was later arrested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for something else but not that.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know anybody who were in the white peoples' parties or the\ncitizens groups during the civil rights era? Any of your parents' friends?\n\nBROOK: If I did, I didn't know it. At a time when the [Ku Klux] Klan were still\nmarching and still wearing hoods when they marched with their faces covered so\nyou couldn't tell who they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. One of my friend's father sold shoes on Fifth\nAvenue North. He would identify every one of those guys marching in their hoods\nbecause of the shoes they were wearing because he sold them to all of them. He\nknew who they were. If I knew any of them, I didn't know it at the time.\n\nBERMAN: What brought you back to Birmingham after you graduated?\n\nBROOK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going into the army in a few months. There was no point in going\nanywhere else, so I came back here for four or five months. Found a job for that\ntime and then went and spent some time with the army and with Uncle Sam for a while.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever wish you lived anywhere else?\n\nBROOK: No. When I got out of the army and came back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, and I did a\nlot of traveling around the country consulting and doing computer work in my\nearly days. It's fun to travel when you're younger. It gets old after a while. I\ndid a lot of that. A lot of those clients offered me positions everywhere from\nSeattle [Washington] to various places in California. Wichita [Kansas]. All the\nplaces I would go. Miami [Florida]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, Birmingham. It's a special community. I\ncouldn't see being anywhere else.\n\nBERMAN: You said it's a special community, but what kind of changes have you\nseen over the years?\n\nBROOK: There was a migration from the northside to the southside, which I was\nnot a part of. It happened before my folks got here. The southside is this area,\nwhere we are now, which is why this synagogue is where it is. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second\nmigration was out in the mountain in Mountain Brook, which lasted for quite a\nwhile. The Orthodox congregation was in that area until two years ago. The third\nmigration is even further out but still not that far out. The Orthodox\ncongregation is there now, but it is still small. I think the reason we haven't\nmoved is because we're right off the expressway. It's still convenient. This\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area hasn't really gone down. That's been good. There has never a major threat\nof a split in this congregation, at least not one that I'm aware of, and I've\nbeen involved with it for a while, which is great, because I don't think the\ncommunity needs to [unintelligible]. There were a couple of breakaways from\nReform over the years, but they were small and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dissipated after a while. I think\nit is the community's advantage that we've managed to live together like\nmarriages where we solve problems that we have and stay together rather than\nsplit off and split up and spread resources thin. We all work together and look\nafter each other. Our Federation apparently, from what I hear, is one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nleading fundraisers per capita in the country and very innovative in\nprogramming. Our JCC [Levitt Jewish Community Center] is nationally known.\nBeth-El is nationally known and certainly not just because I'm involved in\nUnited Synagogue. On its own, it has made its reputation for itself. I think all\nof those things are, hopefully, well deserved and are a part of what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"makes it a\nspecial place.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think the community is as cohesive as it once was?\n\nBROOK: Is any community? There are so many implications to that question. I\nwould have to say not. The affiliation rate in Birmingham used to be 90 percent.\nIt's now probably more like 75 or 80, which is still very high but not what it\nused ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be. There is a less percentage of the membership of the JCC is Jewish\nthat it used to be. Of course, the membership overall has grown, and we've got a\nsmaller Jewish pool to pull from. That's not surprising, but there is also less,\nsomewhat, membership in common between the JCC and one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogues,\nwhichever one. That is a little disappointing because it is an important\ninstitution. It's an ambassador to the community at large, if you will, in a way\nthat the synagogues are not. But we all survive, and it's all supported.\n\nBERMAN: How did you meet your wife?\n\nBROOK: We both went to summer camp in the Berkshires in Massachusetts.\n\nBERMAN: Not Blue Star?\n\nBROOK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not Blue Star. I'm involved with Ramah Darom, which is part of the Ramah\nsystem, which is part of the Conservative camps, but we didn't have one in the\nsouth back then. The image, I guess, that Ramah had at that time was that was\nwhere the rabbi sent his son. In fact, Barry Mesche went to Ramah but others\ndidn't. I went to a camp that was for Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids in Western Massachusetts.\nPittsfield. Boy's camp. She went to a girl's camp in that area.\n\nBERMAN: What is her name?\n\nBROOK: Adrian.\n\nBERMAN: Her maiden name?\n\nBROOK: Adrian Biel [sp]. Originally Bielski. Now Biel. Like our name was Khefiz\n[sp], now Brook. That is a different story. We met at a senior dance at camp. I\ndidn't know it at the time but I was done for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that point. She's not going to\nsee this, is she?\n\nBERMAN: Only if you show it to her.\n\nBROOK: We dated from that point on. We got married when we graduated from college.\n\nBERMAN: Where was she from originally?\n\nBROOK: Originally from the Bronx. But Teaneck, New Jersey.\n\nBERMAN: What did she think of moving south?\n\nBROOK: She had been here a few times before, and she was all for it. She likes it.\n\nBERMAN: Did she have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reaction to the different social mores that was evident\ndown here rather than up north? Did she talk about it with you at all?\n\nBROOK: I had the impression that she liked them. You're right. Southern is\ndifferent. I think she felt at home with them from the beginning.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have children?\n\nBROOK: I have two boys. One is here in Birmingham. He publishes the Deep South\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Voice [now known as Southern Jewish Life]. That's a [unintelligible]. The\nother one lives in California. The one here is married and have a grandson 19 months.\n\nBERMAN: Are they also members here?\n\nBROOK: They are members here indeed. Yes.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful. Did you have a particular hangout when you were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing up here? A place that all your friends went?\n\nBROOK: It depends on the time of year. When I was growing up, yes. The old YMHA\nprobably, which was downtown. Northside. Back to the northside again. Had an\nindoor swimming pool, which is still there, but it's a . . . I've seen pictures\nof it. I don't know how in the world we ever went in that place. Its nasty. The\nbuilding is still there. Alabama Power owns ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. That's where we spent most of\nour time. That is where I learned how to swim. When the Fairmont Club was built,\nwe started hanging out there because they had a much better outdoor pool. I\nspent all summer under water in that pool. Then the JCC moved out into Mountain\nBrook from the northside. That was the other hangout. Those three were pretty\nmuch it.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have much interaction with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jewish students?\n\nBROOK: In some areas. Probably on the swim team at the Fairmont Club. We did\nvery well. We were in meets. Obviously, we had interactions there. I remember\none meet we had at Vestavia Country Club. Vestavia did not have any Jewish\ncitizens in the city of Vestavia at that time. We were all fairly nervous going\nup there for that swim meet. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did beat them rather thoroughly. We all left\nrather quickly afterwards as well. Obviously, at South Highland School when I\nwas in grammar school, I had some interaction with non-Jewish kids because most\nof the class was. I'm still somewhat friendly with some of them, although not\nsocially interactive on a regular basis, but I see some of them. One of the kids\nI went to grammar school with is the husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my attorney now, which I didn't\nknow at the time. I found that out afterwards. Yes, we interacted some but not\nas much socially.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that is different for your son? Do they have more friends\noutside of the Jewish community?\n\nBROOK: Yes. They both went to Indian Springs School here, which is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private\nschool, which Mauri Shevin did as well. Mauri can give you more history of\nIndian Springs because he was one of the early pioneers. Indian Springs was\noriginally, strictly a WASP school. That was in the will of the person who\ncreated it. The will was broken early on. In fact, the school studies that.\nThese days, it is almost a United Nations of kids and is very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proud of that and\njustifiably so. It's an outstanding place. So, he had a lot more interaction.\nThat's good and bad. I know that both of my kids went through a rather painful\nbreakup with girls who were not Jewish because they stopped and thought about\nwhat it might mean long range for them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Larry has ended up now with a nice\nJewish girl. Douglas is not married and having a ball that way and won't take me\non as an assistant, unfortunately. That's probably partially because they are\nexposed to a much more . . . we are threatened by success. We've made a success\nof being part of America. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the threat is to us. We have to figure out\nhow to deal with that as well. I think telling kids that, though, is important.\nBoth of my kids knew that if they were married to anybody who wasn't Jewish . .\n. first of all, they knew we wouldn't be happy about it. They also knew that I,\npersonally, would not go to a religious wedding that was a mixed wedding. If\nthey want to do that and have a civil ceremony, I would be there. That's okay.\nBut a religious wedding I wouldn't do because I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figure that it is a sham\nto one of the two people who are the principles. So, I just wouldn't do it. Was\nit that had an influence on their breakups? I don't know. But they knew that was\nthe case and always did.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever date anyone that wasn't Jewish?\n\nBROOK: Once or twice to a party that was related to school, to grammar school or\nhigh school. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it.\n\nBERMAN: It was frowned upon. Did your parents make it clear also?\n\nBROOK: Yes. Not that much because I think they took it for granted. They didn't\nhave to make it clear. They took it for granted.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have any antidotes or stories that I've missed about growing up\nin Birmingham that you might want to share with us?\n\nBROOK: You will be taking to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karl Friedman tomorrow. I spent a lot of time with\nhim growing up. My Saturday was to go to Junior Congregation and go downtown to\nhis office, sit in his office until he got through doing some stuff on Saturday,\nand go over to my aunt's for lunch. Then, my two cousins and I and Karl's kids\nwould either go bowling, play carpet golf, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basketball in the neighborhood. We\nwould spend the afternoon together. It's what Karl and his son Mark called best\nday. That was a big part of my growing up. Swimming was a good part of it. I\nenjoyed that. I still do\n\nBERMAN: I think I haven't missed anything. Thank you so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much. It was a pleasure\nand you've added a lot of insight to Jewish life in Birmingham. Thank you.\n\nBROOK: My pleasure. Did I pass?\n\nBERMAN: You passed.\n\nBERMAN: Its January 19, 2012. I'm in Birmingham Alabama, with Julian Brook, who\nhas agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project\nof the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. Thank you, Julian.\nThis is the second time you've graciously agreed to participate in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our\ninterviewing program. I'd like to talk in more specifics on this go around.\nWe've been trying to get a feel for what the role of the Jewish community was\nduring the Civil Rights Era from a lot of different perspectives. I was\nwondering if we could begin by you commenting on that experience, your personal\nview on what that era was like.\n\nBROOK: Sure. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always a pleasure to visit with you, and I am honored to do\nso. I was a pre-teen to teenager during most of that period. It was a totally\ndifferent community than it is today. I think that is true of Jews worldwide\nbecause, for a variety of reasons, which we can talk about, the community\npublicly kept a fairly low profile. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is in spite of the fact that a lot of\nthe businesses downtown were Jewish and people knew that. Back then, most of\nthem closed on the holidays. People knew and respected that. The community was\nknown . . . If you go back earlier to the era, Sol is more familiar with. [Brook\ntalks to Sol in the room] Was it Fourth Avenue that was known as the \"Avenue of\nthe Jews?\" A lot of the Jewish businesses . . . the smaller Jewish businesses\nwere there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But publicly, politically, they kept a low profile because there\nwere still vestiges of bias, discrimination, and antisemitism. I didn't see much\nof it growing up, but you knew it was there. There was an attempted bombing of\nTemple Beth-El in 1958. You can call it what you want, but it is a miracle that\nit didn't go off because a fuse went out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about an inch from them dynamite, which\nwas enough to take out the side of the building. Nowadays, the Jewish community\nis much more vocal, much more publicly visible. Much more involved in politics,\nif not in office, at least, known behind the scenes. Having said all of that,\nthere were any number of the members of the Jewish community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were involved\nbehind the scenes, under the table, in civil rights era.\n\nBERMAN: Can you name?\n\nBROOK: Emil Hess was extremely involved. I don't know as many details, but I'm\nsure Abe Berkowitz probably was. Of course, Abe was also involved earlier with\nIsrael with the story given in The Pledge because he was part of the Sonneborn\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. The Kimerling family was involved in smuggling arms to Israel. The\nstories I hear are about ambulances with their tires full of small weapons. A\nlot of that went on. Here, for civil rights, it was not that kind of thing but\ncertainly pushing agendas and politics behind the scenes. The Jewish community\nwas involved in changing Birmingham's government from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the council [manager form]\nwith [Eugene] \"Bull\" Connor to the current mayor-council format, which certainly\nopened up politics. At the time\", Rabbi Grafman, in particular, was very\ninvolved. He is frequently castigated for trying to slow down Martin Luther\nKing, [Jr.]. He was one of the ones that the \"Letter from a Birmingham Jail\" was\nwritten to, which is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really unfortunate because Grafman was a big supporter. But\nhe was trying to take the position, \"We've changed the government. Things are\nmoving. Let's not really make a violent situation if we don't have to. Let's\nmake it work a little bit.\" He had at risk to his own pulpit, members of the\nJewish community behind him and supporting that as well. King had his own\nproblems at the time. One of them was financial. He needed an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident so that\nhe could raise money. The timing didn't work, certainly, for Grafman, but I\nguess it did for King.\n\nBERMAN: It's interesting a comment you made just a few minutes ago that the\nJewish community today feels more comfortable in being vocal. Why do you think\nthat they have that comfort level that they didn't have in the 1960s and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1970s?\n\nBROOK: First of all, it is a different generation. They didn't grow up as\nimmigrants or children of immigrants who still remembered that experience. I\nguess they still do see some antisemitism occasionally, but it's probably fairly\nsubdued and low key. Although, we had an incident recently, which I'm sure you\nknow about and we can come back to, in Vestavia.\n\nBERMAN: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened?\n\nBROOK: There was a house that had a swastika painted on the sidewalk. For some\nreason, everybody likes to make a point of the fact that it was a misdrawn\nswastika. I'm not sure why misdrawn has anything to do with anything,\npersonally. It was a swastika, and they intended it to be. It was apparently\nsome school children from Vestavia [Hills] High School. When I was growing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up,\nthere really were very few, if any, Jews in Vestavia. It was pretty well known\nthat Vestavia didn't appreciate any Jews wanting to live there, so we didn't.\nBut more do [live there] now, although, it is still not a huge community. A\nnumber of years ago, one of my clients, who lived in Vestavia and had a daughter\nin the Vestavia High School, asked me if I could recommend someone to come talk\nto her class about Hanukkah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Sure, but I would imagine you have\nsomebody.\" They said, \"Yes, someone in the class has a mother who usually does,\"\nbut she was either ill or away and couldn't do it. She told me she had been\ngoing down the class list looking for names that appeared maybe to be Jewish so\nshe could ask somebody, and she couldn't find anybody. I said, \"You don't know\nwhy?\" She said, \"No, what do you mean?\" I said, \"Until fairly recently, you\ndidn't have any Jews in Vestavia because they weren't really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welcome.\" She was\nabsolutely flabbergasted. The attitude has changed, but the kids have changed\ntoo. They are more outgoing, I guess. I guess this generation is more in your\nface than we were, by any means. They do speak up. They are out there. They are\nnot concerned about the possible repercussions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth-El, the leadership back in\nthe 1950s and 1960s, was concerned exactly about that bombing, because the Klan\nwas more active then. There was the potential for violence even if we didn't see\nit that much. People wanted to be a little bit more cautious. They were\nconcerned about their families, livelihoods, and institutions.\n\nBERMAN: Another area that we didn't really dwell upon in the last interview and\nI'd like to talk a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit about that, is the three synagogues that are here\nin Birmingham and the relationship between those three synagogues. [I'd like]\nyour perspective on the separation and the coming together of the community as\nit grew over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years.\n\nBROOK: That is interesting. Until sometime in the 1950s, I guess, there was a\ncertain friction between the Reform congregation and, let's say, everybody else.\nReform congregation was primarily German Jews. Everybody else was Eastern\nEuropean. There were different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circles involved. Different social status. There\nwas beginning to be, in the 1950s, some interdating between them. That has\nprogressed to the point where there is not really that division anymore. But\neven with that, in things dealt with the broader community, there was\ncooperation. There was a community calendar which everybody paid attention to.\nThere was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a coming together when there were world issues, Israel issues,\nnational issues. Now, of course, it is automatic.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think that Rabbi Mesch did not take more of a stand during\nthe Civil Rights Era?\n\nBROOK: He passed away suddenly before it was over, really. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that, I would\nimagine he pretty much left it to Grafman, who was very much involved. Grafman\nwas the senior rabbi. Some of Mesch's members were involved behind the scenes.\nAbe Berkowitz, as we mentioned before, and some others. As a matter of fact,\nthere was a letter written, Grafman wrote it, to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Placement Commission of the\nConservative Movement after Mesch passed away, really berating them for not\ndoing more to get another rabbi for that pulpit because rabbis didn't want to\ncome down here because all the turmoil. This was at the same time or shortly\nafter a group of Conservative rabbis got on a plane and came down here to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell\nus how to do it. Grafman was incensed. He said, \"Get one of those guys to stay\nand take that pulpit. Don't just send them down here to stir up trouble and then\nleave town.\"\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that it is possible that it was more of a mandate in the\nReform community to become involved than it was in the Conservative community?\n\nBROOK: At that time, I would say no, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because Grafman was under a lot of pressure\nabout his pulpit at the time too. He was being pretty brave, if you will, to\ntake some of the stances that he did. He got a lot of heat from his congregation\nfor it. I was too young to know if the same thing were true of Mesch or not. I\nhave no idea.\n\nBERMAN: What do you think of the relationship between the Jewish community today\nand the African-American community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here?\n\nBROOK: It comes up every year. The [Jewish Community] Center's United Way agency\ngives them a little bit of money. Almost every time they are here, one of the\nquestions is, \"How come you don't have more minority representation on center\nboard?\" Of course, the answer is fairly easy. We don't have a lot of minority\nrepresentation in the Jewish community, per se, not because they are not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welcome\nbut because they just don't seem to be interested. Beth-El has a couple of\nAfrican-American members, and they are very active. They participate. They are\npart of the community. They are in groups of friends and cliques that are mixed.\nActually, over the last number of years, Beth-El has had several\nAfrican-American members. It has got to be difficult, from my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impression, not\nbeing one of them. Someone who is shy and not very outgoing is going to find\nthat a difficult position, I think. The ones who have succeeded at it, are ones\nwho are outgoing, want to be involved, and do that. I don't think that is\nanything against the ones who are shy or the ones who are not shy. I think it is\na difficult position to be in. It is the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"position we as Jews find ourselves\nin sometimes in an organization or an institution where we are a very small\nminority. Sometimes you don't feel as comfortable being very visible or vocal in\nthat environment. Beth-El has a couple of members who are African American. I\ndon't know if Emanu-El does, do you? [Brook asks someone in the room] But they\ndo. In fact, Beth-El's board, that gentlemen just joined the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board, Richard.\nHe's a great guy. A good friend. But there are not a lot. It is not because we\ndon't welcome them. It is because there are not a lot knocking at the door.\n\nBERMAN: In the 1960s, we just finished interviewing Michael and Richard Pizitz.\nThey were discussing how they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically were caught in the middle. They were\nbeing boycotted by the African Americans, and the Citizens' Councils were\nthreatening them and calling them integrationists, so they were kind of . . .\n\nBROOK: They were another one supporting the movement at that time.\n\nBERMAN: Stuck in the middle. I think that it is only natural that a little bit\nof resentment toward the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African-American community singling out the merchants\nhas happened. Has that rift healed? Is there still some resentment that the\nAfrican-American community, kind of, went after the Jewish merchants?\n\nBROOK: First, you have to define what you mean by the African-American community\nthese days. If you are talking about some of the old-timers who remember the\ncivil rights movement ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and still think they are leadership in it, which is an\nopen question obviously. I imagine some of them still have difficult feelings.\nI'm sure they are reciprocated by the people that have them. The ones who are\nreally more of the leadership now, I don't think it well enough to have those\nfeelings. I don't think that exists as much anymore. Of course, there are\nmembers of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the African-American community who will look at you straight in the\nface and say, \"Birmingham hasn't changed a bit since the 1960s.\" I don't know\nwhat Birmingham that they are talking about, but the one I went out to lunch in,\nrode the bus in, or whatever back then, is totally different from what it is\ntoday. I see mixed groups out having a good time all of the time in restaurants.\nThey never would have been together in 20, 30, 40 years ago. It has changed. I\njust have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to surmise from that, the people I see don't feel that way anymore and\nhaven't for years, if they ever did.\n\nBERMAN: What else do you think we ought to address that we should touch upon?\nLet's talk about the three synagogues.\n\nBROOK: During the periods that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember, when the barriers were breaking down\nbetween the German Jews and the Eastern European Jews, there was still an\nOrthodox congregation as well that had recently moved from the northside on to\nMontevallo Road, where it was up until about a year and half or two years ago.\nIt was smaller, but there was a fair amount of interaction between KI, the\nOrthodox congregation, and Beth-El . . .\n\nBERMAN: That's Knesseth Israel?\n\nBROOK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knesseth Israel, right, and there always had been. When I was growing up\nat Beth-El, the service at Beth-El was really not that distinguishable from the\nservice at Knesseth Israel. They had mixed seating. That was pretty much the\ndifference. In the 1970s, Beth-El began to be more egalitarian. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a\ndifference, obviously. In the 1970s or 1980s, Beth-El moved to a triannual Torah\nreading. That is a difference which persists to this today. Beth-El, even later\nthan that, started doing a shortened Amidah, and that persists. Even today,\nthose are the main differences, structurally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the services and the two\ncongregations. They have a mechitza. We don't. I've been told there was a time\nwhen they did not have a mechitza but not to my knowledge. I don't remember if\nthere ever was. Beth-El, I've watched it over the years. Its membership hovers\nbetween 500 plus to 650 plus. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanu-El is in the same range, more or less.\nKnesseth Israel, since a long time ago, has been in the 100 to 150, maybe.\nBeth-El passed Knesseth Israel back in the 1930s, in size, and it hasn't looked\nback since then. Beth-El moved to its current location on the south side on\nHighland Avenue in 1926 and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is still there. Like I said, the membership between\nBeth-El and Emanu-El tends to go like this [he shows a balancing scale using\nhand movements] from year to year. I watch it cycle. One is up and the other is\na little bit down. One is down, and the other one is a little bit up, but never\nterribly. They all get along pretty well and cooperate.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that . . . I know you said you didn't want to get on your\nsoapbox about Chabad, but do you think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that KI, or Knesseth Israel, has suffered\nin membership because Chabad came into the city?\n\nBROOK: There is no question about it. The thing that is interesting, disturbing,\ndisappointing, and yet I like to smile about it, is between Chabad and Knessseth\nIsrael, which are only two blocks apart on Overton Road, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have a hard time\ngetting a reliable daily minyan. The most reliable daily minyan in the state of\nAlabama is Beth-El. It's pretty reliable. We won't credit for it. If you look on\nyour smartphone for where there is a local minyan, they won't tell you about\nBeth-El. But we have it, and they do not. When Knesseth Israel moved out to\nOverton ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Road, the idea was, that is the location where everybody needs to be\nbecause that is where most of the community is. If you move out there, you are\ngoing to set the world on fire and everybody is going to join Knesseth Israel,\nand you are going to thrive. Apparently, it's not always true what we are told,\nthat it is location, location, location because they did, and it hasn't\nhappened. You can't say they didn't have a good rabbi, because the one before\nwas good. The current one is outstanding. In fact, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hope whatever happens at\nKI, the community can find a way to keep him in some fashion or another because\nhe is a great guy. But it is obviously not about location. There is something\nelse. Whatever it might be. The repercussions of Chabad taking over the hechsher\nsupervision for Sunnyland [Mills] that KI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to do and the financial\nrepercussions . . .\n\nBERMAN: Sunnyland is a dairy? Margarine?\n\nBROOK: Yes. Obviously, it was a reduction as a source of revenue to help KI\nattract rabbis because the rabbi at KI would normally be the one doing that.\nThat didn't help them any, although, they've managed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attract a couple of nice\nmen lately, who have been good people. When it comes to money, Chabad is not on\nthe giving end. They are on the receiving end. They are very good at it. I won't\ntake them away from it. I wish all of us were that good at it. But it is\ndestructive of community, and that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bothers me. That is a shame because I've seen\nit all over the country because of my involvement with the United Synagogue.\nIt's not just us, by any means. When they come into a community, there are going\nto be difficulties. Congregations are going to be hurt.\n\nBERMAN: Is that your main gripe, that they are destructive to the existing synagogues?\n\nBROOK: Sure. Absolutely. When they first came in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, there was a meeting with\nthem. The agreement was, and Karl was involved in it, I don't know if you were\ninvolved with it or not, Sol, but Karl certainly was. They were going to . . .\n\nBERMAN: Karl Friedman?\n\nBROOK: Karl Friedman. They were going to address the areas that were not being\nserved actively by the congregations. College campuses, prisons, surrounding\ncommunities. Anything that was not being and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could not adequately be served.\nThey did that for a number of years. Then they started to pray and shout. This\nwon't be popular, but I'll tell you one of my more satisfying, that's terrible,\nstories. The Center, as you know, here has a very active early childhood\nprogram. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It used to be the only Jewish early childhood program in the community.\nA number of years ago after a lot of politics and a lot of bruised feelings, and\nafter approaching Beth-El to set up an early childhood program, which Beth-El\nrefused to do, Emanu-El set up an early childhood program in competition with\nthe Center. That program is still going. It is a small but good program. It\nseems to be a good program. Nothing wrong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with it. They really weren't\ninterested in the fact that the Center was not happy about it. Well, a couple of\nyears ago, guess who set up their own early childhood program? Chabad. Guess who\nwas complaining about it? Emanu-el. All I could do was say, \"Gee, I'm sorry\nguys.\" That is a terrible attitude to take, but I couldn't help it. But it's\nexpected. An Orthodox rabbi, who is a very good friend of mine, told me that\nChabad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually does have, as we all suspect, a playbook. A written playbook. It\nsays, as you go into a community, this is what you do the first year. This is\nwhat you do the second year. This is what you do the third year. Here's how you\ndo it. He said he has seen it.\n\nBERMAN: Have the leaders of the Jewish community tried to address these issues\nwith Chabad or had meetings to address some of the issues?\n\nBROOK: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anytime I bring it up, I'm very unpopular. They have a good bit of\nsupport for various reasons. It's probably not politic to get into. Right? I\nremember a [Jewish] Federation Allocations Committee meeting a number of years\nago, where they were discussing a request for a grant from the JCC. They\ndiscussed it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for probably a half an hour. There were a lot of questions. A lot\nof discussion and refused it. Then they entertained a request from Chabad for a\ngrant for the same amount of money. They discussed it for about three minutes\nand approved it. I took issue with that. A couple of weeks later, I resigned\nfrom that committee because I had a different philosophy about those things than\nthey do. They do have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supporters. When I do get aggravated enough to raise an\nissue, it is not always well received. That's what we have to deal with. It's\nthere. They are not going to go away. Congregations and United Synagogue around\nthe country, I tell them yes, you're right. It's a terrible situation, but it is\nnot going away, so how do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal with it?\n\nBERMAN: Everywhere I've been on my travels, there have been Chabad Houses. Even\nin New Zealand in Christchurch, there is Chabad.\n\nBROOK: They do some good work in some areas, but they have an agenda. One of the\nagendas is raising money and sending some of it to New York.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/transcript/32478/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that we've covered just about everything we didn't cover the\nlast time. I appreciate you coming in and taking the time again.\n\nBROOK: It's a pleasure.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3870.0,3900.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. It was the nation’s busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. Today it is a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHurricane Katrina was a large Category 5 Atlantic hurricane that caused over 1,800 deaths and $125 billion in damage in late August 2005, particularly in the city of New Orleans and the surrounding areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth-El was founded in 1907 and was originally on the Northside of Birmingham and was affiliated with Orthodox Judaism. Today it is affiliated with Conservative Judaism. The current sanctuary was built in 1926 on Highland Avenue on the Southside. Its current rabbi is Rabbi Stephen Slater (2021).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism and the Conservative Movement refers to a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnion of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (UOJCA), more popularly known as the Orthodox Union certification indicated by a circle U symbol found on labels of many commercial and consumer food products. The OU supports a network of synagogues, youth programs, Jewish and Religious Zionist advocacy, programs for the disabled, localized religious study programs, and some international units with locations in Israel and formerly in Ukraine. It is one of the largest Orthodox Jewish organizations in the United States. Its affiliated synagogues and rabbis typically identify themselves with Modern Orthodox Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Synagogue of Conservative Judaism is an organization that creates the spiritual, intellectual and managerial network that connects all its communities with a common mission and purpose.  It enables communities to create the conditions for a vibrant Jewish life, empowering Jews in North America to seek the presence of G-d, to seek meaning and purpose in Torah and mitzvot, to engage with Israel, and to be inspired by Judaism to improve the world and the Jewish people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Abraham Mesch served as the spiritual leader of Temple Beth-El from 1935 until his death in December 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Order of the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenagers, founded in 1924.  It currently exists as the male wing of B’nai B’rith Youth Organization, an independent non-profit organization. AZA’s sister organization, for teenage girls, is the B’nai B’rith Girls (BBG).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Emanu-El is a Reform Jewish congregation. The community first held Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur celebrations in 1881. Before the synagogue was built, the community met at the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Land for the synagogue was purchased in 1884 and the building was inaugurated in 1889.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism, sometimes also called Liberal Judaism, is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.   While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1931 to the late 1950s, courtship weekends in southern cities included Montgomery, Alabama’s ‘Falcon,’ Birmingham, Alabama’s ‘Jubilee,’ Columbus, Georgia’s ‘Holly Days,’ and Atlanta, Georgia’s ‘Ballyhoo.’ They were attended by college-age Jewish youth from across the South who participated in rounds of breakfast dates, lunch dates, tea dance dates, early evening dates, late night dates, formal dances, and cocktail parties, with the goal of meeting a “nice Jewish boy or girl” who might well become a spouse. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate flag refers to the official flag of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Today, it is recognized as a symbol of white supremacy and popular among white nationalists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Milton Grafman led Temple Emanu-El from 1941 until his retirement in 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘platform.’ The bimah is a raised structure in the synagogue from which the Torah is read and from which prayers are led.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 28, 1958, 54 sticks of dynamite were placed beside Temple Beth-El in a bombing attempt. According to police reports, there was enough dynamite to demolish the building. It failed to explode possibly due to heavy rainfall. The crime was never officially solved.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite Citizens’ Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954. After 1956, it was known as the Citizens’ Councils of America. It had about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, and was opposed to racial integration during the 1950’s and 1960’s when it retaliated with economic boycotts and strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs. By the 1970’s its influence had faded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the ‘KKK’) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are Jewish federations in most major cities. Their function is to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish community center (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving Jewish communities in the United States and Canada, as well as in the former Soviet Union, Latin America, Europe, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue Star Camps is a Jewish summer camp located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of western North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamah Darom (Ramah of the South) is a Jewish overnight camp and retreat center in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Georgia. It opened in 1997. The camp is affiliated with the National Ramah Commission, the national parent organization that oversees all Ramah overnight camps, day camps, and Israel programs. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, a main hub for Conservative Judaism, sponsors Ramah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1940s, the Jewish Theological Seminary established several programs to reconnect Jewish youth with the synagogue and cultivate leadership. One of these programs was Camp Ramah, a network of Jewish summer camps affiliated with the Conservative movement.  The mission is to create and sustain summer camps and Israel programs that inspire commitment to and engagement in Jewish life. The camps operate in the United States, Canada, and Israel. Ramah camps serve kosher food and are Shabbat-observant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Young Men’s Hebrew Association was set up in various cities of the United States for the mental, moral, social and physical improvement of Jewish young men. The first YMHA was started in New York in 1874 and spread across the country in the following years. They still exist today and are more like social clubs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore Israel became a state in 1948, there was an underground movement by Jewish-American activists to provide ammunition to its then illegal army as the Jewish community prepared for a war of independence. The group became a secretive, nationwide organization led by New York industrialist Rudolf Sonneborn (1898-1986). The group called themselves ‘Materials for Israel,’ or the ‘Sonneborn Institute.’ Their story is outlined in the book, The Pledge by Leonard Slater.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheophilus Eugene “Bull” Connor (1897-1973) was the Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. His office gave him the responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department. Through his covert actions to enforce radical segregation and deny civil rights to African-American citizens, he became an international symbol of bigotry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., made pleas to Birmingham clergy and rabbis to support his marches. When the Jewish rabbis counseled patience and moderation and asked him to wait for desegregation laws to take effect, King addressed their perceived passivity in a “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.” The letter gained national attention and a few weeks later a group of 19 conservative rabbis from the North, outraged by the images they saw on the TV of black protestors being beaten, arrived in Birmingham. They didn’t tell anyone in the Jewish community they were coming, which angered the rabbis and many Jews in Birmingham. After talking with King in the Birmingham jail, they toured black churches making speeches of support. Then they left. The whole episode appeared high-handed to the Birmingham Jewish community and they feared an anti-Semitic backlash from the KKK.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKnesseth Israel is the first Orthodox congregation to organize in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1889.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmidah is the central prayer of the Jewish liturgy. It is recited three times on regular weekday (morning, afternoon and evening). The weekday Amidah contains nineteen blessings, each ending with “Blessed are you, O Lord . . .”  The prayer should be performed standing and preferably facing Jerusalem. Observant Jews take three steps back and then steps forward at the beginning and end of the prayer and they bow at four pints in the prayer. There are special Amidahs for the Sabbath, Jewish Holidays and especially Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Orthodox synagogues men and women do not sit together and are separated by a mechitza [Hebrew: partition or division]. Men and women are generally not separated in most Conservative synagogues, although it is a permissible option. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad is a Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/annotation_set/569/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA hechsher is the special marking found on the packages of products that have been certified as kosher by rabbinic authorities who supervise food production to assist consumers who keep kosher. Kosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3480.0,3510.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Julian Brook [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=24.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I’d like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background. When you were born and when your family and you ended up in Birmingham.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=24.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ellis Island","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Genealogy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=24.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Congregation Affiliation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=237.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I’m sorry. We knew what drew them to Birmingham. It was job opportunity. Did they initially join this congregation, Temple Beth-El? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=237.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Mesch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=237.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grammar School and Experience Growing up in Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=360.0,618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Initially, I was in grammar school with a whole bunch of Jewish kids at Lakeview School, which is near St. Vincent’s Hospital. That’s the southside, the first migration, if you will. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=360.0,618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experience","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grammar School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jubilee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Relationships","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=360.0,618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School Desegregation in the South","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=618.0,1061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were 12 years old in 1954 when the schools were desegregated. Do you have any recollection of what that was like for you? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=618.0,1061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Desegregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Housekeepers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Highland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=618.0,1061.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community of Birmingham - Past and Present ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1061.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How would you describe the Jewish community of Birmingham?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1061.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanu-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Ku Klux] Klan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1061.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evolution of the Jewish Community in Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1388.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said it’s a special community, but what kind of changes have you seen over the years? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1388.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Change","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Levitt Jewish Community Center","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Location","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Membership","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Migration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1388.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wife and Sons Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1672.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adrian Biel. Originally Bielski. Now Biel. Like our name was Khefiz, now Brook. That is a different story. We met at a senior dance at camp. I didn’t know it at the time but I was done for at that point. She’s not going to see this, is she? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1672.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dating","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian Springs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interactions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spouse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=1672.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community Role during the Civil Rights Era","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2203.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We’ve been trying to get a feel for what the role of the Jewish community was during the Civil Rights Era from a lot of different perspectives. I was wondering if we could begin by you commenting on that experience, your personal view on what that era was like. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2203.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Avenue of the Jews\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attempted Bombing Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emil Hess","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kimerling family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Politics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Grafman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2203.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism in Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2509.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess they still do see some antisemitism occasionally, but it’s probably fairly subdued and low key. Although, we had an incident recently, which I’m sure you know about and we can come back to, in Vestavia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2509.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cautious","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"swastika","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vestavia High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2509.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Three Synagogues in Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2670.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I’d like to talk a little bit about that, is the three synagogues that are here in Birmingham and the relationship between those three synagogues. I'd like your perspective on the separation and the coming together of the community as it grew over the years.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2670.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern European Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Grafman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Mesch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Congregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2670.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Relationship between the Jewish Community and the African American Community ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2904.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you think of the relationship between the Jewish community today and the African-American community here?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2904.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African American","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Citizen's Council","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Members","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=2904.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knesseth Israel, Chabad, and Beth-El Synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3238.0,3884.65"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knesseth Israel, right, and there always had been. When I was growing up at Beth-El, the service at Beth-El was really not that distinguishable from the service at Knesseth Israel. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3238.0,3884.65"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722/index/48937/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agenda","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth-El","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Competition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conflict","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knesseth Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Membership","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Revenue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunnyland Mills","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/50831/file/123722#t=3238.0,3884.65"}]}]}]}