{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1j9765bw4x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Weinblum, Denise"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-09-20 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Denise Weinblum (Interviewee)","Sandra Berman (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDenise Weinblum is interviewed by Sandra Berman in Atlanta, Georgia on September 20, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDenise Helene Wanstok was born in Paris, France on March 30, 1932. She was the oldest child of Pesjach and Rojza Wanstok, who had recently immigrated from Lodz, Poland. Although her father struggled to earn a comfortable living as a tailor, Denise enjoyed a very happy childhood. In 1935, her brother, Elie, was born.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen World War II began in 1939, Denise’s father joined a French army unit of foreign volunteers. In the meantime, Denise’s sister, Frida, was born just two months before the Germans invaded France. Chaos followed the armistice, but soon Denise’s father returned home to Paris and the family of five continued their normal routines.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThen, in May 1941, Denise’s father was arrested in the Green Card Roundup and sent to the Pithiviers internment camp. Denise and her two siblings were sent to live with a non-Jewish family in a small town south of Paris. Her mother, meanwhile, narrowly escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup thanks to a non-Jewish neighbor, who helped her also go into hiding. Denise and her siblings spent the next three years well-cared for by the family that hid them in plain sight. Their Jewish identities concealed, Denise even attended school for a while.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the Allies liberated France in the summer of 1944, the children were reunited with their mother and returned to Paris. In May 1945, Denise’s father returned. He had endured Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald, Dachau, and Ebensee. After recuperating for many months, he returned to work, Denise returned to school, and the family’s life returned to normal routines. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1946, the family learned that Denise’s paternal grandmother, an aunt and an uncle had survived by fleeing to the Soviet Union. Her father arranged for them to come to Paris. They were unable to locate her mother’s extended family, however. Among those family members lost in Poland were Denise’s older half-brother, Moishe Orenbach, who had remained behind when her parents immigrated to France.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen Denise graduated high school, she attended a secretary school. At 19, she began working. She was also an active member of a Jewish Socialist youth organization. Through that organization, she met David Milsztein, also a child of Polish immigrants who had survived the war in hiding. Denise and David soon married and enjoyed a happy life together until his death in 1965.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eOn a visit to New York in 1969, Denise fostered a relationship with a distant cousin, Aaron Weinblum. In 1977, Denise immigrated to the United States. She joined David in Marietta, Georgia and the couple were married. Following David’s retirement, they enjoyed travelling the world, but maintained a home in the Atlanta area. David passed away in 2002 and Denise returned to France, where she passed away on September 10, 2004.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eDenise talks about her family and why her parents immigrated from Poland. She recalls her early childhood and the start of World War II. Denise reviews what happened when the Germans invaded France. She talks about her father’s arrest during the Green Card roundup and visiting him in Pithiviers before he was deported. Denise recounts how a neighbor helped her mother escape the Vel d’Hiv roundup and go into hiding. She relates her and her siblings’ experiences hiding with a non-Jewish family. Denise thinks back on the bombardments during the Allied invasion of France. She describes reuniting with her mother and returning to Paris when it was liberated. Denise talks about rebuilding their lives while waiting on news of her father. She recounts her father’s return and what she knows of his experiences. Denise talks about her family’s life after the war. She reports what happened to other family members. Denise outlines her life after the war, going to school and joining a youth organization. She recalls other children and neighbors who returned from hiding or concentration camps after the war. Denise explains why she wants to share her experiences. She reflects on her family’s Jewish traditions and why being a Jew is important to her. Denise talks about her second husband. She explains why she immigrated to the United States. Denise shares the challenges she faced adjusting to life in the South. She considers why she befriended other survivors. Denise offers her perspective on being a survivor.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29272"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["1929 Palestine riots (named event)","9/11 (named event)","Aid by non-Jews (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Arab-Israeli War of 1948 (named event)","Arabs – Palestine (other)","Atlanta (Georgia) (geographic)","Borstein, Manuela (personal name)","Bowman, Deborah (personal name)","Bowman, Harold (personal name)","Bowman, Penina (personal name)","Bowman, Penny (personal name)","British Broadcasting Corporation (corporate name)","British Mandate of Palestine (corporate name)","Buraq Uprising (named event)","Challah (topical term)","Jewish Food (topical term)","Child survivor (topical term)","Collaborators (topical term)","Jewish organizations – France (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Auschwitz (corporate name)","Birkenau (corporate name)","Buchenwald (corporate name)","Dachau (corporate name)","Ebensee (corporate name)","Congegation Etz Chaim (corporate name)","Cumberland Mall (corporate name)","Daveil (France) (geographic)","Deportation (topical term)","Deportees – France (topical term)","Displaced persons (topical term)","DP camp (topical term)","Draveil (France) (geographic)","Exodus (named event)","Extermination camp (topical term)","False Identity (topical term)","Foreign Jews — France (topical term)","Liberation – France (named event)","Liberation - Paris (named event)","Allied Invasion (named event)","Invasion of France (named event)","Jews - France (topical term)","non-Jews - France (topical term)","Free Zone (topical term)","French military (corporate name)","French police (corporate name)","Gefilte fish (topical term)","German occupation (topical term)","Germans (other)","Germany (geographic)","Green card (topical term)","Hiding (topical term)","Hidden Children (topical term)","Helper (topical term)","Hoenen, Georgette (personal name)","Holocaust (named event)","survivor (topical term)","Hotel Lutetia (corporate name)","Immigration (topical term)","Internment Camp (topical term)","Pithiviers (corporate name)","Israel (geographic)","Judaism (topical term)","Jewish – Religious life and customs (topical term)","Jewish – Traditions (topical term)","Jewish Brigade (corporate name)","Jewish Property (topical term)","Jews – Palestine (topical term)","Jews – Poland (topical term)","John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company (corporate name)","Juif (topical term)","L’Exode (named event)","Lodz (Poland) (geographic)","Lorraine (geographic term)","Magen David (topical term)","Marietta (Georgia) (geographic)","Milsztein, David (personal name)","Milsztein, Denise (personal name)","New York (geographic)","Occupied Territory (topical term)","Occupied Zone (topical term)","OSE (corporate name)","Oeuvre de secours aux enfants (corporate name)","Orenbach, Moishe (personal name)","Palestine (geographic term)","Paris (France) (geographic)","Passover (topical term)","Pesach (topical term)","Plaza de la Republique (geographic term)","Poland (geographic)","pogrom (topical term)","Jews - Poland (topical term)","Prisoner of war – French (topical term)","rafle du billet vert (named event)","Red Cross – France (corporate name)","Resistance organization – France (topical term)","Riverbend Apartments (corporate name)","Rosh HaShanah (named event)","Round up (topical term)","Russia (geographic)","Shabbat (named event)","Shabbos (named event)","September 11th attacks (named event)","Soldarite (corporate name)","Star of David (topical term)","Survivor guilt (topical term)","Synagogue (other)","Syria (geographic)","Syracuse (New York) (geographic)","Union des Juifs pour la Resistance et l’Entraide (corporate name)","Union of Jews for Resistance and Mutual Aid (corporate name)","United States (geographic)","USC Shoah Foundation (corporate name)","Vél d'Hiv Round up (named event)","Vélodrome d'Hiver Round up (named event)","Vichy (corporate name)","Wanstok, Denise Helene (personal name)","Wanstok, Elie (personal name)","Wanstok, Frida (personal name)","Wanstok, Pejsach (personal name)","Wanstok, Rojza (personal name)","Weinblum, Aaron (personal name)","Weinblum, Denise (personal name)","Wiesel, Elie (personal name)","World War II (named event)","War of Independence (named event)","Refugees (topical term)","Yellow star (topical term)","Yiddish (other)","Yom Kippur (named event)","Youth organizations – France (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDenise Weinblum is interviewed by Sandra Berman in Atlanta, Georgia on September 20, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDenise Helene Wanstok was born in Paris, France on March 30, 1932. She was the oldest child of Pesjach and Rojza Wanstok, who had recently immigrated from Lodz, Poland. Although her father struggled to earn a comfortable living as a tailor, Denise enjoyed a very happy childhood. In 1935, her brother, Elie, was born.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen World War II began in 1939, Denise\u0026rsquo;s father joined a French army unit of foreign volunteers. In the meantime, Denise\u0026rsquo;s sister, Frida, was born just two months before the Germans invaded France. Chaos followed the armistice, but soon Denise\u0026rsquo;s father returned home to Paris and the family of five continued their normal routines.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThen, in May 1941, Denise\u0026rsquo;s father was arrested in the Green Card Roundup and sent to the Pithiviers internment camp. Denise and her two siblings were sent to live with a non-Jewish family in a small town south of Paris. Her mother, meanwhile, narrowly escaped the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup thanks to a non-Jewish neighbor, who helped her also go into hiding. Denise and her siblings spent the next three years well-cared for by the family that hid them in plain sight. Their Jewish identities concealed, Denise even attended school for a while.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the Allies liberated France in the summer of 1944, the children were reunited with their mother and returned to Paris. In May 1945, Denise\u0026rsquo;s father returned. He had endured Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald, Dachau, and Ebensee. After recuperating for many months, he returned to work, Denise returned to school, and the family\u0026rsquo;s life returned to normal routines.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1946, the family learned that Denise\u0026rsquo;s paternal grandmother, an aunt and an uncle had survived by fleeing to the Soviet Union. Her father arranged for them to come to Paris. They were unable to locate her mother\u0026rsquo;s extended family, however. Among those family members lost in Poland were Denise\u0026rsquo;s older half-brother, Moishe Orenbach, who had remained behind when her parents immigrated to France.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen Denise graduated high school, she attended a secretary school. At 19, she began working. She was also an active member of a Jewish Socialist youth organization. Through that organization, she met David Milsztein, also a child of Polish immigrants who had survived the war in hiding. Denise and David soon married and enjoyed a happy life together until his death in 1965.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eOn a visit to New York in 1969, Denise fostered a relationship with a distant cousin, Aaron Weinblum. In 1977, Denise immigrated to the United States. She joined David in Marietta, Georgia and the couple were married. Following David\u0026rsquo;s retirement, they enjoyed travelling the world, but maintained a home in the Atlanta area. David passed away in 2002 and Denise returned to France, where she passed away on September 10, 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDenise talks about her family and why her parents immigrated from Poland. She recalls her early childhood and the start of World War II. Denise reviews what happened when the Germans invaded France. She talks about her father\u0026rsquo;s arrest during the Green Card roundup and visiting him in Pithiviers before he was deported. Denise recounts how a neighbor helped her mother escape the Vel d\u0026rsquo;Hiv roundup and go into hiding. She relates her and her siblings\u0026rsquo; experiences hiding with a non-Jewish family. Denise thinks back on the bombardments during the Allied invasion of France. She describes reuniting with her mother and returning to Paris when it was liberated. Denise talks about rebuilding their lives while waiting on news of her father. She recounts her father\u0026rsquo;s return and what she knows of his experiences. Denise talks about her family\u0026rsquo;s life after the war. She reports what happened to other family members. Denise outlines her life after the war, going to school and joining a youth organization. She recalls other children and neighbors who returned from hiding or concentration camps after the war. Denise explains why she wants to share her experiences. She reflects on her family\u0026rsquo;s Jewish traditions and why being a Jew is important to her. Denise talks about her second husband. She explains why she immigrated to the United States. Denise shares the challenges she faced adjusting to life in the South. She considers why she befriended other survivors. Denise offers her perspective on being a survivor.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/233/407/small/Weinblum_Denise.mp4_1710426464.jpg?1710426465","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Weinblum_Denise.mp4"]},"duration":6046.845,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/233/407/small/Weinblum_Denise.mp4_1710426464.jpg?1710426465","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/233/407/original/Weinblum_Denise.mp4?1710426454","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6046.845,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Weinblum, Denise [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is September 20, 2001. I am here with Denise Weinblum. We are here\nfor an interview for the Legacy Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage\nMuseum. I would like to begin by just asking you to talk a little bit about your\nearly life—not too much detail; but just some of those early years when you were\nborn, where you were born, and what your early years, your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nremembrances of your early life in France.\n\nWEINBLUM: Okay. I was born on March 30, 1932, in Paris, France. My parents just\ncame from Poland about a year and a half before I was born. They left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPoland, I think, in the late 1930s or mid-1930s. They were not very rich\npeople—on the contrary, very poor people.\n\nBERMAN: Their names?\n\nWEINBLUM: My parents’ names? My father's name was Pejsach because he was\nsupposedly born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naround Pesach, but in fact, we always had his birthday on November 18, which is\njust, I think, it’s traditional in the Jewish family that they don’t have their\nright birthday. My mother was a little older than my father. She was born in\n1903 on March 23. The funny thing is that my mother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nme, and my sister, we always had our birthday one week apart. We always had our\nbirthday celebration on my birthday because I was in the middle. Okay. Our early\nyears were very difficult—I mean, for my parents. I didn't realize that. I was a\nvery happy little girl. My parents loved me very much and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngave me as much as they could. We lived, not in the suburbs, but very close to\none suburb of Paris, which is not a very rich area. We had a little apartment,\nwhich was about two rooms and a kitchen, no bathroom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMy father was a tailor and he had his sewing machine in the apartment for a\nwhile. Then, later on it changed. Until 1938, when my brother was born, we had a\nlife like, I guess, every family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe were not very religious. Even if my mother would be a little more, but my\nfather was not. She used to light a candle every Friday night and make Shabbos.\nBut then, when the season of work started for, like, winter, my father had to work—not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat night, but almost. Friday, or Saturday, or Sunday was a working day. My\nmother decided, “Well, it's no point of me lighting the candle, saying the\nprayer, and preparing Shabbos if you are still in your workshop working.” He\nsaid, “Well, I can’t change that. We need the money,” so she stopped doing that, too.\n\nBERMAN: Why did they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n emigrate?\n\nWEINBLUM: I don't know exactly. But you know, one thing I have to make clear:\nall I am talking about it are things I think I remember because as you know, as\na little girl, I certainly don't remember what it was. My parents were not the\nkind of people to talk lot about what happened before, or even after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe war, they didn't talk about what happened. But what I know is that life in\nPoland was [in] Lodz, which is the second biggest city after Warsaw, which is\nthe capital. Both my parents were born there and lived here. So was my husband.\nHe was born there, too. But Poland was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvery rude, to not say the worst, to the Jews, pogroms and all that—we know all\nabout that—and work was very scarce. There was almost no possibility for my\nfather to find enough work to feed his wife. My mother had a lot of family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nalready in Paris. She had two uncles, and lots, and lots of cousins. They\ndecided that maybe the best way is to smuggle out of Poland—which, that’s the\nway they came out—and go to Paris. They did that. All they took was them is my mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntook her silverware and her eiderdown—do you know what that is—and her big pillows.\n\nBERMAN: Was it very difficult for them to learn the language when they got there?\n\nWEINBLUM: Very difficult. As a matter of fact, until they were gone, their\nFrench was not very good. My mother was better than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmy father because she had to deal in the market, the people, and the neighbors\nmore than my father, who was sitting all day long in front of his sewing\nmachine, so it was … She could read and write in French—not very good, but she\ndid. My father never tried really. The language was really very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndifficult for them. At home, we spoke Yiddish. In fact, Yiddish is my first\nlanguage, mame lushen [Yiddish: mother tongue]. That’s what I spoke first. Then,\nwhen I was three years old, like all the children in France, I went to school,\nmostly to Kindergarten, of course. I had to learn French, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… I don’t remember that period of time, but I would assume that it was very\ndifficult. But then, what I learned, I brought home, and that’s how my parents\nstarted to learn a little bit of French, to be able to communicate with me and\nwith the other people.\n\nBERMAN: Going now to the German takeover of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFrance. Do you have any recollections of that, when they first came in? Do you\nremember the reaction of your parents, what was going on in the family at that\npoint in time?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. You see, in 1939, when the war started there, I was not home.\nI’ve been a sick person ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsince I was three years old. I was always sick, my whole childhood, and after\nthat, [as a] teenager, and I was always sick—my lungs. At that time, I was, in\nFrench, we call that pre-sanatorium. It's like before a sanatorium. It’s just\nwhere children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere gathered in the mountains, where the air was pure. We had doctors and\nnurses to take care of us and the food was supposedly a little better than in\nthe real world. That’s where I was when the war started. I was … Remember, I was\nseven years old at that time, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI don't remember much except that, all of a sudden, we had to get ready to go.\nThey put us in the train and we went back to our home, so I came back to Paris,\nto my family. Immediately, I learned that my father had registered to go as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsoldier with a unit was formed only of foreign people because they couldn't go.\nHe was not French at that time and he couldn't go to the French army, so he\nvolunteered for that unit. All of the sudden, when the war had started, my\nfather left and my mother stayed with three small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchildren. In the meantime, my brother was born in 1938 and my little sister was\nborn. She wasn't born in 1939, but my mother was pregnant. My sister was born in\nApril of 1940. When the Germans invaded Paris and after the armistice, when\nVichy said, “Okay, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyou can come in. Please, be my guest,” at that time, everybody left. Everybody\ngot scared. When I mean everybody, all the women, and children, and all the\npeople—all the ones that were not in the army—left on [what] I would call an\nExodus.I was sent to a convent, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhere I stayed about six months so my mother didn't have to worry about me.\nAfter she got her baby in 1940, like everybody else, she just took the road with\nthe two babies and left.\n\nBERMAN: Where did she go?\n\nWEINBLUM: She followed the crowd. Since the Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere allowed to be in the northern half of France and so the south was still\nfree, everybody was going south. That's where she went. She didn't go very far.\nShe did about 100 kilometers and she had enough. She couldn't go any further. It\nwas much too difficult. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\njust went, turned around, and came back home. That was in 1940. At that time,\nalso, my father was demobilized from the army since there was no war anymore. It\ntook a little time for him to come back home, but he did. After a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhile, I think, I came back home, too. We tried to live, I think. I just don't\nreally remember, but probably we tried to go back to some kind of normal life.\nAlthough, there probably wasn’t much work for my father. But, life was almost\nnormal. Although, we also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlacked a lot of food already.\n\nBERMAN: Then, were your parents in the group that was supposed to go back to Poland?\n\nWEINBLUM: No, that never happened. I never heard of any group that was supposed\nto go back to Poland, because the only thing the Germans did, when they started\nwith the Jews, which was almost immediately when they took over, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\njust to arrest people and send them to concentration camps, which we didn't know\nabout that.\n\nBERMAN: What happened at this point to your family?\n\nWEINBLUM: In May of 1941, we were still a happy family of five people. But then,\nmy father received a green card. I have a book about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat green card. I think I showed it to you. That green card is dated May 14,\n1941. The card said, “Mr. Pejsach Wajnsztok”—that was my maiden name before we\nchanged it we changed it when my parents became French—“is supposed to present\nhimself to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe police station with a small luggage of necessary items on that day at 9:00\nin the morning. My father thought, “Well …” like everybody else—or mostly; not\neverybody else, because some people never showed up. Maybe they were smarter.\nMaybe they had some kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof hint that they shouldn’t do that, but my father was just an honest, kind\nperson. He thought, “Well, maybe they will send us to work somewhere.” He didn't\nrealize what was ahead of him, so he went. Except for once that we went to see\nhim in that camp in France, we never saw him again until he came back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin 1945.\n\nBERMAN: Which camp was that? Drancy?\n\nWEINBLUM: That was called Pithiviers. That was on the south of Paris about … I\ndon't know exactly, but probably 150 or 200 kilometers south of Paris. That is\none of the several camps that were in France before they sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe people to [Auschwitz-Birkenau] and all the other camps, so he was there.\nOnce, we had permission to go see him, so we went, all of us. It was like, for\nus, it was like a picnic or something. We didn't know anything and he was not\nreally unhappy. I mean, there was no beating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nor … Food was scarce for us, so it was even worse for them. But, they tried to\nstay occupied with all kind of things [to stay] busy or whatever. That was until\nJuly 16, 1942, which was—as you probably know—the day where the Germans … In the meantime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey had invaded all of France, of course. That day, they decided that it was\nthe Final Solution, so they rounded up all the Jews. We were all registered. We\nhad—all of us—to go to the police station to have our ID cards stamped with the word ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n'Juif,' which is Jew in French. We all registered. They knew where we were, and\nour name, and everything. That's when they rounded up everybody during the night\nand they took them to a place in Paris, which it doesn't exist anymore, but, at\nthat time, it was very well known because it was what they call a velodrome. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat is where bicycle races used to be. It's a huge place. That is that's where\nthey took all the Jewish people—women, children, older men, older women, and\neven the men that were still there. From there, they were sent to\n[Auschwitz-Birkenau], of course.\n\nBERMAN: What about you, and your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmother, and siblings?\n\nWEINBLUM: We were … I must say, we were so very lucky because across from the\nlittle hallway of our apartment was the same apartment where two ladies lived,\nFrench Christian ladies. One was the mother; the other was the sister. We had a\nvery good relation with them. Like, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhen my sister was born, the daughter, which was already older than my mother,\nalmost adopted her. Until she died some years ago, she still considered my\nsister as a daughter. Those two ladies, fortunately, heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe truck coming down the street from where we lived. The apartment was almost\nat the end of a courtyard, so we were a little far away from the entrance door,\nbut they heard the trucks. At that time, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnot there anymore. We had been sent away to that place where we spent the rest\nof the time until the liberation, the three of us, which was in the suburb of\nParis, in the family of a couple and a daughter about my age.\n\nBERMAN: You had already been sent away before that day?\n\nWEINBLUM: Just before, a few days before, we had been sent away.\n\nBERMAN: But your mother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstill home?\n\nWEINBLUM: My mother was still home.\n\nBERMAN: Okay.\n\nWEINBLUM: When our neighbors heard the truck she just got, that was around 4:00\nin the morning. She got up and she had the keys of our apartment in case of\nemergency, of course. She went in, woke my mother, and told her, “You’ve got to\nget out of here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThey're here to get you for sure. Get out of here. Come, I will hide you.” She\ntook her at the end of the courtyard, down to the cellar. You know how French\nare—always cellars; not only for wine, but especially for coal and wood, for the\nheating system. We didn't have furnace, and air conditioning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand all that. She took her to the [furthest] little hole that she could find.\nThere was no light, just one bulb hanging down. She broke the bulb, and she put\nmother in the corner, and she told her, “Just …” What do you call that? Scatter?\n\nBERMAN: Spread?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. [She said,] “And stay there.” ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nLuckily, my mother had some kind of a jacket, or coat, or whatever she took,\nwhich was black. She just covered her with that and then she put on top coal\nsacks, which are also black, and covered her. She told my mother, “Please don't\nmove. Don't say a word. Don't do nothing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nuntil I come and fetch you. That will be when you are safe.” That's what it was.\nA few minutes later, not long, she just had time to go back to her apartment and\nback into bed, with her clothes—the clothes that she put on to wake my mother. I\nmean, a robe or whatever she had. Then, they were there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGerman and French police. They came together, came up the stairs straight to the\napartment, knocked on the door. Of course, there was no answer, so they broke\nthe door. The door was made of two panels, one on top, one at the bottom, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nseparated by a big plank of wood. They broke the upper panels so they could open\nthe door. That’s what they did. They opened the door, went in, and went straight\n… They looked around. There was not a lot to look around because it was a tiny\nlittle apartment. [They] went to the bedroom. The bed was open and, according to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhat our neighbor told us, because we were not there to see it, the German touch\nthe sheets. Of course, it was still warm. They came out and knocked [on the]\ndoor [of] our neighbor's apartment. She came to the door [and said,] “What is\nit? What do you want?” They asked her, “Where is she,” ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nor … yes, “Where is she?” She said, “How should I know?” He said that, “You must\nknow because she was there not very long ago. The bed is still warm. The bird is\nnot very far from the nest. Where is she?” She said, “I don't know. I really\ndon’t know. I was fast asleep. I don't even heard when you came. I have no\nidea.” Lo and behold, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey believed her. That was a miracle, otherwise, it would have been for them\nthe same thing. They say, “Well, don't worry. We'll be back.” They left. When\nthey left, and she heard the truck going away, and she was sure that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nare not coming back immediately, she went to fetch my mother, and brought her\nback to the apartment, and told her, “Well, get dressed.” She took her away.\nWhere, I don’t know, but she took her away to some member of her family, where\nmy mother stayed, I think, a few days, or a week, or two. I don't really know,\nbut that's how she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsaved. From there, they found … ‘They’ was some kind of organization that were\nworking around. She was sent to different places for hiding. She got a new ID\ncard. She was … They French-ized a little bit the name. Her name was Rojza. In\nFrench, they called her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n‘Rosa.’ Then, they called her ‘Rosalie,’ which was more French, so that was what\nwas on her ID card. She was hiding in a doctor’s family as a cook and a maid.\nAfter a while, he couldn't keep her. He told her, “I can’t. I’m … The German are\nvery suspicious of me. It might be very dangerous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnot only for you, but also for me,” so she had to leave. She ended up in a farm\nin the suburbs of Paris, not very far from where we were hiding.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about where you were hiding and how you ended up there, you and\nyour siblings.\n\nWEINBLUM: We had to live kind of a normal life not to be suspicious.\n\nBERMAN: How did your mother find that place? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWEINBLUM: It was not my mother. My mother had nothing to do with that. I don't\neven know if was my neighbor. I know it’s my neighbor, Georgette—I called her by\nher name, Georgette—who took us there, but I don't know how she found that\nplace, if it was the Red Cross, if it was some Jewish organization, who was …\nHow do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsay? Not official and that find those places for us. That’s how we ended up\nthere. My mother didn't even know where it was.\n\nBERMAN: Was it exactly? Was it another farm?\n\nWEINBLUM: No, it was a private house in this suburb of Paris, in a little\nvillage called Draveil. As ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI said, it was a family, a couple and the daughter. I suspect now—I didn't know\nat that time—either they were working for the Resistance or maybe one of them\nwas … She must have been British because his name was French really. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut they were listening to the British radio constantly in the basement.\n\nBERMAN: Were they good to you?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. We also changed names. My name is Denise. So Denise is very\nFrench. My brother is Elie. Elie is too plain Jewish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nso he was called ‘Louis.’ My sister's name is Frida and she was called\n‘Francoise.’ They had to change their name, the two. They didn't like it. For a\nlittle while, I went to school. As long as there was the school was open, I went\nto school. I would say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor a few months only. Not in the same village; in the next village. After that,\nthere was no more school.\n\nBERMAN: Did you feel relatively safe there?\n\nWEINBLUM: I would say yes, because, again, we are dealing with children. I was\nwhat? Nine, ten years old? What does a ten year old understand what's going on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the world? All I knew at that time—and that's the only thing I can\nremember—is the pain of being separated from my parents, not knowing where they\nwere, and not having any news, or any possibility to know if they were okay.\nThat is the only thing I remember really. Everything else until the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbombardment started—that was when the liberation and the Allies started getting\nready for the invasion, of course—until then, we were relatively safe. The only\nthat is that we were recommended, and we did really try very hard, to not to say\nto anybody that we were Jewish. The two little ones, they had no idea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhat the word 'Jewish' meant.\n\nBERMAN: How were you reunited with your mother then?\n\nWEINBLUM: I saw my mother just once during all of that time. Georgette, our\nneighbor, brought my mother to visit us. I think it was one Sunday afternoon.\nThe lady of the house didn’t want anybody to come in, so they didn't. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI saw my mother from the window and waved to her. On that picture that you have\nwhere we are the three of us, there is that window behind us. That is from where\nwe saw my mother the only time she came. One thing I forgot to tell you is that\nwhen the Germans came and invaded France, all the Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhad to wear that yellow star with the word ‘Juif’ in the middle with written\nblack. So we all had that, but for the two little ones, that didn’t mean anything.\n\nBERMAN: When the war ended and France was free, your mother came and got you?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBERMAN: What then?\n\nWEINBLUM: The few months before, at the end of the … I wouldn’t say the ‘war,’\nbecause the war ended in 1945, but I mean the war in Europe, the bombardment\nstarted to be really very heavy and very hard. We lived in an area which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na target because we were not very far from a big train station, which was the\ncenter of all the trains departing France to Germany with people, if it was to\nthe camp, or it was with everything they stole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom France, the pictures from the Louvre, and all those things that they stole\nfrom the Jews. We were about, I would say about ten, 15 kilometers from there.\nSince it was a target for the Allies, we got bombarded as well. I do remember\nthat, the day we were liberated—or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmaybe the day before, I don't know, I don't really remember exactly—one of those\nbomb fell in the street right in front of the house. There was no more street.\nThere was just one big hole. We couldn’t go from one side to the other. We\ncouldn’t go out until they put some planks of wood on top ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nso we could walk out. A couple of days later, I guess it was, my mother and\nGeorgette came to fetch us and we went back home.\n\nBERMAN: What was that like?\n\nWEINBLUM: The home was just two empty rooms. There was nothing there because, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe German said, a little while after they left and my mother was secure in the\nplace, they came back. They came back and they emptied the house of whatever was\nthere, which was not much, you can imagine. We were really very poor people, but\nwe had a couple of beds, and a table, and chairs, and my father’s sewing\nmachine, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvery important. But the second day, before they came back, our neighbor, she put\ntwo chairs, one in front of the door … Because they put … What you call that? In\nFrance, le scelle [French: seal]. It’s something like a stamp on the door. You\ncannot [open it]. If you open it, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbreak the stamp, so she couldn’t open the door, of course. She put a chair in\nfront and a chair inside. She walked in and she took out whatever she thought\nwas very precious to my parents, like, she saved the silverware. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe saved my father's watch, which was not a very expensive watch. It was one of\nthose … BERMAN: Buckle?\n\nWEINBLUM: Buckle watch. Just metal, not even silver. [She took] some\nphotographs, some letters from my grandmother from Poland, things like that. [It\nwas] just little things that she could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntake out without showing the Germans that she emptied the house, of course. But\nthose little things she took. the little jewelry that my mother had, she took also.\n\nBERMAN: What a remarkable friend.\n\nWEINBLUM: There were two. You see, those two ladies came from Lorraine. They\nhated the Germans more, I guess, than anybody else ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the whole world, because they knew what the Germans were.\n\nBERMAN: What about your other neighbors? Were they welcoming when you came back?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: They were?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. Everybody was really like if nothing had happened, but everybody\n… When we came back, as I said, we had nothing, absolutely nothing, although the\nRed Cross and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsome Jewish organizations that finally came out—they were not into hiding\nanymore—gave us some furniture, a couple of beds, and again a table, a few\nchairs, and a big what we call an ‘armoire,’ which was the only thing we had.\nThere was no closet in the apartment. That was the only thing we had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nput our things in. Until my father died and my mother moved out of her\napartment, the armoire was still there. We moved it from the little apartment to\nthe big apartment. When we moved in 1951, the armoire came with us.\n\nBERMAN: Tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nme about your father. What happened to him after he was arrested?\n\nWEINBLUM: My father, you know, was in that camp until July 1942, when the camp\nwas emptied and everybody went to [Auschwitz-Birkenau], or Dachau, or\nBuchenwald, or wherever they wanted to send them. My father went first to\nAuschwitz. Then, they sent him to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbuild Birkenau. Birkenau was the camp next to Auschwitz, what they called the\nsister camp. He was one of the builders there. From there, he was sent to\nBuchenwald. After a while, they were sent to Dachau. He ended up in a camp that\nwe don’t hear much about, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhich was not in Germany, but in Poland and the northern part of Poland, called\nEbensee. That’s where he was liberated. All that time, he struggled to stay\nalive. Of course, like everybody else, but I would say more than everybody else\nbecause he wanted to come back. He had that very strong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwill to come back. He was always saying—and he told us after he came back—he was\nalways saying to all these inmates, “I have a wife, and I have two children, and\nI have to go back to them, and I will do anything to do that.” BERMAN: Tell me\nwhat that was like for you. I know you were very young, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut that memory of your mother finding out that he was alive.\n\nWEINBLUM: Okay. All those years, we didn't know where he was. We didn't know\nabout … We didn't know about the camps and I would say that most of the people\ndidn’t know about the camps. Maybe some higher up people knew, but we didn’t. Nobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nknew. Nobody came back at that time to tell what was going on there, so we\ndidn't know if he was alive or not. After the liberation, the camps started to\nbe liberated, so they started to come back, the deportees like my father and the\nprisoners of war. They were also in camps; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndifferent camps, but still camps. Lots of organization organized. I don't how to\nsay that. [unintelligible; 43:47] How do you say that in English? To … The words\nare failing me. Places where they would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… The deportees, and the prisoners, and everybody will come and they will try to\nhelp them.\n\nBERMAN: Information centers.\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes, like an information, but more than information. They would give\nthem clothes, a little money, a metro ticket, or train tickets, or something\nthat they needed.\n\nBERMAN: A relief organization.\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrelief. Yes. Jewish organizations had their own relief places, which was funny.\nIt was in Hotel Lutetia in Paris, which was the headquarters of the Germans\nduring the time where they were in Paris. My mother volunteered to help those\npeople that were coming back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe did that mostly on Saturday and Sunday, because the other days, she tried to\nwork a little bit and get a little money. She saw them coming back, some of the\ndeportees from the camps. She asked and nobody ever heard of my father. Then,\none day exactly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… I think it was in May. At the end of May, sometime at the end of May of 1945,\nwe had we received a card with my father's handwriting saying that he was in\nEbensee. He has just been liberated. He didn’t say he was in good health, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut he said he was fine and he would come back soon. How soon, we didn't know,\nbut it was already the joy of knowing that he was alive and he will come back.\nOn May 6 of 1945, that was a Sunday morning, 7:00 in the morning. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas still in bed and we were still in bed. She was thinking of going to that\nplace to help out. She heard noisy steps, footsteps on the steps, coming up to\nour apartment. She knew that it was him, so she got up. In her nightgown, went,\nand opened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe door, and there he was, still in his army shoes without socks and these\nstriped clothes, because he didn't want to change. When he got to that police\nstation, they wanted to give him clothes, too. He didn't want to, so he came as\nhe was. His head was completely shaved and he was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthin. It was believable.\n\nBERMAN: You were very young when he left.\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult for you, and your brother, and sister?\n\nWEINBLUM: I had no problem. I had no problem remembering him as he was when he\nleft. My sister didn't know him. She never saw him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMy brother, he remembered, but vaguely. It was not something that was very\nstrong in his memory because he didn't see him for … He was two years old in\n1940 and my father left in 1941. He was two and a half years old. The memory at\nthat age is not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvery … BERMAN: Was it difficult for them to start that bonding?\n\nWEINBLUM: No.\n\nBERMAN: No?\n\nWEINBLUM: Immediately, we were again a family, except that my father was very\nsick for a long time. For over six months, he was really very sick. All that bad\nblood, all that suffering ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… As I said, he was very thin. He weighed about less than 90 pound and my father\nwas a hefty man.\n\nBERMAN: The family that took care of you while you were in hiding, the British\nwoman and the French husband, did you keep in contact with them? Were you close\nto them? Was it difficult for you to leave them?\n\nWEINBLUM: I am sorry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto say now that we didn't for some reason. I don't know the reason. I don’t\nunderstand why, but somehow, we lost contact with them. I don't think I ever saw\nthem again.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult, especially for your brother and sister, to leave them?\nBecause that would have been the only … WEINBLUM: No. As soon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nas they saw my mother … That was the only person … my mother and Georgette,\nwhich was … She was very dear to us even before the war, and her mother, we call\n‘Mimi,’ which is the familiar word for grandmother, Granny if you wish. She was\nlike our grandmother because we didn't have any grandmother at that time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere in France. Later on, we did. Immediately, we just went back to the people\nwe knew, we were close to, even my sister and my brother.\n\nBERMAN: What about the family that had been left in Poland? How did they fare?\nDid you lose a lot of people?\n\nWEINBLUM: All ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof them. At the beginning of the war … I'm talking on the side of my mother\nbecause on my father's side, they were a little luckier. On my mother's side,\nher mother, and a sister, and a brother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWorst of all, my mother's first son [Moishe Orenbach], because my mother was\nmarried before she met my father. She had a son. Then her husband divorced her.\nThe boy was with her all the time, even when she got married. But when my\nparents decided to leave Poland to come to France, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe father of the boy never gave her permission to take the boy with her. With\nher hear broken, she left and let the boy live with her mother, hoping that one\nday she will be able to go back and take him, which she did. In 1935, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI was two years old. We went. My mother and I, we went back to Poland. She was\nhoping she could take him, but still he didn’t want to. We went back to France.\nUntil the war, she had news. She was writing to him and he was writing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto her. After the war, we never found out what happened to him, or the\ngrandmother, and uncle, and aunt, and cousin. On my father’s side, his parents,\nand two of his sisters, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand his younger brother, they left Poland at the beginning of the war and went\nto Russia. I don’t know if they got to Russia early or how they got there, but\nthey went to Russia. After a lot of hiding and difficulties, finally, they ended\nup in a refugee camp in Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn 1946, when every Jew alive in France and probably all over the world tried to\nfind some family somewhere, my father found out that his mother, a sister, and a\nbrother were alive. Although we were ready to go to Brazil … I mean, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nemigrate to Brazil because some cousin of ours from Brazil found us, that we\nwere alive, and they didn't want us to stay in France anymore. They provided the\nmoney, the papers, and we were getting ready to go. Then, my father learned that\nhis family was alive. He went to Germany to Heidelberg, where they were in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe refugee camp and brought them back to France. We never went to Brazil.\n\nBERMAN: Then what happened? Tell me, after the war, what you did. What happened\nto you?\n\nWEINBLUM: To me, personally?\n\nBERMAN: After the war, you finished school? You went back to school?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. I went back. As soon as life started to get a little normal, and\nschool reopened, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand there were teachers again, I went to school. As I said, I went to school at\nthe beginning of my hiding place. For the two or three months I went to school,\nI finished what they called … It was not primary; it was just before going into\nhigh school. I had that diploma that I was able to start high school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAfter the war, I went straight to high school.\n\nBERMAN: What was it like to be Jewish then? Was it difficult to you?\n\nWEINBLUM: Being Jewish in France or anywhere else is always difficult. If you're\nlucky, if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyou have nice neighbors around you, it’s easy. Everything goes fine. If not, you\nhave problems. More than once, some girls in school called me “Sale Juif”\n[French], which means “Dirty Jew.” More than once. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat was something that, in fact, we got used to, but not very often. After the\nfirst few years, that also stopped and didn't happen again.\n\nBERMAN: Did your family try to get involved with an organized Jewish community\nafter the war?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes, definitely. The organization my mother was working for, for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrelief of those deportees and prisoners, that organization was called Union des\nJuifs pour la Resistance et l’Entraide. [French: Union of Jews for Resistance\nand Mutual Aid]. Can you translate that?\n\nBERMAN: Say it again.\n\nWEINBLUM: The Union of the Jews for the Resistance and the helping, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nor trade, helping out. That was the name of the organization, which was not … It\nwas a Jewish organization, but more not a religious one. I would say—You will\nforgive me if you don’t like it, but that’s the way it is—more socialist than\nrightist or religious. My father was a Socialist all his life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHe died a Socialist. I must say my brother is one, too. They were both very\nactive in that organization. After the war, the youth, all those young people of\nthe survivors and the Jewish people who survived, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nalso our organization, which was the youth L'UJRE, which is the same\norganization, but the youth part of it. I was part of it. My father, besides\nthat, was part of several other organizations that had to do with being a\ndeportee. There was a federation that was created ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor the all the survivors of the camps. They used to meet about once a month.\nThey had a big party, a ball, once a year where they got together and got drunk.\n\nBERMAN: I am jumping on a little bit in the story just to get us to your leaving\nFrance. What happened? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou entered school. What happened? Did the family emigrate or did you emigrate\nby yourself when you met your husband and … WEINBLUM: My family never emigrated.\nThey stayed in France and they both died there. I'm the only one who emigrated\nin 1977. I have only one reason for that. It was just to come and marry Aaron ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[Weinblum]. That was the only reason why I emigrated to America. Otherwise, I\nwould certainly still be in France with my brother and my sister. No, my parents\nnever decided to go anywhere. They started their life again and my father\nworked. His workshop got bigger and he had people working with him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe moved out of that little apartment and bought a big apartment right in the\ncenter of Paris, Plaza de la Republique [French: Republic Plaza], not very far\nfrom there. I went to school. I finished high school. I didn’t go further\nbecause there was my brother and, you know, in Jewish family, it’s always the\nson who gets the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npossibility to get a higher job, a higher education. My father thought that he\nwould not be able to offer the same thing for me and my brother since we have\nonly two years difference. No. What am I saying? Six years difference. As soon\nas I finished high school, I went to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsecretary school, where I learned all the typing, and shorthand, and\nbookkeeping, and all that. After that, I looked for a job. I was 19 when I\nstarted working.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you work?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. We were not the only ones hiding, although there has been a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof children, orphans and children where the parents were taken by the Germans\nand sent to the camp. Children were rounded up also by some Germans and they\nwere also directly taken to the camps. Some of them, some organization took care\nof them, like, I think, the OSE and the Red Cross. Some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof the clandestine organizations took the children away. Some were in the camps;\nsome escaped. I read a book not very long ago of a boy, who was in a camp. He\nescaped on the way to another camp. Some did that, escaped and hid. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAfter the war, yes, we were … Lots of children came back and found their way back.\n\nBERMAN: Did you personally lose a lot of friends?\n\nWEINBLUM: No, I didn't because the ones I knew, they never came back. Like,\nacross the street from us in another building, there was a family, the couple\nand two children. We were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfriendly with them. We know for a fact that the mother and the two children were\non one of the trucks that left that night when they came for my mother. The\nfather was already in [Auschwitz-Birkenau] with my father. They were together\nall the time, from one camp to the other. They came back together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand stayed together. We saw him for a very long time. He remarried and he had a\ndaughter with his new wife. We had a good relationship with him, I would say,\nuntil my father died. I know that a lot of children … My first husband, for\nexample, is one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nexamples. His parents who were taking that same day in July 1942. He, and his\nbrother, and his sister were already in hiding on a farm somewhere in France.\nAfter the war, they came back.\n\nBERMAN: How did you meet your first husband?\n\nWEINBLUM: Nice story. We were both part of that youth organization ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI told you about, not knowing each other, not knowing who we were, but we did a\nlot of things together. We went camping, we went to event. We had a meeting. We\ndid some plays. We sang together. We met Eli Wiesel together. All those groups.\nHe was always in that group when I was there, but we never met. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOne day, I was invited to a wedding of one of our friends from the organization\nwho was marrying another friend. The whole group, our age, was invited to that\nwedding. There he was. That day, we did more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthan the meeting. We danced and six months later, we were married.\n\nBERMAN: It must have been such a happy time for you to meet him, to fall in love\n… WEINBLUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: … and to get married. But was there also at that time a feeling of\nsadness and guilt that you had made it when so many others ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat you knew did not? Was that a difficult time as well?\n\nWEINBLUM: No, I must say, not really. No. For some reason, we all; not only me,\nbecause I'm not that person to say things that I should not be guilty that I'm\nalive and the others are not … That's not what I meant. I meant to say that for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na lot of years, we never talked about it, never thought about it. It was like we\ndon't want to know about it anymore. It was in the back of our head and it was\nsomething that we tried to forget. That happened also to my father. When he came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nback, he started talking and telling. All night long, he was keeping my mother\nawake and telling her what happened, what he did. That was going on for over a\nyear until one day, he said, “That’s it. No more. I am not going to talk anymore\nabout it,” and he didn’t. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat was the end of it. I think it was not only him, or my mother, or us. Most\nof us, the people who suffered so much, we tried to start new lives. That's what\nI think I. I may be wrong, but that's what I think. We tried to forget what we\nwent through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand not to think about it. Now that I can analyze it, I can say, “Why be\nguilty?” It's not our fault. We didn't do nothing to survive or not to survive.\nPeople helped us. We were lucky. If they hadn’t, maybe we would be dead, too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere is no point of being guilty. But, no, I really mean that. We tried to put\nour life together again, and tried to be happy, and I think we did.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think so many survivors are talking now?\n\nWEINBLUM: That was the first question that came to my mind when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… The reason I did talk to [USC Shoah Foundation] was by Penny Bowman. She is my\nfriend. She was interviewed, I would say, maybe a year before me. She told me,\n“You are a survivor. You should tell your story.” She wrote to Shoah and gave them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmy name and address. They contacted me and I accepted to do it. I think that now\nthat I’m older and everybody is older, we keep thinking that when we are gone,\nall that will be forgotten if there is no trace of it anywhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat's why I'm doing this. I asked my brother and sister if they wanted to do\nit, and my brother said, “I don't remember anything. I don't have memories of\nthe war, or of what happened to us, or what happened to our parents.” While I\nknow my father was deported and in the camps …” He is very interested in what’s\ngoing on right now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nabout the camps, but he has no memories really. I am flabbergasted just thinking\nthat I have all those memories. I didn't know that I had them. It was buried\ndeep down in my memory, in my brain, in my heart. I never talked about it and I\nprobably would never have done it without Penny. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBERMAN: That is wonderful. What about Judaism? Do you feel that that … How\nimportant is it in your life today?\n\nWEINBLUM: Being a Jew was always important, not only to me, but to my parents,\nalthough as I said before, they were not religious people. My first husband had\nno idea about religion, but he was a Jew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neven if his sister has no idea about religion. My brother and sister have no\nidea about religion at all, even less than me, but they're Jews. Being a Jew is\nvery important. It doesn't leave us. It’s like a stamp. You are a Jew, you will\nalways be a Jew, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand there is no way you can get away from that. Then, my family, after the war,\nafter all those Jews … As I said, no religion, but Judaism was there. Tradition\nwas there.\n\nBERMAN: Is it still here with you now, in how you prepare a meal, or how you …\nWEINBLUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Are there are certain things that you do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat is not just French, but has some of that old Polish background in it?\n\nWEINBLUM: Of course, I do all the cooking that my mother used to do. She was a\nfabulous cook. Everything she did, I do now. Yes, it is important for me to\nprepare, like for Rosh Hashanah, a really traditional meal with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe gefilte fish, which I do from scratch, and everything else. I bake my …\nBERMAN: Is there a little bit of Polish in the gefilte fish?\n\nWEINBLUM: They are definitely … BERMAN: Is there a little bit of French recipe\nin the fish?\n\nWEINBLUM: No, they are purely Hungarian because that’s a recipe that my mother\ngot many years ago from a friend of hers, who was Hungarian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe learned that recipe. My father loved those gefilte fish. You know why?\nBecause they were not sweet. He hated sweet fish. She always did that very\nsalty, very spicy. [They were] the best gefilte fish I think I ever had in my\nwhole life, even better than mine. I know they are better than mine. Yes, I do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat. The difference with mine is that I add some sugar to it because everyone\nlikes it a little sweeter so that is the only difference. But it is, yes. The\nchicken soup is purely Jewish. It has nothing to do with American chicken soup.\nThings like that … I bake my challah. My mother bever did because we had wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplaces to buy challah and Jewish bread. She never baked her challah, but I do,\nand things like that. Jewish keit [Yiddish: -ness], as we say, is very important\nto me. Even my sister, who as I said, had no knowledge really, of what being a\nJew is, twice a year on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRosh Hashanah and Pesach, she makes gefilte fish and invites the whole family,\nbecause they are all over there. I'm the only one here, so we are always alone,\nbut the family is always together. They are very close, my brother, sister, and\nthe children, and grandchildren. They're all very close. She does all the cakes\nmy mother used ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto make, the cheesecake, and the honey cake, and the [unintelligible; 1:16:36]\ncake, and the strudel, and all those cakes my mother used to make. She gave my\nsister the recipe.\n\nBERMAN: I know you've been back to France many times … WEINBLUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: … to be with the family. Do you think sometimes of going back there permanently? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI am sorry. We do not have to go there.\n\nWEINBLUM: That's very difficult to say because do you know I am so very sick,\nnot going to last very long?\n\nBERMAN: I am so sorry.\n\nWEINBLUM: We know that, but after he passes away, I thought, “What will I do? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI'm all alone here. I have nobody really. All my family is over there.” That's\none way I'm thinking that I will go back. For the last few years I have to live,\nI will be there with them.\n\nBERMAN: You married Aaron in 1977?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBERMAN: Where was he from or where is he from?\n\nWEINBLUM: He was born in Poland. When he was one year old, his parents left\nPoland, went to … Let’s see… Syria. From Poland, they went to France. They\nstayed in France, I don't know, maybe a year or a few months. Then, they went to\nIsrael—to Palestine; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnot to Israel—so he spent most of his life in Palestine.\n\nBERMAN: How did you meet?\n\nWEINBLUM: He is my second cousin.\n\nBERMAN: Ah ha!\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. His mother was my mother's aunt, my grandmother's sister. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe knew that they lived in Israel. My aunt came to visit my mother. One thing is\nthat my mother, when she was 14 years old, she learned her skills. She was a\ndressmaker. She learned that with her aunt, which is Aaron’s mother, who was a\nwonderful dressmaker. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen he was born, she held him in her arms, so she knew him as a baby. Then,\nthey were in Israel. His father died in 1936. At that time, they were in Baghdad\n[Iraq] because from 1924 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto 1929, they lived in Palestine. In 1929, there was a big pogrom. The Arabs\nstarted killing all the Jews, so they left. They went first to Syria, and from\nSyria to Baghdad, to Iraq. They stayed there ten years until 1939, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe came back to Palestine to fight in the war. Of course, he was 16 years old at\nthat time. They didn't want him, but he lied. He said he was 18, so the British\ntook him. Then, they sent him to some kind of intelligence bureaucratic section ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthen. That’s how he fought the war. In 1948, he fought the Arabs and created the\nState of Israel. He is one of the old ones.\n\nBERMAN: Still, when did you … WEINBLUM: In 1953, I went to Israel for a visit.\nOf course, my mother had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na brother over there, and nephew, and nieces, so I stayed with my uncle. Of\ncourse, they were related with his family, since there was an uncle and a\ncousin. I met him there [in] 1953. He was married. He married here in the\n[United] States in 1950 when he came. No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI missed that. In 1950, he came to the States to visit his sister, who was\nliving in Syracuse [New York]. He had aunt here also in New York. He came for a\nsix month visit and his fiancée followed him. They married in New York.\nTogether, they came to Paris to visit my mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat's how I met him the first time. I was 18. He was married, just newlywed. In\n1953, I went to visit. In 1955, he emigrated to the States. Then, he had a\ndaughter in 1960. We didn’t really have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrelationship. At the beginning, we used to write, but then, he had his life and\nI got married and I had my life, so we lost contact completely, although I knew\nhe was in the States. His mother was still in Israel. In 1969, after I lost my\nfirst husband, four years later, I sold my store and everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand I took a vacation of [unintelligible; 1:23:28] and came to the States, to\nNew York. I had an uncle and aunt from my father's side, those people that he\ntook out from the refugee camp. They lived in France for a while. Then, they\nleft. They went to Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin 1949. Then, they didn’t like it, so they came back to France. From there,\nthey went to Uruguay. From there, they went to Argentina. That's where my\ngrandmother died, in Argentina, my father's mother. From Argentina—I don’t\nremember which year—they came to the States. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlived in New York. When I came to the States, I stayed with … I was supposed to\nstay with my uncle, but he told me at the airport. He took me to his house. He\nalready had a little girl. She was nine years old at that time, I think, nine or\nten. Yes, nine. That’s when it started. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHe was very unhappily married. That's how … BERMAN: You got together?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: You came here in 1977?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes, because in the meantime, he got divorced in 1976. We saw each\nother about every year or so. Either I came here, or he came to Paris. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI would say our love was strong enough to help us wait for better days.\n\nBERMAN: Did you come directly to Atlanta when you moved here?\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes, to Marietta.\n\nBERMAN: Marietta. That must have been quite an adjustment.\n\nWEINBLUM: Oh, wow.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me a little bit about that.\n\nWEINBLUM: It was very difficult because I didn't have the language. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlittle English I knew was what I learned in high school for four years only, so\nit was just a few words, nothing very important. I had no way of communicating\nwith anybody. That was very hard. Although, I took some classes before I came to\nhelp a bit with vocabulary, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut it was not enough. He was working very hard. He was a staff manager for John\nHancock Insurance Company. He was working ten, 11 hours a day. He would leave in\nthe morning and came back for a snack around two or three o’clock in the\nafternoon, and go back to work. He came back at 11 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat night, so I didn't see him much. At that time, we used to live in an\napartment complex called Riverbend on … across [from] Cumberland Mall there. I\nwas not …. But I was very happy because I was with him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat was the only thing that mattered for me really, but I felt very lonely.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult to make friends?\n\nWEINBLUM: We never did.\n\nBERMAN: You never did?\n\nWEINBLUM: We never did. He had the people he worked with. He had a couple who\nare some kind of a friend—not very close, but we still see them once, maybe once\na year or two. He didn't have any friends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhere. He didn't have time to make friends.\n\nBERMAN: But what about you? During the day, how did you occupy yourself?\n\nWEINBLUM: I wrote a lot and I read a lot. That's how I learned English.\n\nBERMAN: You speak beautifully.\n\nWEINBLUM: By reading and watching TV.\n\nBERMAN: What were your thoughts about Southern culture when you came here? It\nmust have been quite a shock.\n\nWEINBLUM: Yes. I mean, not all the sudden, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecause I didn’t have much contact with real Southern people, but the whole\nAmerican life was kind of awkward for me. It looked like people didn’t know how\nto live and enjoy their life properly. I never enjoyed American food. I never put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na foot in a McDonald's. You wouldn't make me eat a hamburger if you paid me for\nit. We kept living like the Europeans. When he was working, he got up regular\nhours. I tried to take care of the apartment and go shopping. Shopping ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas so very difficult, not only because I didn't know the language, but you\ncouldn't find anything. I mean, the things that I was used to, that are so\ncommon in France, you couldn’t find them here. If you ask for it… BERMAN: Like what?\n\nWEINBLUM: Like leeks, for example. Still, it’s not very common here, but at\nleast you can find them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis is something the French use every day. The first time I asked about leeks,\nthey looked at me like I was some kind of nut. I mean, ‘What is she talking\nabout?” He said, “Describe it.” I told him it looks like a big onion, like a big\ngreen onion. [He said,] “Never heard of it. I have no idea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhat you're talking about. But let me tell you something. Next time you come,\nI’ll have some,” and believe it or not, he did. All kinds of things like that\nthat … BERMAN: Did you and Aaron join a synagogue in Marietta, Georgia?\n\nWEINBLUM: When we sold the house and were ready to go to Israel for good. He had\na stroke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand then we had to renew our … You know, he was on disability since 1978 because\nhe had open heart surgery. He stopped working at that time. That's when we got\nmarried, in 1978. In 1979, we bought our first house. It was a dilapidated house\nand we renovated it until it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\njust sparkling. We were thinking maybe we’ll sell it, and buy another one, and\ndo the same thing. But to have a house so beautiful, we never sold it until we\nwere ready to go. At that time, we were traveling a lot, all over the States,\nback to Europe, to Italy, to Brazil, to all kinds of place. We traveled a lot, so, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nno, synagogue was not, one of our important things to do. But the holidays\nalways were very precious. Then, we sold the house and lived in an apartment.\nThen, when we bought this house, we decided maybe it's time to make some friends somehow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhat is the best way to make friends than at the synagogue? We went to Etz\nChaim. We met a few people. I wouldn’t say we met friends, but at that time, we\nsaw each other a few times, and went out, and went to each other's house, and\nthings like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat, but we never really were friends.\n\nBERMAN: When you mention some of your good friends, the ones that you've talked\nabout, you've mentioned Penny Bowman. You’ve mentioned Manuela Borstein. Do you\nfeel that you have that common background of being survivors and that that is\nwhy you have developed a closer bond with those people rather than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… WEINBLUM: No, the bond with those people is because they are who they are. It\nhas nothing to do with them being survivors or not. It just because they are the\nkind of people we like. That's the reason.\n\nBERMAN: How did you meet Penny Bowman?\n\nWEINBLUM: That's another funny story. Excuse me just one second. I need a shtuk\n[Yiddish: sip] of water.\n\nBERMAN: Okay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWEINBLUM: A few years after we were living here in this house, we made friends\nwith our neighbors. They were a middle aged couple. He had two children. She\ndidn't have any. She couldn't have any children. They were the third marriage,\nboth of them. We had fun with them. They were not Jewish people. We had fun with\nthem. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere playing cards and all that. They separated and divorced, so he left. She\nstayed there for a while. Then, she moved to Florida. She sold the house. She\nsold the house to a couple. The detail of that couple was that she had a son and\nshe was 20 years older than her husband. We had just a good neighbor’s relation.\nAt the beginning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nshe had an open house when they moved in for all their friends. It just so\nhappened that Penny Bowman's daughter, Bo, was a friend. She invited Bo to that\nopen house. Bo’s husband Peter had a cold. He couldn't come, so she took her\nfather with her because Penny was on a cruise, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmahjong cruise. You know, Penny plays mahjong. That's her thing. That's how we\nmet Bo and Harold. Of course, we started talking from one thing to the other.\nWhen they left, we left, came back here. We said, “Well, we can get together\nwhen Penny ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncomes back.” Elena, our neighbor, a few months later, for Christmas made, had a\ndinner. [She] invited Bo and Peter, Harold and Penny, and us. We had dinner\ntogether. That's how we met Penny. Since then, we've been friends. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBERMAN: I guess I want to just ask you one or a couple more questions. One that\nI always try to ask nearing the end of the interview is: If you could offer some\nadvice about your experiences and about how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… If you could just leave some wisdom that your years of experience have given\nyou, your survival of the war, your emigration, your starting in new countries,\nyour … what would that be? Is there some kind of advice that you would like to\nleave to future generations? I know it is kind of a … WEINBLUM: It's very\ndifficult to tell others ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhat to do or what to think, even after what you went through. Every person had\nhis own reaction to [an] event, to suffering, to whatever happened to he or her.\nIt's very difficult to be very clever about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngiving advice to other people. I never do. I can’t. Because whatever happened to\nme and the way I survived was not me. It was not my doing. Everything that\nhappened to me during the war was what other people were doing. The war itself,\nthe surviving, the hiding, the starving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n… It was not my doing. My doing is only to be a good person, to try to help\nother people, to be a good Jew like my father used to be—not a religious one; it\nhas nothing to do with religion. Just remember always that you are a Jew, and\nyou have to continue giving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat to your children and grandchildren, with or without going to synagogue, and\nthe rabbi, and all that. Just keep the tradition going. Remember when it’s Rosh\nHashanah, or Yom Kippur, or Passover, and be a good person. The only way you can\nsurvive is to be a good person. It's not easy, not always. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSometimes you want to be a good person, and the person who crosses you says,\n“You are a mad person,” or “You are no good,” because you don’t think like them.\nThat is the difficulty in communicating with people. After what we went through\nlast week, it's even more difficult to be the wise and to say, “You should not\ndo this,” and “You should not do that.” ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPrayer only will not help. We have to do something, but I’m not the one to say\nwhat we have to do. We should have been probably more careful according to\nwhat’s going on in Israel. We should have known that what's going on over there\nmight come here. We are not sheltered and it did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBERMAN: Thank you very much.\n\nWEINBLUM: You're very welcome. I'm glad I could give you some insight … BERMAN:\nThat was wonderful.\n\nWEINBLUM: … of what went into my life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/transcript/65569/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":null,"format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=6060.0,6090.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. After World War I (Poland) had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism during the 1903s, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerman forces attacked Belgium, the Netherlands, and France from the west on May 10, 1940. Initially, British and French commanders believed that German forces would attack through central Belgium and rushed forces to the Franco-Belgian border to meet the German attack. The main German attack, however, went through the Ardennes forest in southeastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. German tanks and infantry quickly broke through the French defensive lines. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May. Paris fell to the Germans on June 14, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated and partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which went into effect on June 25, 1940. The Occupied Zone, under German rule, included the country’s West, North, and East, including Paris. The Free Zone, under the control of the new government led by Marshal Phillip Pétain and his deputy Pierre Lavale, covered the South of the country, including the city of Vichy, where the government was based. Until November 1942, southern and eastern France remained under the control of the Vichy government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Exodus [French: l’Exode] refers to the massive flight of civilians fleeing the advance of German troops in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France in May and June 1940. As the Germans approached Paris in June, around two million men, women and children fled the city in just a few days. They joined an estimated six million already trying to flee south and west. This mass movement was so great, it quickly drew Biblical comparisons and became known as the Exodus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbout 175,000 Jews lived in Paris when the Germans invaded in May 1940. Many initially fled the city, only to return after the armistice was signed in June. By late September 1940, a German census registered 150,000 Jews in Paris, including 64,000 foreigners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs in the rest of occupied France, authorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees immediately after the German occupation. Laws curtailed the civil rights of Jews and expropriated their property. Among other anti-Jewish measures, Jewish owned business were transferred to non-Jews and occupations available to Jews were restricted. The first anti-Jewish measure came in September 1940, when definitions of who was a Jew were outlined and a census of Jews was taken. Then in October, authorities began proscribing various business activities for Jews. On August 31, 1941 German forces confiscated all radios belonging to Jews, followed by their telephones and bicycles. Jews were forbidden to use public telephones or change their address, and next were forbidden to leave their homes between 8 pm and 5 am. All public places, parks, theatres and certain shops were soon closed to Jews. German forces issued new restrictions, prohibitions and decrees by the week. Jews were barred from public swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, cinemas, concerts, music halls, etc. On the Metro, they were allowed to ride only in the last carriage. Antisemitic articles had frequently been published in newspapers since the Occupation. The Germans organized antisemitic exhibitions to spread their propaganda. The music of Jewish composers was banned, as were works of art by Jewish artists. During 1940-1941, the Germans arrested 10,000 Parisian Jews. In 1941, antisemitic legislation, applicable in both zones, was tightened. On October 2, 1941, seven synagogues in Paris were bombed. By July 1942, Jews were barred from entering businesses and public institutions and roundups had begun.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first mass arrest of Jews in Paris, France occurred on May 14, 1941 in what became known as the green ticket roundup [French: rafle du billet vert]. At least 6,500 Jewish men between the ages of 18 and 40—mostly Polish, Austrian, or Czech refugees—living in Paris, France had received summons on green postcards. The summons instructed a friend or relative to accompany them. When the men arrived at various police stations and other locations throughout the city, the 3,710 men who showed up were immediately detained. The person accompanying them was told to return with a small suitcase of the men’s personal effects. The men were then sent to the Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande internment camps, where they remained until they were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in the summer of 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, 26 concentration camps operated in the Occupied Zone of France. The central concentration camp in France was Drancy, not far from Paris. From March 1942, Drancy became a transit camp for Jews who were being deported to the East. After passing anti-Jewish legislation in October 1940, the Vichy regime broadened its actions to arrest and detain Jews in its territory. They were incarcerated in 15 concentration camps which included the camps of Gurs, Le Milles, Rivesaltes and St. Cyprien. By the beginning of 1941 some 40,000 Jews had already been arrested. In addition to those arrested, some 35,000 Jewish men were conscripted by force into the “Labor Corps,” or Compagnies de Travail. Almost all the foreign Jewish men, more than a third of the population of foreign Jews in France, were either conscripted into the Labor Corps or incarcerated in concentration camps. There were additional concentration camps run by the Vichy government in the vicinity of Paris and in northeastern France. Among these were Pithiviers, Beaune-la-Rolande, Besançon, Compiègne and others. Thousands of Jews were deported from these camps to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The concentration camps in France continued operating into the summer of 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration of Occupied France. In a northeastern suburb of Paris between June 1942 and July 1944, 67,400 French, Polish and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 rail transports, which included 6,000 children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pithiviers internment camp was located in the Paris suburb of Pithiviers, close to a railway line. Originally established by the French government in 1939, the camp was initially meant for the detention of German military prisoners. In 1941, it was turned into an internment camp for Jews run by the Vichy regime. Thousands of foreign Jews including women and children—who had been arrested in the big waves of arrests around Paris in May 1941 and July 1942 were interned in Pithiviers. By the spring of 1942, the camp was at full capacity. Prisoners were housed in poorly insulated barracks with wooden bunks covered in straw. Provisions were scarce and hygiene was precarious. In late July 1942, deportations of the adults began. Children were separated from their parents and remained alone in the camp until it was decided to include them in the August deportation. Many Jews deported from Pithiviers were first transferred to Drancy before continuing towards the East. Six transports, however, departed directly from Pithiviers for Auschwitz-Birkenau. The camp was liberated on August 9, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. The Monowitz camp, also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March 1942, all Jews in France were required to register their children with police.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith the agreement of the Vichy government, German officials and the French police conducted a series of roundups across both the occupied and unoccupied zones of France in the summer of 1942. On July 16-17, 1942, French police launched a large-scale operation in Paris to arrest Jews with foreign citizenship. Approximately 13,000 men, women, and children were detained. Approximately 6,000 were immediately taken to the Drancy transit camp, while some 7,000 Jews (among whom almost 4,000 were children) were detained in the Vélodrome d'Hiver [French: winter cycling track; also known as Vél d'Hiv], an indoor sports arena. For five days, they were crowded together in deplorable conditions. To prevent escape, all ventilation had been sealed. There was barely room for the people to lie down and no arrangements had been made for food, water, or sanitary facilities. They were then sent to transit camps outside Paris, including Drancy, Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande, and eventually onto concentration camps and killing centers in the east. Although the Vel d’Hiv roundup was only one of many in Paris in the spring and summer of 1942, it was the largest deportation of Jews from France during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans often drew on local civilian and police support to carry out their operations. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDraveil is a small town located about 12 miles (19 kilometers) south of Paris, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s oldest and largest broadcasting organization with radio, TV, and online services. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. During World War II, listening to BBC broadcasts (or any other banned broadcasts) in occupied countries was often punishable by death. In Poland, it was illegal to even possess a radio. The BBC broadcast news bulletins in multiple different languages, often featuring refugees and exiled politicians of German occupied countries in its programs. As resistance fighters in Europe tried to strike back against their occupiers, the BBC’s European Services would broadcast secret messages to them. The BBC’s policy of honesty in its reporting and openly admitting defeats was in marked contrast to the propaganda of Germany’s radio stations. As the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, many Germans even tuned in to the BBC, in spite of harsh penalties and jamming of the frequencies. The BBC has used a 1926 recording of the bells of London’s St. Mary-le-Bow church as an interval signal since the early 1940s. During World War II, the familiar tone became a symbol of hope to listeners throughout Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. On May 29, 1942, German authorities issued a decree—to take effect on June 7—that all Jews over the age of 6 in occupied France must wear the yellow star. In France, Jews wore a yellow Star of David outlined in black with Juif [French: Jewish] written in Hebraic style. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe liberation of France began when the Allies invaded Normandy in June 1944. By July, Allied forces began pushing south, east and west across France. By August, all of northern France had been liberated. Paris was not liberated until August 25, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, the Germans plundered tens of thousands of works of art and cultural objects from across occupied Europe as treasures of war. Some pieces were taken from museums, while others were stolen from private collectors and dealers, many of whom were Jewish. In France, it is estimated that 100,000 pieces were either taken by the Germans or sold under duress. During the occupation of Paris, the Jeu de Paume arts center became the headquarters of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), a special task force dedicated to appropriating cultural property. The ERR sent many of the pieces it acquired to Germany. Works from the Louvre Museum in Paris were also confiscated, but many of its treasures were also secretly evacuated and hidden in the provinces by its director. After the war, an estimated 60,000 to 70,000 French works were returned, but many remain lost or unclaimed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLorraine is a cultural and historical region in northeast France bordering Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. Its location means its borders have changed often. Germany seized the area in 1871 following the France Prussian War, which led to widespread resentment in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. The Dachau concentration camp operated a vast network of 140 subcamps. Most of these subcamps were in southern Bavaria, in close proximity to armaments factories. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established near Weimar, Germany in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps. It was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, had the largest total prisoner population. It was divided into more than a dozen sections separated by electronic barbed wire fences, and was patrolled by SS guards. The camp included sections for women, men, a family camp for Roma, and a family camp for Jewish families deported from the Theresienstadt ghetto. Auschwitz-Birkenau also contained the facilities for a killing center. It played a central role in the German plan to kill the Jews of Europe. Near Birkenau, the SS initially converted two farmhouses for use as gas chambers. “Provisional” gas chamber I went into operation in January 1942 and was later dismantled. “Provisional” gas chamber II operated from June 1942 through the fall of 1944. The SS judged these facilities to be inadequate for the scale of gassing they planned at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Four large crematorium buildings were constructed between March and June 1943. Each had three components: a disrobing area, a large gas chamber and crematorium ovens. The SS continued gassing operations at Auschwitz-Birkenau until November 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Denise says ‘Poland,’ she appears to mean Austria. Ebensee was a sub-camp of Mauthausen, located in north-central Austria. The prisoners there worked in the armaments industry. The camp was in a dense forest and close to a rocky formation where tunnels were dug to protect the factories from Allied air raids. It was second only in size to Dora-Mittelbau with 12 factories and 1,404 feet of tunnels. The main purpose of Ebensee was to provide slave labor for the construction of enormous underground tunnels, which were to be used for the development of rockets. The tunnels were never used for rocket production, however. As higher priority was assigned to other kinds of military production, the tunnels that had already been completed were assigned new tasks. One series of tunnels (Plant A) was instead used for refining petroleum. The other series of completed tunnels (Plant B) were used for manufacturing motor parts for tanks and trucks. The first prisoners came from Mauthausen in November 1943 and started digging the tunnels. They worked 12 hours per day in all weathers. More transports of prisoners arrived until 1945 when the number of prisoners peaked at 18,500 in the last desperate days of the war; although overall about 27,000 prisoners passed through. About 8,200 prisoners died there. Living conditions were severe, and the work was exhausting and dangerous. The death rate soared. Those who fell ill or who died were sent back to Mauthausen, until Ebensee got its own crematoria. The last roll call took place on May 5, 1945. The commandant Anton Ganz ordered the prisoners into the tunnels where it was rumored that explosives had been set up to seal them in. The prisoners refused to leave roll call. That night about \u003cbr\u003e600 guards fled the camp and the next day the Americans arrived. Several former guards and Ganz were tried and convicted after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were approximately 350,000 Jews in France when the Germans invaded in the early summer of 1940. Less than half were French citizens. Many were refugees who had fled persecution in the Third Reich or had flooded into France when the Germans entered Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The first deportation from France’s Occupied Zone began in March 1942, when four trains left for Auschwitz-Birkenau. Officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. With the agreement of the Vichy government, German officials and French police conducted round-ups of Jews in both occupied and unoccupied zones of France throughout the summer of 1942. A significant percentage of Jews deported from Vichy France were foreign or stateless Jews, sacrificed by the Vichy government in an attempt to spare French Jews. Deportations slowed after the general population and Catholic Church began to protest, but resumed in January 1943 and continued until August 1944. By the time France was liberated in August 1944, at least 50,000 Parisian Jews, mostly foreign born, had been deported and murdered. In all, some 77,000 Jews living on French territory perished. One-third of the victims were French citizens. Of the 69,000 sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 2,570 survived. Another 3,000 Jews died in French internment camps. Compared to other countries, the percentage of French Jews who survived the Holocaust was high: approximately three-fourths of the prewar Jewish population survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy the time France signed an armistice in June 1940, it is estimated at least one million French soldiers had been taken prisoner by Germany. After a brief period of captivity in France, most of the prisoners were deported to within the Third Reich. Some were imprisoned in camps, but the majority were transferred to work details, working in German factories and mines and as agricultural laborers. These prisoners were given a wider measure of freedom than those in camps and were often left unguarded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hôtel Lutetia is an iconic luxury hotel located in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés area of the 6th arrondissement of Paris. Built in 1910, it is known for its Art Nouveau architecture. During the German occupation of Paris in World War II, it was requisitioned by the German military intelligence service and used to house, feed and entertain German officers. After the liberation of Paris, French and American forces used the hotel as a repatriation center. By the 1950s, it had been restored to its previous state as a luxury hotel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOnly approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. As the invading German forces advanced, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled eastward. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight. Many headed to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. Many of the refugees who remained in Soviet-occupied Poland were deported by the Soviets to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations in the interior of the Soviet Union. While they endured horrible conditions, this paradoxically saved the lives of a few hundred thousand Jewish refugees—170,000 of whom returned to Poland in 1946 and additional 19,000-20,000 in 1956.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDisplaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnion des Juifs pour la Resistance et l’Entraide [French: Union of Jews for Resistance and Mutual Aid; also L'UJRE] was a secret resistance organization, originally called Solidarite [French: Solidarity]. It was formed by Jewish Communists in Paris after the German invasion in August 1940. The group engaged mostly in the sabotage of German industry and carried out attacks on German personnel in Paris until the mass deportations of July 1942, when they formed more partisan groups. By the summer of 1943, the group had changed its name and moved to southern France. By the end of the war, the group had helped save 900 children, but it lost more than 500 members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChildren were especially vulnerable to Nazi persecution. When World War II began in September 1939, there were approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the territories that the German armies or their allies would occupy. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, more than 1 million and perhaps as many as 1.5 million Jewish children were dead and tens of thousands of Romani children, 5,000-7,000 German children with physical or mental disabilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children residing in German-occupied Soviet Union. Between 1942 and 1944, 11,400 Jewish children were deported from France to death camps; only about 300 survived. Jewish and non-Jewish adolescents (13-18 years old) had a better chance of survival, as they could be used for forced labor. Many of the younger children who survived the Holocaust did so in hiding. Like the elderly, children were considered unfit for work and were, therefore, useless.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of France, efforts were made by various groups to hide Jewish children. Wherever possible, efforts were made to send them on to safety in other countries such as Switzerland and the United States. One of the most active organizations in this effort was Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants [French: Children’s Relief Work, or OSE], a French Jewish humanitarian organization that saved hundreds of refugee children during World War II. OSE is a worldwide Jewish organization for health care and children's welfare. It was founded in Russia in 1912 and transferred to France in 1933. OSE gave assistance to children and adults in as many as fifteen towns and the internment camps in southern France. Care was given to about one thousand three hundred children—some orphans and some whose families had placed them in these facilities. Some of the children were French but many were refugees that had come from Germany, Belgium, Austria (Poland) and other European countries. Other children were released from French internment camps, such as Gurs and Rivesaltes, and taken to OSE children's homes while awaiting emigration. After the German movement into southern France in 1941, OSE went underground but continued to hide children and transfer them to Switzerland or smuggled them to safety outside of Europe when that was possible. Altogether, the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now part of Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePenina “Penny” Weisz Bowman (1927-2018) was a Romanian holocaust survivor. After the war, she married Harold Bowman (1925-2008), a Jewish American soldier she met at a DP camp in Austria. The couple had three children (Leora, Deborah “Bo,” and Allan) and eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Her testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1994, Steven Spielberg founded the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, a nonprofit organization established to record testimonies in video format of survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. Between 1994 and 1999, the Foundation conducted nearly 52,000 interviews in 56 countries and in 32 languages. Interviewees included Jewish survivors, Jehovah's Witness survivors, homosexual survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants. In 2005, the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation transferred the collection to the University of Southern California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGefilte fish is a dish similar to a meatloaf, made out of ground fish, onions, starch and eggs. It is traditionally enjoyed by Ashkenazi Jews on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChallah is special Jewish braided bread eaten on Sabbath and Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 23, 1929, tensions between Palestinian Arabs and Jewish demonstrators erupted into violence at the al-Buraq or Western Wall of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem following a long standing dispute over access to the site. Riots and confrontations soon spread to Hebron and Safad. By the time British troops restored calm a week later, 133 Jews were killed and 339 wounded, while 116 Arabs were killed and 232 wounded in became known as the 1929 Palestine riots or Buraq Uprising. The conflict is seen as a turning point in Arab-Jewish relations in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it was not until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. When the Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946, many members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence. In the Arab world, it came to be known as the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) because of the large number of refugees and displaced persons resulting from the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarietta is a city located in Cobb County, Georgia, approximately 18 miles (29 kilometers) northwest of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company is one of the largest and oldest insurance companies in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKnown today as the Walton on the Chattahoochee, the Riverbend Apartments were a 600-unit apartment complex first developed for single adults in the late 1960s. It was located on a 65-acres along the Chattahoochee River in the Cumberland area of Atlanta, Georgia. It is near Cumberland Mall, which was the largest shopping mall in Georgia when it opened in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Etz Chaim is a progressive, egalitarian Conservative synagogue established in 1975 in Marietta, Georgia, a suburb in north metropolitan Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eManuela Mendels Borstein was born in Paris, France in 1933. Manuela, her parents, sister, and brother survived the Holocaust in Vichy France. Manuela immigrated to the United States in 1960, where she married and had two children. Today, she is active in sharing her story with audiences in Atlanta, Georgia. Her testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: day of atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/annotation_set/1304/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDenise is referring to the September 11th attacks. The September 11th attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. As of 2022, It is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=5970.0,6000.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/index/82779","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Weinblum, Denise [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/index/82779/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood and Family Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=31.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/index/82779/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denise talks about her family and why her parents immigrated from Poland.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=31.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/index/82779/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born on March 30, 1932, in Paris, France.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=31.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/index/82779/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism – Prewar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France—Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish – Religious life and customs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish – Traditions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris (France)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesach","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogrom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland—Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wanstok, Elie","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wanstok, Frida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wanstok, Pejsach","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wanstok, Rojza","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weinblum, Denise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Milsztein, Denise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wanstok, Denise Helene","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, Jewish 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II. Denise reviews what happened when the Germans invaded France.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407#t=522.0,881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125864/file/233407/index/82779/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, in 1939, when the war started there, I was not home.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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