{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1z41r6nf9h/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Schneider, Alfred"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2015-09-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Federal Reserve World War II Economies Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlfred Schneider was interviewed by Adina Langer, Mike Bryan, and Sandra Ghizoni on September 17, 2015 at the Federal Reserve in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAlfred Schneider was the only child of Arthur Aron Schneider, a Jewish doctor in the Bukovina region of Romania. Alfred's mother died when he was a small child and his father married Hedwig Landwehr. After his father died a few years later, Alfred moved to the city of Czernowitz to live with his stepmother’s family. Throughout his youth, Alfred enjoyed a comfortable home that emphasized education and music. His family enjoyed travelling throughout Romania on summer vacations.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Soviet Union occupied Romania in 1941, Alfred’s education continued and life continued somewhat normally. After Romania allied with Germany and reoccupied Czernowitz, restrictions imposed on Jews meant Alfred could no longer attend school. His family briefly lived in the ghetto during mass deportations to Transnistria. His family escaped deportation thanks to a special authorization, which allowed them to remain in Czernowitz for the remainder of the war.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II ended, Alfred joined an orchestra to avoid Soviet conscription. His family soon left Czernowitz for Poland. Alfred continued on to American occupied Munich, Germany and enrolled in college. With the help of an uncle in New York, he immigrated to the United States in 1948. In 1950, Alfred married a Polish Holocaust survivor, Tosia Szechter (1929-2020). The two had met in Czernowicz immediately after the war and reconnected after she immigrated to the United States in 1949.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter graduating from Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1951, Alfred received his Ph.D. from Polytechnical University of New York in 1958. He has worked as a research engineer, technical manager, consultant and professor of nuclear engineering. In 1975, Alfred was appointed Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) where he taught and conducted research until his retirement in 1990. He continued to teach as a Visiting Professor of Nuclear Engineering and conducted research as a Research Affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) until 1996.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAlfred and Tosia retired in Atlanta, Georgia, where both were active in sharing their wartime experiences. They had three sons and five grandchildren. Alfred died on August 20, 2020, his 70th wedding anniversary with Tosia.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAlfred provides a historical context of the Bukovina region and introduces the city he grew up in. He recalls the transfer of power to the Soviets and then Romanians and Germans. Alfred talks about the deportations of Jews to Transnistria. He explains how the mayor, Trajan Popovici, issued permits that saved many Jews in Czernowitz, including his family. Alfred describes the fluctuations of currency exchange rates in Romania and how important currency was to the survival of deportees. He discusses his father’s family and educational background. Alfred recalls his father’s medical practice in Vyzhnytsia. He discusses his inheritance after his father’s death and living with his stepmother’s family in Czernowitz. He recollects family vacations and celebrating holidays before the war. Alfred recalls his music lessons and tutors. He describes the arbitration system that settled business disputes for Jews. He talks about why he learned so many languages and describes the relationships between Jews and non-Jews. Alfred explains the challenges Jews faced from educational quotas before the war. He talks about beginning of World War II and where his family lived. Alfred remembers shopping and attending school under the Soviets. He considers the Jews he knew that were deported by the Soviets to Siberia. He shares how risky it was to hide valuables. He mentions the Soviet plan to resettle Jews in Birobidzhan. Alfred discusses how his family found an apartment to rent after the ghetto was dissolved and they had to vacate their house. He explains how he earned money and sold items on the black market to help support family that had been deported to Transnistria. Alfred reminisces about the study group he formed as restrictions on Jews loosened at the end of the war. Alfred characterizes the Judenrate’s roll in Czernowitz. He talks about enrolling in school again after the war and joining an orchestra to avoid Soviet conscription. He explains how his family left Czernowitz for Poland. Alfred relates how valuable American currency was when he travelled to the American occupied zone of Germany and enrolled in college. He touches upon the cultural sensitivities and language barriers in Europe after the war. Alfred outline’s his stepmother’s immigration to Australia. He recounts the challenges he faced in coming to the United States and entering college.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28388"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Alfred Schneider (personal name)","Tosia Szecher Schneider (personal name)","Paul Celan (personal name)","Sir Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden (personal name)","Dr. Philipp Aeurbach (personal name)","Marie Syrkin (personal name)","Ion Antenescue (personal name)","Queen Mother of Romania (Princess Elena of Greece and Denmark) (personal name)","Pope John XXIII (personal name)","Trajan Popovici (personal name)","Joseph Stalin (personal name)","City College of New York (corporate name)","Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith International (corporate name)","Hillel Foundation (corporate name)","Franz-Josephs University (corporate name)","Hohner Music Company (corporate name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Bukovina, Romania (geographic term)","Czernowitz, Ukraine (geographic term)","Odessa, Ukraine (geographic term)","Bojan (Boyany), Ukraine (geographic term)","Wiznitz, Ukraine (geographic term)","Melbourne, Australia (geographic term)","Piestany, Slovakia (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Birobidzhan, Russia (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","Transnistria (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Cambridge, Massachusetts (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Coney Island, New York (geographic term)","Times Square, New York (geographic term)","Kingdom of Romania (geographic term)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Australia (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Jewish Autonomous Region (geographic term)","American Zone (geographic term)","Carpathian Mountains (geographic term)","Dniester River (geographic term)","Nistru River (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Czernowitz Ghetto (geographic term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Ghetto (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","World War I (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact) (topical term)","Treaty of Versailles (topical term)","Austrian Empire (topical term)","Ottoman Empire (topical term)","Soviet Occupation (topical term)","German Occupation (topical term)","Iron Curtain (topical term)","Government of the Republic of Poland in Exile (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","Currency (topical term)","Romanian Leis (topical term)","Conscription (topical term)","Deportation (topical term)","Post Exchange (PX) (topical term)","Allied Military Currency (AMC) (topical term)","Jewish Restrictions (topical term)","Rheumatic Fever (topical term)","Education (topical term)","Scholarships (topical term)","Student Visa (topical term)","Immigrant Visa (topical term)","Jewish Student Unions (topical term)","Numerous Clausus (topical term)","Jewish Community (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlfred Schneider was interviewed by Adina Langer, Mike Bryan, and Sandra Ghizoni on September 17, 2015 at the Federal Reserve in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlfred Schneider was the only child of Arthur Aron Schneider, a Jewish doctor in the Bukovina region of Romania. Alfred's mother died when he was a small child and his father married Hedwig Landwehr. After his father died a few years later, Alfred moved to the city of Czernowitz to live with his stepmother\u0026rsquo;s family. Throughout his youth, Alfred enjoyed a comfortable home that emphasized education and music. His family enjoyed travelling throughout Romania on summer vacations.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Soviet Union occupied Romania in 1941, Alfred\u0026rsquo;s education continued and life continued somewhat normally. After Romania allied with Germany and reoccupied Czernowitz, restrictions imposed on Jews meant Alfred could no longer attend school. His family briefly lived in the ghetto during mass deportations to Transnistria. His family escaped deportation thanks to a special authorization, which allowed them to remain in Czernowitz for the remainder of the war.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II ended, Alfred joined an orchestra to avoid Soviet conscription. His family soon left Czernowitz for Poland. Alfred continued on to American occupied Munich, Germany and enrolled in college. With the help of an uncle in New York, he immigrated to the United States in 1948. In 1950, Alfred married a Polish Holocaust survivor, Tosia Szechter (1929-2020). The two had met in Czernowicz immediately after the war and reconnected after she immigrated to the United States in 1949.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter graduating from Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1951, Alfred received his Ph.D. from Polytechnical University of New York in 1958. He has worked as a research engineer, technical manager, consultant and professor of nuclear engineering. In 1975, Alfred was appointed Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) where he taught and conducted research until his retirement in 1990. He continued to teach as a Visiting Professor of Nuclear Engineering and conducted research as a Research Affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) until 1996.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAlfred and Tosia retired in Atlanta, Georgia, where both were active in sharing their wartime experiences. They had three sons and five grandchildren. Alfred died on August 20, 2020, his 70th wedding anniversary with Tosia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlfred provides a historical context of the Bukovina region and introduces the city he grew up in. He recalls the transfer of power to the Soviets and then Romanians and Germans. Alfred talks about the deportations of Jews to Transnistria. He explains how the mayor, Trajan Popovici, issued permits that saved many Jews in Czernowitz, including his family. Alfred describes the fluctuations of currency exchange rates in Romania and how important currency was to the survival of deportees. He discusses his father\u0026rsquo;s family and educational background. Alfred recalls his father\u0026rsquo;s medical practice in Vyzhnytsia. He discusses his inheritance after his father\u0026rsquo;s death and living with his stepmother\u0026rsquo;s family in Czernowitz. He recollects family vacations and celebrating holidays before the war. Alfred recalls his music lessons and tutors. He describes the arbitration system that settled business disputes for Jews. He talks about why he learned so many languages and describes the relationships between Jews and non-Jews. Alfred explains the challenges Jews faced from educational quotas before the war. He talks about beginning of World War II and where his family lived. Alfred remembers shopping and attending school under the Soviets. He considers the Jews he knew that were deported by the Soviets to Siberia. He shares how risky it was to hide valuables. He mentions the Soviet plan to resettle Jews in Birobidzhan. Alfred discusses how his family found an apartment to rent after the ghetto was dissolved and they had to vacate their house. He explains how he earned money and sold items on the black market to help support family that had been deported to Transnistria. Alfred reminisces about the study group he formed as restrictions on Jews loosened at the end of the war. Alfred characterizes the Judenrate\u0026rsquo;s roll in Czernowitz. He talks about enrolling in school again after the war and joining an orchestra to avoid Soviet conscription. He explains how his family left Czernowitz for Poland. Alfred relates how valuable American currency was when he travelled to the American occupied zone of Germany and enrolled in college. He touches upon the cultural sensitivities and language barriers in Europe after the war. Alfred outline\u0026rsquo;s his stepmother\u0026rsquo;s immigration to Australia. He recounts the challenges he faced in coming to the United States and entering college.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/360/small/Schneider_Alfred.mp4_1614700856.jpg?1614682860","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Schneider_Alfred.mp4"]},"duration":9220.741,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/360/small/Schneider_Alfred.mp4_1614700856.jpg?1614682860","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/360/original/Schneider_Alfred.mp4?1614682819","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":9220.741,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Schneider, Alfred [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: My name is Adina Langer. I am the curator of the Museum of History\nand Holocaust Education at Kennesaw State University. Today is September 17,\n2015. I am here at the Federal Reserve in Atlanta with Alfred Schneider. Do you\nprefer Fred or Alfred?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Alfred.\n\nLANGER: Alfred. Okay, we will go with that. Could you please introduce yourself\nand say when and where you were born?\n\nSCHNEIDER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right. My name is Alfred Schneider. I'm a Professor Emeritus from\nGeorgia Tech and MIT. We have lived in Atlanta for forty years except for five\nyears when I was up in Cambridge. I spent the first eighteen years of my life in\na very small province in East-Central Europe called Bukovina.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Can you spell that?\n\nSCHNEIDER: With your permission, I'd like to say just a few words to place you\ninto it because it's a very unique history.\n\nLANGER: Sure. We would love to hear more about the history of the region.\nPeriodically, when you introduce a new place or a new family name, we might ask\nyou to spell it just so that we are sure we are talking about the correct place\nor group of people.\n\nSCHNEIDER: There are many ways of spelling Bukovina ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of its unusual\nhistory. The most frequent way is B, as in boy-U-K-O-V-I-N-A. It means the land\nof the beaches.\n\nLANGER: Okay. And the city in which you were born?\n\nSCHNEIDER: The capital city of Bukovina is, again the original German name was\nCzernowitz, and it all kinds of other names later. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me . . .\n\nLANGER: Sorry. Just to interrupt you one more time, and the year you were born?\n\nSCHNEIDER: 1926.\n\nLANGER: Thank you.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Okay. Bukovina is a very small province. I looked it up this morning\nand it is about one-fifteenth the area of Georgia. Yet, it has a northern\nBukovina and a southern Bukovina, which is now split by an international border.\nBukovina was for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"centuries a part of the principality of Moldavia, which in turn\nwas under the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Then in 1775, it was occupied by the\nAustrian Empire and eventually became a crown land, which means they had their\nown representative in the parliament in Vienna. There was quite a break for this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. When the Austrians took it over it was a rather backwards region, not\npopulated very well. The populations that lived there were Romanians, or\nMoldavians, and Ruthenians, or Ukrainians, and a small number of the population\ncalled the Hutsuls, which were the hillbillies there. Because this region lies\nbetween the Carpathian and the Dniester ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"River, the Austrians--realizing the\nunusual geographic location of this place--started a rather intensive period of\npopulation growth. They brought in people from as far away as Swabia, and Baden,\nGermany, and from the Austrian Empire. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles migrated there and eventually a\nsizeable Jewish population.\n\nLANGER: Do you know around when this large group of Jews arrived there?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There were just a few thousand Jews when it became part of Austria.\nIt was a small flavor of Turkish Jews because this had been part of the Turkish,\nOttoman Empire. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eventually, by the time of its apex, the Jewish population was\naround 150,000 there. Now, the province, due to a set of favorable\ncircumstances, like being quasi-autonomous and also realizing that they are a\nmulti-ethnic province, no single ethnic group was in the majority ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they\nlearned how to get along with each other. It was a remarkable place. They also\nlearned to have a common language, which was German. That explains the unusual\nsetting. You had a German language and German culture background way . . .\nhundreds of miles from the nearest German speaking county, like Austria or parts\nof Czechoslovakia. The development was remarkable because it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of the\nAtlanta of that part. It was a railroad hub built it. It was a center for trains\nfrom Northern to Southern Europe and from Eastern Europe to Western Europe.\nAlso, the people from that province developed an unusual characteristic. That is\ntheir ability was languages. I don't want to brag, but when I had to take my PhD\nexam in New York, it was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language exam. The choices were French, German or\nRussian. I told the, \"You pick the language.\"\n\nLANGER: You spoke all three. Did you grow up speaking these languages or were\nthey taught in school?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. Probably in your question period, you'll find out. I'll just\nskim about. Eventually Bukovina, and especially Czernowitz, excelled in its\nschool system, including a university, the Franz-Josephs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University, which was\nthe eastern most German University. The level of education--which probably will\ncome out during your questions--was quite high. Again, in order not to follow\nMr. Trump, I'm trying not to brag, but I will just mention two people who came\nfrom that area. The greatest German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language lyrical poet after World War II,\nPaul Celan, came from that area . . . --the son of a friend of my grandfather\nand I knew his brother very well--was Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden, who was\nthe director of the Bank of England and member of the British Cabinet. He just\ndied at the age of 96 in England the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. An outstanding economist. So far\nfrom bragging . . . Now, very quickly, what were the political changes that are\ngoing to lead us into what we are going to discuss here? The Austrian rule\nlasted from 1775 till 1917 or 1918, which was the end of World War ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I. With the\ncollapse of the Austrian Empire, there was sort of musical chairs between the\nneighboring countries. The Ukrainians were trying to take the place over. The\nRomanian were trying to take the place over. The Jews were marching around with\nblue and white flags. Eventually, the Allies gave Bukovina ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Kingdom of\nRomania at the Treaty of Versailles. Overnight, the people who had been very\nloyal Austrian citizens became Romanian citizens. They didn't speak the language\nand felt it was a cultural demotion. For instance, it's also going to come out\nmy father was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MD. He had graduated from the University of Vienna. Here he had\nhis practice now and his Romanian language was nonexistent. Yet, he was able to\neventually play an important role in building up a system for the government\nrailroads there. Now, in 1940, as part of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Ribbentrop-Molotov agreements\nthere, when they sort of divided Eastern and Central Europe, that part was\ndesignated as the sphere of influence for the Soviet Union. On the 28th of June\n1940, Romania received an ultimatum from the Soviet Union. Twenty-four hours\nlater, the Red Army marched into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz. For the next year, we were part of\nthe Soviet Union. I attended a Soviet school, Russian. That's the first\nlanguage. I should say, in Romania, French was a second language, so I had seven\nyears of French. That's the second language. A year later, on the 22nd of June\n1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. We were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close to the border there\nand now we were in the midst of the war. We were bombed--not too much,\nfortunately. About two weeks later, the victorious German and Romanian Armies .\n. . Romania became their allies, which was running counter to their historical\ntradition because they were the creation of the Western Powers--England, and\nFrance, and Italy. But there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very shrewd letting the Soviet Union take two\nof their provinces, Bukovina and Bessarabia. The Romanians saw an opportunity to\nget these provinces back. They became allies of Germany. That started massacres\nand all kinds of things. Eventually there was a ghetto formed in Czernowitz.\nCzernowitz had about 50,000 Jews in all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways of life: academics, skilled\nworkers, etcetera. Once the ghetto was established, the deportations started.\nDeportations had started before in the provinces. These people were deported to\nthe Ukraine, which had been occupied during ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the blitz war that Germany and\nRomania had gone through there. As a payment to the Romanians for having\nparticipated as a German ally there, a chunk of the Ukraine was placed under\nRomanian administration. That included the city of Odessa, one of their big\nports. This province was called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transnistria, which means the area across the\nNistru River or the Dniester River. Let me warn you this is going to lead to\nsome confusion because there is now a Transnistria, which is sort of a phantom\nprovince, which is part of Moldova, but the Russians are playing the same game\nwith them, which they did with Georgia and Eastern Ukraine. That is called\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transnistria. The geography is different, so if you read something today about\nTransnistria, it's probably mostly about the new Transnistria. If you read about\nthe history of the Holocaust, it was a bad area, where thousands of people\nperished. From 1941 to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944, we lived under German-Romanian rule. Something very\nunusual happened. Most Jews from the provinces--nearly all Jews from the\nprovinces--and many Jews from the city--the last ones--had already been deported\nwhen a mayor of Czernowitz, whose name was Trajan Popovici, a Romanian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lawyer,\nwent to the Governor, a Romanian general, and told him that he won't be able to\nrun the city because, \"If you take all the Jews away, there won't be a doctor\nhere, and there won't be an engineer, and there won't be a lawyer, and there\nwon't be a tinsmith, and there won't be a tailor, etcetera, etcetera.\" The\nGovernor told him, \"Well, why don't you give me a list of a couple of hundred\npeople?\" This guy wasn't satisfied with it. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had some connections in\nBucharest, the capital of Romania, and was able to form a support committee for\nhim, which included, among other things, the Queen Mother of Romania--it was\nstill a Kingdom--the head of the Orthodox Church, which was a Romanian state\nreligion. It turned out, the apostolic nuncio in Istanbul, an ambassador of the\nVatican, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was helpful. He later became John XXIII. And other distinguished\npeople. They put some pressure on the Romanian Dictator, Marshal Antenescue.\nEventually, after some bickering, he authorized the mayor . . . actually he\nissued himself about 15,000 so-called authorizations, which allowed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people\nto stay over the winter--this was October already--and not be deported. Then you\nhad to find which people will qualify for this. It so happened--I mentioned to\nyou before that my father had distinguished himself organizing the health\nservice for the government railroad. When he died in 1938, the Romanian\ngovernment awarded a pension to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepmother and myself. On the basis of this\nservice to the Romanian government railroads, we received an authorization, and\nstayed in Czernowitz, and were not deported. In fact, the ghetto was closed and\nwe were able to move back to . . . Actually, I stayed with the parents of my\nstepmother. We all lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. They had a very nice house. This happened to\nfall within the ghetto, so we didn't have to leave it. We didn't have to return\nto an apartment that was usually burglarized or emptied out. We lived there for\nthree years in the city. After the first year, the rule was that if a Romanian\ndignitary likes a particular house that was occupied ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a Jewish family, he just\nhad to point to it. A Romanian colonel liked the house where my Grandfather\nlived. We had to vacate it within three days. Fortunately, we were able to find\nan apartment and rent an apartment. Stayed there until March 1944, when the\nSoviet Army broke through the German front and the Ukraine and advanced about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"400, 500 miles. They broke through. The Germans were surrounded there. It was a\ndisaster for them. We were liberated. That was the end of one story. The people\nwho had been deported, maybe half of them died during deportation. About half\nsurvived and somehow were able to wander back to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. Now we were again\nliberated by the Soviet Union. But, honestly, none of the survivors felt . . .\nIt would be worse to have survived and spend the rest of your life in the Soviet\nUnion. That's a separate chapter. Nearly all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Jewish population of\nCzernowitz--both those who had remained in the city and those that had returned\nfrom deportation--found ways of moving out. Some of them who could prove they\nhad been Polish citizens or born in Poland could leave as part of a population\nexchange between Poland and the Soviet Union. The bulk of people--since they had\nbeen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian citizens before--after Romania surrendered, the Soviet Union made\nthe \"arrangement\" for anyone who wanted to move to Romania could move. That took\ncare of the remaining 90 percent of people, who then eventually ended up--nearly\nall--in Israel or other countries. I think I will stop here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't time\nmyself, but I said it was about ten or fifteen minutes. I hope . . . I forgot\nthe most important thing. I was going to tell you a little bit about the\npeculiar problems on currency and economy that this population faced. Before the\nwar, let's say from 1938, Romanian had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very strict control of foreign\ncurrency. The Romanian currency was the leu, L-E-U and plural, L-E-I. They had\nsystems periodically to . . . essentially if you had nothing better to do than\nput your savings and lei under your mattress, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few years, you had nothing.\nSome of their message was, for instance, they would exchange the bank notes. You\nhad to come to a bank and within a certain period, exchange all of your banks\nnotes to new bank notes, which now had a face value of, let's say, one-tenth. If\nyou didn't exchange, the money was worthless, so you immediately had maybe\none-tenth of what you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before. That happened repeatedly. That was a losing\nsituation. The people obviously didn't have much faith in the currency of the\ncountry and looked for other ways of trying to amass their wealth or savings.\nThere were basically two ways they could do it. One was gold. It was customary\nthere, going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Turkish times, to collect gold coins. The most popular\ncoins were the French twenty-franc--which were called \"Napoleons,\" or \"little\nbeards\" because Napoleon the third had a little beard, in the slang--or some\nBritish pounds, or dollars. Dollars and gold were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"favorite things, but that\nwas against the law. Romania was not only always sort of a police state, even\nwhen they were a democracy; it was also a very corrupt country. You were in the\ndanger that if you stashed away your savings and gold coins and dollars, you\nmight be discovered, and everything would be confiscated, and you may wind up in\njail unless you know how to get yourself bought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. That gives you a taste of\nthe difficulties people had to put on. They did, however, do what they had to\ndo. Usually--and certainly the middle class--would stash their savings away in\ngold coins or dollar notes. When the Soviets occupied, you had to exchange ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your\nRomanian bank notes for Soviet bank notes--that was another cut--or else the\nRomanian bank notes weren't worth anything. Under the Soviets, it was even much\nmore stringent because the Soviets were . . . For small transgressions in their\nrules, you could end up in Siberia, so it was very difficult. We are now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the\ntime when the people were being deported. Now they had the problem, what could\nthey take with them? When you see the picture these days of these refugees in\nAustria and Hungary and that was about the picture. What could they take with\nthem that would permit them to buy some bread or something else? If you had a\ndiamond, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewed them into your clothing. If you had some gold coins, it was\nmore difficult but people figured out ways of doing it. If you had dollars,\nthere were all kinds of tricks of how to hide this on your body or in your clothing.\n\nBRYAN: Alfred, who would you sell them to?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There were people who traded. The problem was it was large\ndenominations. If you had a hundred dollar bill, you had difficulty selling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\nWhen I left Czernowitz in 1945, an uncle of mine gave me five single dollar\nbills. They were the long dollar bills, so that tells you how long they've been\naround there. They were not circulating in the States anymore. There were\npeople. They were not particularly respected, but were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the currency dealers. I\nshould have mentioned on the economics, Czernowitz had a commodity exchange. The\nfather of my stepmother was a member of the exchange. He was an exporter of\ngrain to Central Europe and Western Europe. The people that generally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost all\ntheir real state and seemed to head out there, if they were lucky, they maybe\nhad ten gold coins, or maybe a hundred dollars in bills, or maybe a diamond or\ntwo. The question was difficult especially for those who were deported because\nobviously if they didn't come out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive from this, whatever they had got lost\nwith them. In fact, to this day, there are continuously graves at the cemetery\nbeing dug up by gold seekers. They have a difficult time protecting the\ncemeteries. When the people arrived then in these camps out there--again, those\nwho survived--my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncle, who was a fortunate guy because he had a tin can with\njam with a false bottom where he had a few gold coins, and that came though so\nhe was able to buy something. He survived the war and eventually he wound up in\nAustralia. Should I continue now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with what happened after the erasure or should\nI go back to your questions?\n\nLANGER: I think maybe it makes sense now to go back to the beginning. I think\nthis is an excellent overview of your understanding of the region, and of the\npeople, and kind of the overall economic situation. We will probably come back\nto touching on a lot of the things you brought up.\n\nSCHNEIDER: You had questions about education?\n\nLANGER: We will definitely get into all of that. It might make sense to go back\nto the beginning a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and focus on your family. Can you talk a little bit\nabout how your family in particular came to be in Czernowitz?\n\nSCHNEIDER: On my father's side, I did have some documents going back about four\ngenerations. I think I had a birth certificate of my grandfather in which the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal data for his father--they were Schneider's--was mentioned there. I\nguess he had probably lived in Bukovina since the beginning of the nineteenth\ncentury. He did not live in Czernowitz. They lived in a small town not too far\nfrom Czernowitz. I guess he was a religious person. He had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a general store and\nnine children. My father was one of the youngest ones. He was the only one to\nleave the house to go to Czernowitz for his secondary education. Then he went to\nVienna to study medicine. Just about two months before he was finished, World\nWar I started. He was drafted and he spent the next four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years as a medical\nofficer on the front there, first in Italy and then the Ukraine. These were\npeople who had lived in this province for a very long time. On my mother's side\n. . .\n\nLANGER: Can I interrupt you for one second? Do you know the name of the small town?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Of course. The name is B-O-J-A-N. Its claim to fame is that it was\nthe center of a famous Hassidic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dynasty.\n\nLANGER: They were Schneider's. They were Jews with a relationship with the\nGerman language already?\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was a transition period. I would guess that my great-grandfather\nspoke Yiddish. As you move in generations, it became more and more German to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point that my father spoke, of course, perfect German. He studied German in high\nschool. I, of course was born after the war, and did not speak any Romanian\nuntil I went to the public school. My native language was German--a pretty good\nGerman, but accented.\n\nLANGER: We will get back to your father and his experiences, but if you wanted\nto talk a little bit about your mother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, that would be good, too.\n\nSCHNEIDER: My mother's family . . . on my grandmother's side, they also lived\nabout three or four generations in a small village in the highlands. One of my\ngreat-grandfathers I guess was the mayor of the village. They were all in the\nlumber business. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pioneered the introduction of the steam . . . first of\nall, there were water driven lumber mills. Then they introduced--one of my great\ngrandfathers introduced--a steam engine for his lumber mills. My grandfather\ncame from . . . it was Poland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, the area that my wife comes from. Again, in\nmy case it was rather interesting because I learned how to speak Yiddish during\nthe war. In the beginning--I mean, before the war--there were some boys in my\ntown there that spoke Yiddish. They were from Hassidic families. I thought that\nI could discuss with them, but as I found out later, it wasn't Yiddish. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a\nwillfully distorted German. They way some white people try to talk the way black\npeople talk and it isn't quite right.\n\nLANGER: That is interesting. Your father went to Vienna for medical school. You\nsaid he was one of nine children. Was he the only one to go on for higher education?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Right, I said that. His mother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty unhappy. She felt that that\nwas going to weaken his religious background. She was right.\n\nLANGER: Did he work during that time in order to pay for medical school? How did\nthat work? Do you know?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I guess the family helped him out probably. My grandfather was fairly\nwell off before the war. They lost everything in the war. The place was occupied\nby the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czar's army and everything was burned down.\n\nLANGER: This was World War I?\n\nSCHNEIDER: World War I.\n\nLANGER: Your father then spent, after medical school . . . He graduated before\nthe beginning of the war?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, he didn't actually get his diploma, so he went back to Vienna\nafter the collapse of the Empire. It took a couple a years before the\nuniversities were back in business. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to take maybe one course. His\noriginal diploma was lost during the war, but on my first visit to Vienna, I\nwent to the University. I went to the registrar and asked him, \"Could I get a\ncopy of my dad's diploma?\" It took him two minutes. He asked me approximately\nwhat year. He found the data printed an ersatz diploma on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ersatz parchment. Very\nbeautiful, with a big shield in a box, and sent it to me in South Carolina,\nwhere we lived at that time.\n\nLANGER: That is great.\n\nSCHNEIDER: The diploma is dated 1922.\n\nLANGER: At that point, does he go directly back to Czernowitz?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, he did because his family, but this was now a different country.\nThen he met my mother. They married in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1923. She was also one of nine children.\n\nLANGER: Did your mother have any higher education?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. She was sent to Czernowitz when she was a teenager and had\nseveral tutors. But she did not formally attend high school.\n\nLANGER: Your immediate family . . . I may ask a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit about both, but at\nthat point in Czernowitz, would you consider your immediate family middle class?\nWhere they slightly upper middle class? Where did they fit on that scale at that point?\n\nSCHNEIDER: First of all, when my father lived--he died in 1938--we lived not far\nfrom Czernowitz in a small town. The name of that town was Vyzhnytsia.\n\nLANGER: Can you spell that, please?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Let me spell the Austrian name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"W-I-Z-N-I-T-Z.\n\nLANGER: They lived there from 1923 until 1938?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. My mother died when I was four years old. Then my father\nremarried. After he died, I stayed with my stepmother.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: In Vyzhnytsia, what kind of a medical practice did your father have?\n\nSCHNEIDER: He had specialized in Vienna in Ob-Gyn. But during the war, he was a\njack-of-all-trades. He learned how to extract teeth, mend bones, and amputate\nthings. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general practitioner but he leaned towards Ob-Gyn things.\nUnfortunately, he died while he was delivering a pair of twins in 1938.\n\nLANGER: Did he die unexpectedly?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, a heart attack.\n\nBRYAN: Alfred, would you say that your family at this point was prosperous?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I would say so by comparison with the population. You asked some\nquestions about vacation and you will see that. I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that . . . We were\nnot familiar with the classifications of middle class, upper middle class, but\nby analogy, I would say it's probably upper middle class.\n\nLANGER: In this small town, where you lived . . . Were you born in this small town?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No.\n\nLANGER: You were born in Czernowitz and then you went back there?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. After my father died, his practice was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sold. My stepmother and I\nmoved to Czernowitz. She was a very energetic lady. She managed to get me\naccepted in one of the elite schools in Czernowitz. I'll tell you more when you\nask about education.\n\nLANGER: I'm just trying to place you at this point as a young child. You lived\nin Vizhnitsa as a small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. Were there many Jews there?\n\nSCHNEIDER: About 90 percent of the city was. It was also, by coincidence, the\nhead of a Hasidic dynasty, but we were not . . . My father was a doctor for the\nwife of the leader of that thing, but . . .\n\nLANGER: Was he paid in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian currency at that time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Right, it was the only official. He was paid in Romanian currency. H\ngot his salary from the railroad system. For a while, he was also the doctor for\nthe . . . let's call it social security. It was a government health\nservice--minimal--for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers.\n\nLANGER: With that money that he received in payment for his services, did he\nkeep that in a bank? What did he do with that?\n\nSCHNEIDER: That brings me back to what I said before. When he died . . . To show\nyou how things were dissipated in Europe, for instance, he had taken out a life\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insurance on his life--with as the beneficiary--when I was born. Because of the\nuncertainty of Romania at that time, he bought this life insurance from a\ncompany in Vienna, the Dernou Company. I guess at that time, they weren't\nanxious for him to send the payments in the Romanian currency, so he committed\nto pay the premiums in dollars. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember as I grew up, there were perennial\nproblems in how he was getting . . . some way, he had a cousin who lived in\nPoland. Poland had an open exchange market. That guy would get the dollars to\nthe insurance company. The savings that he had, he had a collection of gold\ncoins. When he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, my stepmother--she was relatively well off; her parents\nwere--she said, \"Whatever is there, it shouldn't be to my benefit.\" This was now\n. . . My father died in December of 1938, so we are in 1939. It's still Romania.\nThere was a family council, my biological mother's family, and my father's\nfamily, and my stepmother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. What should they do? First of all, the\ninsurance now had to be cleared through a court in Vienna, which means the money\nhad to be transmitted through the Romanian national bank, which gave you a\nridiculous rate, so here there was something that . . . a hundred thousand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leis\n. . . It was next to nothing after he paid for it for twelve years. The gold\ncoins are unfortunately another sad story. My stepmother's father, who I told\nyou was a very well-known merchant and member of the commodities exchange, he\nsort of set the tone in this family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"council. To quote him, he said, \"One thing\nthat doesn't have any legs is a house.\" They managed to convert these gold coins\nto local currency and bought for me a six-apartment house. They figured out that\nthat's more than enough from the rent for me to live. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, they were going\nto set aside money so that I could study in England. This was 1939. In 1940, the\nSoviet Union occupied that and Uncle Joe decided I don't need a house; it would\nbe better if they nationalized it. That was the end of it, a lifetime's worth.\n\nBRYAN: Uncle Joe was Stalin?\n\nLANGER: Joseph Stalin, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes. How old were you at that point?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I was about thirteen or fourteen.\n\nLANGER: Okay. Before your father died and before all of this change happened\nbetween Romania and the Soviet occupation, what was a typical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shopping\ninteraction like with your family? Who did the shopping and what did they buy?\n\nSCHNEIDER: It was a small town, population of about 5,000. The shopping was done\nonce a week. There was a big market. The peasants would bring in their fresh\nbutter, and cheese, and eggs, and vegetables, other greens, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and chickens. You'd\nbuy there for a whole week. We didn't have refrigerators, but we had iceboxes so\nwe could keep stuff there. It was daily deliveries of ice blocks. The rest of\nit, there were stores where you bought flour. There were butchers and there were\nbakers. At this time, transactions were simply ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cash, normal things.\n\nLANGER: There was no trading?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Not at that time.\n\nLANGER: What about clothing? How was that made?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Clothing was different than what you have here. Most clothing was\ncustom made. As children, we resented that. You had to go, and try things on,\nstand quietly for fifteen minutes, and so forth.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within your family, was there a break after your mother passed away and\nbefore your stepmother was there in the family?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: How long was that?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There were other complications. A few months after my mother died, my\nfather got very ill. He had rheumatic fever. He couldn't walk. A younger brother\nof my mother's took him to Piestany. There was a very famous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resort place in\nCzechoslovakia. He stayed there for about a year. During this time, I stayed at\nmy biological grandmother's. A younger sister of my mother's--she was not\nmarried at the time--she took care of me. Then he came back and I moved back\nhome. I had a governess for two years.\n\nLANGER: The medical care--the cost of going to this special resort town for the\nrheumatic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fever--was that costly? Was that something that was relatively easy to afford?\n\nSCHNEIDER: It was costly but we had a little break. Because my father was a\nphysician for the government railroads, we had free passes for first class so we\nknew Romania very well. We would go every year for one month there. Romania was\na very beautiful country. It had the Black Sea, and the Carpathian Mountains,\nand the Danube. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I acquired as a small child quite a view of other places. I\ndon't know whether you're going to come to this, but I noticed in your questions\nthat you're interested in that sort of thing. That an exceptional concern of my\nparents, for my father for education . . . Yes, there were music lessons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes,\nthere was a piano in my house. I started piano lessons at the age of six. My\nfather was convinced that I am a child prodigy. I didn't disappoint him. Eighty\nyears later, I'm still a child prodigy. When I was ten, trying to keep up with\nthe modern tastes for music--his musical memories were the Viennese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operettas\nand that kind of thing--I wanted to get an accordion because there was more\ncurrent music. I got an accordion and got very well. It actually helped me later\nin the war for a year or year and a half, as a professional musician, to keep\nafloat. At a young age, I had several tutors in addition to music. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had Hebrew\nlessons. It wasn't very successful. I didn't particularly care for the teacher.\nI also had French lessons with a tutor and general education--for instance,\nabout Egyptians, pyramids and so forth. This was before I got to school.\n\nLANGER: This was before? This was with a series of private ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tutors? Or, more than\none tutor for each different subject?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. At the time, I had a music teacher, a Hebrew teacher, and a\ngeneral education teacher.\n\nLANGER: Where did you family find these teachers? How did they advertise for the position?\n\nSCHNEIDER: The music teacher was well established in town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Her husband was\na lawyer.\n\nLANGER: This was the small town of Vyzhnytsia?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Right. The Hebrew teacher was just a housewife and not a very good\nteacher. Unfortunately, I never learned very much Hebrew except the history.\n\nLANGER: Did your father pay these teachers in currency?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, in currency. During this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period, there was no barter. There\nwould be occasionally, I don't know, that a tailor would be a patient of my\nfather's who'd complain he was short in cash and could my father hold off the\npayment until he needs a new suit.\n\nLANGER: The credit system was kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more verbal assurances and that kind of thing?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. It is very interesting in that period of time--you may get this\nfrom other people--that the Jewish population was not very comfortable with the\nRomanian court system, so the merchants developed a rather elaborate arbitration\ncourt system. Again, the father of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepmother and the father of Lord Eric\nRoll were part of the local arbitration court there. They would prefer to go to\narbitration court. I sometimes sat in there as a young boy. I was very much\nimpressed by it. It was on a voluntary basis but they would follow this.\n\nLANGER: Where did this court take place? Did it have a space ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of its own or did\nit move?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, they'd meet in a lawyer's office or in an apartment. Very little formalities.\n\nBRYAN: What sort of disputes would they resolve?\n\nSCHNEIDER: These were commercial disputes. He shipped him a railroad car of\ngrain and the guy claimed the specifications were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met. The usual things.\n\nLANGER: Was this something that was legal within the Romanian system?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Going back to your education a little bit, when did you start formal school?\n\nSCHNEIDER: When I was seven years old.\n\nLANGER: What was that like?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I went to a public school where the language of instruction was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian. My teacher in first grade, however, was a take over from Austria who\ndidn't speak any Romanian. It was very broken Romanian. But subsequently, I had\na very good Romanian education. This is where I learned the language. It helped\nme later on because Romanian is a Latin language. Without having studied\nItalian, for instance, or Spanish, I can pretty well make out what's in an\nItalian or Spanish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newspaper. French was considered the . . . There's no English\nso far. You haven't heard any English. That comes later.\n\nLANGER: Sure. During this time, still as a young child, you mentioned that you\ntraveled. Was there a regular vacation time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. I'd have school vacation in the summer for about two months.\n\nLANGER: Did your father go on these trips as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Under the urging of my stepmother. He always claimed he was too busy.\nWe would go for one month. My vacation was two months.\n\nLANGER: Always to different places or sometimes to the same places?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I think in one case we went to the same place twice. We would go to\ndifferent places. As I said, to various parts of Romania.\n\nLANGER: What else was the rhythm of your week like? Did your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father work six\ndays a week and then you had time together or was he working most of the time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was very different from the way a doctor arranges his life here\nin the United States. They didn't have anybody who'd fill in or cover you.\nThere'd be all individual doctors. I remember my father . . . Normal deliveries,\nthey wouldn't call the doctor. It'd be a midwife. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there were\ncomplications, they'd call the doctor. I remember every night, he'd say, \"Gee, I\nhope I can sleep a few hours.\" But they'd pull him out of bed two or three\ntimes. He learned how to sleep in installments during the day in order to . . .\n\nLANGER: Did he have nurses working with him?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, he occasionally when he needed an assistant.\n\nLANGER: Did your stepmother work as well or did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she take care of the household?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, she took care of the household. There was a lot of work in the household.\n\nLANGER: Other than your tutors, did you have any servants or assistance in the household?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, we had a maid.\n\nLANGER: Where did she come from?\n\nSCHNEIDER: She was from the local population and she spoke Ruthenian, which is a\nUkrainian dialect. That was my introduction to a Slavic language. It served ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me\nlater on when I had to study Russian during that year. But not good enough to\nunderstand Polish, so when I met my wife after the war, we had no common\nlanguage. She spoke only Polish and I didn't.\n\nLANGER: There was the same maid in your house for a number of years?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: When you say local population, was she Jewish or non-Jewish?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No. She was Ukrainian. In fact, it was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving story. During\nthe war, when we lived in Czernowitz . . . I didn't spend much time telling you\nwhat the circumstance were, but there were limited hours we could circulate. We\nhad to wear a yellow star and there was no school for Jews. One day, she showed\nup. I think she went by foot for forty or fifty miles with a big bag ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\neverything--potatoes, and beets, and so forth. She heard there was a food\nshortage in the big city of Czernowitz. She wanted to bring us some food. That\ngives you a taste of the relations there. It's hard to understand because of\nwhat followed later on, but relations were quite friendly there.\n\nLANGER: Before your father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, you mentioned that he had taken out this life\ninsurance policy and that there had been some hope that money could be saved for\nyour future. What were your family's hopes and dreams for your future at that\ntime in terms of education and living arrangements?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I had to finish the gymnasium, which is eight years after the four\nyears of elementary school. Twelve years just like here. Romania had a number of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"universities. I was interested in chemistry from an early age. I had my own\nlaboratory. But problems were starting to develop with numerous clausus and\nadmissions there, so many of the young people of that area went aboard to study.\nThey studied in Czechoslovakia, and Belgium, and France, and England--England\nnot too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many--Italy . . . This was sort of a dream that I may have enough money\nto study in England. For instance, this borders on money but it may give you a\nlittle taste of family relations. My father had two nieces, two daughters of his\nsister's, who in turn was one of those eight or nine children. They wanted to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study medicine and couldn't do it in Romania, so they went to France and studied\nin France. Their parents were of rather limited means, so my father helped out.\nThree sisters survived. Two who eventually became MDs. One lived in Vienna after\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war and eventually wound up with three doctorates. The other lived in\nGermany. I told them that Tosia, my wife, and I had been working on establishing\nan educational trust for our grandchildren. We have five grandchildren. In a\nsense, they made a sizable contribution to our trust as a repayment of what my\nfather in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1930s helped them get through medical school.\n\nLANGER: When you mention the numerous clausus, I learned about that in the\ncontext of Poland. It was the same in Romania?\n\nSCHNEIDER: In Poland, it was more formalized, but it was starting in Romania. I\nthink we were a little better of than the people who were in Poland.\n\nLANGER: We have about ten minutes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left. I think that most likely the next time\nwe talk, we will start with the beginning of the Russian occupation because that\nchanged things pretty drastically. To finish up this section, you mentioned that\nyour father helped his nieces. Were there other ways in which he gave charity or\nhelped your family?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. You asked the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question were his philanthropic expenses\nexclusively for Jewish associations. No, they were not. I have been trying with\nthe Museum here with limited success . . . Most people have visions of life a\nsmall town there as pretty much a Fiddler on the Roof. It was not. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did not\nlive in a segregated society. For example, when my mother died, they wanted me\nout of the house. I remember I was four years old and that was my first\nChristmas because friends of my family . . . He was a judge with two children.\nThey were Catholic. I stayed with them for about a week and I had my first\nChristmas. That's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the farthest memory I have.\n\nLANGER: How did your mother die?\n\nSCHNEIDER: She died of pneumonia. She was the wife of an MD but there was\nnothing they could do at that time. There were no antibiotics.\n\nLANGER: It was just a secondary infection from some other . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: She was expecting another child.\n\nLANGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any half-siblings or any siblings?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No.\n\nLANGER: You're the only child?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Only child.\n\nLANGER: One last thing. You mentioned your first Christmas. Did your family also\ncelebrate Jewish holidays in a big way or in a small way?\n\nSCHNEIDER: It's not too different from America here. We went to services on New\nYears, on High Holy Days, and sometimes on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover. However, when my father\npassed away, I was about twelve years old. I did decide that I would go twice a\nday to the synagogue and say the Kaddish. I stuck it out. It was not a religious\nthing, but I somehow felt an urge to do it.\n\nLANGER: Did you join up with you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extended family for holidays at all?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. For instance, for one month of our vacation--the one that I did\nnot travel with my parents--I'd spend on a model farm that my uncle ran there.\nIt was a very integrated farm. They would grow potatoes and they had a\ndistillery. They would make alcohol from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"potatoes. Then the mash that they would\nget as a byproduct was used to fatten cattle so they would grow. It was a\nparadise for a young boy. There were horses, and calves, and tractors. I'd\nusually stay with them.\n\nLANGER: Sounds like a lot of fun. Thinking one more time about the holidays.\nWere there larger expenditures ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than on a normal basis around the holidays? Was\nmoney ever saved up for celebrations?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, especially at Passover. My wife is in much better shape. She's\ntalked about this. The house would be cleaned from top to bottom, everything\nhand scrubbing. The children would usually get a new outfit for it. The meals\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special.\n\nLANGER: Did you spend Passover with your relatives at all?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, I would sometimes go to my grandmother's. My grandparents lived\nabout ten miles from us.\n\nLANGER: The one last question I will ask you now would be about other kinds of\nluxury items. Were there musical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instruments? Did you think of music as a luxury\nitem or was that something that was just kind of important to . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: There was a room called a dining room, speisezimmer in German. Under\nnormal circumstances, I wasn't supposed to set foot in it. There was very nice\nfurniture. My parents ordered it from Vienna. It was quite nice furniture. It\nwas used when we had visitors. Otherwise, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was off limits.\n\nLANGER: Was the piano in that room or was it in a different space?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, the piano was in my room. It was an upright piano. I don't know\nwhen you want to fit it in. You'll wind up probably wondering how did I manage\nspending three years during the war without access to schools, and determined\nafterwards to get an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education, and my career at MIT. I'd be glad to share it\nwith you.\n\nLANGER: We definitively would like to get into all of that. Would you be willing\nto come back again and speak with me at some point?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Because I don't think we can cover that in any really meaningful way in\nthe next few minutes. When we last spoke with you, Fred, we left off at the\nbeginning of the war in 1939. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had just returned to Czernowitz. Can you start\nby describing where you lived at this time and what the community was like? You\nhad just started to tell us a little bit about the state of the Jewish community\nin Czernowitz at the beginning of the war. If you can, continue with that.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Right. September 1, 1939 is officially the beginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II.\nThat's when the Germans attacked Poland. I lived on that date in a province\ncalled Bukovina, which had been for the preceding approximately two centuries\npart of the Austrian Empire. After the Treaty of Versailles, it became part of\nRomania. In 1939, this was Romania. The city where we lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in the proximity\nof the border with Poland, so we did have war just maybe 40 or 50 miles from\nwhere we lived, but Romania was not at war. It was a neutral country at that\ntime. After the collapse of Poland, most of the Polish government, and Polish\narmy, and air force fled through this province. Many of them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later managed to\nmake it to France or England and fought in the units of the free Polish Army\nwith the Allies. We still lived relatively peaceful in 1939 until June 1940,\nwhen the Soviet Union, as a corollary of the non-aggression pact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the\nSoviet Union and Germany, gave an ultimatum to Romania and occupied two\nprovinces within twenty-four hours, including the city where I lived, which had\nnever before been part of Russia-Czarist or any other one. That was a big\nchange, of course. There was turmoil. People were fleeing. There wasn't any\nfighting as such, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but dislocations. Starting in June 1940, we were suddenly part\nof the Soviet Union.\n\nLANGER: Where did you live at that time? Who did you live with? What was your\nhome like?\n\nSCHNEIDER: My case was a special case. I had lost my parent; my mother when I\nwas four years old and my father when I was twelve years old. I had lived with\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepmother and her family in Czernowitz. We attended Soviet middle schools.\nAs I mentioned before, my main source of support was an apartment house, which I\ninherited from my father, who was an MD. But that was shortly nationalized, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nthat source of income had vanished.\n\nLANGER: At this point, how large was the Jewish community in Czernowitz?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Czernowitz had a population of about 110,000 people. About 50 percent\nof the population was Jewish. Again, it was unusual because the majority of the\npeople--Jews and non-Jews--spoke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German and continued to speak German after this\npart became Romania, to the disappointment of the Romanians, who tried to\nRomanize these things. There was a German university, which had to change\nlanguages. There were German theaters that changed languages. Movies that were\nshown there were almost exclusively in Austrian or German. The occupational\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things changed because Chrernowitz was a center of commerce at the intersection\nof the North, South, East, and Western Europe with the export of grains, and\nfruits, and lumber, textiles, and so forth. That all came to end, so most of\nthese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people became unemployed or took jobs. Whatever job you had, you worked\nfor the government. If you were a barber, you worked for the government.\n\nLANGER: Did your stepmother work at this time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, she had an office job.\n\nLANGER: For the Russian occupying government?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, I think it had something to do with a grain-testing laboratory.\n\nLANGER: Did anyone else in your immediate family that you lived with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work at\nthat time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: They had menial jobs. I had an uncle who, with his brother rand\nbrother-in-law, owned a wholesale flour business. They were, of course, put on a\nbad list. He got a job as a night watchman. He actually died shortly thereafter.\n\nLANGER: How were they paid for their work? Were they paid in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian currency?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, they were paid in the rubles. The situation was that when the\nRussians came, we had some very western like stores--fashion stores,\ndelicatessen stores, and so forth--which were still stocked when the Russians\ncame. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within a couple weeks, they bought out everything and there were no\nreplenishing those things. Shortages started to develop. After a few months, you\nstarted to get some imports but very poor, very shoddy quality and very unusual.\nThere'd be a week where you could buy galoshes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then that would vanish and you\nmight be able to buy scarves the next week.\n\nLANGER: Did you or people you knew buy these things, hoping to trade them later?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, they were on the selling part. One source of income, people would\nsell whatever they had. They had well equipped apartments still at that time.\nThe Russians were buying it, so you had open-air markets. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were local jokes\nthat some of the buyers would buy night clothing but think that they were street\nclothing. These were anecdotal things.\n\nLANGER: Was there any rationing that started when there became shortages?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, there wasn't rationing as such, but there were long lines, which\nwe had not known before the war. You had to stand in a bread line or other such\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. Especially the surrounding area was usually a pretty abundant source for\nvegetables and fruits, so we didn't starve. We had enough food.\n\nLANGER: Did you ever go and purchase items for your family? Was that ever a task\nthat you had at that time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, this was interesting. I was quite young still at that time.\n\nLANGER: How old were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nSCHNEIDER: In 1940, I was about thirteen or fourteen years old. But I had a new\njob and that was to hold somebody's place in a line. I didn't do the actual\npurchasing. When I got close to the door, my aunt would get there.\n\nLANGER: What was a typical day like for you under Russian occupation?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There were some good things. There were some bad things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In general,\nwe liked the school. Now it may sound funny, but it was the first time we were\nin schools that were coeducational. Before that, boys were separated; girls were\nseparated. That was an exciting time for us. There was also a lot of\nextracurricular stuff for us. There were orchestras. There were choirs. There\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ski clubs, ice-skating clubs, volleyball. It was a little strange for us,\nthe indoctrination. We were somewhat young to get . . . There were, for\ninstance, anti-religious things in schools. When they knew that a group of\npeople were either Christian or Jewish and they had a holiday, they made sure\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was some reason for them to be in school rather than with their family.\n\nLANGER: Were there any specifically anti-Semitic measures or attitudes that you\nnoticed at this time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Not really. I don't think so. Unfortunately, it took them a year to\nget organized, but it finally came. They had, during the first year, sorted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out\nthe people. Everybody had to have an ID called a passport. There were some\nsecret paragraph numbers in those things. If you belonged to what they called a\nbourgeois background, you had a certain number. The population deciphered those\nthings. They knew already what it was. It was dangerous. On the fourteenth of\nJune 1941, there was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mass deportation of people. Again, not Jews only, but\nbecause the Jews were heavily represented in the commercial and industrial\nbranch, and financial branches, they were the targets of these. One night, about\nI'd estimate 5,000 or 6,000 people were picked up at night, had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two hours to\npack, taken on a truck, taken to the railroad, and two weeks later they showed\nup in Siberia.\n\nLANGER: Did you know some of these people personally?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. If we have more time, I will tell you more about that. What\nsticks in my mind was especially a fellow student of mine whose name was Selma.\nShe was an exceptionally fine pianist. She, and her parents, and grandparents\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all picked up and deported. The ostensible reason was her grandfather, who\nowned a small deli store or something like that, was an educated man. At one\ntime, he was elected President of the Chamber of Commerce of the food dealers,\nso that was suspect. He disappeared. The rest of his family, except for his\nwife, did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive the war, and Selma. There's a very tragic story about it. I\ngot a very long letter from her many years after the war. People were\nconscripted. People were involuntarily sent off to coal mines. The region where\nthere's fighting now in the eastern Ukraine, that was the coal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"region. Oil\nindustrial stores were nationalized. Interestingly enough, we had our local\nbranch of communists there from before the war. They were the unhappiest people,\nbecause this was this was a complete shock for them. I'll try to stick on the\nmoney thing. During ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this year, there was only one currency. I told you before\nthat there were prohibitions to own hard currency like dollars or pounds or gold\ncoins. That became particularly harsh during the . . . This was cause for\ndeportation to Siberia if they found you.\n\nLANGER: Were people searched? Were homes searched for these things?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. We knew there was a NKVD, which is KGB ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under different names.\n\nLANGER: In your family, was there any attempt to hide valuables, whether they\nwere currency or not, to try to maintain some . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: How did you do that?\n\nSCHNEIDER: It's a long story. It overlaps now because the Russians only stayed\none ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year. One year after they arrived, Germany attacked the Soviet Union in\n1941, June 22. After about four or five weeks, the Germans conquered this area.\nThe Romanians were their allies, so we had mixed German-Romanian people who came\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. You asked if people hid things. Yes, I had a camera that I had gotten\nfrom my grandfather before the war. Cameras were . . . We were not supposed to\nhave cameras. I found a nice place in the attic to hide it, but there was a\nsearch and they found the camera. I probably came very close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to being shot\nexcept there was a Romanian Lieutenant there--I could speak Romanian by that\ntime--who was a university student, a history student. He saw my books out there\nso we had a very long, friendly discussion. I survived, but my camera got lost.\nYes, people were hiding things in all kinds of ways. They would burying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things.\n\nLANGER: During this time, you were still learning and learning music, right?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: You played piano?\n\nSCHNEIDER: By this time, I'd switched almost entirely to accordion and I was\nvery good at it.\n\nLANGER: You owned an accordion?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Was that considered a valuable?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, very much so.\n\nLANGER: When had you purchased the accordion or how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had that come into your possession?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I had the accordion before the war. It was a Horner. That was a\nGerman one. It helped me a great deal during the war and after liberation.\nUnfortunately, it was stolen and that was probably the end of my accordion career.\n\nLANGER: Thinking about this transition time from Russian occupation to German\noccupation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what were the first things that you noticed that changed?\n\nSCHNEIDER: As I told you, the arrival of the Russians caused a lot of mixed\nfeelings and reactions. On one hand, it was a cultural shock for the people.\nThat was a fairly Westernized area. Except the Russians from large cities like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow and Leningrad, were rather primitive in their . . . On the other hand,\nthere were some things we liked about them. Their music and their songs were\nsort of appealing. But there was one feeling of the people there and it turned\nout to be wrong. Europe was up in flames. The Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were occupying Poland, and\nFrance, and Denmark, and Norway, and so forth. There was a feeling we had some\nkind of a protective blanket there with the Soviets being there. As bad as it\nis, we started getting news as to what it was like in German-occupied Europe, so\nthat . . .\n\nLANGER: How did the news travel? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you learn about what was happening in\nother parts of Europe?\n\nSCHNEIDER: We were allowed to have radios until the war started. Then the radios\nwere confiscated and the whole building was blown up then with all the radios.\nBut we were still well informed. It was frowned upon but there was no open\nprohibition to listen to other radios. You wouldn't turn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Radio London when\nyou were within the earshot of a Soviet employee and things like that.\n\nLANGER: What about newspapers? Where there any underground newspapers?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There were no underground newspapers. All newspapers were government\nnewspapers . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". There has been for years a very active tug-of-war between the\nSoviet government and the Zionist movements. Zionist leaders were\npersecuted--also from Czernowitz--and deported to Siberia. But there were also\nsome cultural related events to combat this thing. One was along the language. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A\nlarge number of Jews in Eastern and Central Europe spoke Yiddish, whereas the\nZionists tried to support Hebrew. Officially, the Soviet government supported\nYiddish, Yiddish schools, Yiddish newspapers and so forth. When they occupied,\nthey shipped in papers in Yiddish. There were even German books ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published in\nRussia--of course, the things they wanted to publish. But there was an\ninteresting thing. They had reformed the Yiddish spelling. It was quite\ndifferent. The local people took that as an insult. My grandfather said,\n\"cutting off the ears\" of the language. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't go over very well. The other\nthing--now this is outside of our subject but I will just mention it in case you\nare not aware of it. There was a big effort to build a Jewish autonomous region\nthere at the border of Manchuria, near the Pacific Ocean around the city called\nBirobidzhan. There's a long story there. Suddenly there was an airport with a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish name on it and there were stamps.\n\nLANGER: This was an effort by the Russian government?\n\nSCHNEIDER: By the Soviet government, right. It failed. I tried to stick to the\nmoney thing. We are now during the war . . . When the Germans came in, there\nwere many massacres. The beautiful temple in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, which was one of the .\n. . well known architectural monuments, was burned down. The chief rabbi, Dr.\nMark, was shot. Out of a Jewish population in the whole province of maybe 80,000\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"90,000, all but 20,000 in Czernowitz had been deported to a region east,\nwhich is part of the Ukraine--that region had come under Romanian administration\nafter they conquered that region--and included the city of Odessa, the big port\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I wouldn't do justice to this thing, but due to a supernatural\noccurrence, about 20,000 Jews in Czernowitz were at the last moment spared\ndeportation. This effort was unusual because it was primarily the work of the\nRomanian mayor of the town, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who intervened with the Romanian Governor, a\ngeneral, and said he couldn't run the city without them. He managed to get a\ncommittee in the capital of Romanian to support him. That included the Queen\nMother--Romania was a kingdom, the patriarch of the Romanian Church, former\npolitical leaders, the apostolic nuncio, the ambassador from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vatican in that\narea who later turned out to be Pope John XXIII. We got permission to stay.\n\nLANGER: This was the Romanian government as an ally of Germany at this time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: The Russians leave and the Romanians are ostensibly placed back in\ncharge, but they are under the umbrella of Germany.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That is right.\n\nLANGER: At this point in time, were you still living with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your stepmother and\nher family in the same apartment?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, up to a point. My grandfather was fairly well off. He was an\nexporter of grain and was a member of the commodity exchange, the bursa as it\nwas called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Lived in a very nice house until one day a Romanian Colonel\nsaw the house, liked the house, and we got orders to get out of it within three\ndays. Fortunately, we found an apartment that we could rent.\n\nLANGER: What did you take with you when you had to leave your house?\n\nSCHNEIDER: They first established a ghetto preceding the deportations. Within\ntwenty-four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours, all Jews had to be within a certain part of the city, which\nwas the poorest. Terribly crowded. Then the deportation started from this part.\nWhen they decided to exempt the last 20,000, after about six weeks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\ndissolved the ghetto and the people were allowed to go back. There were two\nclasses. Some of them, there house fell within the ghetto border. That was my\ngrandfather. Those were the fortunate ones because they had most of their\npossessions. The other people who had to return to their house usually found the\nthing had been cleaned out or things like that. This was very important for\neconomic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasons because the people that remained there became the center of\nsending money--and this is an interesting thing--to the people who had been\ndeported. Their main source was selling whatever they had, whether it was\nfurniture, or clothing, or books, or things like that.\n\nLANGER: How did they . . . Did they know where folks had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deported to?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Eventually they knew, yes. The communications were sparse but word of\nmouth . . . Let me say that . . . because this will come up when you ask what\nwere the modes of sending money. Like in every population, in the beginning, the\nRomanians were worse than the Germans. During the massacres, the Germans were\nappalled. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there had been fairly close relations between the Romanian and\nJewish population. There were many descent, the mayor . . . The only way you\ncould get money from Czernowitz to the people who were deported to various\nplaces in the Ukraine was by a courier. The courier was almost always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Romanian\nwhom you had known from before and whom you trusted. Our experience was that\nthese turned out to be very trustworthy persons. You sold whatever you had, you\nsent money to the people out there, and that saved many lives.\n\nLANGER: What currency was the money you got for selling possessions?\n\nSCHNEIDER: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian, it was lei, but it was also changed every few months. I\nmean, people didn't have much to lose out there. They still held on to harder\ncurrency, taking a risk for it.\n\nLANGER: Did you and your family do this? You sold possessions to help?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, very much so.\n\nLANGER: What possessions did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sell and how did you sell them? Who did you\nsell them to?\n\nSCHNEIDER: You sold it to the local population. There was a shortage of\nclothing. There were some things you wouldn't think were valuable. For instance,\nwe had an old fashion gramophone, the thing that you cranked up. That brought in\na fortune because it was the only source of music ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making. If you had . . .\nmedical instruments from my father, that brought in something.\n\nINTERVIEWER: How was the pricing determined? How did you know what you could get\nfor these things?\n\nSCHNEIDER: If you were the seller, you tried to get as much as you could. You\ncame back to the old bartering thing, negotiating, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bizarre in Istanbul.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Would you go to multiple people to see what you could get?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No. For instance, I had a piano we wanted to sell. We found a buyer.\nHe came to the house and bought the piano. You agreed on some kind of a price.\nThere wasn't a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily quotation as to what the exchange rate is. Very primitive.\n\nINTERVIEWER: You said most of the exchange was in the Romanian currency?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, but there were means of exchanging this. Now this did have a\ndaily rate. It was dangerous to hold on to the Romanian money because you could\nbuy something today but not next week.\n\nLANGER: Were there ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exchanges for some goods for other goods at this time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, very much so. You used to barter. I tried to search online a\nlittle bit for you. I believe in the place where the people had been deported\nto, which was German and Romanian occupied Ukraine, they did have some special\ncurrency that the Germans had issued. They didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want for the same reason the\nAmericans didn't want, for instance, to have dollars after the war in the\nAmerican zone of Germany. They either continued to use the German currency. The\nAmericans had a special currency. They had a name for it. They were dollars but\nyou could only use them in American exchanges, PXs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, they weren't\nworth anything in the United States. That's where you would probably want an\nexpert. These various . . . tried to isolate themselves from their currency from\nbeing spent where they didn't want to and vice versa.\n\nLANGER: Going back to the point where you had to leave your larger home and you\nwere living in a smaller apartment, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was that like? Who lived in the\napartment with you and how much space did you have?\n\nSCHNEIDER: As a rule, apartment houses that had belonged to the local people had\nfirst been nationalized by the Soviets, except for one family house. When the\nRomanians took occupied it, they took over the property that had been the Soviet\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"property, so now they owned the houses. They had some kind of administration and\nyou had to rent from them. The particular apartment where we lived was owned\nbefore the war by a life insurance company. They retained the ownership\nafterwards so this was kind of a privately own thing. We rented that from their representative.\n\nLANGER: You paid for the rent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Romanian currency?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Did the rate seem exceptionally high or reasonable to your family at\nthat time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Honestly, I don't know.\n\nLANGER: You were young. At this point, who worked in your family and what were\nthey doing? Did they manage to keep similar jobs as what they had under Russian\noccupation or did things change?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No. Let me take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my stepmothers family. She didn't have a job during\nthe war except she was my first English teacher, but that's a different story.\nShe had two brothers. Both brothers got jobs under the Russians. One worked at a\nwholesale ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grain warehouse. The other one became the assistant manager of a hotel\nthere. One of them, when the war started, was conscripted. We did hear from him\nonce during the war--he was a prisoner of war--and then he vanished. The other\none was deported to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transnistria, survived, was then conscripted by the Soviets\nafter liberation, and worked in a labor camp in Belorussia or something like\nthat. Also managed to survive and spent the rest of his life in Australia, of\nall places. But there were no occupations. You might get something. I don't want\nto take your time here, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a very unusual source of income. I had a\ncousin, a first cousin who was a dental surgeon, a dentist in a place about 40\nmiles from Czernowitz. It was a county seat and the entire Jewish population had\nbeen deported. At the last moment, the powers to be realized that in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole\ncounty, there wasn't a single dentist and there were almost no doctors. They\nruled that one dentist is going to remain there and two doctors, and I think one\nguy who was an expert in running the distillery. The dentist was my cousin.\nSuddenly, he was the one dentist in the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"county. But there were no\nlaboratories there. He had to get somebody to make the teeth. There were two\nlaboratories in Czernowitz where I lived. An arrangement was worked out that\ntwice a week a peasant with a horse and buggy would bring several dozen\nshoeboxes filled with impressions of teeth. I made arrangements with the\nlaboratories to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make the teeth.\n\nLANGER: What were they made out of?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Gold, stainless steel. Even though I was about sixteen or seventeen\nyears old, I became an expert in them. I'd buy the materials for them and I'd\nget a salary from my cousin.\n\nLANGER: You became a provider for your family?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Not quite. This was also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. As I said, my grandfather was\nstill well off. He didn't want any. I used a large part of my income to help my\ncousin, who was also Fred, who was deported, to survive the war. That was very\nhelpful to him.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Where were you able to get the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"materials, like the gold, from?\n\nSCHNEIDER: You could get it. In fact, that was in abundance because that was\nsomething that people would sell. There were some gold refineries there.\n\nLANGER: At this time, how did you purchase the basic things that you needed,\nlike food or clothing?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There was sufficient food. The peasants would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come several times a\nweek to the market. There was one obstacle. After the ghetto was closed and\npeople moved back to their houses or apartments in the city, they still had to\nwear a yellow star if you were Jewish. There were only certain hours in which\nyou could walk freely on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street--something like three hours a day. In\naddition to this, there were regulations that somebody with a star could not\naccess the open market until about two or three hours after it had opened. In\ncase that a shortage developed, they would be the last ones who could buy it. It\ndidn't have much of an effect because there was enough food there. You could buy\ndairy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"products. There was some danger. I vividly member my grandfather one day .\n. . You couldn't get any sugar. You'd buy it on the market. He bought a paper\nbag of, I don't know, maybe five pounds or ten pounds of sugar. He opened it up\nand tasted it. It was sugar. Brought it back home. When he emptied this at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home,\nit turned out it was all salt. There was only a little sugar there on the top.\nHe was very heartbroken. These were the dangers of this barter thing and\npurchasing and purchasing. In Czernowitz, let me say, there was a problem that\nsome people had spent their last penny. There was no way of getting anything.\nThere were some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"self-made charitable organizations who would take care of the\nindigent people. It was very impressive how these people did that. There were\nalso very sad things because when the deportations started, for instance, there\nwas a large mental institution in Czernowitz, which was run by the government\nfor people of all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religions. When the Germans came back out there, they kicked\nthe Jewish patients out of it. The Jewish community had to find someplace. There\nwere doctors still available. They were among the first group to be deported. I\ndistinctly remember--because this temporary asylum for them was in our\nneighborhood--how these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mental patients were deported. I always wondered what\nhappened. After the war, I corresponded with this fellow in Israel who was\ndeported and was an eyewitness to what happened. They were all shot, these\nmental patients. I am just trying to think what would be of interest about\nfinancial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things.\n\nLANGER: I am wondering a little bit about your education at this time. Did you\npay for . . . Were there schools?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, there were no schools. Up till that time, my last year of school\nwas the seventh grade in the Soviet schools. The Soviet school system had ten\nyears. We have twelve ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I had finished the seventh grade. There were no\nschools, but after the ghetto was dissolved, first two, and then three, and then\nfour of the boys who had attended the same school before, we got together. We\nsaid, \"Well, we can lay our hands ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on text books.\" That was no problem. There was\na lot of libraries that had been abandoned. \"Let's study ourselves.\" We had\norganized a self-study thing. We did fairly well. We'd meet for four or five\nhours a day. The subjects we were studying was math, and physics, and chemistry,\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history. Each one of us would be responsible for a subject. I was\nparticularly interested in mathematics. By this time, I could read in several\nlanguages. I had access to some excellent libraries. Within a year and a half, I\nhad pretty much finished the mathematics usually taught in high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Then\nword leaked out about us. There were quite a few Jewish teachers who now weren't\nallowed to teach. One of them said, \"Hey, why don't you boys stop by here? I'll\ncheck you out.\" He checked us out. Then we decided that I now had money from my\ndental ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enterprise. We made arrangements to have some tutors. Then during the\nlast . . . We were about three years under German-Romanian occupation. I should\nsay that, whereas our existence was very uncertain--we used to sleep with our\nbackpack next to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--as the war advanced and things didn't go well for the\nGermans on the Russian front with Stalingrad and all this, the Romanians became\nvery disenchanted allies. They wanted somehow to get out from it. As a corollary\nto that, their treatment of the Jews improved noticeably, so we felt a little\nbit better. The big thing is we didn't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's going to happen in the last .\n. . and that was justified, that concern. I might tell you later. Within the\nlast two year, I had tutors in mathematics. I had an English tutor, a lady that\nhad studied in England before the war. I had a very good French tutor; I had a\ntutor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in radio technology so I could fix radios or things like that; and a Latin\nteacher. During the last six months of Romanian occupation, they permitted the\nreopening of a Jewish school. We were allowed to take make-up exams. I\nsuccessfully passed the exam ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for three years of high school, so I had one year\nleft. Then unexpectedly, the Soviets broke through the German lines and advanced\nseveral hundred miles within a couple weeks. We were liberated in March 1944.\n\nLANGER: Before we get too much into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that--we will want to talk more about that\ntime--we want to go back a little bit to talk a little bit more. How long did\nthe ghetto exist in Czernowitz?\n\nSCHNEIDER: About six weeks.\n\nLANGER: That is a very short time. Was there a Judenrat established?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. It does not fit the usual meaning that the word Judenrat has\nbecause it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has sometimes a bad taste, especially the Judenrate in Poland. It was\nessentially a man with a council of about four or five people who were appointed\nby the Governor's office. The first President of the Jewish community there was\na former judge. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a leftover from the Austrian thing, the Austrian regime was\nvery different in concept of what you think about it. The Jews had full civil\nrights there. They had access to most government jobs, military, courts, city\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administrations, and so forth. There were even some people who got knighted by\nthe Emperor. There were Barons. This changed under the Romanians, of course, but\nthere were left overs . . . was an elderly former judge and he was our\nrepresentative. Fortunately, they were not under the usual pressure that you\nhear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Judenrat in Warsaw or in Lodz, where they were asked to make selections\nof people.\n\nLANGER: They were not asked to extract extra taxes or . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: I wish I knew more about it. I remember there was some action out\nthere that there was a big pressure to make a collection. Who pulled the\nstrings, I don't know, but Romania ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a reputation of being a fairly corrupt\ncountry. Even before the war, money could buy a lot of things. I really don't\nknow, but this is something I wish somebody would investigate.\n\nLANGER: You mention that you were still able to purchase food. Was there ever\nany kind of a rationing system?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There was a rationing system. Under the rationing system, you could\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get some bread, some cooking oils, small quantities of that thing.\n\nLANGER: They were simply allocated or you had to purchase those but you could\nonly purchase a certain amount?\n\nSCHNEIDER: They were both. They were allocated and you had to pay something.\nThey were distributed by the Jewish community.\n\nLANGER: This was the Jewish community in liaison with the Romanian occupation government?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Right.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Were there restrictions on work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jobs in the ghetto?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Remember the main reason for at least officially allowing these\n15,000 eventually people to stay there is that they had certain specialties that\nwere required, so these people worked. They were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even wearing an armband with\nthe letters R-P-L, which means you were requisitioned to work. That gave them\nsome privileges and maybe some extra ration cards. Quite a few people had\nstrange jobs. As I mentioned before, the commercial life--stores, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"services, and\nso forth--was heavily dominated by the Jewish population at that time. There\nwere some very large department stores. This was all nationalized. They had the\nRomanians coming from the Kingdom of Romania who somehow took these stores over.\nThe local name for these people were the 'Californians,' because they were the\ngold seekers. But these people had no experience of running, so it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very\ncommon that the former owner ran the store for the new Romanian owner and there\nwas sort of a symbiosis. These people did find work. The same thing if the new\nowner owned, let's say, a textile factory. He needed some of the specialists to\nrun it, so people would get a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job, but it was very haphazard.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Salaries were still getting paid?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, if you had a job, you were still getting paid.\n\nINTERVIEWER: In Romanian lei?\n\nSCHNEIDER: All Romanian currency.\n\nLANGER: You had mentioned that there were times when you would trade goods for\nother goods or goods for services. Can you describe a transaction like that that\nyou took part in? Do you remember anything like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, for instance, I had a couple of watches from my father--gold\nwatches, the old things that you'd put in a side pocket. I'd trade that off. I'd\nget local money for it. Again, this local money was merged with my other things\nand a large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of it . . . My wife is sitting here. I have to speak out loudly\nabout one thing. I was only about 45 miles from where she was. During the time I\nwas able to study and have tutors, she went through terrible things. If you read\nher book . . . This is one of the oddities of the life. If I may just have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one\nminute and do some bragging what happened to these four boys who studied with\nme. One of them, Felix, became a world-class mathematician, who wound up at the\nPrinceton Institute of Advanced Studies. Later, was for many years a professor\nof mathematics at the University of Illinois. I went to his memorial service and\nthere were about 500 students and fellow . . . was a very well-known ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy. The\nsecond one, Herbert, became and MD. Was later a professor at the medical school\nthere and eventually wound up in Israel. The third one, Emil Berger, became a\nphysician also and was later at McGill University in Montreal as a professor of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neurosurgery. I'm the fourth one. That's an unusual group. I'm also the only one\nwho has been alive now for quite a few years.\n\nLANGER: Before we get to the end of the war, you mentioned that your ability to\nplay the accordion helped to save you. Can you talk more about what that was like?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. When we were liberated, I had one more year that I needed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\ngraduate from their high school. I enrolled in a local school. Interestingly\nenough . . .\n\nLANGER: This was now Russian controlled again?\n\nSCHNEIDER: After liberation in 1944. The war was still going on. I was admitted\nto the school. The interesting thing is the Russians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still gave some cultural\nautonomy to various people in languages. There were Yiddish language schools.\nOne of my teachers--one of my favorite teachers--was a professor of mathematics,\nbut his heart was in collecting Yiddish folklore. He became quite well known. He\nwas a teacher in that school so I enrolled in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish school. I didn't speak\nYiddish very well. I only learned it during the war. Suddenly I found myself\nwriting essays about the Battle of Waterloo in Yiddish. But I was 17 years old\nand the Russians started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to conscript people for the military at age eighteen.\nThen it sort of got closer, so I felt that if I stayed in school there, I'd\nprobably be conscripted in a few weeks. An orchestra was being organized for the\nlocal railroad. I auditioned for it. I was accepted in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orchestra. I left\nschool, never graduated. I played in that orchestra. That orchestra started\ntravelling around and played for mostly units that were restoring their damaged\nrailroads. I was able to fall between the cracks. Other people did not.\n\nLANGER: Were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you paid for being in the orchestra?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No. I was glad to get a meal.\n\nLANGER: They would give you food as part of this?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes.\n\nLANGER: What was it like? Were you all living together or stayed in hotels?\nWhere did you stay when you were traveling around?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Hotels would be an exaggeration, but we survived, let me put it his\nway. But we felt bad when we looked around and saw other people that were much\nworse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off.\n\nLANGER: You now saw places outside of Czernowitz?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, that region out there.\n\nLANGER: You could see the contrast?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, Czernowitz was . . . As I've said before, they used to pride\nthemselves of being \"Little Vienna.\" Czernowitz has not been destroyed and has\nbecome kind of a mythical city. People from Vienna come to see what their city\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might have looked like because the architecture is very similar, just on a\nsmaller scale. Everybody tried to get out from under the Russians, people who\nsurvived. I was able to get out in an interesting way. My stepmother and her\nfamily were originally from Poland. There was an agreement between the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new\nPolish government--which was not a Soviet government; it was a national union\ngovernment with the government-in-exile in London--and there was a population\nexchange. People who were once Polish citizens or born in Poland could be\nresettled in Poland, and I guess Ukrainians, and so forth. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stepmother and her\nfamily qualified and they managed to get the right papers for me. I had an uncle\nin New York, who had lived in New York for many years. I couldn't communicate\nwith him from Czernowitz. Poland did have open communications at that time and\nan American Consulate. I was able to get there and speak to the American\nConsulate and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get some guidance from him. By this time, I spoke English fairly\nwell. They didn't issue American visas in Poland at that time because they had a\ncouple of million displaced persons in the American zone that eventually had to\nbe . . . I went to the American zone and talked to the Consulate there and he\nsaid . . . By this time I had gotten the affidavit from my uncle in New York.\n\nLANGER: You are talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the American zone in Germany?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. He looked at my papers and said, \"Yeah, you can get a visa but\nit might take two years,\" because there were millions of people there. So I\napplied to the technical university in Munich. Because I had not graduated from\nhigh school, I had to take an exam there. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"admitted. For the first time, I\nwas a student at the university. I studied chemistry and had my first two years\nover there. I got a scholarship form the Bavarian government there. Then in the\nbeginning of 1948, I came to New York.\n\nLANGER: Before you made it to the United States, did you have any American currency?\n\nSCHNEIDER: That's very interesting. When I left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, an uncle of\nmine--the father of my cousin, Fred, whom we helped, who did survive the\nwar--was there. When I went to this tip to Poland, gave me five single dollar\nbills. At one time, they were longer bills, which were no longer in circulation\nin the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States, but the Federal Reserve Bank would still recognize it. If\nyou had those things, you could still use it. I had these five single dollars.\nThis was my pocket money over the trip from the Soviet Union to Poland.\n\nLANGER: You were able to use those American dollars?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. On the train, there would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peasant selling some bread or some\ncheese. Of course, I couldn't pay them in dollars but there was always somebody\nthere who would exchange it for you at probably some profit. That was very interesting.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Were these a very valuable currency to hold?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. You can't fathom what the value of this thing was. I actually\nlived on this five dollars ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a couple of weeks or so. One other interesting\nthing--it's not financial, but . . . I didn't speak polish. It didn't prevent me\nfrom marrying Tosia. In Poland, there were no maps. I had to find my way. You\nhad to ask for. Not speaking Polish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every Pole understood German. Of course,\nthis was my native language. But it was dangerous if I asked a Pole at that time\nsomething in German. I might get my head chopped off, the way they felt about\nit. I could speak now a little Russian. The Poles understood Russian. But if I\nasked him in Russian, he'd look around. If there was no Russian soldier out\nthere, I'd still get my head chopped off because they hated the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians. My\ntrick was I'd look for an intelligent looking person and ask him in French\nwhether he spoke French. French was a second language for educated people there.\nMost of the time, they'd say, \"Yes.\" I'd tell them who I am and then I'd ask\nhim. They knew by now that I'm not a German, so I'd ask them, \"You also\nunderstand German?\" \"Oh, yes.\" That always worked. They were always very\nfriendly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not only gave me directions, but volunteered to take me to the next\nstreet or whatever it is. That worked.\n\nLANGER: When you were in Germany, how did you obtain the scholarship for going\nto university?\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was after war and the beginning of the German reparation things\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting. The highest Jewish official in the Bavarian government--that's a\nstate in south Germany--was Dr. Aeurbach. It was a state commission for\nreligious, political, and racial persecutees. Incidentally was an uncle of the\narchitect who built our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monument, Ben Hirsch, but there were some bad family\nrelations there. There was a group of Jewish students--probably the first group\nof Jewish students in Germany after the war. We did receive some scholarships\nfrom the Bavarian government while we were there. We also got some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food from the\nAmerican Joint so we were able to survive. During vacation, I got a job with the\nU.S. Army, so that gave me access to the PX where I could buy American\ncigarettes. I didn't smoke, but that was a crazy world. I don't know whether\nthat should be in your study, but that became a form of currency, American cigarettes.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Whom did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you sell them to?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There were professional people who would deal in American cigarettes.\n\nINTERVIEWER: What could you get for them?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Lots of things. You'd get the local currency. For instance, I had to\nbuy a slide rule. You couldn't get it in a store. I had gotten a care package\nfrom my uncle in New York. There was a can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Spry, the shortening. I exchanged\nthat for my slide rule. That's how I got my first slide rule.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Was there a market where you could exchange things? Could you\ndescribe it?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. I remember after . . . I got my visa, as I said, in the\nbeginning of 1948. I needed a suitcase, so I went to one of these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open markets\nand got a suitcase. There was another man there who bought something else and\nthe guy had to give him some change. He didn't have enough change. He offered\nhim a pack of cigarettes. The guy said, \"I don't smoke.\" If you'll excuse me, he\ngave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him a box of contraceptives. That was the barter thing going on.\n\nLANGER: Did you spend any time in the American DP camp?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I did not live in a DP camp myself. But, yes, our Jewish students\nunion grew at that time because Munich had a lot of schools of higher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education.\nEventually, by the time I left, there must have been about maybe 150 or 200\nJewish students in medical school, at the art academy, at the technical\nuniversity, at the university, and there were some economists there that\nstudied. Since very few of us had families, our life was mostly in the students\nunion. Our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German colleagues--who, practically all of them were war\nveterans--some of them made attempts to ask us out to the movies and things like\nthat, but there was no contact. Things could not be bridged at that time.\n\nLANGER: Where was your stepmother and her family at this point?\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was interesting. When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left Poland to go to the American zone,\nher brother had already left for Australia. She was there with her old father.\nHer father was stubborn that he doesn't want to travel anymore, so she had to\nstay with him. At that time, it was relatively easy to travel from Germany to\nPoland if you had the right papers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a little bit later, the Iron Curtain\ncame down. She was on one side of the Iron Curtain and I was on the other side\nof the Iron Curtain. It became very difficult to communicate. The plans were\nthat we were going to get together again in the United States but things were\ngetting pretty bad in Poland. There were some robberies and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forth. She had\nrelatives in Australia. They sent her papers for her and her father. Her father\ndied just before they left, so she went alone, wound up in Australia, lived\nthere forty years. Joined us after I got my PhD and we lived in Illinois. After\nspending a winter in Illinois, decided it's too cold there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She went back to\nMelbourne. I was there six times, visited her six times.\n\nLANGER: Do you still have family in Australia? Didn't your uncle . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, we do. In fact, we had some visitors a few months ago, but\nthat's now the other generations.\n\nLANGER: Is there anything else that you feel we haven't touched upon in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe\nand in the wartime and immediate post-wartime period?\n\nINTERVIEWER: I'm curious. You brought up cigarettes as currency. Can you tell us\nany more about what you know about that situation?\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was not only in Germany. This was throughout Europe. There were\nother things that were in short supply, for instance, coffee. The Germans were\naddicted to coffee, but there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was no coffee there after the war. They would\nbarter, the Germans who were not refugees. There were eleven million German\nrefugees in the American zone and the Western zones of Germany, who didn't have\nmuch. But the ones who were local had lots of stuff. The story was that if you\nvisited a peasant in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, you may find three or four pianos in his barn\nthat were the results of barter because the German currency really wasn't worth\nanything at that time. It was just a . . . After they had a currency reform,\nthey did very well and had quite a comeback.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"INTERVIEWER: During your time there, where did you get most of your things? Was\nit through these markets that you described?\n\nSCHNEIDER: There was a shortage. It was heavily regulated but it was not\nsufficient. For instance, you'd get maybe a hundred grams of butter per week or\nsomething like that.\n\nLANGER: This was through your scholarship arrangement?\n\nSCHNEIDER: No, this was just as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resident because I was not in a DP camp. I got\ncare packages from my uncle. The students, there was a dining room where we got\none meal per day, mostly through the American Joint. There were some very moving\nthings. I remember the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosh Ha-Shanah after the war. Each student got a\npackage. The package contained gifts from Jews throughout the world. There was a\nbottle of wine from Palestine at that time, or there was a can of kosher meat\nfrom Argentina, or a jar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of orange jam from South Africa. I was very . . .\n\nINTERVIEWER: Do you know who organized that?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes, that was through the Joint. It was very moving that these people\nfrom so far away . . .\n\nINTERVIEWER: Where did you live when you were a student?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I had a landlady, a seventy-five year old lady. She used to ride her\nbicycle to the, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go out to the county and come back with a bag of potatoes.\n\nLANGER: You lived by yourself in her home?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. She always rented the room to a student. She gave me the house\nrules when I moved in there that I'd pay so much, and that includes coffee\nersatz in the morning, and she takes care of the laundry, but I could not have\nlady visitors after nine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"o'clock.\n\nLANGER: What was a typical day like for you as a student?\n\nSCHNEIDER: For one thing, it was almost like suddenly being overcome by fresh\nair. Later, I wound up myself in the academic world here. I found my\nregistration book for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"courses. I had twenty-eight hours per week compared to the\nmaximum of about fourteen that my students here would have, at least twice. We\nworked very assiduously in school. I told you the money wasn't worth anything,\nbut Munich was one of the cultural capitals of Germany before the war. Then\nsince the American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zone was the favored zone, a lot of their musical stars\nsettled in Munich after the war, movie actors and . . . So you had a remarkable\nchoice of first-class orchestras, and theatres, and museums that were rebuilt.\nMany of them were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destroyed. But because the money wasn't worth, it was hard to\nget a ticket except through the students at the university. I did have access to\nsome of the best performers essentially for free because the money . . . That\nwas quite an important part of my own life.\n\nINTERVIEWER: When you say money, what currency are you talking about?\n\nSCHNEIDER: It was still the old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mark, which wasn't worth anything.\n\nLANGER: Did you play music anymore at that time?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Not really. There was a change after my accordion was stolen. I\ngradually switched my tastes to classical music, which wasn't necessarily the\nthing you play on the accordion.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: We are almost out of time, but I am curious about your impressions when\nyou came to New York. What were your first impressions? How did things seem different?\n\nSCHNEIDER: Let me tell you, one of the greatest impressions was Times Square at\nnight because Europe was dark. Suddenly you had all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these lights. You were\nalmost blinded by this thing. The second thing was the abundance of food. I\nstayed the first few weeks at my uncle's house. Everything they put on the table\nwas consumed--four bananas, five bananas, three oranges . . . That lasted about\ntwo or three weeks. I got the tour of New York the first week there, which\nincluded Coney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Island with the famous Nathan's frankfurters. I'm not\nexaggerating when I say I ate about twenty of them in one standing. That ended\nafter a while. I had one very serious and very unpleasant experience. In 1947,\nthe Hillel foundation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the B'nai B'rith in the United States offered twenty\nscholarships for students who were survivors of the Holocaust for study in the\nUnited States. They asked Marie Syrkin--a very distinguished writer, and\nprofessor later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Brandeis University, and the daughter of the Bund leader in\nthe United States--to go to Europe and select twenty students for that\nscholarship. She wrote about her experience in one of her books called The State\nof The Jews how she went about finding those students. She went about visiting\nthe universities in Europe where you could find Jewish students, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, Vienna,\nHamburg, Milan, Rome, and Munich. Munich was the largest, of course. There were\nthese sort of competitive exams--she describes the difficulty in what language\nthese exams should take place--and personal interviews. When these things were\nfinished, I placed number two on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the list. The guy who was number one was also\nin Munch, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Birkle. After a few months, Birkle\ngot a notification that he was accepted at the University of Virginia, and the\npapers to get a student visa, and a ship ticket, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a scholarship for four\nyears. I was sure that I'm going to be the next one. A couple of months pass and\nnumber six got his papers, and number ten, and so forth. I never heard from\nthem. There was no way of communicating with Hillel headquarters in New York. We\nhad no phone service, no airmail service. I asked an official of the Joint if he\ncould help me with the communication, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which he did. They had privileges for\nairmail. A few weeks later, I get a call from him. He tells me that he just got\na letter from the Hillel office in New York that there was a problem with my\npapers. You asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before whether I stayed at a DP camp. I did not. Most of the\nother students did. On this questionnaire, there was a question, date of\nentering camp. Now, what they really asked for was dates of entering the U.S.\nzone in Germany but this was not phrased properly. The American government had\nrules you could not get a visa unless you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived or were present in the U.S.\nzone before December 1945. I crossed this out. The people in New York\ninterpreted that that I could not answer this question because I was not there\nin 1945, but it wasn't clear at all. They decided there was no point working on\nmy papers because I wouldn't get a visa. By coincidence, the day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before I\nvisited the Joint, I was notified by the American Consulate that I got my\npermanent immigration visa. This guy said, \"Well, you're much better off because\nwith an immigrant's visa, you can become a naturalized citizen in five years.\nThese other guys get student visas and they officially have to leave the country\nunless they marry an American girl or something like that.\" He said, \"Well, when\nyou arrive in New York, just go to the Hillel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office and straighten it out.\"\nThat made sense, except that when I arrived in New York, I visited the Hillel\noffice. The lady said, \"Oh, my gosh!\" My scholarship was awarded to somebody\nelse and that was the end of their available funds. It was a problem.\n\nLANGER: You had no scholarship when you arrived.\n\nSCHNEIDER: No scholarship. I had forty dollars in my pocket.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: We are out of time, but I am so interested. What did you do? How did you\nget into school?\n\nSCHNEIDER: The first thing is I had to get a job. That was shortly after the\nwar. All the veterans were coming back so it was difficult to get even a menial\njob there. I eventually got a job in some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby pants factory and plastics\nfactory in New York. I was accepted. I took the entrance exam and was accepted\nwith advanced standing at City College of New York. They had evening classes.\nThen I found out about a unique school in New York, which is not very well\nknown. It's the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Art, which was\nthe only private college in the United States that was tuition free. It had been\nfor about a hundred and fifty years. They had three schools. They had\narchitecture, the school of engineering, and the school of art. As it turns out,\na very prestigious school. They have Nobel Prize winners and the architect of\nthe World Trade Center. I took the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entrance exam. It was very competitive. It\nwas a three-day exam. Usually one out of thirty get accepted. I was accepted and\nswitched from chemistry to chemical engineering. Eventually I had a fulltime job\nin a research laboratory. It took me three years to get my bachelor's degree. It\nworked out.\n\nLANGER: Thank you. Is there anything that you feel that you did not get to talk\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that you want to?\n\nSCHNEIDER: I was going to find out a little more about . . . You came back to\nthe currencies. I'm not certain what currency was used in the place where the\npeople were deported. I can still communicate with a couple of people who were\nthere. I was thinking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/transcript/23972/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asking them.\n\nINTERVIEWER: Whenever you do find them, I am sure that would be interesting.\nThank you so much.\n\nSCHNEIDER: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9210.0,9240.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as ‘Georgia Tech’ or ‘Tech’) is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia.  The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts that was founded in 1861. MIT’s current 168-acre campus opened in 1916. MIT is most widely known for its research and education in the physical sciences and engineering.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBukovina is a historical region, variously described as in Central or Eastern Europe. The region is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided between Romania and Ukraine. Bukovina was part of Ottoman Moldavia until the eighteenth century. From 1775 to 1918, it was the easternmost crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Bukovina was annexed by Romania after World War I. The population was almost solidly Ukrainian in the north and Romanian in the south, while in the towns there were also a number of Germans, Poles, and Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChernivitsi [German: Czernowitz; Romanian: Cernāuti] is a city in the southwest Ukraine in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, in the historical region of Bukovina. It is along the Prut River, near the present-day Romanian border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoldavia is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1538 until the eighteenth century, when it passed to the Austrian Empire as a result of the Kutsug-Kainargi peace treaty. In 1859, it united with the historical and geographical region of Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state. At various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia, all of Bukovina and Hertza.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ottoman Empire was a state and caliphate created by Turkish tribes that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. At its height, the empire encompassed most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including present-day Hungary and parts of Ukraine. The empire came to an end in 1922, when the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East replaced it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. Austria was the German-speaking heartland of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806), the Austrian Empire (until 1867), and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (until 1918). After Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Austro- Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted, joining together the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBukovina was sparsely settled when it came under Austrian rule. In 1775, it had 75,000 inhabitants. Eventually, natural growth and immigration increased the population to 208,000 in 1807; 447,000 in 1857; and 642,000 in 1890. At the end of the nineteenth century, the population growth slowed slightly as many emigrated to America, but by 1900, the population was 730,000. In 1930, it was 853,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuthenian is a term formerly used in Western Europe for the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples from territories in modern-day Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. After the partition of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century, ‘Ruthenian’ came to be associated primarily with Ukrainians living under the Hapsburg monarchy in the regions of Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHutsuls (Ukrainian: \u003cem\u003ehutsuly\u003c/em\u003e; Romanian: \u003cem\u003ehuțul\u003c/em\u003e) are an ethnographic group of Ukrainian pastoral highlanders inhabiting the Hutsul region in the southeastern most part of the Carpathian Mountains. Today the region spans parts of western Ukraine and Romania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dniester River [Ukrainian: Dnister: Russian: Dnestr; Romanian: Nistrul] begins on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains in southwestern Ukraine. It flows south and east for 840 miles through Ukraine and then through Moldova, finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the main water artery of Moldova.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSwabia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region, which is now mostly divided between the modern states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, in southwestern Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1930, nearly 30 percent of the population was Jewish. The remaining population was composed of Romanians, Germans, Ukrainians, and Poles. In December 1939, there were 49,587 Jews in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1872, the Franz-Josephs-Universität, was the second modern university in the Hungarian realm of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, located in Czernowitz (Chernivitsi), the capital of Bukovina. Today it is known as the University of Chernivtsi, one of the leading Ukrainian institutions for higher education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonald John Trump (1946- ) is the 45th president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. At the time of this interview, Trump was a Republican Party candidate for President.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Celan (1920-1970) was born Paul Antschel in Czernovitz, Romania, to a German- speaking Jewish family His surname was later spelled Ancel, and he eventually adopted the anagram Celan as his pen name. In 1938, Celan went to Paris to study medicine, but returned to Romania before the outbreak of World War II. During the war, Celan worked in a forced labor camp for 18 months; his parents were deported to a Nazi concentration camp, where they later died. After escaping the labor camp, Celan lived in Bucharest and Vienna before settling in Paris. In Paris, he taught German language and literature and worked as a translator. His first collection of poems was published in 1948. He became one of the major German-language poets of the post–World War II era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden, (1907-2005) was a British academic economist, public servant and banker. Born in Nowosielitza, Austria, Roll and grew up near Czernowitz in Bukovina, which became part of Romania. During World War I, his family fled to Vienna. His parents sent him to study in England in the 1920s and he completed his PhD at Birmingham University. He was made a life peer as Baron Roll of Ipsden, of Ipsden in the County of Oxfordshire, in 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Czernowitz became a center of both Romanian and Ukrainian nationalist movements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eModern Romania was formed in 1859 when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia united. The new state was officially named Romania in 1866 and gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. The Kingdom of Romania was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I. After World War I, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, as well as parts of Banat, Crisana, and Maramures became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. The Kingdom of Romania lasted until 1947 when King Michael I abdicated and the Romanian became a people's republic.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 11, 1918, fighting in World War I came to an end following the signing of an armistice between Germany and the Allies that called for a ceasefire. The war formally ended with the signing of the Versailles Treaty (or treaty of Versailles) on June 28, 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact left Romania isolated between two great powers, Germany and the USSR, both of which were hostile to Romania. Although Romania soon proclaimed its neutrality in the fall of 1939, Romanian-Soviet relations became more strained in the spring of 1940. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union continued to pressure Germany to yield Bassarabia and Bukovina as part of the negotiations that had already divided much of Eastern Europe. By June, massive Soviet forces were placed on Romania’s northern and eastern borders. On June 26, 1940, an ultimatum was hand to Romanian diplomats in Moscow. It demanded the “return” of Bessarabia to the Soviet Union as well as the “transfer” of northern Bukovina to Soviet sovereignty. Germany advised the Romanians to yield to Soviet demands, Italy did the same, and the governments in Belgrade and Athens insisted that Bucharest should not disturb regional peace through military resistance. Militarily and politically isolated, Romania decided to cede to the Soviet ultimatum, hoping to maintain the rest of Romanian territory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil 1938, Romania was a constitutional monarchy under King Carol II, who had assumed the throne in 1930. The 1930’s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. Nationalist parties and the fascist Iron Guard grew in popularity and political rivalries soon put the country on the verge of civil war. At the outbreak of World War II, a royal dictatorship was in place and Romania adopted a position of neutrality. After Romania lost about 30 percent of its territory (mostly gained after World War I) to the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Bulgaria in 1940, the increasingly unpopular King Carol II was forced to abdicate. Although his son Michael I assumed the throne, a coalition government under General Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard came to power. On November 20, 1940, Romania formally joined the Axis powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west, mostly in modern-day Moldova and part of Ukraine. The area had been under Russian rule during the nineteenth century. In 1917, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRomanian and German forces occupied Czernowitz on July 5, 1941. Approximately 2,000 Jews were killed in the first few weeks, the synagogue was burned down, and Jewish property was plundered. After the Romanian civil administration took control of the city in July 1941, a series of repressive measures was instituted, depriving Jews of civil and economic rights. After Romania entered the war in 1941, atrocities against Jews became common. Prime Minister Ion Antonescu’s regime played a major role in the Holocaust in Romania, and copied the Nazi policies of oppression and genocide of Jews and Gypsies. The yellow badge was imposed in several cities after August 1941 and Romanian Jews were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including forced labor, financial penalties, and discriminatory laws. Jews were concentrated into ghettos, deported to concentration camps, or murdered in pogroms and massacres by death squads. It is estimated that at least 250,000 Romanian Jews were murdered during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 11, 1941, the Jewish population was ordered to relocate before 6 p.m. that day to an area in the eastern part of the city, known as the Jewish district, which was designated as a ghetto. They were permitted to take only what they could carry. The ghetto was encircled with barbed wire, wooden boards, and nets. Romanian gendarmes guarded the entry and exit points. Unsanitary conditions and a lack of available food added to the difficult conditions created by severe overcrowding. Up to 48,000 people inhabited a space that would normally accommodate a few thousand. Deportations commenced on October 13, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeportations of the Jews of the Bessarabia, Bukovina, and northern Moldavia regions of Romania began on September 15, 1941 and lasted until October 1942. Deportations were then halted, but began again in summer 1942. From October 1941 to May–June 1942, more than 32,000 people from Czernowitz were deported to various camps and ghettos in Transnistria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany quickly overran much of Europe in the first two years of World War II by relying on a new military tactic called the \u003cem\u003eBlitzkrieg\u003c/em\u003e [German: lightning war]. \u003cem\u003eBlitzkrieg\u003c/em\u003e tactics included concentrating offensive weapons (such as tanks, plans, and artillery) along a narrow front in a series of short campaigns. Forces would drive a breach in enemy defenses, allowing tanks to penetrate behind enemy lines while air power prevented the enemy defense from adequately resupplying or redeploying forces. German forces would then encircle opposing troops and force surrender. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOdessa is a port city on the Black Sea in southern Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTransnistria is a geographical designation that refers to the area in western Ukraine.  It is bounded in the west by the Dniester River, in the east by the Bug River and in the south by the Black Sea. The term is derived from the Romanian name for the Dniester [Nistru] and was coined after German and Romanian troops occupied the area in World War II. Transnistria was a Romanian-administered territory, taken from the Soviet Union by Germany after June 1941. Odessa, a Black Sea port, was the administrative capital. Other than Odessa, the region was largely rural and generally impoverished. Romania was given Transnistria as compensation after the Germans took large chunks of Romania and gave it to Hungary, the Soviet Union and Bulgaria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrajan Popovici (1892–1946) was a Romanian lawyer and Mayor of Czernowitz, Romania during the period of deportations in 1941-1942. In June 1942, he received orders to carry out the second wave of deportations of Jews from the town. Instead, he protested to Marshal Antonescu, arguing that the Jews were vital to the economic stability of the town. His protests succeeded. He was ordered to draw lists 20,000 Jews within four days. The Jews who received the exemption from deportation were allowed to return to their homes. Popovici distributed special exemption passes (known as Popovici Permits) well above the quota he was given, and to people who had no professional skills whatsoever. In spring 1942 he was charged with granting permits to \"unnecessary\" Jews, and was removed from his position. In June 1942 another 5,000 Jews of Czernowitz were deported to Transnistria. Most of them perished, however, the Jews who remaining in Czernowitz survived. In 1969, Yad Vashem recognized Popovici as Righteous Among the Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1921, Princess Elena of Greece and Denmark (1896-1982) married Romania's crown prince, who later became King Carol II. The couple had a child, Mihai (Michael), who was crowned King after General Ion Antonescu took control of the country in an alliance with the Iron Guard. Elena assumed the title of Queen Mother. In the summer of 1941, Rabbi Dr. Alexander Safran, the chief rabbi of Romanian Jewry, appealed to the head of the Orthodox Church, the Patriarch Nicodem, to stop the deportations of Romanian Jews to Transistria. Nicodem went to the Queen Mother, who was very moved upon hearing about the plight of the deported Jews. After turning to various influential people, the Queen Mother and the Patriarch appealed directly to Antonescu. The deportations continued, but due to the intervention of the Queen Mother, the deportation of the philologist Barbu Lazareanu was prevented. At the end of 1941, when news arrived of the desperate state of the Jews expelled to Transnistria, Rabbi Safran again appealed to the Queen Mother for help. She persuaded Antonescu to allow Jewish organizations to send medical aid, clothing and food to the Jews in Transnistria, who were living in ghettos and camps. The help sent in 1942 saved the lives of thousands of Jews who had been deported to Transnistria. The Queen Mother continued with her efforts to prevent the deportation of Jews and applied pressure on her son, the King, to stop the deportations. In 1943 and early 1944, the Queen Mother contributed to the decision to allow the return from Transnistria of thousands of deported Jews, including thousands of Jewish orphans. Six-months later, the orphans were returned. In 1993, Yad Vashem recognized Queen Mother Elena as Righteous Among the Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the summer of 1942, many Bucharest intellectuals and politicians were active in condemning the deportations of Jews. The Romanian Orthodox Church also protested, although until then the leadership of the Church had been traditionally hostile to the Jewish community. Representatives of the Romanian royal house, particularly Queen Mother Elena, made similar efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vatican was officially neutral throughout the war—even under Benito Mussolini’s Fascist rule and while Rome was later occupied by Germany—yet the role of Pius XII and the Catholic Church during the Holocaust has been the subject of much critical and supportive literature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePope John XXIII (1881-1963) was born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. He was one of thirteen children born to a family of sharecroppers in a village in the Lombardy region of Italy. He was first ordained as a priest in 1904. In 1925, he became a Vatican diplomat, serving as nuncio in Istanbul, Turkey. During World War II, Roncalli distributed quasi-official looking documents and papers to Jewish refugees seeking to enter Palestine, sending thousands of such documents to the papal nuncio in Budapest, Hungary. Roncalli also personally intervened with the Catholic Queen of Bulgaria, urging her to convince her husband to protect the Jews of that country. At the end of 1944, he was named papal nuncio to Charles de Gaulle’s newly liberated France. Roncalli became Pope John XXIII in 1958. Until his death in 1963, his warm, friendly style aside the papacy to a new popularity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIon Antonescu (1882-1946) was a Romanian soldier and statesman. Antonescu was appointed prime minister with absolute powers on Sept. 4, 1940, after Romania had one-third of its territory partitioned between Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. He established a military dictatorship and openly embraced the Axis powers. His “National Legionary State” briefly brought the Iron Guard to power as his partner, but, after a period of Guardist revolutionary and criminal excesses, he suppressed the organization. He at first secured widespread popular support for his domestic reform program and, as Germany’s ally, for his declaration of war against the U.S.S.R. (1941) in pursuit of recovering Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. His popular support gradually eroded, however, as manpower losses mounted on the Russian front. His regime was finally toppled by a coup d’etat in August 1944 led by King Michael. After the war, he was convicted of war crimes by the Romanian communist people’s court and executed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1941, the governor of Bukovina, General Corneliu Calotescu ordered that between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews were to be selected for their usefulness to the Romanian state. The mayor, Trajan Popovic, was charged with setting up a commission to identify the needed occupations and those people and their families were allowed to stay. The people on this list were issued permits or authorization papers. Popovic distributed permits well above the quota he was allotted and was later removed from office, after which another 4,000-5,000 were deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeginning in April 1944 the Soviet Army had advanced further into Romania, which was still an ally of Germany. In August 1944, Romania was realigned with the Allies after a coup deposed Antonescu’s regime and put King Michael I in control. Although Romania was then aligned with the Allies, the Soviet army occupied most of Romania as enemy territory until a formal armistice was signed on September 12, 1944 and the army requisitioned whatever resources it could find as it pushed further west toward Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy September 1941, 49,497 Jews lived in the city. By June 1942, more than 32,000 people had been sent to various camps and ghettos in Transnistria. By the time the Red Army recaptured the city in March 1944, two-thirds of Czernowitz’s Jewish community had perished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs eastern European borders were redefined in the immediate aftermath of World War II, a series of population transfers took place between 1944 and 1946. The transfers and resettlements of millions of people were part of an official Soviet policy that used national minorities to create homogenous states. In some cases, the resettlement was voluntary. Alfred’s family appears to have taken part in a population exchange that began soon after the Polish-Soviet agreement of September 1944. Ethnic Poles and Jews who were citizens of Poland prior to September 17, 1939 and had expressed a desire to migrate to Poland could do along with members of their immediate families. Compulsory settlement also occurred. About 750,000 Poles and Jews from the western regions of Ukraine were deported, as well as about 200,000 each from western Belarus and from Lithuania. The deportations continued until August 1, 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Romanian \u003cem\u003eleu\u003c/em\u003e [Romanian: lion; plural, \u003cem\u003elei\u003c/em\u003e] is the currency of Romania. The first \u003cem\u003eleu\u003c/em\u003e coin was minted in Romania in 1870, but its exchange value was extremely low compared to the Russian ruble. In 1889, Romania adopted the gold standard and the \u003cem\u003elei’s\u003c/em\u003e value improved. Yet, because the Romanian mint issued such small quantities of \u003cem\u003elei\u003c/em\u003e and all taxes and custom dues were to be paid in gold, foreign gold coins were more popular, especially French 20-franc pieces (equal to 20 \u003cem\u003elei\u003c/em\u003e). Romania left the gold standard in 1914 and the \u003cem\u003eleu's\u003c/em\u003e value fell. In 1929, the exchange rate was 167 \u003cem\u003eleu\u003c/em\u003e to one US dollar. By 1940, it was 204 \u003cem\u003eleu\u003c/em\u003e to one US Dollar. During Soviet occupation, the exchange rate was 1 ruble to 100 \u003cem\u003elei\u003c/em\u003e. After World War II, the value of the currency fell dramatically again. A new \u003cem\u003eleu\u003c/em\u003e was issued in 1947 that was equivalent in value to 20,000 of the old \u003cem\u003eleu\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNapoleon III (1808-1873), the nephew of Napoleon I and cousin of Napoleon II, was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852. Following his presidency he became the Emperor of France and the Second French Empire between 1852 and 1870. During that time, his profile image appeared on gold twenty \u003cem\u003eFranc\u003c/em\u003e coins crowned with a laureate wreath like the Roman Emperors. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor the Jewish population, the Soviet occupation replaced racial persecution with the terrible experience of Communist social egalitarianism and Stalinist terror. In early June 1941, the Soviet authorities deported some 3,000 Jewish business owners and intellectuals to labor camps in Siberia, central Asia, and other locations deep in the interior of the Soviet Union. The labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death. Many died in appalling conditions. In mid-June 1941, thousands more were deported.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited States paper bank notes (dollars) issued between 1861 and 1929 were almost twice as large as today's currency. In 1929, the Treasury Department changed to a smaller size, believing it would reduce the costs of production, paper and ink. Most large-size notes measure 7.5 inches by 3.125 inches. The new size would be 6.14 by 2.61 inches. The large-size notes remained legal to use but were gradually withdrawn and replaced with their smaller counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoyany [German: Bojan; Romanian: Boian] is a village located approximately 14 kilometers (9 miles) east of the city of Chernivitsi. It became a Hasidic center when R. Isaac Fridman settled there in 1886. When the Russians occupied the city in World War I, the Jewish quarter was destroyed and most of the Jews fled. By 1930, there were only 118 Jews in the village, all of whom were deported to Transnistria in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ehnytsia [also Vizhnitsa; Yiddish: Vizhnits; German: Wischnitz; Romanian: \u003cem\u003eVijnița\u003c/em\u003e] Vyzhnytsia is a town located in the historical region of Bukovina, in western Ukraine. It is approximately 56 kilometers (35 miles) west of the city of Chernivitsi. The town derives its fame from the local Hasidic rabbis. During World War I, the town was nearly destroyed. Many Jews fled to Vienna and did not return. In August 1941, 2,800 Jews were deported to death camps. About 800 survived and most immigrated to Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called Stalin “Uncle Joe” in an attempt to please Stalin, encourage a more positive public perception among Americans who had been reluctant to enter World War II as a Soviet ally, and as a means of encouraging postwar democracy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Soviet occupation, policies of nationalization were rapidly enforced. Individual businesses, farms and even many homes became state-owned properties with the former private owners rarely compensated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRheumatic Fever is a disease that can result from inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. It causes inflammation, especially of the heart, blood vessels, and joints. Symptoms include fever and painful, tender joints. Treatment involves medication, sometimes for life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiestany [German: Pistyan, Hungarian: Pöstyén, Polish: Pieszczany, Czech: Píšťany] is a popular spa town in western Slovakia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia. It is supplied by a number of major rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester, Don, and the Rioni.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Danube is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe. The Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumerous clausus\u003c/em\u003e [Latin: closed term] is a term that refers to anti-Jewish policies that limited Jews from certain professions, public offices and institutes of higher education by applying fixed quotas. In general, \u003cem\u003enumerus clausus \u003c/em\u003epolicies were religious or racial quotas used to discriminate against Jews in Eastern Europe. Such policies were not unique to the Holocaust, but gained favor in the inter-war period leading up to the Holocaust. For example, in 1920, Hungary had enacted a \u003cem\u003enumerus clausus\u003c/em\u003e that placed a ceiling of six percent on the amount of Jewish students allowed in institutes of higher education. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTosia Szecher Schneider (1929-) was born in Zaleszczyki, Poland and survived multiple ghettos and a labor camp. Her parents and brother died during the Holocaust. Tosia and Alfred met in Romania after liberation. The couple was reunited after both immigrated to the United States and married in 1950. Like Alfred, she has been active in sharing her experiences. Her testimony is available in the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum‘s archive. Her book, \u003cem\u003eSomeone Must Survive to Tell the World\u003c/em\u003e, was published in 2007. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1992, M. William Breman gave the lead gift, ensuring the creation of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. In 1996, the museum opened at the Selig Center on Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The Museum features a permanent exhibit called \u003cem\u003eAbsence of Humanity: The Holocaust Years, 1933-1945\u003c/em\u003e as well as exhibitions about Southern Jewish history and Jewish culture. The Breman Museum also includes the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, the Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education, and a library of research materials.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Broadway musical \u003cem\u003eFiddler on the Roof\u003c/em\u003e was based on \u003cem\u003eTevye and his Daughters\u003c/em\u003e (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e (Jewish New Year) and \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e (Day of Atonement). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e during the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is the magnification and sanctification of G-d's name. Along with the \u003cem\u003eShema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmidah\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e does not mention death at all, but instead praises G-d. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven after the Polish Army was defeated in 1939, it was recreated in the West and East and continued to contribute to defeating Germany in World War II. The Polish Armed in the West refers to the Polish military formations formed to fight alongside the Western Allies against Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II. The formations, loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, were first formed in France. After France fell to Germany in June 1940, the formations were recreated in the United Kingdom. Polish forces were also raised within Soviet territories; these were the Polish Armed Forces in the East. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet Union reestablished diplomatic relations with the Polish government-in-exile. In July 1941, they agreed to grant amnesty to many of the Polish citizens (including Jews) who had reached the interior of the Soviet Union and were interned in Soviet prisons and labor camps. The Soviet Union also agreed to the formation of a Polish Army under a commander appointed by the Polish government-in-exile. Thousands of Jews from the masses of Polish refugees, deportees, and prisoners of war joined the Polish Army under General Wladyslaw Anders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ruble is the currency unit of Russia (and the former Soviet Union) and Belarus [\u003cem\u003erubel\u003c/em\u003e].  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet Union’s Communist regime ideologically opposed religion. Religion was never officially made illegal, but an unofficial policy of state atheism existed. The state conducted anti-religious persecutions (usually under other pretexts) against believers that were meant to hurt and destroy religion. The state confiscated property, ridiculed religion, harassed believers, and propagated atheism in the schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Semitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring 1940 and 1941, 53,356 people from the Soviet-occupied territories of Bessarabia and Bukovina were mobilized for labor. Though the mobilization was presented as voluntary, refusal to work could result in penal punishment, and living and working conditions were generally poor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (abbreviated as NKVD) was a Soviet secret police agency. Established in 1917, the agency was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps, but under party leader Joseph Stalin, the secret police again acquired vast punitive powers and remained the most powerful and feared Soviet institution throughout the Stalinist period. The NKVD was the forerunner of the KGB (an abbreviation translated in English as the Committee for State Security), the secret police force that was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatthias Hohner founded the Hohner Music Company in Trossingen, Germany in 1857. Hohner quickly became the market leader in harmonicas and accordions and is still producing instruments today (2020). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eManchuria is a historical region of present-day northeastern China bounded by Russia (northwest, north, and east), North Korean (south), and the province of Hebei (southwest). As pogroms in Russia intensified in the early years of the twentieth century, some Eastern European Jews began to settle in the region, which was only nominally a sovereign of China. In 1931, Japanese troops drove the Chinese out. Manchuria was a land under Japanese colonial rule from 1932 to 1945. Although an ally of Germany during World War II, Japan initially supported Jewish settlers colonizing the area as it hoped to create a buffer against the Soviet Union. Various proposals to encourage Jewish settlers in the area were discussed in the late 1930s, but never officially came to fruition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirobidzhan [Yiddish] is a town and the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Region (or Oblast). It is located on the Trans-Siberian Railway, near the China-Russia border. In 1934, the region was designated as a Jewish homeland and Yiddish became the territory’s official language. Soviet leadership encouraged Jews to settle along the politically sensitive Manchurian border, hoping that a more densely populated province could be used as a buffer against Japanese imperial expansion in the region. No mass Jewish migration developed, however, and Russian and Ukrainian settlers heavily outnumber the Jews and Birobidzhan failed to become the center of Soviet Jewish life. Most of the region consists of level plain, with extensive swamps, patches of swampy forest, and grassland on fertile soils, now largely plowed up. In the north and northwest are dense forests. Winters are dry and severely cold, summers hot and moist. Many settlers were deterred by the harsh living conditions and distance from Europe. The Soviet Union also failed to seriously invest in the region. The Great Purges of 1936–1939, which destroyed the leadership of Birobidzhan and many of its cultural institutions, marked the Soviet state’s dramatic turn against the project. As of the 2010 Census, Birobidzhan’s population is 75,413, and the official language is Yiddish. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple was the biggest of more than 70 synagogues and prayer houses in Czernowitz. Built in 1877, it was domed, Moorish Revival synagogue. It was closed in 1940 when the Soviets occupied Czernowitz. German and Romanian soldiers burned the building in July 1941. After the war, the Soviets tried blow up the destroyed temple, but the building survived. In 1959, the outer walls were used to partially reconstruct the building for use as a movie theater. The building lost its dome and retains very little of its former appearance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Abraham Jakob Mark served as the head rabbi of the Czernowitz Temple from 1926 until 1941. He was among thousands of victims round up and murdered by Romanian and German troops in the first few days of their reoccupation of the city in July 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAngelo Rotta (1872-1965) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. As the Apostolic Nuncio in Budapest at the end of World War II, he was a major rescuer of Jews and was one of the few Papal nuncios to take direct action to save Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConstantinople (now known as Istanbul) was the capital city of the Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman empires. The capital was moved to Ankara when the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, but Istanbul remains the largest city in Turkey, and constitutes its economic, cultural, and historic heart. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllied Military Currency (AMC) was a form of special money that was printed during the Allied occupation of Europe. These specific notes were printed at Forbes Lithographic Manufacturing Company in Boston for occupied Germany. There were different kinds of AMC for each liberated part of Europe as a form of currency control. Before this time, US soldiers overseas had usually been paid in local currencies rather than the dollar to avoid the strong dollar circulating freely in areas that had a weak economy—and hence could drive up inflation. However, the use of local currency in areas of hostile occupation depended on the local populations, who could refuse service and drive up prices for the soldiers. To avoid these problems, the allies issued this “military currency” and paid it out to their soldiers in occupied areas at a fixed rate of exchange. They would then declare AMC as the legal tender in their occupied areas by local commanders. In the case of the German AMC, the value of the Reichsmark was kept but was now regulated by the Allied forces occupying the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA post exchange (PX) is a type of retail store found on U. S. Army military installations. It is a place for military personnel and their dependents to buy food, supplies and other needed items.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBelarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Romania was Germany’s largest ally on the Eastern Front, the alliance was a result of pragmatic political decisions meant to secure territorial and political sovereignty rather than the result of ideological ambitions. At the Battle of Stalingrad, which took place in the winter of 1942-1943, the Soviets recovered 250,000 German and Romanian corpses in and around Stalingrad and total Axis losses (Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians) are estimated to have been 800,000 dead. The loss of two Romanian armies increased the unpopularity of the war in Romania and exacerbated the already strained relations between the Romanian and German militaries. By August 1944, the Soviet Army had advanced to the eastern borders of Romania. The Romanian and German armies were quickly driven back while a struggle for power took place in Romania. Romania was swiftly realigned with the Allies after a coup deposed Antonescu’s regime and put King Michael I in control. Although Romania was then aligned with the Allies, the Soviet army occupied most of Romania as enemy territory until a formal armistice was signed on September 12, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e [plural: \u003cem\u003eJudenräte\u003c/em\u003e] was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Institute for Advanced Study, located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent postdoctoral research center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMcGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was founded in 1821 by royal charter granted by King George IV. The university bears the name of James McGill, a Scottish merchant.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Waterloo, in which the British and Prussians defeated Napoleon’s forces, took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815. It marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century and ended France’s domination in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polish government-in-exile, formally known as the ‘Government of the Republic of Poland in Exile,’ was formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Poland in September of 1939 and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought an end to the Second Polish Republic.  After the invasion, the Polish government moved to France. When France fell in 1940, the government-in-exile moved to London, where it stayed for the duration of World War II. The government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland through the structures of the Polish underground State, as the underground resistance organizations in Poland were known, and through its military arm, the \u003cem\u003eArmia Krajowa\u003c/em\u003e (Polish: Home Army.) \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003erepatriation\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war until President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner. Bavaria is the largest German state by land area. Bavaria borders Austria, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland (across Lake Constance). Bavaria’s main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg. The Duchy of Bavaria dates back to 555. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed until 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria reorganized itself on democratic lines after the Second World War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilipp Auerbach (1906-1952) was born in Germany and later moved to Belgium, where he became head of a chemical import-export company. After the German invasion of Belgium he was arrested and sent to Gurs and was later deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. His wife and daughter managed to flee to Cuba and then the United States. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, Auerbach served as the chief chemist preparing medicines and pesticides. After liberation, he served the first chairman of the State Federation of North Rhine and Westphalia and later as the chairman of the Association of Jewish Communities in Bavaria. In 1946 he was appointed Bavarian Commissioner for Persecutees, a state commissioner of the Bavarian provincial government for religious, political and racial victims of the Nazis, becoming one of the first Jews to play a role in postwar German political life. He was among the first to work for the financial compensation of victims of Nazism. In January 1951, he became a member of the Central Council of Jews in Germany. One month later he was accused of financial misconduct and forgery in regard to reparations payments. His supporters insisted that he never personally benefited from the fraud, and that he gave all the money to the victims. On August 14, 1952, Auerbach was found guilty and sentenced to two and a half years in prison by a court of five judges, three of whom had had contacts with the Nazi party. Two days later, Auerbach committed suicide. Four years later he was posthumously cleared of all charges.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSpry was a brand of vegetable shortening produced by Lever Brothers starting in 1936. By the 1970s it was mostly out of production.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Displaced Persons (DP) camp was a temporary facility for displaced persons after World War II.  Most of them were in West Germany and Austria.  They mostly housed former inmates of German concentrations camps but also included refugees from all over Europe.  Some of them were in the old concentration camps themselves such as Dachau and Bergen-Belsen.  The UNRRA took over the administration of the camps from the military.  Many of them became more or less permanent homes while the displaced persons relocated around the world or were repatriated. By 1952, only Fohrenwald DP camp was still open.  It closed in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps. After World War II, the city was occupied by the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Iron Curtain” is a term that referred to the non-physical, political, military, and ideological barrier dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union, while on the west side were the countries that were allied to the United States or nominally neutral. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year; i.e. New Year festival] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Palestine’ was the name of the area that is now Israel and Jordan. After World War I, the area came under the administration of the British and was called the “British Mandate.”  After World War II, the states of Israel and Trans-Jordan (now Jordan) were established. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eReichsmark\u003c/em\u003e was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 1948, when the Deutschmark in West Germany and East German mark in East Germany replaced it. It is commonly referred to as the “Deutschmark” in English and the “Mark” or “D-Mark” in German. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTimes Square is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment center, and neighborhood in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConey Island is a peninsular residential neighborhood, beach, and leisure/entertainment destination on the Coney Island Channel, which is in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNathan's Famous, Inc. is an American company that operates a chain of fast food restaurants specializing in hot dogs. The original Nathan's restaurant was a hot dog stand in Coney Island that opened in 1916 and bears the name of Nathan Handwerker, who opened the stand with his wife, Ida, both Polish Jewish immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1923 and adopted by B'nai B'rith in 1924, Hillel is the Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. It is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world, working with thousands of college students globally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International [Hebrew: Children of the Covenant] is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarie Syrkin (1899-1989) was an American author, translator, educator, and Zionist activist. Born in Switzerland, she was the daughter of well-known Social Zionist activists who moved to the United States in 1908. Her father, Nachman Syrkin was a political theorist, founder of Labour Zionism, and a prolific writer in the Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian, German and English languages. In the 1930s, Syrkin began publishing translations of Yiddish poetry and articles on Jewish cultural and political life, and current issues, in the \u003cem\u003eJewish Frontier\u003c/em\u003e and other publications, including the \u003cem\u003eNew York Times \u003c/em\u003eand the\u003cem\u003e Jerusalem Post.\u003c/em\u003e Her first book was published in 1944, followed by six more over her lifetime. After the war, in 1947, she interviewed Jewish Holocaust survivors in displaced persons camps on behalf of B’nai B’rith’s Hillel program to recruit candidates for scholarships to American Universities. In 1950 she became a professor of English literature at Brandeis University, teaching courses in America Jewish fiction and on the literature of the Holocaust (possibly the earliest such university course) until her retirement in 1966. In 1980, Syrkin published \u003cem\u003eThe State of The Jews: An Evolving Account of the Jewish Experience Since the Holocaust,\u003c/em\u003e a collection of previously published essays. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis University is a private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNachman Syrkin was not associated with the German-American \u003cem\u003eBund\u003c/em\u003e, an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. It main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany. It was strongest before the war began in 1939 and dwindled during the war when ‘favorable’ views of Nazi Germany were less popular. In its heyday, the \u003cem\u003eBund\u003c/em\u003e held large rallies and operated training camps. Naturally, it was highly antisemitic. Its leader, Fritz Julius Kuhn, a German immigrant, was later convinced of embezzlement and tax evasion and sent to prison. In 1945 he was released and deported to Germany, where he died in 1951. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was founded in 1819 by United States Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1847, City College of New York was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States. It is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY) and is located in Manhattan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/annotation_set/390/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, commonly known as Cooper Union or The Cooper Union and informally referred to, especially during the 19th century, as 'the Cooper Institute,' is a private college at Cooper Square on the border of the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The college opened in opened in 1859. The industrialist Peter Cooper endowed the school to educate working-class New Yorkers at no cost to them. Early in the school’s history, some students who could afford to pay did so, but no undergraduates paid tuition for a century. In 2013, the college announced that financial difficulties meant it would begin to charge tuition on a sliding scale, up to 50 percent of the annual bill. Two years later, it promised to restore free tuition within ten years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=9090.0,9120.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Schneider, Alfred [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History of Bukovina Up To The End of World War 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Home","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=460.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, very quickly, what were the political changes that are going to lead us into what we are going to discuss here? The Austrian rule lasted from 1775 till 1917 or 1918, which was the end of World War I. With the collapse of the Austrian Empire, there was sort of musical chairs between the neighboring countries. The Ukrainians were trying to take the place over. The\nRomanian were trying to take the place over. The Jews were marching around with blue and white flags.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=460.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied Powers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austrian Empire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bukovina","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dniester River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Government Railroad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kingdom of Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marshal Ion Antenescue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moldova","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nistru River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Odessa, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pope John XXIII","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Queen Mother of Romania (Princess Elena of Greece and Denmark)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian Dignitaries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trajan Popovici","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transnistria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treaty of Versailles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Vienna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=460.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Problems with Currency, the Economy, and Selling and Trading Items","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1178.0,1643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forgot the most important thing. I was going to tell you a little bit about the peculiar problems on currency and economy that this population faced. Before the war, let's say from 1938, Romanian had a very strict control of foreign currency. The Romanian currency was the leu, L-E-U and plural, L-E-I. They had systems periodically to . . . essentially if you had nothing better to do than put your savings and lei under your mattress, in a few years, you had nothing.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1178.0,1643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Dollars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bank Notes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British Pounds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Commodity Exchange","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deportation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Economy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French Napoleons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gold Coins","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian Bank Notes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian Leu","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Savings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Bank Notes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1178.0,1643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=1643.0,2268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will definitely get into all of that. It might make sense to go back to the beginning a little and focus on your family. 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Were there many Jews there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2268.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Commodity Exchange","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dernou Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dollars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gold Coins","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Government Health Service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hassidic Dynasty","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Population","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph Stalin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Insurance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Railroad System","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian Leis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romanian National Bank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiznitz, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2268.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting Groceries and Clothing Before the Soviet Occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=2595.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before your father died and before all of this change happened between Romania and the Soviet occupation, what was a typical shopping interaction like with your family? 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I went to his memorial service and there were about 500 students and fellow . . . was a very well-known guy.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7199.0,7269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emil Berger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"McGill University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Study Group","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Illinois","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7199.0,7269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How Playing the Accordion Saved His Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7269.0,7511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before we get to the end of the war, you mentioned that your ability to play the accordion helped to save you. Can you talk more about what that was like?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7269.0,7511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Accordion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Battle of Waterloo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conscription","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orchestra","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7269.0,7511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping the Russians, Getting an Affidavit, and Going to School in Munich","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7511.0,7672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody tried to get out from under the Russians, people who survived. I was able to get out in an interesting way. My stepmother and her family were originally from Poland. There was an agreement between the new Polish government--which was not a Soviet government; it was a national union government with the government-in-exile in London--and there was a population exchange.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7511.0,7672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Consulate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Visas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Zone","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavaria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Government of the Republic of Poland in Exile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Population Exchange","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Technical University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7511.0,7672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Having American Currency on the Trip to Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7672.0,7773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before you made it to the United States, did you have any American currency?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7672.0,7773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czernowitz, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dollar Bills","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federal Reserve Bank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7672.0,7773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communicating Through a Language Barrier in Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7773.0,7869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One other interesting thing--it's not financial, but . . . I didn't speak polish. It didn't prevent me from marrying Tosia. In Poland, there were no maps. I had to find my way. You had to ask for. Not speaking Polish, every Pole understood German. Of course,\nthis was my native language. But it was dangerous if I asked a Pole at that time something in German. I might get my head chopped off, the way they felt about it.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7773.0,7869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Language Barrier","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tosia Szecher Schneider","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7773.0,7869.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting a University Scholarship in Germany and Dealing with Different Types of Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7869.0,7954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you were in Germany, how did you obtain the scholarship for going to university?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7869.0,7954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavarian Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benjamin Hirsch","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Philipp Aeurbach","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Students","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scholarship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7869.0,7954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Using Different Currencies and Markets to Exchange Goods","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7954.0,8079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During vacation, I got a job with the U.S. Army, so that gave me access to the PX where I could buy American cigarettes. I didn't smoke, but that was a crazy world. I don't know whether that should be in your study, but that became a form of currency, American cigarettes.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360#t=7954.0,8079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39076/file/110360/index/47749/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Cigarettes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Contraceptives","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Exchanges","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Local Currency","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Open 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