{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1c1td9nj4c/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spielberg, Gisela Meyer (2000)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-12-02 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGisela Spielberg interviewed by Sandy Berman on December 2, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGisela discusses her family’s life in Germany in the early days of German National Socialism. She primarily focuses on her father’s life for the majority of the interview, talking about her father’s involvement in World War One, his run in with the Gestapo, and his metal business that he ran. She peppers his story with her own recollections of life in Germany as a schoolgirl and noticing the rising antisemitism around her. Her story continues with her family’s escape to England months and weeks before the Second World War started. She also covers her family’s crossing to the United States and how they finally settled in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28408"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Gisela Spielberg (personal name)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","The Warburg family (personal name)","Kindertransport (named event)","The Great Depression (named event)","The Holocaust (topical term)","Germany (geographic term)","Lady Kahn (personal name)","The Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","The Jewish Federations of North America (corporate name)","The Standard Club (corporate name)","Rabbi Jacob Rothschild (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","The League of Women Voters (corporate name)","World War II (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGisela Spielberg interviewed by Sandy Berman on December 2, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGisela discusses her family’s life in Germany in the early days of German National Socialism. She primarily focuses on her father’s life for the majority of the interview, talking about her father’s involvement in World War One, his run in with the Gestapo, and his metal business that he ran. She peppers his story with her own recollections of life in Germany as a schoolgirl and noticing the rising antisemitism around her. Her story continues with her family’s escape to England months and weeks before the Second World War started. She also covers her family’s crossing to the United States and how they finally settled in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/283/small/Gisela_Spielberg_2.png?1619304025","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Spielberg_Gisela.mp4"]},"duration":4128.97,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/283/small/Gisela_Spielberg_2.png?1619304025","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/283/original/Spielberg_Gisela.mp4?1617825237","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4128.97,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gisela Spielberg [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Well, we're here today. It's December 4 2000 with SPIELBERG or Gia\nSpielberg as she's known to family and friends for an interview for the William\nBremen Jewish Heritage Museum for our Legacy project. So, I guess I'd like to\nstart really with your early background. Just briefly tell me a little bit about\nyour family, who your parents were, sibling, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a little bit about your life in\nGermany pre-war, pre-Nazi takeover.\n\nSPIELBERG: Okay, I was born September 29, 1926 in Berlin, Germany and my parents\nwere Henrich 'Henry' Meyer and Liesolette Kohn Meyer and in 1930 my sister was\nborn, Erika Meyer, her name is [Unintelligible]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course we lived a very\nmiddle class life in Germany until 1933 and then we moved. We had lived in the\ncity of Berlin which most people lived in cities at that time, in apartments,\nbut then we moved to a suburb called Eichamp which was near Grunewald. In 1933,\nthe year that Hitler came to power, I started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. It was a very small school\nwith only four classes, first, second, third, fourth grade, very close to where\nwe lived; I walked everyday. My start of school coincided with Hitler's coming\nin. I started off liking it [school] very much but then being pretty much\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumscribed by the new regime, and not -- just really learning very -- it was\nvery strict, if you talked in class that was just terrible. Just learning there,\nnot having too much to do with the children in my class. I can't remember but\nmaybe one of them and I don't even know if she was in my class; she was the\ndaughter of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baker and she'd come to my house every once in a while. Never went\nto her house, never went to any of the other pupil's houses. My social contacts\nwere mostly friends and relatives that we had in Berlin. We'd visit back and\nforth. I went to the school for the four years that it was and any further\nschooling had to be in a Jewish school because the public schools would not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accept Jews anymore. So I had to go across town, not terribly far by our\nstandards, to this Jewish school where I went from 1937-1939, spring of 1939, so\nit wasn't that long. In 1939, after -- well Kristallnacht was 1938. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father\nwas arrested, the day after Kristallnacht. He'd been hiding but he thought\neverything was over and he came home and he was arrested and sent to a\nconcentration camp. He'd been previously been in a -- what they called\nprotective custody because they thought he had some kind of connection to the\nGerman base ... the German underground ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they had -- we had a house and\nthey had stored some books in our basement or something of that sort. Once he\nwas arrested and once he was released, which my mother somehow affected, after\ntwo weeks, he was told that if he was in Germany past March, he'd have to report\nto the secret police Gestapo everyday so we really became, we'd been desperate\nbefore to get out of Germany. There was this horrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeling of fear there and\nrestrictions kept being imposed. You used every avenue you could to try to get\nout of Germany and contacted anybody you ever knew that lived in the United\nStates and Britain, France, anywhere! Any other country in the world! And\nfinally, in March of that year, 1939, my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somehow got a visa to England\nand we did have affidavits for America which is another long story. I don't know\nwhether you want to hear that.\n\nBERMAN: Umhm.\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, my father's stepmother who lived in Southern Germany had\nsomehow had a connection to the Warburg family, they were distant cousins. They\nwere very charitable people so my father urged her to write ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to ask them\nwhether they would give us an affidavit and they didn't turn anybody of their\nGerman cousins down. They'd established some kind of a fund in [esco?] to\nguarantee any of them. They sent an affidavit for the four of us, including my\ngrandmother, my mother's mother. So we did have affidavits. But then there was a\nquota for Germans to come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States and I think, I'm not sure, but I\nthink I heard them say our quota number was sometime in 1944. But if you did\nhave an affidavit then you could possibly get a visa, a temporary visa, for\nanother European country and he somehow secured a visa to Britain. The condition\nwas that you wouldn't work there because the worldwide depression, there weren't\nenough jobs. He had to depend on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stipends from friends and relatives to live in\nEngland. He went in March. My sister and I are somehow -- we had a cousin in\nEngland, she was married to a nephew of my grandmother's, she was a social\nworker. She secured places for children with English families and she found a\nplace for me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with someone named Lady Phyllis Kahn and Sir Julian Kahn who were\nvery charitable people and were taking care of three German girls. It just so\nhappened, one of the girls they were taking care of, her parents had settled in\nScotland and were able to take her back into their family so there was a place\nfor me in this particular family in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England. My sister -- my mother somehow\nmet--I mean, you just were desperate, you got anybody that you could to do\nanything for you. I wouldn't think of asking people those kinds of things now\nbut you were just so desperate you did. But she met some English people through\na neighbor and asked them couldn't they find somebody to take care of my sister\nin England. They found a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, I think it was a minister and his wife and they\nhad two children, a boy and a girl, and they said \"okay\" they would take her.\nSo, my sister and I left on a Children's Transport in April of 1939 and my\nmother and grandmother were left behind in Germany. They took us to the station.\nMy mother always said--I mean, you can imagine how she felt. I didn't think\nabout it at the time, I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. Having her children go, her husband was\nalready gone, here she was left in Germany with all this business going on, war\nclouds and so on. But she was very happy: \"You're just so lucky to leave Germany\nand just enjoy it and go over there\" and so on. We were on a train. There were\njust children and there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were I think teachers and social workers. They separated\nthe children by age so I wasn't even with my sister. We were all very happy\nbecause we knew we were getting out of Germany. We went to Holland, crossed the\nborder into Holland. We were already 12 so we knew we were very lucky, we were\nvery happy when the last German customs officer were gone who went through our\nluggage and everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We crossed Holland and got to Hoek van Holland and took\na ferry to Harwich, England which is an overnight ferry which was very excited\nfor us, for me anyway. I'd never been on an overnight boat before. They gave us\nwhat we thought was wonderful food because in Germany the food already was very\nscarce when we were living there in the 30s. You spent the night on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this boat,\nthen had breakfast in the morning on the boat and then took a train from Harwich\nto London where my father met us. So, for me, the Kindertransport was very\nshort, I really didn't meet anybody especially or exchange addresses and names.\nI communicated with the people there. When we arrived in England, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I stayed with\nsome friends of my grandmother's for about six weeks because school was out --\nmaybe it wasn't even six weeks, I don't know how long the time was. It seemed\nforever but I can't remember the exact time. Until the school started again,\nthere was some kind of a vacation. Then I went to Nottingham, England where Lady\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kahn had this house for the three German girls. One of the reasons she had it I\nthink because the governess of her children had to have some kind of employment.\nSo she decided she, the governess, should look after us; her [Lady Kahn's]\nchildren were old enough to go to the English boarding schools. There was\nnothing for her to do. So she kept this house in Nottingham just for the three\ngirls. I stayed there, we went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a local day school, and we stayed there until\nthe war started. My mother got out of England, I mean, out of Germany and she\narrived in London [England] August 28, 1939, which is like three days before\nWorld War 2. When she arrived, people were already evacuating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London. The\nstation was jammed. She was so impressed how controlled the English were, how\nthat there was no panic or anything. They were so polite and nice. She couldn't\nget over that all her life. She always remarked on that, how self-controlled the\nEnglish were. Anyway, she could get a job in England. The only job that she\ncould get was as a domestic help so she lived with a family as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housekeeper.\nThey had two little girls I think, and she took care of them while the mother\nworked, who was a teacher and the father of course worked and I don't know what\nhe did. So the four of us got out just before World War 2 and my grandmother was\nleft behind. But she did get out and that's a whole other story. Anyway, until\nWorld War 2 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started, we were in this house. Then, Lady Kahn decided she couldn't\nmaintain it in the wartime and sent us all to a boarding school in Derbyshire\n[England], which is not far from Nottingham.\n\nBERMAN: How often did you see your parents during this time?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, I saw them just during holidays but once I went to the boarding\nschool all the girls there, it was a girl's boarding school. It was in a small\nvillage near Derbyshire called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Duffield and I've gone back there in the meantime\nand seen some of the people. They have what they called -- the school's no\nlonger in existence. The building is now a bank. But they still have all girl's\ndinners and I've gone back to a couple of them. A couple of the girl's, three,\nmaybe two or three were in my class and that I remember and kept up with.\n\nBERMAN: And your sister? Where was she?\n\nSPIELBERG: She was with this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minister, near Oxford [England]. In a small town\nnear Oxford and I can't remember the name of it. My mother worked not too far\nfrom where she was so that -- she's four years younger than I am so, for her, it\nwas nice to have my mother nearby.\n\nBERMAN: Quick question, just to regress a minute. When your family was -- is\nstill in Germany, what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it like -- the anxiety of trying to get out. Did you\nsense that, you were young still --\n\nSPIELBERG: Oh yea.\n\nBERMAN: --from your parents?\n\nSPIELBERG: Definitely. Because it just consumed especially my mother. My father,\nwhen Hitler came in, he was in the metal business and of course that picked up\nbecause Hitler was preparing for war. After the depression, I mean after the\ncrash and the depression when things were really hard, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his business was getting\na little better. He said: \"Oh this'll pass, everything like this has always\npassed, this'll pass,\" and she said \"No, we have to get out of here.\" And then\nfinally, when in 1938, spring of 1938, he was put in this protective custody\nwhich was prison, he decided it was pretty bad and he'd better get out. It was\nsomething they'd talk about all the time. In those days you really didn't\ninvolved children so much in family decisions because, like, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when my father was\nin prison, my mother said he was on a trip. Wouldn't tell us that he was [in\nprison]. When he came back, he actually said \"well, I went to England\" and he'd\nlearned English because he'd had a lot of time and he'd taken a book with him\nand he really studied English. So we really didn't know about it until much\nlater that he was in prison.\n\nBERMAN: And Kristallnacht. What are your recollections of that? Was the family\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware, because of the rumor mill, that something might be happening.\n\nSPIELBERG: Yes, they were aware but they didn't let us know. We lived in the\nsuburb which [was] quite isolated. Where we lived there was a sort of worker's\nsettlement right across the street from us and they were supposedly communist,\nwhich meant they weren't Nazis. In our suburbs we didn't go away. My father went\naway and stayed with some gentile friends. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, we just stayed there and nobody\ncame to our house or anything like that. Except when the next night, when he\ncame back, suddenly in the evening there was a knock on the door and there were\ntwo Gestapo men. They were not rough or anything, they just asked for him and he\nsaid \"oh I can't go right now, I have some business to do, will you wait for\nme?\" They sat in our living room like you're sitting here now and waited for\nhim. Then he went off with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. It wasn't like -- my father's family lived in a\nsmall town in Southern Germany and they came into the house, the neighbors, and\nthrew the furniture out the window and roughed them up and things like that. But\nnothing like that happened to us in Berlin. It was more impersonal kind of\nsetting. But you could feel the fear. You could just feel that everywhere. And\nof course we couldn't go to restaurants. I don't remember going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stores even\nor anything like that. We just -- the only trips I would take was to visit my\ngrandmother who lived more in the city and I would just get on one of the\n[German word, something -bahn,] which was the rapid transit and go over there by\nmyself. Or sometimes I went to a museum downtown Berlin or we'd go to the zoo,\nfor a while we could still go to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zoo. But you really couldn't go to too many\nplaces but you could just feel that this overwhelming desire to get out. In this\nJewish school, children were leaving just like every day or every week somebody\nwould depart for another country.\n\nBERMAN: When you were in England and your mother was still in Germany, that\nmust've been a very anxious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time for you. Do you have--\n\nSPIELBERG: Yea well. Of course I was homesick, I didn't think about it before but.\n\nBERMAN: Were you concerned that she would not get out or were you confident--\n\nSPIELBERG: I was sort of confident that she would get out, yea.\n\nBERMAN: So then you--So the family's all together in different places in\nEngland. But you wanted to come to the United States, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goal, the, the--\n\nSPIELBERG: Yes, it was just temporary to be in England. Because we didn't know,\nonce we the war started, how temporary it would be. But what happened was, the\nquota numbers, our quota numbers came up much sooner because so many people were\ncut off in Europe from the war. By the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940 came around, our quota number\ncame up -- I guess my parents perused it all along getting to the United states\nand going to the consulate and whatever you had to do. Our quote number came up\nalready in 1940 and I don't know what all they had to do to get us passage but\nwe had passage on the US ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cameroonian of the Anchor line from Glasgow [Scotland]\non -- it was September, I think September, August 30, 1940. The four of us went\non that ship and it just so happened that was the last boat on which they\nallowed refugees to cross the Atlantic because there were already the U-boats.\nThey'd sunk the ship that went ahead of us and the ship that came behind us. So\nthey decided to let no more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees across. We just made it. It was during\nvacation time at the school I went to, which I loved by the way. That was a\ngreat school and all the girls were friendly and nice and I really enjoyed that.\nEnglish middle class all went to boarding school so I wasn't home sick because\nthey were all in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat. But it was summer vacation during which we left.\nSince my parents didn't have a home, I spent the vacation at the school and the\nperson that they called a matron stayed there also to look after me. I guess\nLady Kahn had made the arrangements for this to happen. I think she probably\nlent my parents the money for passage to the United States, I don't know how\nmuch that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. You weren't allowed to take any of your assets with you.\n\nBERMAN: What did you take?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, I think I had one trunk, you know the trunks they had in those\ndays. I think I still have it upstairs. Clothes, a few toys maybe or books, I\ndidn't really have toys that much, and books and clothes. My parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took a few\nhousehold items, but not the good things, just the every day things that they\nthought they might need. Maybe a couple of trunks. All our furniture was stored\nin Germany in one of those containers and supposedly it was destroyed by bombs\non the docks of Hamburg [Germany] it was supposed to be shipped to us once we\nsettled down. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, when we first came to -- well, we didn't bring much, some clothes.\n\nBERMAN: We have in our gallery the wonderful spurs that were you fathers--\n\nSPIELBERG: Oh yea, my father was so attached to them.\n\nBERMAN: --I always was moved by the fact that that was one of the items that he\n-- can you tell me a little bit about that?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, I think, my father was very sentimental, and he loved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horses.\nIn fact, he was in the cavalry in World War 1, in the German cavalry, and spent\nhis war time in the Balkans of all places. He loved horses and I think he just\ntook them as a memento that he once rode horses. He didn't expect to ever ride\nthem again because it's an expensive sport. And that's why he took that. Certain\nthings, I don't know, my grandmother, you've got the keys ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. She kept all the\nkeys to the furniture. We don't have the furniture, we have this box of keys and\nshe brought along with her. I guess everything was locked when it was packed and\nshe expected to see again. It was beautiful furniture, it was very, very\nantique. Took strange things that you were attached to. My father did manage to\ntake a whole lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pictures cause he loved the pictures. My mother kept saying\n\"No, no, no, you can't take them all,\" but he insisted on taking them so I do\nhave quite a few pictures still.\n\nBERMAN: And, so you came -- I guess the logical next question is why Atlanta? Or\nhow Atlanta?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, when we came -- this boat, it was a great experience. It was a\nnice boat and I'm sure our tickets were in steerage, but they upgraded us to\nlike second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class because there was nobody but refugees on the boat and a few\nfirst class passengers. They had great food, we loved it. In England, after the\nwar started, the food got scarce to and schools notoriously don't have very good\nfood anyway. The trip took 10 days because we went the northern route to escape\nthe U-Boats. The first few days we had to wear our gas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"masks--No! Not gasmasks,\nthe gasmasks we wore in England usually all the time. Our -- life belts,\nconstantly because they were so afraid of the U-boats. Once we got beyond a\ncertain point, we didn't have to do that anymore, like after three days. I\nremember coming in to New York [United States] harbor with all the lights on and\nwe'd had black out in England and that was a fantastic sight to see that New\nYork ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"harbor with lights in 1940. That was September 10, 1940. When we first\ncame, the sister in law of my father's sister came to meet us; she was an\nAmerican. She was married to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother of my father's sister -- my father's\nsister's husband. Everybody helped everybody else in those days. She lived in\nthe Bronx in New York and she kept us there for about two or three days, we\nstayed with them, even though they had a small place. Everybody always made room\nfor you and helped each other. Then we -- my father's two sisters lived in\nBridgeport, Connecticut and we went to live with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them until we could get settled\nor whatever. Of course we were in touch with the Joint Distribution Committee\nwhich I think helped us. Maybe that paid part of our passage over, I'm not quite\nsure of all the arraignments with them. I think my father didn't really care\nthat much for Bridgeport, Connecticut because the opportunities were working in\na factory and that was the last thing, that's what my two uncles did, and that\nwas the last thing he wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. So they said \"Well, there are some places\nopen in Atlanta, GA that you can move there if you want to.\" All my parents knew\nabout Atlanta, GA was Gone with the Wind which had come out the year before and\nthey said, well, sounds interesting, we'll try it. That was really the way we\ngot to Atlanta. We didn't know anybody in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. What's now the Federation\nresettled us and they found a furnished room for us on Piedmont Avenue when we\nfirst came here. My mother found a job. I think she worked in a candy factory\nwhich--jobs were still scarce because the war. It was hard to find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something.\nWhen my father came here and met the German people in the temple who were also\nof German background were the ones who got involved with the refugees because\nthere was a split between the German Jews and the Eastern European Jews. It was\nthe German Jewish background people who were more involved in settling the\nrefugees. My father, anytime he talked to anybody he was from Southern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany\nand so were a lot of people in Atlanta and he always found common friends and\ncommon relatives. I wish I had paid more attention because I really don't know\nwho but he found the people who ran Nora's Candy were distant cousins and so my\nmother's somehow prevailed on them to let her work in this factory.\n\nBERMAN: The Lowenstein family.\n\nSPIELBERG: Right, right, yes. Somehow, I think we visited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them once too. So she\nworked there and he always wanted, my father always wanted to be, to have his\nown business so somehow got a loan I think from Mrs. Warburg, the one who had\nbeen our benefactor, and got a partner, and he started a scrap metal business.\nWhich was very hard going and during the war it was even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"harder because there\nwere all these restrictions on prices and that sort of thing. He liked doing\nthat and that's what he did. And after the war he became fairly successful.\nHe died fairly young, he was 61 years old and died in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1956.\n\nBERMAN: Were you well accepted by the temple crowd?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, now, there was a number of people there. They had started, it\nwas mostly Consulate Jewish women had a service to Americans, to New Americans,\nthat's what they called it now I forgot what the name of it was, committee. And\nthose people were very helpful to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the refugees. At the Old Standard Club on\nPonce de Leon Avenue they'd had have a weekly session at which they would have lectures and social gathering for people that had come from Germany to let them know what was happening in American and how you bought grocers and how you lived here. It was a completely different life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My parents became very good friends with a number of those people like Josephine Heyman, Phillip and Hannah Schoenhofer, and Rebecca Gershon. They were really the main ones. They really ran the thing. They were lifelong friends after that. Out of that, after the war, when the war ended, that's what the New World Club grew out. These people all became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans and learned what was going on. Some of them became quite successful, too. They decided they'd have their own group, and they started what they call the New World Club, which was more or less a social type of thing. I think they got together once of month and discuss certain subjects or have social affairs. I'm not really sure what they did because I didn't really go. It was more the older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. I mean, adults not teenagers or children.\n\nBERMAN: Was it mainly for German Jews or was it... after the war, did the club try to help bring refugees from Eastern Europe?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, after the war, the first refugees that were allowed over were orphans, children under 16. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to The Temple Sunday school, which was OK. It wasn't great. The kids there were not the friendliest let's put it that way. They had their own little groups and were not too wonderful about taking in refugees who did not have any money or anything like that. I went to Girls' High School, which was great. The girls were very nice and I liked that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much. But, socially things were completely different in the United States for teenagers than in Europe. You just didn't't date or do anything like that I knew of in Europe. I didn't really know much about how social life was. So when these other orphans came, the New World Club decided they'd have a youth group for them. We gathered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything Sunday at the 10th Street branch of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. We'd play games or play bridge. We even had a couple dances for them. There were quite a number that came over. Quite a group.\n\nBERMAN: What about English classes?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, they went to school. They were just 16 so they went to school. But I think they did have... the refugees that came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war, they did have... [National] Council of Jewish Women again was the... of course, the [Atlanta Jewish] Federation too... the social workers at the Federation... trying to resettle these people. They did a lot for them. After the children came, of course, then came the families from Eastern Europe. They had an apartment for them over... well now it's near the stadium. In that area, they kept a special apartment where they settled them, which they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had furnished. They bring them food and help them get settled and find them more permanent residence. There all kinds of... Council of Jewish Women... My mother was very active in that and became chairman of that committee after the war. To resettle the families that came over afterwards and try to help them in as many ways as possible.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about your mother and her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest with the National Council of Jewish Women and with Federation and resettling. Try to address why she felt this commitment, because so many refugees did't get involved with social services in those early years and yet she did.\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, of course, she had to work. During the war she worked. Mostly at the candy factory. After the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, my father did better. She still worked for awhile in Mrs. Gase [sp?] store on 10th Street. She helped sell men's clothes there. She did that for a number of years and then she quit and she did volunteer work. She'd always been politically very interested in everything. Always interested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in doing things for other people. She felt that since she'd been help and had escaped and her whole family had gotten out, she needed to help others to do this. She became very involved in all the social work that Council of Jewish Women did and got very active in the organization. That and Hadassah. As long as my father's store was living.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about the reparations?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, she did that as a volunteer too. In fact, Eudice Tontak was the social worker and was a very good friend of hers. She was always working with her and helping her all the time as a volunteer and through Council. Then, when my father died, she helped with all this reparations business. Making out the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"claims. She never had any training, but she somehow picked it up. She got reparations for people that lawyers and other couldn't get reparations for. I don't know how she did it. And then when he died, she got it as a job, as a permanent job, as a paid job, and she worked at the Federation in reparations. She did all this work getting people these claims and filling out all the papers and doing all that. Even though she just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picked it up herself. She was very good in German language and writing it. She really didn't have any training as a lawyer or anything like that. So, all these people remember her... Mrs. Meyer... that she always helped them.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me a little bit about when you first... go back a little bit to when you first got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. Where you lived... the home. Just some more of your social activities in those early years.\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, we lived... the permanent apartment we found was on Durant Place about two blocks from Ponce De Leon. We lived there until 1944 when my father and mother bought a house in Garden Hills right off Piedmont ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Avenue. It's the continuation of East Ansley. I don't know if you know where that is. In fact, my niece now lives in the house, which is nice. It is still a nice neighborhood. We moved there in 1944. From Durant Place, Girls' High had a street car that ran down Ponce De Leon and went directly to Girls' High School. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to just walk to the corner and catch the street car. There were a lot of my friends on the street car. It was kind of a social occasion to ride it to school. In the afternoon from Girls' High School, they'd have the street car that dropped downtown and you had to take transfer and get the bus back home. A lot of us stayed there. Downtown was different then. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was stores there. Drugstores and things like that. Stay a little while and maybe have something in the drugstore or shopping then come home.\nBERMAN: Something I've always wondered about and questioned myself is a lot of the survivors have said that once they were here, no one really wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hear about your struggles before. I was wondering if you share your thoughts, the problems from Germany, your girlhood experience. Do you share that with friends here? Did you keep it closed in?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, I think what you wanted to do was you didn't want to look back. You wanted to get ahead. Become as Americanized as possible. To fit in with the others. Our experiences ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't't so terrible that we couldn't talk about them, but you just didn't. I mean, I still get together with some of the people from Girls' High School and everybody remembers me coming because I came to school late and I was from Germany. Maybe they asked me a few things about it. They were very friendly and nice. But you just didn't want to talk about it too much. You just wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more look to the future than the past. I wish there were things I had asked my mother and grandmother that I really don't know an d that they knew. I never ask them and, of course, sorry now I didn't.\n\nBERMAN: Were your friends Jewish or non-Jewish?\n\nSPIELBERG: Mostly non-Jewish. One or two Jewish people.\n\nBERMAN: Was that difficult at all?\n\nSPIELBERG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No. I did have some. One specific friend... Jewish... who I'm still very good friends with.\n\nBERMAN: Your friends were really from Girls' High School and not The Temple crowd?\n\nSPIELBERG: No, not The Temple crowd. One that I was more or less friendly with because her mother was friendly with my mother. But not really to the point where we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pals or anything.\n\nBERMAN: Did your family perpetuate a lot of the customs and cooking and things of that nature that they had in Europe? Or did they want to be Americans?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, my grandmothers... I don't know what you want to know about her experiences. My grandmother was left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behind in Germany. Of course, we thought she was old. She wasn't that old really at the time. She was 60s I guess... no, in her 50s when she left Germany. But, she was left. My mother was only child. Her husband had died a long time before and her parents had died. About everybody had immigrated. She was left all by herself in Berlin without any really assets or finances. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She never told me her whole story. She never really wanted to talk about it. She lived... the suburb was... we were very lucky to be in the suburb because it wasn't real upscale. It was sort of middle class, modest. She lived in somebody's basement room after we... We only rented the houses. We didn't own them. She said that... the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suburb was between two stations for the rapid transit for the Stadtbahn. One of the stations there was a little lunch room so she would work there for her meals. Somehow, she managed to get a ticket on the Trans Siberian Express so she left Berlin in August of 1940 and spent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two weeks on the train through Russia. From Ikurtsk [Russia] she crossed over to Japan. At that same time, we were arriving in New York and we got a telegram from her that said, \"Send $125 very quickly. I have to have it.\" We came there, you were allowed to take 5 pounds with you, I think, total. Not that we had any money anyways. I think my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother pawned her jewelry and borrowed from people we knew... like $10 here, $10 there... to send to her. It was more difficult probably for her to raise $125 for me to raise $100,000 or something. And sent it to her because she was on her way to Japan. From Japan, the boat went to San Francisco where they wouldn't let any of the refugees on this boat land. She had a visa from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Panama. The South American countries sold visas. They wouldn't let her land. I wasn't a good visa and there was all this war business going on. So, Panama was very sensitive zone. This boat went all the way to Ecuador... no, Chile. All the way down to Chile because it guess it was a freighter and had some stuff to deliver in Chile. They needed more money so my... as I said, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just try to get anybody you could to do things for you if you knew them or not. She had the name of a friend of a friend in Chile. She asked to lend us some money to continue her journey, which he did. Which is amazing because he'd never seen her before and he never knew whether he'd get his money back, but he lent her the money and she paid back every penny of it, of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and kept up correspondence with him for many years. The Joint Distribution Committee got every refugee a spot in Ecuador. They could all land there. Otherwise, they would have gone back to Japan. They could all land in Ecuador and so she stayed in Ecuador and got a job with a family as a domestic. Not in Guayaquil, that's where they landed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Quito, which is cooler. She said in Guayaquil was so hot. She had not seen such heat before. By this time we had settled in Atlanta and had this apartment on Durant Place. We sent her an affidavit or some guarantee for America. It just so happens that the consulate in Guayaquil was from Macon, Georgia, and so he was very sympathetic for her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though there was really no real guarantee behind our affidavit, he gave her a visa. So, she came here in March of 1941. It took her that long to finish her journey. I have a letter of hers. I think I gave you that letter that she wrote. She said that she decided she'd come to New Orleans. She that that was closest. Someone had to meet her. Well, of course, my parents could get to New Orleans but Council of Jewish Women met her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in New Orleans and put her on a bus. She stayed there a couple of days and made friends. She made friends very easily with the people she stayed with. They put her on a bus for Atlanta and she got to Atlanta in March of 1941.\n\nBERMAN: Did she bring any of the old world customs with her? Did she assimilate like the rest of you?\n\nSPIELBERG: Yes, in fact, she would not speak German any more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother and father spoke German to each other. She would not speak German. She just hated the Germans so much that she would... I mean, if she had to she would use the language but she would never speak it. She spoke English to everyone even though she was very fluent in German.\n\nBERMAN: What about you? What are your feelings for Germany?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, I mean, it has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been such a long time. Of course, the people in Germany now are not the ones who were there when I lived there. I've been back a couple of times and it gives me a very peculiar feeling when I walk in Germany and talk German, which I still understand. I can get by speaking it even though we didn't speak it at home. Mainly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of my grandmother. She didn't want to speak German. Really, none of us wanted to speak it. I don't hate the present Germans. I don't feel very good about Germany as such. I wouldn't really want to spend a lot of time there. About the Holocaust itself, I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have only read. I have not experienced that. When it's beyond belief, you can't believe people did things like that.\n\nBERMAN: Going back to you and your social life, after Girls' high School what did you do and how did you meet your husband?\n\nSPIELBERG: After Girls' High school, I really wanted to go to work but there was one teacher there who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"No, you shouldn't go to work right after high school.\" A lot of girls did that. \"You should go to college and go on over to Agnes Scott, which was in commuting distance. I will talk to them and apply for part scholarship.\" So, that is what I did. I went to Agnes Scott for two year, which was... of course, commuting in those days... college ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"costs aren't what they are now. I stayed there for two years and then the war ended. I had been going to girls schools forever. I think elementary schools were co-ed, but didn't pay attention to any of that. But, I really wanted to have a different experience. I applied to the University of Iowa because I had some relatives near there. Knew about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleges were very crowded at that point with the returning veterans. I got in there and spent two years at the University of Iowa. Then, I came back to Atlanta and I had not been... they didn't really give you too much advise at colleges. I really hadn't prepared for any kind of job. Jobs were hard to get in those days because there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these returning veterans. So, I just got some not really exciting jobs like bookkeeping and stuff like that. I met my husband just through a friend of mine who was marrying his brother and she introduced me to him.\n\nBERMAN: Was it important to you then to marry someone within you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faith?\n\nSPIELBERG: Yes, it was. During the war, I'd go out with some of the soldiers and some of them weren't Jewish. In terms of marrying, yes, I did want to marry someone else Jewish. Even though we weren't orthodox or anything, it was important.\n\nBERMAN: Did you still practice a lot of Jewish customs or ceremonies at home?\n\nSPIELBERG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being German Jews, my father was brought up in an orthodox family, but the Jewish education he got in the small German town was not really conducive to him liking it very much. When he moved away from there and moved to Berlin, he didn't keep up orthodoxy. I remember going to High Holidays services, and I can't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find what the synagogue was... It was called the Friedens Temple, but I don't know where it was or anything, but it was orthodox to the point that the men and women sat separately and the men wore hats in synagogue. The sermon was in German. That was the only reform type of thing that was in this particular synagogue. We would go for High Holidays and we'd celebrate Friday night and make the brachas on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friday night. In fact, my mother wasn't brought up in a synagogue too much. They kept practices but not to a great extent. I think my grandmother did really not know too much about Judaism. Then when Hitler came along, of course, you came more practicing... Judaism more because you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became more aware of it. Before you were trying to be German and he reminded us that we were really Jewish and so we went back to it more. In Germany, you get religious education. For awhile, the state provided Jewish education for the Jewish children in the school. I remember, there was a teacher who came not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the school but to our house and there was several other Jewish children. We'd learn about Hebrew and study the Bible to some extent. At state expense. The teacher was provided by the German government because the education was public. We wouldn't participate in the religious education at the school. We celebrated Hanuakah and Passover. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nBERMAN: Did you try to pass these practices down to your own children?\n\nSPIELBERG: Yes, in fact, my children went to the Hebrew Academy. My husband is Eastern European and so he had more of a Jewish education. He was bar mitzvah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was really his... We belong to Ahavath Achim. Our children went to the Hebrew Academy. We haven't been orthodox or anything, but we've been Jewish. The boys and girls have had a bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah.\n\nBERMAN: Was that a change to go to Ahavath Achim?\n\nSPIELBERG: Yes. Well, we didn't go very much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to synagogue in Germany. We just really went on the High Holidays, but it really was different... mixed seating and that sort of thing. In England, I did not go to synagogue. The school was not a religious school but they went to church every Sunday. I was asked to go with them to church. They didn't want to leave somebody behind. Everybody went to church so I used to go to church ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the group on Sundays. Then over here, of course, I went to Sunday school at The Temple, but they didn't have bat mitzvah. They had confirmation, which I was at The Temple in 1942.\n\nBERMAN: What are your early recollections of Rabbi Marx and Rabbi Rothschild?\n\nSPIELBERG: I don't remember but my father never forgot the story. We got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here just before Yom Kippur in 1940 and went to services at The Temple for Yom Kippur. Rabbi Marx made a sermon. That particular Yom Kippur why he joined the Council for Judaism, why he did not believe in Palestine as home for the Jewish people, and even though those ships ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time were prying the Mediterranean, those Jews were not allowed into any country or into Palestine. The ships finally sank. It was terrible. It was a terrible time. My father heard this sermon and said, \"I will never go back. I will never listen to that anymore.\" We didn't believe in that philosophy. It was interesting because the first teacher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had at The Temple for Sunday school was Morris Abram. You remember him?\n\nBERMAN: Yeah.\n\nSPIELBERG: He was a fantastic teacher. I will never forget him. One of the things he did was have a debate about whether Palestine should be a homeland for the Jews. In that class, there was one other refugee boy besides myself. We were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only two who believed that Palestine\nshould be a home for the Jews. Everybody else in that class, wasn't a very large\nclass, believed like he did, that it should not be a homeland for the Jews.\nThat's my remembrance of that. I remember being in his confirmation class and\njust finding a pretty boy, but except for that I don't remember much about Dr.\nMarx. Certainly didn't believe the way he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did.\n\nBERMAN: Was there a big change for you when Rabbi Rothschild came?\n\nSPIELBERG: Yea, I think. I taught some Sunday school at the temple for a number\nof years until I had my third child. Yes, I think he made quite a change there\nin attitude and everything else. I really liked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him.\n\nBERMAN: This is probably one of the more thought provoking questions, I think,\nand, give it a little thought before you answer it, some of your dreams and\nhopes before the war while you were a young girl in Germany, do you think that\nyou fulfilled some of those dreams and hopes that you had for yourself and your family?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I've been extremely lucky. In terms -- well women\ndidn't think that much about careers in those days. You really wanted to have a\nfamily, and I have a wonderful family. I have four children. My oldest son,\nthree of them are lawyers, my oldest son lives in California and married out\nthere and has one child who is almost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six. My second son, Joshua, my oldest\nson's name is David, lives in New Jersey, south Jersey near Philadelphia, and\nhe's also a lawyer, he's a trial lawyer. He has a wonderful family, a wife and\nthree children; Lila is 15, Ben is 12, and Hannah ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"9. David's son's name is\nMichael. Then I have two daughters. The oldest one is another lawyer. She lives\nin Maryland near Washington [D.C.]. She does public interest law and she has two\nlittle girls; Adela is 4 and a half and Michelle is 20 months. Then my youngest\ndaughter also lives in Washington ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she works for General Accounting, which is\nthe congressional arm of congress, I mean, the congressional office\ninvestigating agency for congress. She used to work on the Hill and she is\nmarried to an artist who did two of these pictures here [points to pictures] and\nhas a little daughter who is five months, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dahlia. In terms of that, I am very\nlucky and happy. In terms of career, I really never was focused that much on a\ncareer. I've done volunteer work and been a little bit active politically. I\nserved on the Dekalb County Zoning Appeals board for 14 years and was active in\nthe League of Women Voters and Council of Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Women. Now I'm retried and\ntravel around to see my children. In terms of that I just feel very fortunate\nthat I've been able to come to the United States and loved living here.\n\nBERMAN: Why is it important to you to speak to school children about your\nexperiences when you come to the museum?\n\nSPIELBERG: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When my children were growing up I used to tell them the stories too.\nI tried not to make it too awful, well, mine are not too awful, but not tell\nthem about the Holocaust but just the things that happened to me. How life was\ndifferent then, that sort of thing. I've told the stories to my grandchildren so\nI figure, maybe I should just kinda spread the word and let them know that life\nisn't always like they experience it and that there were different things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going\non in the world and they need to be aware of what was happening in the past so\nthey can prevent this sort of thing in the future.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned that you went to Berlin, back home several times.\n\nSPIELBERG: A couple of times.\n\nBERMAN: What was that like?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, in 1979, I went with my husband and my two daughters and I\nspecifically wanted to go back to Berlin. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time it was still under\nRussian, partly Russian influence, Soviet influence, and partly of course\nAmerican, British, and French. We rented a car and traveled to the East Germany\nwhich was kind of frightening experience because once you've had this repression\nand the government is so oppressive that it can do anything to you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you kinda\ndon't like to be in that atmosphere. You could even feel it in East Germany.\nJust going through that part of it was completely different than traveling in\nthe rest of Europe. Helicopters were hovering over head to watch the cars and\nthe country was much more rural, there weren't cars or anything. When we got to\nBerlin, it was very interesting, I remembered it. It hadn't changed that much\nexcept for, of course, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"divided. I haven't been back since its been put\ntogether. I didn't know we lived in West Berlin. I even kinda remembered some of\nthe streets we drove in. We went back to this suburb where I lived because I\nwanted to show it to my children, to my husband and it seemed much smaller\nbecause when you're young everything seems lager I think. We live din two\ndifferent houses there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went to the first one and I had a picture of it from\nwhen we lived there and it looked pretty much the same except the trees my\nmother had planted had grown very big. We kinda walked around it and the people\nthat lived inside noticed us and so we told them, one of the could speak English\nand I could speak German of course, so we told them that we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived there and\nshowed them the pictures. They invited us inside and were very friendly and I\nsort of saw the house. They had renovated it but it was pretty much the same.\nThe school wasn't there anymore and the suburb looked sort of the same but not\nthat much the same. I mean, the bakery was gone that we'd gone to and, no, I\nthink there was a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"café where that had been so we sat there and had\ncoffee and cake. It felt very peculiar to be back there, to look at it. But it\nwas interesting. There was one person I still knew there who was a friend of my\nmother's, my father's and she live din the same apartment she'd lived in when we\nlived there which was fairly close to where we lived. We went and visited her.\nShe was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite elderly but her husband had been one of the few people\nthat tried to do something against the Nazi regime and he had survived because\nshe was gentile and he was Jewish and she took care of him. He had already died\nby the time we got over there. He'd been a journalist so when the Americans and\nBritish and French took over he'd been put in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charge of one of the newspapers\nbecause he was definitely one of the anti-Nazis which they were look for. She\nstill was of course the anti-Nazi and she said, well, she didn't think the\nGermans had changed that much. We just talked a little bit, she was already\ngetting on in years so she wasn't quite that much with it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore.\n\nBERMAN: Well, finally, is there anything you would like to say, leave us with a\nfinal note of something you might wanna say to the family or your children about\nyour experience, about your life, all that you've accomplished since leaving\nGermany in 1939?\n\nSPIELBERG: Well, I can just say I have been extremely lucky. I don't think I\nwould've been as happy growing up in Germany as I was growing up in the United\nStates and living here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/transcript/24816/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just love the United States and am really glad I just\nwas able to live my life out here.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you, I really appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=4110.0,4140.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.  Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany.  Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly ‘KL’ or ‘KZ’) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race.  The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ehe Warburg family is a family whose members were eminent in banking and philanthropy.They settled in theGerman town of Warburgum (from which the family derived its name) in 1559. Subsequently, branches settled inScandinavia, England, andthe United States. Simon Elias Warburg (1760–1828) founded the first Jewishcommunity in Sweden and his grandson Frederik Elias Warburg (1832–99) was aco-founder of the Central LondonElectric Railway. Moses Marcus Warburg (d.1830) and his brother Gerson (d. 1825) founded in 1798 the bank ofM.M.Warburg \u0026amp; Co. of Hamburg, Germany. Among their descendants were five brothers, grandsons of Moses M.,of whom four were bankers: Max M.Warburg (1867–1946), financialadviser to the German delegation to the Parispeaceconference in 1919; Paul Moritz Warburg (1868–1932), member of the U.S. bank of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. andof the Federal Reserve Board; Felix Moritz Warburg (1871–1937), partner in Kuhn, Loeb and Co.; and Fritz Moritz Warburg (1879–1964). Felix M. was a supporter of adult education and Jewish theological schoolsand was active inother philanthropic organizations. James Paul Warburg (1896–1969),son of Paul M., was a banker and economist,member of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt’s original “brain trust,” and author of several books\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Kindertransport’ is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories of Austria, and ex-Czechoslovakia. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children’s homes. Beginning in March 1939, several transports brought children from Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt and other places in Germany to France. When the Germans occupied France, the 144 children, in two separate transports, were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941 and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGone with the Wind is a novel written by Margaret Mitchell focusing on the American Civil War. It focuses on an Atlantan Southern Belle named Scarlet O’Hara and her struggles through the war. It was released in 1936 and adapted into a movie in 1939. It has become a staple of Atlanta culture and is still widely popular today, coming in behind the Bible as one of the most popular books in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs with the objective of protecting and enhancing the well-being of Jews worldwide. After the Holocaust, the American\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJewish Joint Distribution Committee (the “Joint”, or JDC), the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), and other philanthropic organizations that later merged to form the JFNA worked together to support Jewish survivors. Refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy received funds to help them resettle in places like the United States or Palestine and create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA private gold club previously in Atlanta, GA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Rothschild was rabbi of the city’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, in Atlanta, Georgia from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. He forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDekalb County is one of the most populous and affluent counties in Georgia. It contains roughly ten percent of the city of Atlanta (the other 90 percent lies in Fulton County). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e A civic organization that was formed by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1920 to help women take a larger role in public affairs. It does not support or oppose candidates for office at any level of government but rather works to increase understanding of major public policy issues and to influence public policy through education and advocacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish volunteer organization that promotes advocacy to promote civil freedoms and rights to improve people’s quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/annotation_set/460/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War Two, Germany was occupied by the four Allied powers: the Soviet Union, United States, U.K, and France. The determined zones of influence in the country, dividing it into four parts. They were unable to decide what to do with Berlin, the capitol of Germany, which lay in the Soviet Union’s zone of influence. The four came to the decision that they would divide the city into four sections, one for each Allie. These zone of influence were meant to be temporary, but in 1961, the Soviet Union constructed the Berlin Wall, permanently separating its half of the country from the other three zones. East Germany became an established state under the Soviets and the British, French, and American forces combined their zones into West Germany. Berlin itself was divided in half, becoming East Berlin and West Berlin. These two states would remain divided until the fall of the wall November 8, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=3840.0,3870.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gisela Spielberg [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=18.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I guess I’d like to start really with your early background. Just briefly tell me a little bit about your family, who your parents were, sibling, and a little bit about your life in Germany pre-war, pre-Nazi takeover.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=18.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1930s","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandmother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindertransport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lady Kahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prison","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sister","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=18.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=952.0,1451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Kristallnacht. What are your recollections of that? Was the family aware, because of the rumor mill, that something might be happening.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=952.0,1451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boarding School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lady Kahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pictures","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Great Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=952.0,1451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1451.0,2095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, so you came ... I guess the logical next question is why Atlanta? Or how Atlanta?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1451.0,2095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern European Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gone with the Wind","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jobs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New World Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resettlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Settlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U-Boats","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=1451.0,2095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother's work with the National Constitution of Women","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2095.0,2317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me about your mother and her interest with the National Constitution of Women and address why she felt this commitment.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2095.0,2317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Constitutional of Women","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reparations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resettlement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2095.0,2317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Social Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2317.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me a little bit about when you first... go back a little bit to when you first got here. 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Just some more of your social activities in those early years.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2317.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americanized","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friends","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ponce de Leon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2317.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandmother's life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283#t=2542.0,2980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39685/file/111283/index/47809/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, my grandmothers... 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