{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/125q816g51/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Travis, Robert"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1982-01-27 (captured)","1982-02-03 (captured)","1982-02-24 (captured)","1982-03-23 (captured)","1983-05-04 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Travis, Robert (Interviewee)","Unknown (Interviewer)","Leeds, Leonard (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther \u0026amp; Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Travis was interviewed by unknown interviewer on January 27, 1982, February 3, 1982, February 24, 1982 and March 23, 1982, in Atlanta, Georgia. Robert Travis was interviewed by Leonard Leeds on May 4, 1983, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRobert “Bob” Travis was born in Riga, Lativa on February 21, 1900. He was one of 10 sons and two daughters born to Solomon “Shalom” Travis and Yetta Leflander Travis. In 1906, he, his mother, two sisters, and seven brothers immigrated to the United States. They joined his father and two older brothers who had immigrated in 1904 and 1905. His family settled in New York City, where his father worked as a tinsmith and a roofer, and his mother was a homemaker. Bob attended school until eighth grade and started working. His name at birth was Chaim Trovish, which he later changed it Herman Trovish, before legally changing it to Robert Travis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1928, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he worked as a traveling salesman for Bailey, Green \u0026amp; Elger, Inc. for many years. During the early 1930’s, he developed a growing interest in Zionism and became an ardent Zionist. He was instrumental in reviving the Atlanta Zionist District in 1936. He served as the president of the Atlanta Zionist District from 1937-1939. He later served as the president of the Southeastern Zionist Region. In 1941, in association with Julian Boehm, he was instrumental in organizing the Atlanta branch of the American Christian Palestine Committee. He is also credited with being a founder of Camp Judaea in Henderson, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBob married Bertha “Bert” Edison on June 4, 1925, in Bronx, New York. They had one daughter, Sally Travis Felt and three grandchildren. Upon first moving to Atlanta, they belonged to The Temple but later belonged to Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In addition to his various Zionist activities, Bert was also very active in Hadassah and worked with Young Judaea. Bert passed away in 1978, and Bob later married Elsa Reisberg. Bob passed away on October 12, 1985.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Robert discussing books and resources that influenced his views on Zionism. He recalls some of early Zionist work done in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1910’s and 1920’s. He reflects on the book The Island Within, his friendship with the Reiss family from Mobile, Alabama, and their large Jewish related book collection.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe shares the reason his family immigrated from Lativa and the experience of coming to the United States. Robert discusses his family’s religious observance once in America. He talks about his father’s occupation and his father’s feelings on Palestine. He reflects on changing his name and not receiving any Jewish education as a child. Robert recalls quitting school after the eighth grade and going to work. He shares the influence his wife, Bert had on his Jewish beliefs and values. He reflects on having a Jewish inferiority complex and how that changed over time. He discusses moving to Atlanta in 1928 and the reasons he and Bert joined The Temple. He remembers the reasons he and his family did not stay at The Temple and joined Ahavath Achim.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert discusses some of the early leaders of the first Atlanta Zionist District. He reflects on the feelings and reactions of the Jewish community to Adolf Hitler coming to power in 1933. He talks about restarting the Atlanta Zionist District in 1936. Robert provides the names of some of the men who joined the Zionist District once it was restarted. He details the efforts of the group to build up its membership, and how Hadassah assisted them in growing their membership. He spoke about the efforts to recruit members from The Temple and other synagogues. He also discusses the creation of the Atlanta American Christian Palestine Committee and some of individuals involved.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe talks about Julian Boehm and his connections within the Atlanta community. He shares a story about him and Julian at the Bonehead Club. Robert recounts information about Pierre van Paasen and some of his work. He recalls how Rabbi David Marx was anti-Zionist and how he refused to let Zionist ideas be preached about at The Temple. He spoke about working with the Southeastern Zionist Region executive director Adalbert Freedman to organization various Zionist districts throughout the Southeast. Robert also recalls how Adalbert Freedman came to be the executive director and some of the challenges faced in that position. He talks about some of the non-clergy Christians who helped promoted the idea of a Jewish state.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert reflects on what was known about the treatment of the Jews in Europe during World War II. He shares the efforts that were made to get the government to take some actions to help the Jews. He also discusses the work done by Hadassah and individuals like Recha Freier and Youth Aliyah during the war. Robert talks about the challenge he had with B’nai B’rith to get a resolution for support of a partition in Palestine. He reflects on a meeting where David Ben-Gurion when he was seeking support of the Yishuv in Palestine. He describes the actions taken by the Southeastern Zionist Region to help provide supplies and raise funds to help the newly formed State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert discusses recruiting Harold Hirsch to join the Atlanta Zionist District, and the impact it had on recruiting other individuals in Atlanta. He recalls Rabbi Marx’s reaction to members of The Temple joining the Atlanta Zionist District and how Marx did support Palestine for refugees, but not a political state. He spoke about the American Council for Judaism and his opinion of the national executive director Rabbi Elmer Berger. He reflects further on the development and formation of the Southeast Region of ZOA. He remembers the acceptance of the partition agreement and celebration after the United Nations approved the resolution in 1947. Robert shares that his boss helped raise funds for the newly formed State of Israel and the assistance he provided to a Jewish customer in the Netherlands before World War II. He recounts a story of his wife returning for the World Zionist Congress in 1939. Robert also describes the development of Camp Judaea and its early supporters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert shares why he came to Atlanta and his increasing involvement in the Zionist movement. He details the 1976 airplane hijacking and hostage rescue of Jews at Entebbe, and how he closely followed the story. He mentions again why he moved to Atlanta from New York. Robert recalls his relationship with Ludwig Lewisohn and Lewisohn’s work. He shares again about Pierre van Paassen and his involvement with Zionism. Robert reflects on his various trips to Israel and the impact it had on him. He ends the interview by talking again about his family history.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Travis, Robert (1900-1985) (personal name)","Travis, Bertha “Bert” Edison (1902-1978) (personal name)","Felt, Sally Travis (1928-2023) (personal name)","Travis, Shalom “Solomon” (1863-1922) (personal name)","Travis, Yetta Leflander (1866-1943) (personal name)","Lewisohn, Ludwig (1882-1955) (personal name)","Reiss, Gustave (1898-1938) (personal name)","Reiss, Ruth Bauer (1871-1948) (personal name)","Reiss Sr., Jacob (1861-1923) (personal name)","Reiss, Norman (1893-1942) (personal name)","Reiss Jr., Jacob (1907-1969) (personal name)","Graetz, Heinrich (1817-1891) (personal name)","Dubnow, Simon (1860-1941) (personal name)","Roth, Cecil (1899-1970) (personal name)","Epstein, Rabbi Harry (1903-2003) (personal name)","Eplan, Samuel (1896-1984) (personal name)","Taylor, Esther Kahn (1905-1992) (personal name)","Paradies, I.J. (1885-1967) (personal name)","Rich, Meyer (1889-1951) (personal name)","Goldstein, Joseph H. (1888-1969) (personal name)","Wolfson, Dr. Harry (1887-1974) (personal name)","Levitas, Louis J. (1885-1968) (personal name)","Wengrow, Harry (1899-1947) (personal name)","Frank, Leo (1884-1915) (personal name)","Felt, Jake (1900-1950) (personal name)","Berman, Samuel (1898-1966) (personal name)","Bergman, Charles (1905-1994) (personal name)","Gershon, David (1908-1993) (personal name)","Benamy, Solomon (1904-1978) (personal name)","Blass, Dr. Nathan (1910-1974) (personal name)","Goldstein, Abe (1889-1982) (personal name)","Marx, Rabbi David (1872-1962) (personal name)","Franco, Victor (1896-1965) (personal name)","Franco, Isaac (1899-1990) (personal name)","Franco, Jack (1904-1999) (personal name)","Franco, Joseph (1910-2008) (personal name)","Ajouelo, Davis “David” (1896-1975) (personal name)","Cohen, Rabbi Joseph (1896-1985) (personal name)","van Paassen, Pierre (1895-1968) (personal name)","Boehm, Julian (1878-1960) (personal name)","Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945) (personal name)","Rothberg Jr., Samuel (1886-1975) (personal name)","Freedman, Adalbert (1902-2002) (personal name)","Heller, Rabbi James (1892-1971) (personal name)","Jones, M. Ashby (1868-1947) (personal name)","McGill, Ralph (1898-1969) (personal name)","Blake, William Morgan (1889-1953) (personal name)","Talmadge, Eugene (1884-1946) (personal name)","Hartsfield Sr., William (1890-1971) (personal name)","McLarty, Robert (1888-1969) (personal name)","Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924) (personal name)","Borah, William (1865-1940) (personal name)","Cutting, Bronson (1888-1935) (personal name)","Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850-1924) (personal name)","Dreyfus, Alfred (1859-1935) (personal name)","Gore, Norman (1905-1975) (personal name)","Hirsch, Harold (1881-1930) (personal name)","Mack, Julian (1866-1943) (personal name)","Weiss, Morton (1918-2010) (personal name)","Shulhafer, Philip (1898-1961) (personal name)","Turner, Herman (1891-1972) (personal name)","Burns, Robert (1904-1997) (personal name)","Weltner, Philip (1887-1981) (personal name)","Weltner, Charles (1927-1992) (personal name)","Gershon, Rebecca “Reb” Mathias (1898-1987) (personal name)","Arnall, Ellis (1907-1992) (personal name)","Russell Jr., Richard (1897-1971) (personal name)","George, Walter (1878-1957) (personal name)","Davis, James (1895-1981) (personal name)","Wise, Rabbi Stephen (1874-1949) (personal name)","Morgenthau, Jr., Henry (1891-1967) (personal name)","Freier, Recha (1892-1984) (personal name)","Szold, Henrietta (1860-1945) (personal name)","Arnon, Yoel (1922-unknown) (personal name)","Silver, Abba Hillel (1893-1963) (personal name)","Kroloff, Max (1908-1959) (personal name)","Kroloff, Charles (b. 1935) (personal name)","Aiken, George (1892-1984) (personal name)","Monsky, Henry (1890-1947) (personal name)","Ben-Gurion, David (1886-1973) (personal name)","Sonneborn, Rudolf (1898-1986) (personal name)","Montor, Henry (1905-1982) (personal name)","Dafni, Reuven (1913-2005) (personal name)","Van Straaten, Alexander (1883-1955) (personal name)","May, Mortimer (1893-1974) (personal name)","Churchill, Winston (1874-1965) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","La Guardia, Fiorello (1882-1947) (personal name)","Rich, Walter (1880-1947) (personal name)","Kahn, Edward (1885-1984) (personal name)","Brandeis, Louis (1856-1941) (personal name)","Heyman, Herman (1898-1968) (personal name)","Berger, Elmer (1908-1996) (personal name)","Rosenwald, Lessing (1891-1979) (personal name)","Shankman, Samuel (1890-1967) (personal name)","Abelson, Isaac (1882-1957) (personal name)","Sharett, Moshe (1894-1965) (personal name)","Truman, Harry S. (1884-1972) (personal name)","Boschen, Otto (1886-1959) (personal name)","Reisman, Dr. Edward (1921-1986) (personal name)","Reisman, Lila (1928-2003) (personal name)","Amin, Idi (1928-2003) (personal name)","Astar, Nahum (personal name)","Montgomery, Marshal (1887-1976) (personal name)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Mobile, Alabama (geographic term)","Montgomery, Alabama (geographic term)","Birmingham, Alabama (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Macon, Georgia (geographic term)","Savannah, Georgia (geographic term)","Warm Springs, Georgia (geographic term)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","Tampa, Florida (geographic term)","Orlando, Florida (geographic term)","Jacksonville, Florida (geographic term)","Knoxville, Tennessee (geographic term)","Chattanooga, Tennessee (geographic term)","Memphis, Tennessee (geographic term)","Nashville, Tennessee (geographic term)","Greenville, South Carolina (geographic term)","Charleston, South Carolina (geographic term)","Columbia, South Carolina (geographic term)","Asheville, North Carolina (geographic term)","Charlotte, North Carolina (geographic term)","Greensboro, North Carolina (geographic term)","Hendersonville, North Carolina (geographic term)","Cincinnati, Ohio (geographic term)","Meridian, Mississippi (geographic term)","Baltimore, Maryland (geographic term)","Detroit, Michigan (geographic term)","Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","Newark, New Jersey (geographic term)","Jersey City, New Jersey (geographic term)","Bayonne, New Jersey (geographic term)","St. Louis, Missouri (geographic term)","Riga, Latvia (geographic term)","Mitau, Latvia (geographic term)","Libau, Lativa (geographic term)","Amersfoort, Holland (geographic term)","Geneva, Switzerland (geographic term)","Amsterdam, Netherlands (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Hull, England (geographic term)","Liverpool, England (geographic term)","Jerusalem, Israel (geographic term)","Tel Aviv, Israel (geographic term)","Hebron, Israel (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Reiss Mercantile Company (corporate name)","Zionist Organization of America (corporate name)","Atlanta Zionist District (corporate name)","Southeastern Zionist Region (corporate name)","Jewish Publication Society (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Congregation Or VeShalom (corporate name)","Covenant Presbyterian Church (corporate name)","Peachtree Christian Church (corporate name)","Progressive Club (corporate name)","American Christian Palestine Committee (corporate name)","American Jewish Congress (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (corporate name)","American Council for Judaism (corporate name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Anti-Defamation League (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith (corporate name)","Atlanta Constitution (corporate name)","Atlanta Journal (corporate name)","Southern Israelite (corporate name)","League of Nations (corporate name)","United Nations (corporate name)","Consul General of Israel (corporate name)","Evian Conference (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Hadassah (corporate name)","Youth Aliyah (corporate name)","American Zionist Council (corporate name)","United Jewish Appeal (corporate name)","Jewish Welfare Fund, Atlanta (corporate name)","World Zionist Council (corporate name)","Haganah (corporate name)","Young Judaea (corporate name)","Camp Judaea (corporate name)","Great Depression (named event)","World War I, 1914-1918 (named event)","World War II, 1939-1945 (named event)","Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 (named event)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Arab-Israeli War of 1948 (named event)","Operation Entebbe (named event)","Balfour Declaration of 1917 (topical term)","The White Paper of 1939 (topical term)","Jewish Brigade (topical term)","Cave of Machpelah (topical term)","Synagogue (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Anti-Zionism (topical term)","Passover (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Yiddish (topical term)","Bar Mitzvah (topical term)","Cheder (topical term)","Rosh HaShanah (topical term)","Purim (topical term)","Seder (topical term)","Hanukkah (topical term)","Yishuv (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Halutzim (topical term)","Palmach (topical term)","Shtetl (topical term)","Shul (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Travis was interviewed by unknown interviewer on January 27, 1982, February 3, 1982, February 24, 1982 and March 23, 1982, in Atlanta, Georgia. Robert Travis was interviewed by Leonard Leeds on May 4, 1983, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert \u0026ldquo;Bob\u0026rdquo; Travis was born in Riga, Lativa on February 21, 1900. He was one of 10 sons and two daughters born to Solomon \u0026ldquo;Shalom\u0026rdquo; Travis and Yetta Leflander Travis. In 1906, he, his mother, two sisters, and seven brothers immigrated to the United States. They joined his father and two older brothers who had immigrated in 1904 and 1905. His family settled in New York City, where his father worked as a tinsmith and a roofer, and his mother was a homemaker. Bob attended school until eighth grade and started working. His name at birth was Chaim Trovish, which he later changed it Herman Trovish, before legally changing it to Robert Travis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1928, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he worked as a traveling salesman for Bailey, Green \u0026amp; Elger, Inc. for many years. During the early 1930\u0026rsquo;s, he developed a growing interest in Zionism and became an ardent Zionist. He was instrumental in reviving the Atlanta Zionist District in 1936. He served as the president of the Atlanta Zionist District from 1937-1939. He later served as the president of the Southeastern Zionist Region. In 1941, in association with Julian Boehm, he was instrumental in organizing the Atlanta branch of the American Christian Palestine Committee. He is also credited with being a founder of Camp Judaea in Henderson, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eBob married Bertha \u0026ldquo;Bert\u0026rdquo; Edison on June 4, 1925, in Bronx, New York. They had one daughter, Sally Travis Felt and three grandchildren. Upon first moving to Atlanta, they belonged to The Temple but later belonged to Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In addition to his various Zionist activities, Bert was also very active in Hadassah and worked with Young Judaea. Bert passed away in 1978, and Bob later married Elsa Reisberg. Bob passed away on October 12, 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Robert discussing books and resources that influenced his views on Zionism. He recalls some of early Zionist work done in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1910\u0026rsquo;s and 1920\u0026rsquo;s. He reflects on the book The Island Within, his friendship with the Reiss family from Mobile, Alabama, and their large Jewish related book collection.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe shares the reason his family immigrated from Lativa and the experience of coming to the United States. Robert discusses his family\u0026rsquo;s religious observance once in America. He talks about his father\u0026rsquo;s occupation and his father\u0026rsquo;s feelings on Palestine. He reflects on changing his name and not receiving any Jewish education as a child. Robert recalls quitting school after the eighth grade and going to work. He shares the influence his wife, Bert had on his Jewish beliefs and values. He reflects on having a Jewish inferiority complex and how that changed over time. He discusses moving to Atlanta in 1928 and the reasons he and Bert joined The Temple. He remembers the reasons he and his family did not stay at The Temple and joined Ahavath Achim.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert discusses some of the early leaders of the first Atlanta Zionist District. He reflects on the feelings and reactions of the Jewish community to Adolf Hitler coming to power in 1933. He talks about restarting the Atlanta Zionist District in 1936. Robert provides the names of some of the men who joined the Zionist District once it was restarted. He details the efforts of the group to build up its membership, and how Hadassah assisted them in growing their membership. He spoke about the efforts to recruit members from The Temple and other synagogues. He also discusses the creation of the Atlanta American Christian Palestine Committee and some of individuals involved.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe talks about Julian Boehm and his connections within the Atlanta community. He shares a story about him and Julian at the Bonehead Club. Robert recounts information about Pierre van Paasen and some of his work. He recalls how Rabbi David Marx was anti-Zionist and how he refused to let Zionist ideas be preached about at The Temple. He spoke about working with the Southeastern Zionist Region executive director Adalbert Freedman to organization various Zionist districts throughout the Southeast. Robert also recalls how Adalbert Freedman came to be the executive director and some of the challenges faced in that position. He talks about some of the non-clergy Christians who helped promoted the idea of a Jewish state.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert reflects on what was known about the treatment of the Jews in Europe during World War II. He shares the efforts that were made to get the government to take some actions to help the Jews. He also discusses the work done by Hadassah and individuals like Recha Freier and Youth Aliyah during the war. Robert talks about the challenge he had with B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith to get a resolution for support of a partition in Palestine. He reflects on a meeting where David Ben-Gurion when he was seeking support of the Yishuv in Palestine. He describes the actions taken by the Southeastern Zionist Region to help provide supplies and raise funds to help the newly formed State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert discusses recruiting Harold Hirsch to join the Atlanta Zionist District, and the impact it had on recruiting other individuals in Atlanta. He recalls Rabbi Marx\u0026rsquo;s reaction to members of The Temple joining the Atlanta Zionist District and how Marx did support Palestine for refugees, but not a political state. He spoke about the American Council for Judaism and his opinion of the national executive director Rabbi Elmer Berger. He reflects further on the development and formation of the Southeast Region of ZOA. He remembers the acceptance of the partition agreement and celebration after the United Nations approved the resolution in 1947. Robert shares that his boss helped raise funds for the newly formed State of Israel and the assistance he provided to a Jewish customer in the Netherlands before World War II. He recounts a story of his wife returning for the World Zionist Congress in 1939. Robert also describes the development of Camp Judaea and its early supporters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRobert shares why he came to Atlanta and his increasing involvement in the Zionist movement. He details the 1976 airplane hijacking and hostage rescue of Jews at Entebbe, and how he closely followed the story. He mentions again why he moved to Atlanta from New York. Robert recalls his relationship with Ludwig Lewisohn and Lewisohn\u0026rsquo;s work. He shares again about Pierre van Paassen and his involvement with Zionism. Robert reflects on his various trips to Israel and the impact it had on him. He ends the interview by talking again about his family history.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Travis__Robert.mp3"]},"duration":14184.69878,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/270/401/original/Travis__Robert.mp3?1744931558","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":14184.69878,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Travis, Robert [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Bob, you had previously told me that your reading of the novel, The Island Within by Ludwig Lewisohn had a profound effect on you and turned you toward Zionist work. Would you please tell me more about your reading of the book, when you read it, your first reactions to the book?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't tell you the precise year in which I read this book. It was around the early 1930's, maybe 1932 or 1933. The book was loaned to me by a friend of mine, a colleague on the road. I was at that time a traveling salesman. I read the book through the very first night that I received it. I was on the sleeper, on railroad at that time, and didn't finish with the book until about 6:30 in the morning. I had to get out of the railroad car at my destination, Mobile, Alabama, at 7:00, so I didn't have much time to digest what I had read. But I was aware, very keenly aware of the profound impact that the book had made on my consciousness and perhaps too, as I looked back, upon my subconscious. I say this because up until that point I had no conscious awareness of being Jewish. This book, for the first time in my life, made me not only aware of being Jewish, it gave me some small inkling of the history of the Jewish people. Fortunately, being in Mobile, Alabama, I stayed with friends of mine, the owners of the Reiss Mercantile Company Department Store, who were also my clients, customers, I should say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=35.0,158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember how to spell the name Reiss? How was that spelled?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=158.0,164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e R-E-I-S-S. I stayed at the home of Gus Reiss. He would not permit me to stay in the hotel. One of my early experiences, a certain kind of Southern Jewish hospitality. I had been to his home a number of times before, of course. This time as I walked into the home through the library, I noticed books in that library for the first time because the name Jewish caught my eye, which was a new phenomenon, I think, as far as my reactions to Jewish was concerned. I looked at these books and there were five volumes of The History of the Jews by Graetz, Heinrich Graetz, I think. I asked Mother Reiss if I could borrow these volumes one at a time and return them on my subsequent trips. I came to Mobile at intervals of six weeks, thus in thirty weeks I read all of the five volumes. Again, this stirred me to a considerable degree to somehow obtain more knowledge of the people from whom I stem. Upon returning the fifth volume, I noticed volumes of Jewish history by [Simon] Dubnow, History of the Jews of Poland, History of the Jews of Russia, and I read those. Then came across in the same library, History of the Jews of Spain by Cecil Roth. I dare say that within a relatively short period, I had read some two or three dozen histories of the Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=164.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Top quality ones too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=309.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=311.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Top quality ones too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=312.0,313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the best historians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=313.0,315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The best historians, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=315.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I felt that I had at this point obtained sufficient background as a Jew to embark on some action. The action that was indicated to me by the histories that I read was the restoration of our people to their ancient homeland. In short, affiliation with the Zionist Organization of America. Upon inquiry in Atlanta [Georgia] from my good friend Rabbi [Harry] Epstein, I learned that at the present time there was no district in the city of Atlanta. There had been a district in the city of Atlanta as far back as the Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917, and at that time a young man by the name of Sam Eplan was its president. But within a few short years, it petered out, people seemed to have lost interest. Mr. Eplan was involved in, like all of the rest of us, I guess, in making a living. These were the times of . . . the Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930's and its aftermath, so that interest waned, and the district appeared to dissolve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me stop you there. [tape stops and resumes] Bob, if you would now, please tell us a little about the basic storyline, the plot of The Island Within. Also, if you would, tell us something about the Reiss family in Mobile along the lines that we discussed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=418.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It's been a great many years since I read The Island Within, and I really don't remember the plot sufficiently well to talk about it. But I do recall vividly one line in the book which stirred me very deeply. It was a son of a German-Jewish family was killed; I believe in an automobile accident as nearly as I can recall. The father, who was so distressed, and seeking some solace went for the first time, in a great many years to a synagogue. In the synagogue, he prayed for the first time in 50 years. He heard coming out of him, apparently, it was a subconscious impetus. He heard himself say, \"Shema Yisrael, Adonai Eloheinu, Adonai Echad\" [Hebrew: Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God, the Lord is One!]. Hearing this and not realizing that he himself had repeated this prayer affected me very profoundly. Perhaps because, up until this point, I had very little interest and very little knowledge I should had of Judaism and Jewish history. This determined me to seek the background to which, as a Jew, I was entitled and of which I was deprived. Therefore, when I came into the Reiss home, the sight of those books rang a bell in my mind immediately, here is my opportunity to obtain the background which I lack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=457.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e It . . .  was bringing together certain events in your life, one right after the other. The motivation to learn something about your heritage, then having the opportunity to immediately delve into.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=613.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e My own observation would be that this beginning, desire to know about my heritage was an emotional desire, which I trust ultimately became an intellectual, as well as an identification need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=630.0,657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Very good. Tell me something about the Reiss family, about the person you called Mama Reiss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=657.0,666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The Reiss's, as I indicated, I met through my business activity. Mr. Reiss had died shortly before I met the family for the first time. The sons were Gus, who was the middle son, Norman, the eldest, and Jake, the youngest. Norman Reiss became a very close and intimate friend. In fact, I'm certain I wouldn't be exaggerating if I said the entire family became intimate friends. In addition to the three sons, they had three daughters, one lived in Miami [Florida], one in Charlotte [North Carolina], and I kept contact with them also for many years. Unfortunately, Gus Reiss died quite young at 39 years of age, and Norman passed away when he was not much older. One of the daughters passed away, and Jake Reiss still lives in Mobile, Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=666.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did Mama Reiss come to have these books in her library?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=754.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course, to me, the outstanding personality in this family was Mother Reiss. She was in her way a quite remarkable woman, and I should say a remarkable Jewess. She was born in a small town in Mississippi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=759.0,777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You remember where in Mississippi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=777.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e If I am not mistaken, it was Demopolis, but I'm not positive. The reason Demopolis, the reason I recall Demopolis because Gus Reiss married a girl from Demopolis, a Jewish girl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=780.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now there's a Demopolis, Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=795.0,797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Demopolis, Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=797.0,799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know if it's the Demopolis, Mississippi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=799.0,803.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes, you're right about it. You'll have to erase some of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=803.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's ok . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=807.0,808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . It was Mississippi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=808.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mama Reiss was born in Mississippi. One of her children married someone from Demopolis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=810.0,812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Alabama. She was a very active Jewess in the German Jewish community. Now there was a very decided split in this city, as well as in other Southern cities and perhaps in some Northern cities as well between the two groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=812.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The same split between the German Jewish community and the Eastern European community in Atlanta. You saw the same thing in the other Southern cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=843.0,858.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. She was a leader. She was a, in her way, a very devout Jewish Jewess. Very loyal to the temple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=858.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was she of German or Eastern European background?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=870.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e She was of German background. Her husband, her late husband, was German. The source of the books was the Jewish Publication Society . . . He had in his library, many Jewish books in addition to these histories of all Jewish Publications Society books.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=874.0,899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You said that Mama Reiss had told you that her children did not read these books, so she was glad to see someone reading them. Did Mr. Reiss, her deceased husband . . . use these books or were they simply on the shelf as a matter of supporting the Jewish Publication Society?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=899.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Both my judgment and evidence, the only evidence I have is the books that were used. This I know from handling them so that I would assume that he did read them. Mother Reiss was very proud to lend them to me and proud of me for wanting to read them because as she put it, none of her children ever opened one of these books.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=924.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was she favorable to your Zionist activity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=956.0,959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In her way, yes, and in fact, the boys too. If there was ever any anti-Zionism in their thinking, they did not, it was not manifested to me. On the contrary, they sympathized with my activity and that is later activity and even at my request occasionally made modest contributions to the Zionist cause, but they would not affiliate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=959.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's now turn to your early life. You've told me some things about the immigration of your family to America. You were born in Riga, Latvia. You told me about the possible origin of the name Travis. If you would, tell me about the decision as best you can remember, made by your parents to come, about the trip on the boat and your feelings and reactions when you saw the Statue of Liberty, what your brothers did? Those would be enough questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=993.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in Riga, Latvia, which at that time, of course, was a part of Russia. Latvia had long lost its independence, which incidentally was restored temporarily after the First World War. I left Russia, when I left with my family, I was five and a half years old, so that my memory of the city would be rather dim. I do recall a Passover in Riga. Now, since we left Riga in February, that Passover must have been almost a year prior to our departure, but I remember very well playing with nuts, which is part of the Passover holiday. Even the poorest of us had a supply of nuts for the holidays. Playing in the backyard, a game with the nuts, which I didn't do badly for my age and since these brothers were six and seven years older than me. But the game collapsed in an argument between the two older ones. I recall also the night that we left Riga. It was early in February.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1049.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1149.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1906. It was a wintry night, snow on the ground, packed down hard. There had been snow on the ground for a number of months, I dare say. But I recall being awakened in the middle of the night and hastily dressed and packed in with the rest of us. Now there was my mother, there were nine, no, seven brothers, in addition to myself, and my two sisters. We got packed into a strange kind of vehicle, horse drawn, with a deep body, such as I've seen carcasses of animals transported in New York City long ago. We crossed what was at that time the great achievement of the city of Riga, which everyone was extraordinarily proud, and even at my tender age I was aware of the emotional attachment to the iron bridge. This was the first iron bridge across the Daugava River. We crossed there and drove some four or five miles to a railroad station in Mitau, Latvia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1151.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that a suburb of Riga?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1270.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Suburb of Riga, and I have subsequently learned the reason for not boarding the train in Riga was that the railroad workers were in the midst of a strike. Or perhaps it was the railroad station workers, so the train did not come into Riga. We had to take this bizarre midnight ride to board the train.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1273.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In this deep-bottomed wagon that seemed like a wagon for hauling animal carcasses?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1305.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It is the type of wagon that I've seen animal carcass hauled in New York City. I never saw it in Riga. Of course, up to that point I never saw much in Riga anyway. On the train, which was of a number of hours of duration, I can't recall precisely, we went to Libau [Lativa], which is also a port on the North Sea, such as Riga is . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1312.0,1351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . The North Sea or the Baltic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1351.0,1358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Baltic Sea, sorry, such as Riga is also. We stayed there overnight, I believe, with relatives. In fact, one of these relatives, who bore the same maiden name as my mother and was her first cousin, later married one of my older brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1358.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your mother's maiden name for the record?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1377.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Leflander. There is a province in Russia called Lefland, so this could well be the origin of the name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1381.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your father's first name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1391.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Shalom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1396.0,1398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Your father had an older brother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1398.0,1401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1401.0,1402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who went to Palestine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1402.0,1403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, my father . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1403.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . .  [When did] the older brother go to Palestine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1404.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e My father's brother was called Dr. Avigdor Travis, and he went in the early 1880's. He was one of the Bilu'im, famous first pioneers of the 19th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1407.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now let's go back to your family being in Libau, a port on the Baltic Sea, and your passage by boat to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1424.0,1437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The following morning we went to the dock and boarded what turned out to be a cattle ship for the trip to England. I remember this very well despite my young age, that after being aboard for perhaps an hour or two, we were driven off the ship and herded under the docks for several hours and then permitted to reboard the ship. I've later learned that this ship was not licensed to carry passengers and . . . they learned that there was going to be an inspection. They had to order us off the ship and remove any sign of human habitation before the inspectors arrived and they got the permit to proceed. The trip from Libau to Hull, England, I do not recall. I do not recall at all, probably a good portion of it was while I was asleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1437.0,1521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was thinking that would be a good reason to why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1521.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In Hull, we were met by relatives of my father, an aunt and an uncle of mine. My father's brother and sister. They took us to Liverpool [England] where we stayed, I am told of this, I am not certain, some four weeks before we boarded a ship for the United States. Now, I believe at this point I ought to, you did ask me to tell you something of what impelled the family to leave Riga. This was 1906, and the greatest impetus was the Russo-Japanese War. I don't know if it had ended by 1906, but it was in this war period. My oldest brother had left Riga two years before the rest of us in 1904. During the course of that year the Russian government came to check on him because by the end of the year he would be old enough for service in the army. My father committed himself to produce him when the time came for him to serve, which would have been in 1905, so that when it came near the date of his induction, and since My father had no thought of producing him, as he was already in the United States, my father had to leave. He took with him another brother of mine who was his third son. They left, so that when they arrived here with their small savings, plus the help of two sisters of my mother. They sent the transportation for the rest of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1524.0,1696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, you said your father had committed himself to producing a son for conscription in 1905. But this particular son had already gone to America in 1904. Then your father took another son to the United States in 1905. He went all the way to America and came back to Riga.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1696.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e My oldest brother left in 1904. My father and another brother left in 1905.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1730.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Was your father not with you when you left in 1906?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1738.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1744.0,1745.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e He was already in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1745.0,1749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1749.0,1750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the Russian authorities come to the house looking for someone in 1905?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1750.0,1754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they did, and my mother did not have an easy time of it. Since he was nowhere to be found there was no continuing problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1754.0,1775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you need any type of authorization from the Latvian government to leave Latvia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1775.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time there was no Latvian government. It was the Russian government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1783.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you need a . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1788.0,1789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . We required . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1789.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Exit visa, so to speak?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1790.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Which we did not obtain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1791.0,1792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You left illegally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1792.0,1793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e We left illegally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1793.0,1796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Good for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1796.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That is why it was a cattle boat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1797.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now did you need any type of entrance visa to the United States or were the ports of the United States open to immigrants?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1800.0,1811.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time, the ports were wide open. In fact, they stayed that way until about 1914 when the World War broke out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1811.0,1821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now what do you remember about getting closer to the U.S. shoreline, and what did you see and feel and experience, and what did other members of the family do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1821.0,1836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't see or feel or experience anything until we landed. From the moment we set foot on this ship, to the almost the moment that we landed, we were deathly sick. It seems this ship was built for the purpose of breaking the trans-Atlantic speed record. It was called the RMS Umbria, and as far as I'm concerned, they broke the [record].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1836.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Making the crossing in six days. Your feelings now on getting to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1866.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e When we arrived in New York Harbor, we were met by my father and one of my brothers. I recall very distinctly being vaccinated by the authorities before being permitted to go to our destination. It seems to me that I was asked to put my arm in a machine-like contraption and this did the vaccinating. I can't be 100 percent certain of this because it seems a rather unorthodox way to vaccinate anyone, but that's my recollection. It was very painful. My brother, who had been in this country for a year now, and I thought at that time spoke the language quite well.  I've learned better since. He lifted me up on his shoulders and carried me to the, I believe it was the Second Avenue Elevated Station, and we got on the platform. He took a coin out of his pocket, which I'm sure was one penny, and put it in a slot machine, pulled the lever and out came candy. I thought this was the most wonderful thing I'd ever yet seen in my life. The train came along, we proceeded to an apartment which he and my father had already prepared for us, which was on 99th Street, near Third Avenue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1882.0,2006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's in the Lower East Side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2006.0,2009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Not quite the Lower East Side, Lower East Side would get down to around First and Second Street. This was called the Yorkville District, I believe, at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2009.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Your family had to have been Orthodox in Latvia, as all Eastern European Jews would have been. What was your family's religious observance once in America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2023.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e As nearly as I can recall, I don't think that my father ever affiliated with a synagogue. On Saturday mornings, he would go to a synagogue. In later years, I was perhaps 11, 12, maybe 13 years of age, he would insist that I go with him. I'm ashamed to say I was thoroughly disinterested and begrudged the time away from the ball field, which at that time was my passion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2050.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your father's occupation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2096.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was a roofer and tinsmith. Same occupation that he had in Riga, in which financially he had done not too badly. It was not lucrative by any means . . . and it was a seasonal occupation. There were times when things financially were pretty difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2100.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were his feelings about Palestine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2131.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't, since I myself had no interest until many years later, his only interest appeared to be his brother, about whom there was a report during the First World War in the Yiddish press. It seemed that he was one among a few that had built a clinic in which Allied soldiers were being treated. This was printed in the Yiddish press and in a sense authenticated the fact that my uncle was in Palestine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2137.0,2185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your father feel like he would have liked to have gone to Palestine instead of coming to the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2185.0,2195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I am not aware of that, however, in his later years, he determined to go and saved his monies for the purpose to go to Palestine and die in Jerusalem. He was a relatively young man, although I was not conscious of that fact in those days. He died at the age of 59. The monies he had saved were expended in the last seven or eight months of his life in a vain effort to cure a cancer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2195.0,2236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You said that your father wanted you to accompany him to Sabbath services on Saturday mornings, but that you had no interest, and your heart was in baseball, every Jewish boy's dream event. The second topic is, in your early life, the path to assimilation. With a name like Robert Travis, one would not look at that name and immediately think that this would be a Jewish name. I'm saying this on the basis of things you've already told me. You must have had a Yiddish name or a Hebrew name. Tell me then how you wanted to spend your time and your attitudes toward becoming an American rather than remaining, let's say, an honest Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2236.0,2317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e My . . . Hebrew name actually is Chaim Mikhail, which led my father when he became sufficiently Americanized, I dare say, to call me Hymie. Now, I did not object to the name Hymie at all. But in the evening, when he wanted me to come upstairs and go to bed, while I was still playing with the boys, he would lean out the window from our apartment, railroad apartment, in the Bronx at that time, and shout too loudly for my taste, \"Hymie\" so that my friends started to mimic him, which hurt me pretty badly, and make fun of me. I changed it, my name to Herman. The name, incidentally, that many Jews bear. However, when I started to play baseball in an organized way, I was rather tall for my age and my teammates were calling me \"Lanky Bob\", what seems to be an American colloquialism, at the time at least. The name Bob did appeal to me, and so I changed my name again, and later legally changed my name to Robert, which I must say I deeply regret at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2317.0,2435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's just the story of how your life has gone through these changes. Did you have a bar mitzvah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2435.0,2445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I had no training whatsoever . . . did not go to the traditional cheder nor have a private tutor. This upset my mother very much and she tried very hard to get my father to teach me. He was so harassed with a large family and difficulty in making ends meet that he never had the spirit to undertake this task and never had the money to send me to a cheder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2445.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Your mother wanted you to have this kind of education, and of course your father probably would have liked for you to have seen it too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2496.0,2508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I think perhaps, at least this was a rationalization of his, my older brothers all got the traditional Jewish education, Hebrew education in Riga. Upon arriving in this country, [phone rings, tape stops and resumes] As I mentioned, my brothers had the traditional education in Riga, but upon arrival in this country, in fact upon sighting the Statue of Liberty, all of them took their tallit and tefillin and threw them overboard. This was their declaration of independence. This was their interpretation of the meaning of American freedom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2508.0,2573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . You were probably just as happy not to have to go through with Hebrew learning and a bar mitzvah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2573.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2580.0,2583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You completed high school in New York City.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2583.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I did not. I completed grammar school and went to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2586.0,2594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What age level or grade level would be the completion of grammar school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2594.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Fourteen years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2599.0,2601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The eighth grade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2601.0,2602.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Eighth grade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2602.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e New York State at that time did not have a law making it mandatory that children go through high school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2603.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e They did not. The fact that it wasn't even mandatory that he go to, yes it was, mandatory that he go to grammar school, but he could leave grammar school at the age of 16 if he couldn't make it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2610.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year did you graduate from grammar school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2625.0,2631.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e 1914","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2631.0,2636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Starting then in 1914, you started working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2636.0,2644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2644.0,2645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e When did you marry your wife, Bert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2645.0,2650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e We married in 1925.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2650.0,2658.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did she have any influence on you in terms of changing your attitudes about being Jewish or about being religious?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2658.0,2668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, indeed. She stemmed from a strictly Orthodox family. Learned people. While she herself was not especially observant, she was fiercely loyal to her people, to the Jewish people. Engendered in me a similar feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2668.0,2705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Between 1914 and 1925, you were working and probably going out with girls up until the time that you became married. Since you seemed to have been on a path of assimilation or at least indifference to Judaism and Jewish people. Did you ever think about or was it a matter of concern to you about marrying a Jewish girl as opposed to a non-Jewish girl?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2705.0,2740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I never thought in those terms. In fact, I never thought of marriage, until I met Bert . . .  [If] the fates had decreed, it might have been someone else. I would not have, I don't think, as I recall my attitudes of those days, that would have made that much difference to me. Except in consideration of my mother's feelings, I would probably not have married a non-Jewish girl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2740.0,2782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e But between 1914 and 1925, you probably did not go to synagogue for any services. You were more or less floating free from any sort of religious practice or observance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2782.0,2806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Personally, yes. But not completely, because in my home we did have the siddurim until 1919 when my sister, youngest sister died. We did have the evidences, at least culinary evidence, of the various Jewish holidays.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2806.0,2844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Just as a matter of course, that you had a Jewish family with a traditional background in Eastern Europe. There were things in the home like Passover seders, and the Purim foods were there, you participated in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2844.0,2860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Hanukkah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2860.0,2863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Hanukkah, but it wasn't a matter of something of urgent importance to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2863.0,2867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was not. We enjoyed Hanukkah most of all . . . with the lighting of each candle, each night my father distributed some pennies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2867.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's then get back to 1925. You married Bert. She came from a learned, observant family, fiercely loyal to the Jewish people. She marries Robert Travis, Jewish, by birth, but up until this point in his life, indifferent to Jewish concerns . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2883.0,2912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Jewish values . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2912.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Or Jewish values. Let's then now sort of trace those early influences in the early part of your married life on your thinking. Do you think that Bert had any effect on you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2913.0,2928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, very definitely. We first started to travel together after our marriage, and she taught me songs like \"Eli Eli.\" We used to sing together. We traveled by car. Other Yiddish songs that were popular, like . . . only know the Yiddish title \"Oyfn Pripetchik\" and that sort of nostalgic Yiddish tune. I learned a number of those and with the learning and with the loyalty of Bert, I began to feel or rather rid myself of a Jewish inferiority complex, which I had, very obviously to me, at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2928.0,3008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In what ways did you feel like you had a Jewish inferiority complex?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3008.0,3015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It was . . . a feeling of inadequacy in relation to my associations with Gentiles. Not so much adequacy as a sort of not belonging, as far as . . . whatever Gentile group I was with at the time. I always however did take pains to have them know almost from the outset that I was Jewish, and that resulted in some, what I would term today bizarre experiences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3015.0,3069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Your parents learned English, but they probably continued to speak with a Yiddish accent. You came when you were five, five and a half years old and learned to speak English like a native American. Did you have any feeling of alienation or any . . . It was common for the children of immigrates to be embarrassed by their parents with Yiddish accents. Did you have such feelings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3069.0,3108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I can honestly say I did not. I accepted my parents as wholeheartedly as a son should. What I do recall is making special an effort to perfect my English. I consider that a manifestation of a certain degree of inferiority complex. That one amusing experience that I did have is that I worked for a company in New York that employed a number of Jews. In fact, I would say most of the boys were Jewish, with not too many exceptions, who were stemmed from the East Side, Lower East Side of New York. Every one of them spoke with an accent. At this time, I was perhaps 18 years of age . . . I worked for this particular company more than four years from perhaps 22 or 23 when I left. In talking with these boys, to my amazement, I learned that every one of them were born on the East Side in New York City. I listened to their accents, and I listened to the one I didn't have myself. I had difficulty making them believe that I was not born in New York. In fact, at the outset of that, I had difficulty making them believe I was Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3108.0,3220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1919, you were working for a button company in New York City. It was Jewishly owned, but it remained open on Rosh HaShanah. Yet you did not go into work on the first day of Rosh HaShanah. Did you see that then as an opportunity to have a day off of work or did you go to shul that day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3220.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I did not go to shul. As a matter of fact, I never went to a shul until I came to the city of Atlanta. Except for the few times that my father took me as a youngster. First, I must say that I don't think that Bert was without some inferiority complex. I hardly know of any Jew in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3246.0,3280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jewish inferiority complex.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3280.0,3281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, a Jewish inferiority complex. I hardly know of any Jew in the city of New York, in those days, that did not have it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3281.0,3292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Making the generalization, it's very common for Jews to feel this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3292.0,3296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Yes, she affected my feelings very deeply, very strongly, but they did not manifest themselves in any desire for specifically Jewish activity. That did not come until I read Ludwig Lewisohn's great book. I should add at this point that I, for a number of years, looked forward to meeting Dr. Lewisohn, somehow, and through my activity in the Zionist movement, I met him and with him not infrequently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3296.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You came to Atlanta in 1928, working for a button manufacturing company as a traveling salesman. You came to the South, an area where the Jewish population is even less a percentage of the total population than . . . of course in New York City. You have told me that when you and Bert came to Atlanta, you became members of a congregation, since you had not previously belonged. Tell me how you as a couple decided to belong and where you went and first to a congregation and where you ended up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3345.0,3408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I must say with all candor that the real motivation for joining a congregation was to meet people, Jews. Being strangers in the city, we felt that this; to become integrated into the life of the city of Atlanta, this was an essential move. We made some friends before affiliating with the congregation. We had neighbors, some Jewish and some non-Jewish. We met our neighbors and struck up a friendship with a Jewish couple who had a child almost the same age as our child, which at that time was four months. There was much in common with the two women. After some months, in the course of our socializing with this couple, I learned that our friend was very active, and in fact, an officer of the Atlanta Chapter of Hadassah. I urged her to enroll Bert in the chapter, which of course she was very happy to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3408.0,3519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was that woman's name, do you recall?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3519.0,3521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Mrs. Esther Taylor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3521.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The congregation which you first affiliated with, I believe, was The Temple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3527.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3532.0,3533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you make that choice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3533.0,3535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That choice was strictly mine, although Bert was quite dubious about it. My rationale was, since I don't know any Hebrew, and would not understand any part of the services, and since The Temple had their services mostly in English, that I would feel more at home and more comfortable in the Reform temple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3535.0,3566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How, indeed, did you feel once you became a member of The Temple?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3566.0,3572.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The only comfort that I really felt in The Temple was with friends that we made. As far as the services were concerned, I found them boring, not in line with my own thinking in relation to Judaism. What I, at that time, was searching for was some tangible means of personal identification that was not part of services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3572.0,3622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e At this particular time, in the late 1920's, Zionism was not a burning issue in Atlanta apparently, is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3622.0,3639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That's correct, there wasn't any district, and the only Zionists that I knew of in Atlanta was Rabbi Epstein and two older gentlemen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3639.0,3652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were their names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3652.0,3653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were partners in business, and this was [I.J.] Paradies and Rich, both of course have since passed away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3653.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e They were partners in the same business?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3661.0,3663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3663.0,3664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you spell Paradies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3664.0,3669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e P-A-R-A-D-I-E-S. He was originally from South Africa, and Meyer Rich was from Eastern Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3669.0,3682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e When you came to Atlanta, you wanted to become a member of a congregation, because you wanted to get to know people, to become a part of the social grouping in life, and it was only natural to seek out your own people, regardless of whatever religious beliefs you had or religious observances. But you've indicated that you were, nonetheless, seeking for some sort of personal identification with Judaism, but you felt that it was not coming to you through what was available religiously at The Temple. That is correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3682.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That is correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3730.0,3734.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember . . . Where I was, we were talking about your search for a personal identification with Judaism and the feeling that this identification with Judaism wasn't coming about through your affiliation with The Temple. Then tell me about the point at which you decided to go someplace else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3734.0,3775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e As I think about it, this desire for an identification, I don't know whether or not the characterization, identification with Judaism is completely correct. I think rather that it was a desire to identify with the Jewish people. I did not have religion on my mind in those days. We stayed in The Temple. I cannot pinpoint the year, we were members for several years, I'm sure of that. I cannot pinpoint the precise time of our resignation, but it came as a result. We had by this time learned that Dr. [David] Marx was an avid anti-Zionist. He preached a sermon one time, which was bitterly anti-Zionist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3775.0,3853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this in the early 1930's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3853.0,3861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and since at this point Bert was an active member of Hadassah, which of course is the Women's Zionist Organization of America. Although most of the women here didn't know that. I was beginning to lean towards some manifestation of my own identification with the peoplehood of the Jewish people. We decided that this was no place for us. It was a mutual feeling and understanding that both of us had and we went promptly to affiliate with the Ahavath Achim congregation, which at that time was an Orthodox congregation. Curiously enough, to me at that time at least, the services were largely in Hebrew. Though I did not understand them, I had a feeling for these services that was never matched at The Temple services. I was from the outset glad that we had made this change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3861.0,3944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you feel that perhaps your early exposure to Judaism by going with your father to the Sabbath service had at least emotionally prepared you to be more receptive to the Orthodox service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3944.0,3959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That would seem quite logical. My response to them as an adult, however, was more positive than my response as a youngster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3959.0,3977.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Had you already become a member of AA [Ahavath Achim] by the time, before the time of reading The Island Within?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3977.0,3989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3989.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were a member of AA, then later, on a trip to Mobile, you read The Island Within. How did you come across a copy of The Island Within? Was that a book in Mother Reiss's library?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3991.0,4006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was not. This was loaned to me by a friend who was also a traveling salesman who had won it as a prize for his sales from the company for which he worked, which was the Hickok Belt Company. Apparently, they were Jewish owned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4006.0,4030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The salesman who loaned you the book was Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4030.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Burt Ames.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4034.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e [Tape stops and resumes] Bob, you had told me before that prior to the time that you became interested in the Atlanta Zionist District in the middle 1930's, that there had been a previous group to exist in the late 1910's under the leadership of Sam Eplan, E-P-L-A-N. If you could, tell me what you know about Sam Eplan and the early activities of the Atlanta Zionist District.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4039.0,4088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I've known Sam Eplan a good many years. Of course, I didn't know him in those years, which we are discussing. I did not come to Atlanta until 1928. However, Sam Eplan, in 1918, was in his early 20's, a lawyer, and relatively at the start of his career in the law profession. There were other leaders too, however. There was the late Joseph Goldstein, who was a very outstanding personality, who was at one time a practicing rabbi in Macon, Georgia. He had smicha. He received a very comprehensive education in the city in Russia for which he stemmed. Interestingly, he was a schoolmate with the late Professor Harry Wolfson, who was the head of the philosophy department at Harvard for 40 years, and they maintained their friendship throughout the years. There was the late Louie Levitas, who to me amusingly at the time was an Irish Jew. Born in Dublin [Ireland] and his accent was a combination of Southern and Irish brogue, which was really a delight to hear. He was quite active and indeed was helpful to us when we reorganized the modern Atlanta Zionist District.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know when the original Atlanta Zionist District was formed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4216.0,4225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I do not. But I might add that district that was viable at the time of the Balfour Declaration, perhaps became viable because of the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, petered out. The last president was someone whom I also knew, Harry Wengrow, also a lawyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4225.0,4251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you spell Wengrow?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4251.0,4252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e W-E-N-G-R-O-W. Who really neglected the district completely. Perhaps involved in his profession or for whatever reason, he made no effort to maintain the district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4252.0,4273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you remember the year when the first Atlanta Zionist District sort of folded its tents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4273.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was before I came to the city of Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4282.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You came to Atlanta in 1928 and the Atlanta Zionist District under your leadership was reformed in 1936. Can you remember some of the feelings and reactions of Jews in Atlanta when [Adolf] Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4289.0,4322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was a sort of pall I would say over the Jewish community, not that it was manifested in everyday life. People went about their business as always, of course, went about the business of earning a living, but when groups gathered, inevitably the discussion was concerning Hitler. As a matter of fact, the impact that I felt determined, my late wife and myself, not to bring any more Jewish children into this world. I realized now it was a very bad mistake, and we were left with one child when we should have had one or two more at least.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4322.0,4389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were, at that time, a member of Ahavath Achim, and Rabbi Epstein was already at that time the rabbi of AA. Can you remember any sermons or public positions that Rabbi Epstein took within his congregation on Nazism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4389.0,4415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, of course. His sermons dealt with Hitler and the Nazis. He did his best, of course, to encourage people that we would outlive . . . this turned in the fortunes of world jury in the early days of Hitler, which he became the chancellor, I believe, in 1933. It wasn't until sometime after that, I think the situation became stark and realistic to us in Atlanta at Kristallnacht. I don't recall whether that was 1938 or thereabouts, and this brought home the fact that there was no escape for the Jews in Central Europe. We didn't accept this determination that there could be no mistake, and of course we did whatever could be done, I believe, through . . . the organized Jewish community. With us, as Zionists, our particular emphasis was on keeping the gates of Palestine open, and we had to contend with the British government for that purpose, and not always successfully.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4415.0,4524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The other large congregation in Atlanta at the time was The Temple. Did you know from your friends in the Reform congregation that Rabbi Marx was speaking out on Nazism? Or do you have any information on that particular matter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4524.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I really do not have information. I'm satisfied that he was doubtlessly speaking out on the Hitlerism. Indeed, I would expect that it occupied his congregation out of some sort of inferiority of fears that they manifested, that is I say \"they.\" I shouldn't generalize, but by and large those with whom I came in contact in the Reformed congregation manifested a greater fear than appeared to be manifested in the AA congregation. I'm not suggesting that one group was more brave than the other, but I think there was a basic identification which seemed to give the Orthodox group at that time, and Conservative group. I don't know how to express it; it seemed to give them a greater confidence and more faith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4549.0,4633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In the early 1930's, the Leo Frank case was still only about 20 years old. Was there still talk about Leo Frank or was talk about Leo Frank re-stimulated by the rise of Nazism in Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4633.0,4660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, there was more talk after the advent of Hitler to power about Leo Frank than I had heard in previous years in Atlanta. While I had no personal familiarity with the Leo Frank case, yet I was told by friends whom I have great confidence, that Rabbi Marx really distinguished himself in his efforts on behalf of Leo Frank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4660.0,4699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In our previous interviews, we have traced your development as a positive, assertive Jew, so that you were ready emotionally and mentally to become a Zionist leader in the 1930's. We have a good picture of your background. What I'd like to know now is what were the proximate causes? What precipitated and stimulated the revival of the Atlanta Zionist District in 1936.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4699.0,4746.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I had for some time been speaking to Rabbi Epstein with whom I had a good relationship about reorganizing or rather starting again and organizing a Zionist district. He was very favorable to the idea, so that on an occasion when I was able to stay in Atlanta for a spell from resting from my travels, I decided one day that the time for talk was over. I called a friend of mine, the late Dr. Nathan Blass, with whom I had spoken before in this connection. He offered or suggested rather that I come down to his office, and he had several rooms, and that he would give me one of those rooms with a telephone. I could go ahead and call and set up an early meeting of a group that would be interested. I accepted the suggestion with some alacrity, and the very next day, appeared at his office and I telephoned eighteen men whom I knew at this point quite well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4746.0,4847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I wouldn't expect you to give me all eighteen right off the cuff, but is there any written list of those eighteen men that you have saved or a list that you made from memory later on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4847.0,4864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I have not personally saved them. I believe that I have attempted to make such a list. It would be exceedingly difficult for me to put my hands on it now because as I mentioned most of the papers that I have on the subject are with my daughter in Memphis, Tennessee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4864.0,4893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me her name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4893.0,4896.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Mrs. William [Sally] Felt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4896.0,4900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's the daughter-in-law of Jack Felt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4900.0,4905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The daughter-in-law of the late Jake Felt, who was the first president of the Southeastern Zionist Region, and one of the most eloquent speakers on behalf of Zionism that I have heard that is of a lay person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4905.0,4921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In terms of following up any sort of research from these interviews. Could you put your daughter's . . . Do you know your daughter's address? Just put that onto the tape, your daughter's address.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4921.0,4941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e 4907 Lake Drive Memphis, Tennessee, 38117. I could, if you like, try even at this point to give you some of those names. I dare say I would remember a good portion of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4941.0,4972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Try to recall some.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4972.0,4975.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Dr. Rabbi Epstein. Dr. Nathan Blass, deceased. Sam Berman, deceased. Charlie Bergman, David Gershon, Sam Eplan, Sol Benamy. Strike that, he was not one. In fact, he didn't yet live in this community at that time. Abe Goldstein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4975.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Does the late Dr. Nathan Blass have any living relatives in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5036.0,5042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. He has a son, a dentist. I'm sorry, I just don't know it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5042.0,5052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e These are just, I'm asking in terms of follow-up of different people to contact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5052.0,5063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Dr. Nathan Blass, incidentally, at one time was president of the district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5063.0,5071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1936, you felt that the time had come to begin this organization, and Dr. Blass offered his phone and a room for you to make the calls. You took up his suggestion and the very next day made the calls. Were you aware of any type of organization that would help you? Had you been in contact with the Zionist Organization of America? Did you know of local districts elsewhere? What was in the back of your mind in terms of how to get this thing organized?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5071.0,5116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I knew that there was a national organization from my reading. I was not really aware of local districts at that time, but I felt that in order to really help Palestine that an organization on the local level would be a practical approach and would enable those who felt, as I did, to have some input into whatever programs could be created to help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5116.0,5167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What sort of specific goals did you have? When you thought about getting a meeting together, what would you say to these men? You want to help Jews, and you want to help Palestine, but was there some particular set of goals that you felt like the group could immediately work towards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5167.0,5189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I felt that after a number of discussions with Rabbi Epstein . . . I must erase something I said, on second thought I was aware of local districts through Rabbi Epstein. After a considerable discussion over a very short period of time when I decided to take the action that I did, that if we could form an organization in the city of Atlanta, we would be able to work towards the ultimate goal of the creation of the Jewish state. This was the underpinning; was fundamental to the action I decided to take. My reading of Jewish history persuaded me that the only really authentic method of solving the Jewish problem everywhere in the world was to create a Jewish state for those who wish to build such a state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5189.0,5267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you think that you would be involved in fundraising and any sort of political activity in the United States at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5267.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Political activity, yes. Fundraising, I really didn't think about too much since we had an organization in the community of Atlanta that was responsible for fundraising for overseas agencies as well as for local agencies. I never looked upon myself as an effective fundraiser.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5280.0,5308.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Of the original 18 men whom you called from Dr. Blass's office, were they all members of AA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5308.0,5320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, without exception.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5320.0,5327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yet you'd probably wanted to include Jews from other congregations. What were the ideas and efforts put forth and made to try to attract Jews from other congregations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5327.0,5346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e We may be getting a little ahead of the story . . . When I found these 18 men, I asked them to attend a meeting in two days, which they did with, I believe, one exception and that individual was out of the city. Incidentally, I just thought of two more names who . . . later became presidents of the district. They were the late Meyer Rich and the late I.J. Paradies. We held a meeting within two days, and despite his protestations, we insisted that Rabbi Epstein be the first president, and he agreed to take the presidency for a six-month period. Our first effort towards the goals that we had not yet even formulated was to increased membership and so that the first committee that was appointed by Rabbi Epstein was really a membership committee. While I'm on this area, I might say that we were fantastically successful, that before or by the time that Rabbi Epstein's term expired in six months, and I became the president, we had slightly in excess of 200 members from the original 18, which took a considerable amount of footwork on the part of the loyal 18, not all of whom who were involved in the effort. At the end of my term, there were very close to 500 members. In 1947, we were the largest men's organization in the city of Atlanta. We had slightly in excess of 1,400 members. All of this practically has now dissolved, unfortunately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5346.0,5519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Within a six month period of time when Rabbi Epstein was serving as the first president, your membership jumped from 18 to 200. Most of your members were from Ahavath Achim, but what about members from other congregations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5519.0,5539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't think in terms of congregational affiliation when we were working for the Zionist organization, but I recall now very definitely we had members from Shearith Israel, and I had friends in the Or VeShalom who were members of the district in the early days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5539.0,5562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Some of the names of people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5562.0,5564.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e From the Or VeShalom, first one was Victor Franco, the late Victor Franco, and he brought in his brothers, Isaac and Jack and Joe Franco and Davis Ajouelo, who also has passed away, and some others whose names I do not recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5564.0,5592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What about Rabbi [Joseph] Cohen of Or VeShalom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5592.0,5593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Rabbi Cohen of Or VeShalom was a very ardent, very strong Zionist. In fact, he invited me to speak in his congregation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5593.0,5609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . .  I think that we have covered well enough the topic of getting the Atlanta Zionist District reformed that is the beginning meeting and the first drive for membership. Is there anything else about the rebirth of the district which would be important?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5609.0,5646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I should say that early on I became aware of the fact that we could receive a great deal of help from Hadassah, the woman's Zionist organization who had a large membership and who for the major portion whose husbands were not members of the district. I contacted the president of Hadassah at that time who happened to be Mrs. Bert Travis. [interviewer laughs] She of course brought it to her board and at a membership meeting they asked me to come and speak and they supported my efforts to persuade the women to get their husbands affiliated with the Zionist district. This gave us a tremendous boost in rapidly increasing dramatically the membership of the district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5646.0,5716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The ladies from Hadassah were inspired by what you said to them, and they in turn persuaded their husbands to join the Atlanta Zionists District.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5716.0,5729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Indeed, during the course of this campaign, we had a joint meeting of Hadassah and the ZOA [Zionist Organization of America], which of course was very well attended indeed, several hundred people. At that very meeting we were able to sign up many of the husbands who were dragged along by their wives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5729.0,5755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did that meeting take place, do you [recall]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5755.0,5757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, at the old Jewish Progressive Club on Pryor Street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5757.0,5767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In the beginning, it's likely that most of your members came from the Conservative or Orthodox congregations, whose membership were of an Eastern European background, and support from them was fairly easy to get. Were there early efforts to try to involve the Reform Jewish community in the Atlanta Zionist District?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5767.0,5808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That came, I can't pinpoint precisely at what stage in the district operations that I made some personal efforts. At the outset with the aid of the late Pierre van Paassen, whom we brought here as a speaker for a district meeting. Incidentally, at one time, he was a feature writer on the Atlanta Constitution. He had a very close friend who was in the Reform congregation, who was a very close friend of everybody, the legendary and fantastic, late Julian Boehm, who was an amateur magician and who entertained FDR [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] whenever he came to Warm Springs [Georgia] and who knew everybody that was anybody in the state of Georgia. He called me, I didn't know him very well at that time, but he called me to ask if it were possible for him to meet with Pierre van Paassen, whom he knew where he was staying, et cetera. I told him I would be glad to arrange a lunch. I had already had an appointment with Pierre van Paassen to take him to lunch on the day that he was going back to New York. Julian Boehm asked if it was alright for him to bring his friend along the late . . . Sam Rothberg, unofficially known as the mayor of Atlanta. The four of us had lunch at Herron's restaurant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is Pierre . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5943.0,5945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Pierre van Paassen . . . Julian Boehm, Sam Rothberg, and myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5945.0,5953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you spell Boehm?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5953.0,5955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e B-O-E-H-M. Boehm and Rothberg were members of The Temple, and not members of the Zionist District. I brought up the subject in our luncheon with Pierre van Paassen, and Julian Boehm asked Pierre, as he addressed him, \"Do you think that we should join the Atlanta Zionist organization?\" van Paassen was completely startled. He says, \"You mean you are not members of the Zionist organization?\"  He says, \"I can hardly believe it. Of course you should join.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5955.0,6005.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I can remember from my own father a very strong, warm feeling toward Pierre van Paassen. He was a Dutch Christian, but he was very strongly pro-Jewish. Did he live here in Atlanta, or was simply his feature published in the Atlanta newspapers? Tell me more about your dealings with, as much as you can about, your dealings with Pierre Van Paassen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6005.0,6040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe at the time that he was the feature. . . his column appeared on the first page. Though I don't know it for a fact, I believe he did live in Atlanta, but I'm not sure of this. My own association with Pierre van Paassen was through his visits to Atlanta. We had him on several occasions to speak to the Zionist district and through meeting him at Zionist conventions, every one of which he attended in those years. He was a great and outstanding newspaper man and a cosmopolite, a man of the world really. As a matter of fact, Pierre van Paassen was assaulted in Munich, Germany, at the time of Hitler's rise to power. They called him Peskin and said he was a Jew. He was beaten up by some of the hoodlums of the Nazi party.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6040.0,6123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did Boehm and Rothberg respond to van Paassen's comment? \"You mean you're not members of it?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6123.0,6131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e They were a little sheepish about the thing and pulled out their checkbooks and each gave me a check for membership in the district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6131.0,6140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Just for the record, what was the membership dues at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6140.0,6144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Membership dues at that time was $3.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6144.0,6147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did Rothberg and Boehm become active or concerned or were they simply embarrassed at the moment to become numbers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6147.0,6160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Rothberg became very active in the fundraising in the Atlanta Jewish community. I could not say he was an active Zionist. Julian Boehm, on the other hand, was stronger in his Zionist affiliation, despite an upbraiding that he had later told me he received from Rabbi Marx when he told him that he was a member of the Atlanta Zionist District. In fact, Julian Boehm was largely responsible for one of the outstanding accomplishments as Zionists in the city of Atlanta. Would you like me to mention this now? Some years, in 1940 to be exact, we received our directive from the Zionist Organization of America in New York advising us that they had just organized an American Christian Palestine Committee of American Leaders, specifically in New York and in Washington, [D.C.] at that point. They were asking all of the districts all over the country to affiliate Zionist Christian leaders with this group. At that point, our region had already been formed. I was its president, and its executive director was Adalbert Freedman with an office in the city of Atlanta, and I immediately contacted. Perhaps it was the reverse. He may have received the directive and contacted me. I came down to his office and we discussed it for some time and agreed that we should form an Atlanta American Christian Palestine Committee to be affiliated with the national group, not on an individual basis. We felt that we could be much more effective on behalf of Palestine and our goals by having a locally organized group that we could activate. In searching for ways and means of going about implementing this project, we of course naturally hit upon the name of Julian Boehm, who knew every leader not only in the city of Atlanta but throughout most of the cities in the state of Georgia. We telephoned Julian and of course he was the typical Southern hospitable gentleman and immediately invited us over to his office. When we arrived there and told him of our plan, he said, \"What can I do?\" This was his response. We asked him to telephone those leaders whom we knew, and if he thought it advisable, permit me to speak with them, to get them to a meeting of their peers, to be addressed by a national speaker. Julian followed through and called. We spent the entire day in his office, and he called just about every leader that existed in the Atlanta community that day, leader of the press, of the clergy, of industrial leaders, political leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6160.0,6406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember some of the men who were contacted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6406.0,6408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes, I do. Let me tell you that we called a meeting within two weeks of that day. Later telephoned Rabbi James Heller of Cincinnati [Ohio] to come and be our speaker for this occasion, which he gladly accepted. Among those attending was the dean of the Atlanta newspaper columnist who was the Reverend Ashby Jones who was then a man in his either late 70's or early 80's, wonderful personality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6408.0,6454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this a clergyman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6454.0,6456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and columnist for the Atlanta Journal. There was another Jones, R. L. Jones, who was a columnist for the Atlanta Journal. There was Ralph McGill, of course, for the Atlanta Constitution. We telephoned the publishers who were in those days . . . I'm having trouble with those names. There was also Morgan Blake, who was a very popular columnist on the sports page. There were one or two others whose names I can't recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6456.0,6523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You have mentioned Christian clergy and columnists at the Atlanta newspapers. Were there any local or state political office holders or politicians involved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6523.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, at that point, we did not contact politicians. There may have been a good reason for it, but it escapes me. I think our political situation in Georgia in 1940, if I'm not mistaken, old Gene Talmadge was governor of the state of [Georgia]. I don't recall who was the mayor. This was slightly before the advent of the late Mayor [William] Hartsfield, whose name one cannot forget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6540.0,6571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was Julian Boehm's profession?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6571.0,6575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e He was an insurance agent with the Union Central Insurance Company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6575.0,6581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did he become so knowledgeable . . . of people to know in Atlanta and Georgia. What kind of personality [did] he have? How did he meet so many people [to] call in people to do favors for him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6581.0,6603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I really don't know. The only clue I would have is that he was a member of the most exclusive men's club in the city of Atlanta, which comprised many of these leaders. That was called the Bonehead Club. I believe it still exists. He once took me to a meeting of the Bonehead Club. It was a very eventful meeting also, in 1940. At that time, the president of the club was Bob McLarty, who was president in those days of the Trust Company of Georgia. He was at the meeting for the formation of the Atlanta Christian Palestine Committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6603.0,6655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e This Bonehead Club had an open policy about Jews and Gentiles in the same club.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6655.0,6665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they did not. This leads me to another story which might be of some interest. I didn't know anything about the club until one day I was downtown and stopped in to see Julian Boehm to invite him to have lunch with me. That was the day of the luncheon at the Bonehead Club, and he asked me to join him, which I did. We went to this club, and they had a format for their meetings. The first part of the meeting was devoted to telling stories, some a bit off-color perhaps, and the second part to serious discussion. At that day, they had also as a guest a person from the United States Treasury Department. He was asked to speak. He delivered an address which apparently did not overly impress me because I don't recall what it was. But in the discussion following his address, almost everyone that spoke, and that included many, were bitterly critical of the late President Woodrow Wilson. We were in 1940, on the verge of going into the war, it seemed at that point almost inevitable that we would be in the war. They felt that Woodrow Wilson with his League of Nations ideal had done our country a disservice. During this course of these diatribes, to some degree against Woodrow Wilson, which was amazing because he was a Democratic president and Georgia was almost overwhelmingly, indeed overwhelmingly Democratic. Julian Boehm whispered to me, \"Why don't you speak?\" I whispered to him that as a guest, I did not want to trespass on the hospitality since it's my first visit to the club. He insisted, and I was obdurate. Finally, he wrote a note which he asked them to pass up to the front of the table to the president, it was Bob McLarty. He received the note. He said, \"We have a gentleman with us who is an expert on foreign affairs. I'd like to call on Mr. Bob Travis.\" Before I could say Jack Robinson, I was on my feet. I said to them, \"I am rather amazed and not a little distressed with the sometimes bitter criticism I have heard today of the late Woodrow Wilson. President Wilson was an idealist. He did his very best to get our country to adhere to the League of Nations. He was defeated by a willful group of senators from the Midwest headed by Senator [William] Borah.\" Idaho, I believe he was from. Senator Bronson Cutting of New Mexico. These are some of the names I remember. They were a group of recalcitrant senators, Republicans, who defeated Wilson's effort to get us to adhere to the United Nations since it took a two-thirds vote of the Senate. Another man in that coterie was Senator [Henry Cabot] Lodge of Massachusetts. I said, \"They are the ones responsible, if you're going to put responsibility on anyone for this war, I should think it would be these men.\" Again, I repeated, \"Woodrow Wilson was a great man and an idealist, and gentlemen, the idealists are the salt of the earth. Everything we have that is worthwhile in our civilization was brought to us by the idealists. Every advance that we have made. Gentlemen,\" I said . . . \"For an example, I give you the ancient Hebrew prophets who preached of peace and a family of nations, and the family of nations in which Isaiah preached was the ideal and the example that was used in the formation of the League of Nations. This was the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy, the family of nations.\" With that I sat down, walked back to the office with Julian. He was really excited because Bob McLarty said some nice things to him about me and when we returned to his office his phone rang immediately. It was Bob McLarty on the phone, and I learned from Julian, of course, he asked [him] who I was and I heard Julian say that he owns a big button factory in New York City. When he hung up, he said to me, \"You know, this is something that's never happened, I'm assured, in the history of the Bonehead Club. Bob McLarty asked me to bring your name in as a member.\" I refused to permit Julian to bring my name as a member, and I think perhaps it was a mistake. The reason I refused, it was obvious to me that the only Jewish member was Julian Boehm, so it was no secret as far as I was concerned that they were not eager to have Jewish members. But Julian pointed out to me that while this may well be true. He said, \"But you impressed them, and you could have an influence on these people on behalf of the creation of a Jewish state, and on behalf of some input in their education in relation to Jews and the Jewish people.\" I believe that Julian was right, and I was stubbornly wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you spell McLarty's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7167.0,7172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Capital M-C, Capital L-A-R-T-Y.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7172.0,7177.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his business position?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7177.0,7180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e He was at that time president of the Trust Company of Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7180.0,7186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e He wanted you to become a member of the Bonehead Club, but you refused. I think the tape was still on this side. You mentioned that Rabbi Marx had chewed out Julian Boehm for becoming a member of the Atlanta Zionist District, but that apparently did not cause Boehm to withdraw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7186.0,7214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Not at all. I think Pierre van Paassen had a greater impact on Julian Boehm than his rabbi did. He was very loyal Zionist to the day of his death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7214.0,7227.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did Pierre van Passen have articles in the newspaper about Nazism and antisemitism in Palestine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7227.0,7240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e His column was no longer appearing in the Atlanta Constitution, so that if he had articles on the subject, it would have been in other papers and I didn't know about them. Incidentally, I think it's interesting to note at the time that he came to Atlanta to speak this was at the end of a tour that he had made over the country. He came into the city of Atlanta without a penny in his pocket. His clothes were seedy, the thought that passed through my mind that this man is as poor as a church mouse. The stipend that we were paying him for his speech with it, he asked me to go to the railroad and buy him a ticket to New York. After the purchase of that ticket there was very little left of the stipend. Some years later he published his first book, which was called Days of Our Years. It was an immediate success and a best seller, and after the publication of that book, when I met Pierre van Paassen at Zionists conventions, he was very well dressed indeed, obviously prosperous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7240.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was Days of Our Years about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7320.0,7328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Largely about himself. The days when he was studying to become a Catholic priest, which he gave up before ever becoming a priest. His travels over the world, particularly the story I mentioned to you before of being beaten up in Munich by Hitler's hoodlums. He had a very interesting story in it, as I recall. During the Hitler period he called on Captain Dreyfus of the famous Dreyfus trial. Captain Dreyfus then was a very old man, and Pierre van Paassen could not persuade him to participate in any way in the protest against Nazi antisemitism. He wanted to be left alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7328.0,7384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did van Paassen ever share with you the reasons why he was so strongly in favor of Jewish causes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7384.0,7392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he did not, but I think in his book, Days of Our Years, he explains pretty well what his motivations were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7392.0,7406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Again, this is jumping ahead a few years to the Atlanta Christian Palestine Committee, but let's just get it on the record that the chief clergyman of the Episcopal Church Cathedral, St. Philip was a prominent member of the Atlanta . . . Christian Palestine Committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7406.0,7426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and the last president was also an Episcopalian minister, the late Norman Gore, with whom I had a very close relationship, and I do occasionally still speak to his widow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7426.0,7448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You had mentioned in our interviews during the summer, that you were able to get Harold Hirsch to become a member of the Atlanta Zionist District.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7448.0,7457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I started to mention this before because of the experience of Julian Boehm with his rabbi. Harold Hirsch, who was very fond of my late wife. In the days of the stewardship of Dr. David Marx at our temple, he made it known very emphatically that he would not permit a Zionist to grace his pulpit. He was particularly adamant because of the fact that in the early years he had invited Judge Julian Mack of Baltimore [Maryland], who was a national Zionist leader, to speak on the condition that he do not speak of Zionism. Judge Mack accepted and made a very beautiful Zionist speech without ever mentioning the word Zionism or even Zion. This angered Dr. Marx, and he was determined that no Zionist would ever again speak from his pulpit. A good many years later, however, in the early 1940's, I personally was invited by the president of the men's club of The Temple, who at that time was Morton Weiss, and the late Philip Shulhafer to address the club on a Sunday morning, and to speak on Zionism. How they achieved this, I never did find out, but the meeting went off quite well. An immediate result of my talk was the adherence to the Zionist organization, joining the organization, Phil Shulhafer. Later on, other members of The Temple became members of the Atlanta Zionist District.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7457.0,7616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You must have spoken at many places to many Jewish groups, to Hadassah groups, to other men's clubs at synagogues. Are there any other particular incidents that you remember that were significant in terms of getting members or having an effect, an electrifying effect on the audience?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7616.0,7643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't say that anything I ever said electrified an audience. However, I will for the record state with the advent of Adalbert Freedman as the executive director of the Southeastern Zionist Region, we together organized many districts in cities where they did not exist before. The outstanding one, of course, was the city of Miami, Florida, which we were able to organize with the help of several leaders in the community, and which ultimately became one of the largest districts in the United States. We also organized the district in Tampa [Florida]. We organized the district in Orlando, Florida. We organized the district in Knoxville, Tennessee. The litany of these cities not having Zionist districts. I could add Mobile, Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, and a number of others. Greensboro, North Carolina. Charlotte, North Carolina. It's certainly . . . evidence of the fact that little progress had been made in the South until the Southeastern Zionist Region was organized. Then it became in a few short years one of the most active and one of the most effective regions in the United States. In fact, for many years, we were the apple of National Zion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7643.0,7754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you seek out Al Freedman to promote him as the regional director? How did his election to that position become possible?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7754.0,7769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Al Freedman was a member of the Atlanta Zionist District. I think he heard that a district was being organized and came around and paid his dues and became a member. After meeting him and realizing his extraordinary ability as a speaker and his extraordinary knowledge as a Jew, I invited him to be a speaker at the Atlanta Zionist District meeting of which at that time I was the president. Let's say in a year, the Southeastern Zionist Region was organized, or tentatively, in Nashville, Tennessee and a convention was decided upon to take place in Birmingham, Alabama within the year. At the convention in Birmingham, the region decided that they would require to be effective in organizing the South for Zionism, a field director. I proposed the name of Adalbert Freedman to be that director, knowing him as I did. He was elected, in fact, there was no opposition. At that same convention, I was elected the president of the region, and therefore my suggestion was easily followed by the board of the region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7769.0,7883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Al was only in this country about 10, 15 years at the time that he became the executive director of the Southeast Region, foreign-born, and probably spoke with a European accent at that time. How did some of the native Southern Jews react to Al?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7883.0,7911.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e With one exception, the reaction to Al was splendid and we had considerable success. I should say he had because I did not accompany him on most of his trips. In those areas that I already mentioned, where together we organized Zionist districts, I did accompany him. However, we had an incident that really was typical of the attitude of Jews living in rural areas, particularly in the South. We received a telephone call at the regional office. I think I may have received it personally, I'm not positive about that, from Meridian, Mississippi. From a young man there whose name I do not recall who had read in the Southern Israelite about the Southeastern Zionist Region and thought that he would like to organize a district in Meridian. We were delighted to hear from him, and we made an appointment for Al Freedman to go down to Meridian, which he did . . . The district was not organized, and I got a hot telephone call from the young man that had phoned me originally asking me what I mean by sending a person with a foreign accent to come to Meridian, Mississippi to organize the Jews into a Zionist organization. This had its amusing aspects, however, I think it was a very sad commentary on the insecurity of . . . Jews, rather, in small communities in the South. I soothed the young man's ruffled feelings as best I could. He promised he would go about and form the organization. which he did. It was a rather small group, but nonetheless, he surmounted his fears and did form a group in Meridian, Mississippi. 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7911.0,8058.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was something else you told him though about the accent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8058.0,8066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes. In my conversation with him, when I was trying to cool him down a little bit, I told him that he should understand that anytime a man speaks with an accent, he can be sure that person speaks more than one language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8066.0,8091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Al had told me that dues was $10 a year, and . . . that figure probably stayed the same over a number of years. In the late 1930's, early 1940's, you may have had only a few thousand dollars per year in annual dues. Number one, how was this money used to help the Yishuv and two, how was Al's salary taken care of? Was that by the national office?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8091.0,8136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At the outset, we took care of his salary ourselves. Although I should make some qualification about this, we reduced the amount of the dues that we normally would send to the national office in order to have sufficient monies to run the Southern office. After perhaps two or three years, the national office took over the Southern office and it supported it, and of course did ask us to increase the amount of the dues that we collected so that they would be able to run the Southern office efficiently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8136.0,8189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e We've talked previously about the formation of the Atlanta Christian Palestine Committee, now let's turn to the issue of non-clergy Christians who were helpful in promoting the idea of a Jewish state. Let's first deal with journalists on the newspapers, the Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8189.0,8230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The newspaper people and members of the clergy and of academia in Atlanta were in a large, a fairly large number, members of the Atlanta Christian Palestine Committee, which we had organized. Among the clergymen, we used some as speakers for meetings of Zionist Districts in the Southeastern area. One man was the minister of the Covenant Presbyterian Church, whom they called Chubby Turner. I can't remember his first name, but he was, as long as he lived, he was very loyal and made many talks throughout the Southeast on behalf of a Jewish state. The minister of the Peachtree Christian Church whose name was Robert Burns, who even spoke at our regional convention in Chattanooga [Tennessee] and on other occasions. I do not recall any of the columnists or editors of the newspapers spoke at meetings anywhere except in Atlanta itself where we had Ralph McGill on occasion and Morgan Blake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8230.0,8337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you recruit Philip Weltner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8337.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Philip Weltner was known, of course, by Julian Boehm, who knew everybody that was anybody in the city of Atlanta. He, at that time, was president of Oglethorpe University. He became the president of the Atlanta Christian Palestine Committee. He, too, addressed meetings on our behalf. Also his son, Charles Weltner, who was in politics in the city of Atlanta and later became a representative of the Fifth District of the state of Georgia in Washington, and is now Judge Charles Weltner, who was a very good friend and who on occasion spoke at meetings on behalf of a Jewish state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8340.0,8394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I know Ralph McGill, by his reputation, especially his position on civil rights in the 1950's and 1960's. At the period we're speaking of, he must have been quite a young man. How did you make contact with him? Did he express an opinion on Palestine in the newspaper . . . and that lead you to believe that he was someone you could turn to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8394.0,8431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Ralph McGill wrote a book, as a matter of fact. He made a trip to Israel, or the Palestine rather, at that time. He's very deeply impressed, and he wrote a book about his impressions. He subsequently made another trip and wrote another book called Israel Revisited. I have these books. Of course, his column was always friendly first to the ideal of a Jewish state and second in support of the Jewish state when it was created. My personal relationship with Ralph McGill came through a very good friend and a very remarkable woman in the city of Atlanta by the name of Mrs. Harry M. Gershon, better known as Reb Gershon, who knew Ralph McGill since they went to the same high school in Chattanooga. They had formed a friendship, which lasted as long as Ralph McGill lived. Through her I met him and I was with him on a number of occasions, had lunch occasionally, and he was always present at any of the gatherings that were brought about by the Consul General of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8431.0,8540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know the name [Morgan] Blake . . . Can you tell us a little bit about him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8540.0,8549.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Morgan Blake was a veteran columnist who wrote primarily about sports, but he was a very well-educated man, a man with good background in all fields, and occasionally wrote more serious columns. I met him through Julian Boehm, and as long as he lived, he was a very loyal friend of a Jewish state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8549.0,8591.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What about Georgia politicians and officeholders? You've mentioned Ellis Arnall, Richard Russell, and Walter George. Were these men, were George and Russell already in the Senate by the 1940's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8591.0,8615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I believe they were. I'm quite certain that they were in the Senate. We contacted them on occasions such as to protest the British White Paper of 1939 and subsequently on other occasions . . . with a recurring attempt by Great Britain to close the gates of Palestine to Jewish immigration. There was also a congressman at that time by the name of [James] Davis, and we contacted him from time to time and received assurance from all three that they would vote favorably on the resolutions that affect the Jewish state in any way, and they would generally [keep] their promises.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8615.0,8686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you know about what was happening to Jews during World War II? By hindsight, we know obviously what happened. But what was the perception in 1943, take a year, of what was taking place in Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8686.0,8717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It's odd that you would mention 1943, although perhaps it's not so odd. This was a period in which little was known, and much was feared. It so happens in 1943 my mother passed away. This loss was a great personal loss to me, but my activity on behalf of the State of Israel, on behalf of the Jews of Europe, enabled me to surmount my grief. We had no certain knowledge of anything. We had great fears that the rumors that were extant were valid, and that Jews were being exterminated. We, of course, felt it almost impossible on the local level to take any initiative that might have aided the Jews of Europe. We remain in constant touch with the leadership, Jewish leadership, Zionist leadership, American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, the B'nai B'rith, and other national Jewish organizations virtually pleading with them that something be done to alleviate the situation of Jews in Europe. [We] had no certain idea of how bad it really was. Stephen Wise was a constant visitor to President Roosevelt in Washington, and was doing what he could, but he made apparently very little progress. The first visible progress that was made to involve and interest the President and the government was achieved by the Secretary of the Treasury, who was Henry Morgenthau Jr., who received evidence, which he brought to the attention of the President who, insofar as we were informed, did not know of these things. Today I am quite doubtful whether this was strictly the truth. In any case, he called a conference, an ill-fated conference called the Evian Conference, from which nothing came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . .  I know that scattered all over the country were Hadassah chapters, and women in Hadassah were Zionist oriented. The funds that they collected went to support the hospitals and the care of the sick in Palestine. We have to watch our terminology depending upon the day . . .The women of Hadassah would have been anxious to have persons from Atlanta Zionist District speak to them. But what about men's groups, you mentioned being invited to The Temple's men's club to speak. What about the B'nai B'rith or the Jewish Federation at the time? What was the relationship between the Atlanta Zionist District and other organized agencies in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8901.0,8978.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned Hadassah. First, Hadassah, I did speak to Hadassah on a number of occasions. I would say in retrospect that in relation to the Jews of Europe, that Hadassah in this period when so little was achieved, like in 1943 and beyond, Hadassah achieved the most through Rebecca [Recha] Freier of blessed memory. They organized the Youth Aliyah. This took the women of the United States by storm. Not only in Atlanta, but all over the country. Many thousands of young people were rescued and under the tutelage of Rebecca Freier and Henrietta Szold. Henrietta Szold stayed in Jerusalem and met every shipload of young people from Europe as they landed on the shores of Palestine. Interestingly enough, our recent Consul General for Israel, Yoel Arnon, was a Youth Aliyah child, one of those rescued from the furnace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8978.0,9068.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did the Youth Aliyah work? How did they actually save children and get them into Palestine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9068.0,9079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What the mechanism was, I don't know. I know that they were able to get them out of Germany into England. From England, they debarked for Palestine, and I must say to the credit of England this time, there was no quota on children, and children were permitted. The mechanism of raising the funds for the purpose, I was aware of because of what took place in Atlanta. They determined that it took $360 to save a child. This was the cost. I don't know whether they needed to pay people in Germany to get children released, pay officials or what. But I do remember the figure of $360 and women were solicited to give $360. I recall they were forming minyan. Those who couldn't give, for example, more than $36, ten women got together and raised $360. I don't recall any specifics, but I feel certain that the Federation was helpful in this connection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9079.0,9185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What about B'nai B'rith?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9185.0,9188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e B'nai B'rith, I know of no involvement with B'nai B'rith. I'm sorry to say on the contrary, I had a personal battle, in quotes, with the B'nai B'rith due to the fact that in 1947, this was late October, early November, we received a directive from the National American Zionist Council, which was headed by the late Dr. Stephen Wise and Abba Hillel Silver. Emergency Council, it was called, to get resolutions from organizations and leaders, primarily Christian leaders, to send them on to the President of the United States, urging that he support the movement for partition which was going to be voted upon in the United Nations in November. I was then chairman of the Emergency Council in Atlanta and we went about to churches, organizations of all kinds, including Jewish organizations, to get resolutions. We had no trouble, everyone without exception that we approached was willing to send such a resolution. I went to B'nai B'rith in Atlanta, and they were to have a meeting within a few days . . . We determined at the Zionist Council, Emergency Council, that we would bring the resolution before that meeting, which was to be within a period of 48 hours, maybe 72 hours. I think I shouldn't mention any names. A certain leader of the community who later was to become president of B'nai B’rith volunteered, he was a member of our Emergency Council, to submit the resolution at the meeting. This was a meeting on behalf of the Jewish educational schools that was attended by all congregations, including Dr. Marx of The Temple. In the course of the meeting, it became known somehow to the leadership of B'nai B'rith that we, Zionists, were there for the purpose of presenting a resolution. The person who had volunteered to present the resolution came to me in the course of the meeting and said that he was receiving a great deal of pressure from two of the, some of the leaders, two of the outstanding ones, two or three, not to submit this resolution, but hold it for the board meeting, which would take place sometime within a week or ten days, where it would be easier to pass than at a membership meeting. I personally, as a member of B'nai B'rith, resented this very much indeed. I pointed out to my friend that this was the most undemocratic approach and that I don't think that I would be a party to this kind of political maneuvering. He said, \"Fine.\" \"Okay,\" he said. In 15 minutes, he came back again. The pressure apparently was unbearable. I saw that he was chafing under this pressure and was seeking a way out. I asked him would he like me to present the resolution. He was relieved and assured me that he would speak on its behalf, which he did. When I presented the resolution, Dr. Marx had already left, but his Hasidim was still there. It stirred up a lot of emotion, and everybody sought the floor. The chairman whose name I don't think I'll mention because he was the vice president of B'nai B'rith at the time and was to succeed the president, who was not present, was out of the city in fact, started to ration the number that would speak and finally said we'll hear from six more, three on each side. We had some really, I remember one very eloquent five-minute address by David Gershon who was at one time president of the Atlanta Zionist District. A very brilliant, eloquent five-minute address. When he announced the three on each side that would receive the floor, he announced the name of Max Kroloff. Max Kroloff was a brilliant young lawyer who for many years worked in the ADL [Anti-Defamation League] office in Chicago [Illinois], who had only recently returned to Atlanta and was active in the community and was a most eloquent speaker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9188.0,9589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e It's Max Kroloff, the father of Rabbi Charles Kroloff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9589.0,9595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he is. I felt when I heard his name that all was lost because I was present at a number of B'nai B'rith meetings when controversial items came up for discussion and Max Kroloff was used as the anchorman, and he had no difficulty in persuading the audience. He was most persuasive to follow the organizational line. I fear that this would be the case again. But in any case, Max Kroloff was the last speaker and made his usual brilliant address, but he made one mistake. He took up the resolution and read it. It had three parts. He read the first part, and he said, \"I'm in agreement with that.\" He read the second part, he says, \"I am completely in agreement with that part.\" The third part directed that the resolution be sent to the President of the United States, our Ambassador, I think it was Senator [George] Aiken, at the United Nations. He suggested an amendment that instead of sending the resolution to the President and the Ambassador, that it be sent to the National Board of B'nai B'rith in Washington. At that time, Henry Monsky, a very good Zionist leader indeed, was the President of B'nai B'rith. I realized what the game was immediately because the Grand Lodge of the B'nai B'rith was not due to meet until after the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, at which this matter was to be voted upon. I knew better than to outright make any reference, even by innuendo, to the fact that this was not cricket. After Max Kroloff finished, the chairman turned to me and addressed me, we were very close friends, \"Bob, do you agree to the amendment proposed by Max Kroloff?\" I said, \"May I speak?\" I said this into the microphone. There were a series of microphones at the head table, so that the audience would get the intonation in my voice that exhibited a doubt that I would be permitted to speak because I had asked for the floor previously and was denied because I had already spoken when I presented the resolution. The answer was, of course, you may speak. The chairman caught the innuendo immediately. His tone of voice made it quite obvious. Moreover, he was assured that it was already in the bag, since Bob Travis was not a spellbinder by any means. At any rate, I started by praising Max Kroloff, praising him as highly as I knew how. Deservedly so I would say because he was rendering great service to the community, and I pointed out a few things . . . that he had achieved since he had returned and how the community is really in his debt and so on. Then I said, \"I regret that I cannot agree to the amendment for the simple reason that the Grand Lodge of B'nai B'rith will not meet until the General Assembly has adjourned, and therefore any resolution that we send to the Grand Lodge will become moot.\" [I] finished and called for the question. Our chairman before calling for the question, said to the audience, I recall, \". . . Did you notice how Bob buttered up Max Kroloff before disagreeing, or before refusing to agree with the amendment?\" Anyway, the vote was held, and we won by a margin of about six to one. Overwhelming vote in favor of sending the resolution as directed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9595.0,9907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Without Kroloff's amendment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9907.0,9911.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e As directed to the President and to the Ambassador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9911.0,9917.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned that the third part was to send the resolution to the President and the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. What was the first part and what was the second?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9917.0,9932.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I do not recall. I'm sure that Al Freedman does, but I don't have that kind of memory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9932.0,9936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That just shows a tendency for us to remember the things that . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9936.0,9940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . It was just asking, of course, it was asking the cooperation of the President and to asking him to encourage nations at the UN [United Nations] to vote for the partition's resolution, to use his offices to that end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9940.0,9959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this in November of 1947?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9959.0,9961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It was either late October or early November. The meeting might have been, excuse me, might have been early November because, as I recall now, the meeting of the General Assembly was October 29. I mean November 29.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9961.0,9979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e This resolution was passed by B'nai B'rith in the fall of 1947, prior to the meeting of the General Assembly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9979.0,9991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9991.0,9993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Israel declared war or rather United Arab States declared war on Israel in May of 1948. What were your activities with regard to securing munitions and weapons for Israel during that period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9993.0,10024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e As a matter of fact, the Arab states did not declare war, they just invaded Israel. In fact, there was sporadic fighting going on inside of Palestine. It was not yet Israel, of course. Infiltration from Syria and Jordan, and even Lebanon, and of course Egypt. But actual warfare with armies took place on May 14, 1948, the day of the declaration of the State of Israel. In fact, on that very day, while the assembly in Israel [indistinct: 2:47:58: Hebrew term] was in session and the state was being declared, Egyptian planes bombed Tel Aviv. In other words, accompanying the declaration was a score of bombing. I met with David Ben-Gurion at the home of the late Rudolf Sonneborn in 1945. He was a fugitive from the British government at the time who had jailed all the leaders of Palestine, all the Jewish leaders of Palestine, but Ben-Gurion somehow had escaped the dragnet. At the home of Rudolf Sonneborn there were 23 Zionist leaders from all over the country brought together by Henry Montor, who at that time was executive director of the United Jewish Appeal, and at David Ben-Gurion's request he brought this group together. He addressed us, and I think I've spoken of this before and the request that he made of us. At first, he informed us that when the war ended, it is possible [Winston] Churchill would be defeated for Prime Minister. Israel or the Jewish state would open the gates to immigration. He had hoped that England would cooperate. But if it refused to cooperate, they would fight England. This quiet statement from this very determined personality would have been grotesque under any other circumstances to think of the Yishuv totaling 600,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Testing one, two, three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10224.0,10231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e To contemplate the Yishuv numbering 600,000 men, women, and children would take on the British Empire would have under almost any other circumstances have been totally incredible. But after listening to the indomitable David Ben-Gurion, we were sure that it was a statement that did not lack credibility. Ben-Gurion gave us an assignment. He first called us the American Palmach. He had no immediate task for us to perform but asked us to stay in readiness when called upon, there would be much for us to do. The reaction of this group of 23 men was a group that was almost completely stunned by the declaration of Ben-Gurion. I was the first, I'm proud to say, to awake from this hypnosis and pledge a full cooperation of the Southeastern Zionist Region, whenever we are called upon. I added a caveat that I would have to return and have a meeting of the Board of the Region, but I was certain that there would not be a dissenting voice, and there were none.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10231.0,10358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure, I won't [indistinct: 2:52:38].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10358.0,10362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It took almost two years before we heard again from Israel. It was now a state. No, I take it back. It was in 1947 that we heard again from David Ben-Gurion, and we were asked to gather supplies of all nature, including arms, to help the Yishuv sustain the battle against the Arab states who invaded Israel in 1948. We succeeded remarkably well. This project was headed by Rudolf Sonneborn in New York, and we succeeded remarkably well not only in raising funds, but also in obtaining essential supplies and sometimes even strategic supplies. The first speaker that came from Israel was Reuven Dafni. I think I mentioned how the difficulties that ensued before we were able to get together in Miami, [Florida]. It seems that the office set up called Materials for Palestine in New York was handling Reuven Dafni's trip. He was to cover a good portion of the country. They sent him with a member of the group from the office to Miami, Florida. They were there several days, and I don't recall whom they contacted. No doubt the president of the Zionist District in Miami at the time whose name I do recall but they made no progress, whatever. Somebody in the office in New York remembered me and decided perhaps that I would be able to get Reuven Dafni started on the job that they expected him to do. They called my home, and I was on the road in my work and my wife, late wife, gave them my itinerary. But every city they called I had already left. This went on I'm told . . . for four or five days and they finally caught up with me in Tampa, Florida and asked me to proceed immediately to Miami to pacify by this time Reuven Dafni, who was going out of his wits with . . . his idleness, his non-productiveness, and his friends and brothers and sisters were fighting in Palestine, and he was cooling his heels in Miami Beach [Florida], as he put it. It was with great difficulty that the person who accompanied him was able to restrain him. He asked me to proceed immediately to Miami, which I couldn't do since I had to make a living. I had work to do in Tampa. This was on a Wednesday, as I recall it, and I told him I would be there on Friday. He remonstrated with me, but to no avail since I could not risk my livelihood and finally agreed that he'd hold on to Reuven until I got there. I don't know why he expected me to be able to hold the man that he couldn't hold, but be it may, he did. I arrived in Miami on a Friday evening, and we had Shabbat dinner together and Reuven was biting his nails to the quick. He relaxed some. My voice was more soothing, apparently, than was his colleague at this time. I outlined a plan for achieving the goals. I told him that the man that I needed to organize the fundraising affair in Miami would be the late Alex Van Straaten. He wanted to call him immediately. I said, \"No, you cannot do this. This is the Shabbat in any case, and you can't break in on Van Straaten in this fashion.\" I said, \"I will be in touch with him tomorrow morning, and I will have to accompany him to the racetrack where he goes every Saturday morning, horse races.\" With this, Reuven almost went through the ceiling, but I told him this was the only approach. I knew the man and I knew how to achieve it. He could do nothing else but with some ill grace accept the plan that I had outlined. It proceeded as I had planned. We went to the races together. It cost me more money than it should have. We returned and had a dinner engagement with Alex Van Straaten in his penthouse on the Biltmore Hotel in Miami Beach, where we met Mrs. Van Straaten, who was a very gracious hostess. At this dinner, we made the plans. Alex Van Straaten made telephone calls and he and I spoke to the people and invited them for an urgent meeting on the following Tuesday evening. This was the soonest that it could be achieved. To make the story shorter, we met on that Tuesday evening, and Reuven Dafni was electrifying and very successful indeed. If I recall correctly, some [$35,000], $36,000 in cash was obtained from some 30 odd people. Reuven was now very happy. He was flushed with the success and eager to go. In the interim before this meeting, I met with Mortimer May, who at that time was president of the Southeastern Region, and we made telephone calls. My first call was to my good friend Charles Adler in Tampa, Florida, who readily agreed to arrange a meeting on Wednesday night to hear Reuven Dafni. We arranged meetings in Jacksonville, Florida, which was very successful, and a number of other cities including Nashville and Knoxville and Memphis, Tennessee, Birmingham, Alabama, Mobile, etc. Reuven met great success everywhere he went.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10362.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e These meetings were specifically for the purpose of raising money, cash money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10864.0,10871.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, these meetings were for that purpose alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10871.0,10874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How much do you recall was raised in the Southeast through Reuven Dafni's visit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10874.0,10883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I would estimate that well over $500,000 was raised in cash. Now we also had a committee in the region that had been working to obtain material of all kinds. We obtained thousands of blankets, for example, all sorts of army equipment and even some military equipment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10883.0,10922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the month and year when Reuven Dafni came?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10922.0,10936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I really don't recall. Al Freedman will know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10936.0,10943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it illegal to ship material outside of the country to Israel, and if it was illegal, how was it gotten out of this country? You tell me an incident about Fiorello LaGuardia, if you could put that down on the record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10943.0,10971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It was illegal. Anything in the nature of military equipment was completely sub rosa [Latin: done in secret]. We were fortunate in receiving the cooperation of the mayor of New York, who was then Fiorella LaGuardia. The merchandise was shipped in cases out of I think it was in Newark, New Jersey, one of the, either Newark or Jersey City [New Jersey], I'm not certain which.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10971.0,11023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You had said that I think that you had said once that stevedores were handling equipment and it was labeled one thing, but it was . . . Can you recall that instance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11023.0,11038.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was an incident. What keeps going through my mind is Bayonne, New Jersey. Now, I'm not even certain of this, but it can be checked whether that's a port. Stevedores were handling cases destined for Israel, and a case was dropped. A case that was labeled baby carriages and that sort of thing. The pieces that fell out of the case when fit together would be machine guns. Immediately there was consternation on the part of the stevedores themselves and the authorities. Somehow, I don't recall how New York got wind of it, and they immediately contacted the mayor of New York City, who contacted the officials at the port and persuaded them to permit the shipment to go through so that the pieces were packed back into the case and put aboard ship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11038.0,11114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was LaGuardia's doing to see that this material got to Israel at the time. Let's stop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11114.0,11152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At one point he sent her a book called Going Home by Ernest Hawthorne, which dealt with the movement to create the Judeo-Commonwealth. That encouraged me to go see Harold Hirsch. Prior to that, in fact, I was thinking in terms of soliciting him to affiliate with the Zionist District because he was very helpful to some of the efforts that were being made at that time. In fact, in 1939, when the British White Paper was issued with limited immigration to Palestine. Harold Hirsch, at our request, called a meeting of the leaders, Jewish leaders of the community, for the purpose of getting individuals and organizations and institutions, all Jewish of course, at that point, to send cablegrams to 10 Downing Street in London protesting the white paper. Part of the protest also concerned itself with the Christian leaders. Harold Hirsch gave me personally a note to go see people like Walter Rich, who's not Christian of course, the president of the Georgia Power Company, the president of the various banks in the city to permit us to send cables in their names to Washington, the President, and to 10 Downing Street. This was a, I hesitate to say, successful campaign. It was successful in the sense that we carried out our assignments. How much impact it had on the British government is a very doubtful matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11152.0,11296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned that Harold Hirsch was fond of your late wife, Bert. How did he know of her?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11296.0,11309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e She was the president of Hadassah, and Harold Hirsch with some of the leaders, including Ed Kahn, who was executive director of the, was then called the Alliance, later became the Jewish Community Center to organize the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund so that the fundraising efforts be confined to one campaign rather than the myriad of campaigns that were being held in Atlanta. In those days a separate campaign for Palestine, a separate campaign for JDC [Joint Distribution Committee], a separate campaign for other agencies. We put all the agencies in the one organization. My . . . late wife, Bert, participated in this effort, and indeed she was the, Harold Hirsch became the president of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and Bert became one of the vice presidents of the fund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11309.0,11398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e When he sent her a book whose theme was the return of Jews to Palestine, that was the thing that precipitated your contacting him about the Atlanta Zionist District.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11398.0,11415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I telephoned him on a day in which the Zionist District was having a luncheon meeting and asked for an appointment for 10 o'clock that morning, which he graciously extended to me. I met with him in his office to persuade him to join the Atlanta Zionist District. He demurred. It was something he had not contemplated.  I recall that the clinching argument with him was that I cited Justice [Louis] Brandeis, and some of the writings of Justice Brandeis and the fact that Justice Brandeis was the provisional president of the Zionist Organization of America during the First World War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11415.0,11471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What were some of the, before the clenching argument about Louis Brandeis, what were some of the reasons that you used to try to persuade him to become a member?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11471.0,11484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I used the argument of self-determination of peoples. I asked him the question, in fact, did he believe in this concept? He was a little annoyed, I suspect, but he said, \"Of course. I believe this is one of the cardinal principles of democracy.\" Whether he said that or I, I'm not sure. But in any case, I said, \"Why would anyone believe in the self-determination of peoples and not in the self-determination of the Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11484.0,11518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he have an answer for that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11518.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e He did not. He said, \"On this basis, I feel that anyone or everyone could and perhaps should become a member.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11520.0,11532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Without giving my reasons why I think he would have been persuaded by the example of Brandeis. Did . . . his face light up? Could you see a visible change in his reaction to you when he spoke about Brandeis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11532.0,11552.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It's hard for me to say with any surety at this point. I believe if I said, yes, there was some change of expression, which would have been normal, I'm not sure that this is a fact. After all, he was a top-level lawyer. He was at that time a vice president of the Coca-Cola company, and men in those positions usually maintain a poker face in any sort of dialog.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11552.0,11599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Is Brandeis still living at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11599.0,11606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe he was. Now, I'm not 100 percent certain of this. I believe he died in the early 1940's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11606.0,11613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Your meeting with Harold Hirsch . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11613.0,11614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It was in 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11614.0,11623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You're mentioning the example of Brandeis was all within this same meeting, this initial meeting. After you talked about Brandeis, he then agreed to become a member of the Atlanta District?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11623.0,11638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, as a matter of fact, you reminded me of something. He asked me what the dues were, and I said to him, \"Mr. Hirsch, we want you as an honorary member. We're not going to collect dues from you.\" He said, \"No.\" He said, \"I want to pay dues just as everyone else.\" I, with the stubbornness, which I've already mentioned before, insisted that it would be best for us. I told him, \"I'll be perfectly candid with you. One of my motivations in coming to see you was that we [do] have members, but very few from The Temple, and once it is known that you're a member of the district, I believe we will be able to get many members of The Temple to affiliate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11638.0,11698.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did he react to that hidden motive in approaching him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11698.0,11704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Surprisingly enough, he reacted quite calmly. He didn't reset it in any way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11704.0,11713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e He realized, and you realized too, that he was, so to speak, a big fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11713.0,11719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, indeed. He couldn't help but realize that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11719.0,11723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the intended effect of Hirsch becoming a member of the Atlanta District was it realized?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11723.0,11737.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, to a degree, to the degree that we were actively involved in soliciting membership. I remember some who came in, whom I solicited and became members immediately. One was the late Phil Shulhafer. One was the late Herman Heyman. One was . . . name was Weiss, I can't remember his first name. There were a number of others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11737.0,11774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e These men who did join the district, you feel did so because of the example of Hirsch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11774.0,11782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At least in part, because men like Philip Shulhafer and Herman Heyman, their wives were active members of Hadassah [so] they were not unfamiliar with the Zionist movement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11782.0,11799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e There could have been a dual force that their wives could have influenced them and then when Harold Hirsch became a member they said, \"There's nothing to stop us from becoming members now.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11799.0,11811.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That, I believe, would have played some part in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11811.0,11819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You said that Rabbi Marx berated Julian Boehm for becoming a member of the Atlanta Zionist District. Did Rabbi Marx have a reaction when Hirsch became a member?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11819.0,11834.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes, he had a very unhappy reaction and he being the man that he was, he did not hesitate to let Harold Hirsch know it. Although, he did this more or less gingerly I'm sure because Harold Hirsch was really a big wheel in that congregation and it was Harold Hirsch that got Rabbi Marx to come to the meeting, the protest meeting against the white paper. Dr. Marx was the first to volunteer to send cable on behalf of his entire congregation to London. I met Dr. Marx occasionally at whatever functions the community had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11834.0,11883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me ask you a question. The white paper was a paper that, to my knowledge, limited Jewish immigration into Palestine. Since Dr. Marx was anti-Zionist, why do you feel that he was the first one to offer a protest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11883.0,11908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Fred, I believe you read my mind because I was just about to tell you. Whenever I'd meet Dr. Marx, of course I knew him quite well having been a member of his congregation at one time, I assure you he never missed me when I resigned. Whenever we'd meet, he'd say to me, \"Now Mr. Travis,\" he said, \"I don't want to be misunderstood. I am for Palestine as a haven of refuge for the Jewish people. I am opposed only to a political state.\" I would assure him that he was not misunderstood, that having reiterated his position a number of times, I'm sure the community understands exactly what that position is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11908.0,11965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1939, everyone, you, Harold Hirsch, Dr. Marx, could read the writing on the wall that the closing of the ports in Palestine could have a very harmful effect upon Jewish life, and therefore Dr. Marx was acting on a principle which wasn't new to him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11965.0,11988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That's correct, because at the conclusion of the war, we knew the survivors would need a place to go. I think this had a large influence on Dr. Marx's position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11988.0,12006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Even before the Final Solution was the Nazi plan; war had broken out in Europe. There was the experience of Jewish refugees from World War I, so someone could easily see that Jewish lives in some way were going to be affected by the war. Even before the Holocaust, you realized whatever war there was, there would be a need for a place where Jews could go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12006.0,12041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, as a matter of fact in the early 1940's there were German Jewish refugees, a very small number of course, in the city of Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12041.0,12059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there any active opposition from members at The Temple to the Atlanta Zionist District?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12059.0,12074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Not to my knowledge. I do know to my knowledge that there were members of The Temple who were very vociferous in their objection to . . . a political state, as Dr. Marx put it. The active opposition didn't come until the formation of the Council for Judaism, which Dr. Marx became a charter member, and these, I call them dissidents in his congregation, were very happy to support and affiliate that organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12074.0,12116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e With the American Council for Judaism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12116.0,12119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12119.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e He had a good following of his membership with him into the American Council. Did the American Council for Judaism publish things that were spread through the community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12120.0,12137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they had brochures, letters from their executive director, who was in my considered judgement one of the worst antisemites that I had heard about. That is intellectual antisemite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12137.0,12167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e This was the executive director.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12167.0,12169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Executive director, and it was Rosenwald who financed the Council for Judaism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12169.0,12178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you talking about the local executive director?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12178.0,12181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, there was none. The National Executive Director is a rabbi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12181.0,12188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Elmer Berger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12188.0,12189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Elmer Berger, Rabbi Elmer Berger, who to this day I noticed not long ago an article by him with the same old diatribe as far as Israel is concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12189.0,12203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Sears, Roebuck money from the Rosenwald’s financed the American Council?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12203.0,12206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but it should be in all fairness mentioned that a brother of the Rosenwald, I can't recall his first, Lessing Rosenwald was the man who supported the American Council for Judaism. Another brother was the leader in the United Jewish Appeal. His sister was the leader of the Philadelphia community in the United Jewish Appeal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12206.0,12238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The executive director for the Atlanta Zionist District was Al Freedman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12238.0,12246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Al Freedman was the executive director of the Southeastern Zionist Region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12246.0,12254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Then let's go into talking about the Southeast Region of the ZOA. How did you get in touch with the ZOA? How did the regional office get located in Atlanta and how did Al Freedman become its executive director?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12254.0,12282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I was in touch with the ZOA when we sent the membership dues from the Atlanta District, two-thirds of the dues went to the national organization. When I became president of the district, they were constantly in touch with me. As the district became increasingly viable, strong, and I attended conventions, national conventions, I got to know the leaders, national leaders. I got to know the leaders of districts in the Southeastern area, from Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, Birmingham, Alabama and the others. It was meeting with them. Coincidentally, Jake Felt was the leading spirit. We decided that the various cities of the Southeast ought to group themselves together into a region. We were first solicited by the . . . What was it called? It was a region that comprised Washington, Baltimore [Maryland], Virginia, Pennsylvania, Mid-Atlantic I guess, and asking us to affiliate with them. But we decided we could be much more effective by forming a region of our own. The lead was taken by the late Jake Felt. Others from Memphis, there was a Codler, Sam Shankman. There were others whose name escaped me. There were two brothers that were very prominent in Birmingham, the Abelsons, Ike Abelson and I don't remember the other. There was Mortimer May from Nashville, Tennessee and others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12282.0,12430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were not that aware of Zionist Districts or councils in the other Southern cities until you went to the national convention?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12430.0,12442.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, and I met these wonderful men . . . This was like 1938 or 1939, I'm not positive. We decided at that convention, which at that time was in Detroit [Michigan], I believe, to meet for the purpose of forming a Southeastern Zionist Region and set a date. The first meeting was held some months thereafter in Nashville, Tennessee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12442.0,12479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You went to a ZOA National Convention in Detroit in 1938?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12479.0,12487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e 1938 or 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12487.0,12488.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e 1938 or 1939. This was your first encounter with your counterparts in the other Southern cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12488.0,12498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I had met them at a previous convention the year before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12498.0,12504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e But it was then at a national convention that you met for the first time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12504.0,12514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12514.0,12515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you all have sort of like a caucus at the national convention where you decided that when you got back to your local cities that you would work toward a regional group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12515.0,12532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12532.0,12533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e At the beginning, the Southeast Region would be composed of men from Memphis, Nashville . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12533.0,12541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Chattanooga and Knoxville in Tennessee. In Alabama was Birmingham, Montgomery, and Mobile. In Georgia was Atlanta, Savannah. I don't think we had another district at that time. In Florida it was Jacksonville, Miami. No, there was no district in Miami, there was no district in Tampa. These we organized, Al Freedman and I. Indeed, we organized the Knoxville District. There really wasn't a district in Knoxville.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12541.0,12583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What about South Carolina?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12583.0,12585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e South Carolina, we organized after the region was created, Greenville. In North Carolina, Charlotte and Greensboro. Although North Carolina was affiliated with the Mid-Atlantic Coast Region, we persuaded them to relinquish those cities to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12585.0,12611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What about Charleston [South Carolina]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12611.0,12612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e We organized in Asheville [North Carolina]. Charleston in South Carolina had a district. Greenville, we organized. Charleston had a district. Columbia [South Carolina], we later organized after the formation of the region. Then of course we organized Orlando, Tampa, Miami, in addition to Jacksonville.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12612.0,12639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we'll stop there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12639.0,12652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The proposal to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state was of course a historical milestone in the efforts of the Zionist movement and in the efforts of the halutzim, the pioneers in Israel to bring about an independent Jewish state. Although there was great and bitter debate on this issue, there were many in the leadership and in the rank and file that were unalterably opposed, to a yet again, a partition of the land which had been set aside as the Jewish national home in the mandate for Palestine that was held by Great Britain. Yet, the majority of the leadership, I would dare say the overwhelming majority of the leadership, both in Israel and in the United States, was for the acceptance of the partition of the land, though accepted with a very heavy heart. Nonetheless, they were motivated in large measure, I believe, by the desperate straits of the refugees from the Hitler Holocaust. The possibility of rescuing some millions of the remnants of the European Jewish community was the largest motivating factor in the acceptance of the partition's scheme. One could scarcely be against a measure that would make possible the restoration of dignity and hope for a new life for the remainder of the Jews of Europe. In Atlanta, we, without a great deal of difficulty, with some debate and with some misgivings, we were ready to accept the judgment of the national and the international leadership of the movement. Therefore, partitions had an acceptance that made it clear that this . . . would prevail. Also, therefore, when the resolution was passed in the United Nations on November 30, I believe, 1947, there was great rejoicing everywhere, in every Jewish community in the world. I, at the time, happened to be in New York.  A large group of Israelis led by Moshe Sharett, who was . . . to be the second prime minister of Israel, staged a considerable party at the hotel in celebration of the passage of the resolution. In Israel, the celebration lasted many days, and those who had been bitterly opposed to the shrinkage of the national home participated in the celebration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12652.0,12931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were at the party with Moshe Sharett?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12931.0,12935.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I was there. I was not able to stay as long as I would have liked, since I understood that the party would go on and on, and it did until six o'clock the next morning. I had to leave at a reasonable hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12935.0,12950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Had you gone to New York City on business or for . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12950.0,12954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was in New York on business, and it coincided with the voting on the part of the United Nations. We participated shortly before I left Atlanta, as a matter of fact, in the gathering, organizing of petitions to our Congressmen, our Senators, and the President and our representative at the United Nations to urge that they support the partitions resolution. In fact, the top leadership, including the President Harry Truman was urged to use their offices, their good offices, to persuade other nations to vote for the partitions resolution, which was done. This is one of the few times in our dealings with our national leaders that we were able to obtain prompt and effective action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12954.0,13042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were in New York City. You knew that the vote was taking place. How did you make contact with Moshe Sharett with the Israeli delegation? Were there other American Jews whom you knew from your Zionist activities who were there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13042.0,13062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, there were many there. I don't know whether they had come just for the deliberations at the United Nations, which is quite possible, and others who, like me, who were there on business or for whatever personal reasons. Moshe Sharett was in New York and was staying at the, I can't recall the name of the hotel. But my contact was Rudy . . . so that there was this group that was active in raising funds, more or less surreptitiously for the Haganah office, for supplies for the Haganah in Israel, which was at that point very heroically defending the Yishuv against Arab attacks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13062.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e After these celebrations, you . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13140.0,13142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In discernible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13142.0,13144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Is that the same son born at his apartment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13144.0,13150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13150.0,13154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You left Atlanta, I mean, you left New York City, you returned to Atlanta. What sort of activity . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13154.0,13163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Before leaving New York, I had an activity. This partitions vote took place over a weekend, and when I returned to my office in the morning, our receptionist told me that the president of the company wanted to see me. I proceeded to his office, and he asked me about what took place over the weekend when the partitions resolutions was passed by the UN, and overwhelmingly I might add. He wanted to know from me, knowing of my activities, what the next step would be, next step on the part of the Zionist leadership. I told him that I couldn't tell him precisely, but it was my judgment that the first step would be to raise funds in order to help arm our boys and girls who were defending the Jewish community of Palestine at that time so that they would be able to give a good account of themselves. He then proposed to me that I go to the office of our purchasing agent . . . in our place of business and tell him that he's to do no other business today but contact our suppliers, the majority of whom were Jews. Our president of the company, however, was not a Jew, in fact he was a German, and solicit contributions for the fund that I thought we would need to raise, which we did. By the end of that week, I don't recall precisely, but we had in cash somewhere in the area of $30,000. The name of my employer was Otto Boschen, who was a German, came to this country as a youth and became a very successful businessman. In the funds that were raised at his suggestion, he contributed $2,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13163.0,13333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you spell his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13333.0,13336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Otto, O-T-T-O. Boschen, B-O-S-C-H-E-N.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13336.0,13345.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e He was the man who had you come into his office?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13345.0,13351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he was the president of the company by which I was employed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13351.0,13358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That is very interesting. Yes, I would like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13358.0,13365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e There were times, for reasons that certainly are culpable in my judgment, that Mr. Boschen was called antisemitic. To indicate the type of character he really was, our suppliers in Holland were Jews. A Jew by the name of Hamburger who owned the factory in Amersfoort, Holland. He foresaw trouble coming in Europe and felt that there would be another war. He asked Mr. Boschen to deduct from monies that we owed to him a certain percentage and hold in escrow for him against any emergency that may come about. The World War did come. Mr. [Hamburger] and his family escaped from Holland to England and made their way from England to the United States. When he came, Mr. Boschen had a sum in excess of $75,000 to turn over to Mr. Hamburger to enable him to get started in some business endeavors in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13365.0,13460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Put in there back about [indistinct: 3:44:21]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13460.0,13464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e My late wife, Bert, who was a national leader of Hadassah, was in attendance at the World Zionist Congress in Geneva [Switzerland] in 1939 when the war broke out. As per previously agreed before her departure from the States, she contacted Mr. Hamburger in Amersfoort, Holland, who sent his car and chauffeur for her to bring her to his home and then brought her, again with his private car and chauffeur, to Amsterdam [Netherlands] where she was to take ship for the states. A very, very unusual thing happened. People were desperate to get back to the states. Many Germans from the states were tourists in Germany, and they all flocked to Amsterdam when the war broke out, and couldn't possibly get on board a ship, because their sailing dates were long, much beyond this breakout of war. There were very few ships sailing. Among this group, somehow my wife fell in with a couple, with one or two little children, a non-Jewish couple, and the woman was pregnant. They had no way of getting back to the states and Bert gave them our stateroom to get back and took our chances on returning on another ship, which was next to impossible, but it would have been impossible. In fact, she contacted the American Council, who could do nothing for her, but offered her a job in case she couldn't get back. She had this much consolation. But fortunately, another lady from Hadassah who was a friend of Bert's offered to share her cabin with her. The cabin was a single cabin with one berth and no place for another person to sleep. But Bert went and agreed to sleep on the floor. They were able to get, I believe if I remember correctly, a mattress for her to sleep on. She spent one night on that floor, and it was of course a sleepless night. Using her wits, as was natural with her, she reported sick the next day and was given a place in the infirmary. She spent the crossing, which incidentally took 13 days, in the infirmary, but had a bed. It became a sort of habit on the part of the Zionist leadership to blame the ill-fortunes of the Zionist Organization of America and its rapid, almost disintegration upon Ben-Gurion, who had made the statement that a person cannot be a Zionist unless he comes to Israel. As far as I could learn from the rank and file of Zionists, whom I knew and knew very well throughout the Southeast and in other areas of the country, who I met frequently at conventions, they never reacted to this lead of the American Zionist leadership. The faults, and there were plenty of faults, lie in my judgment and in the judgment of many others, with the leadership, who were rapidly turning the Zionist Organization of America into an end in itself. We had always fought to make the Zionist organization on all levels, national, regional, and local, a means to an end. This included an implication, no doubt, that the end had been served with the creation of the state, but this was not the feeling of the rank and file. The feeling of some, doubtlessly, among the rank and file. But the majority saw that there was great need for American support for the fledgling state of Israel in many areas, in the area of finance and in the area of political action. The events since then and the history since that time prove them correct because to this very moment there is need for political action on the part of a Zionist organization in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13464.0,13837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the relationship between the Atlanta Zionist District and the Jewish Welfare Fund in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13837.0,13845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a sort of, best way I can describe it, I think, is a stand-off relationship. We had felt for a considerable time that there was an antipathy to the Atlanta Zionist District on the part of the Federation and to the Zionist Organization of America as well. There were areas in which we felt we should have had some support from the Federation, particularly in the area of the youth activities. Young Judaea primarily, but we were never able to obtain this kind of support from the Federation. Now, I'm not saying that they were completely unjustified. There was some justification for the lack of support, although I felt that it wasn't sufficient justification to give no support whatsoever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13845.0,13929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was Camp Judaea founded by the ZOA or by Hadassah or . . . Then you just go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13929.0,13939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The youth movement was given great impotence in Atlanta by the formation and purchase of a camp outside of Hendersonville, North Carolina. The prime rulers in the creation of this camp were Dr. Ed Reisman and Mrs. Lila Reisman. Indeed Dr. Reisman took great financial risks in order to purchase this camp and furnish it and make it a viable camp for the purposes that we had in mind. In order to obtain the funds necessary, we had to raise those funds. We got no help whatever from the Federation, Atlanta Jewish Federation. We had to go out on our own and raise these funds. As an act of faith, Dr. Ed Reisman underwrote the amount that we needed, which was at that time, if I remember correctly, some $10,000. We succeeded in raising the funds and in fact subsequent drives at stated periods, we raised additional funds and ultimately turned this camp over to Hadassah. Fundraising has now been concentrated in Federations all over the country and now includes of course fundraising for Israel. Many cities, I believe, are still sending the major portion, or at least more than 50 percent of the funds that they raise to Israel. Although the percentage has been shrinking. Federations have expanded in a number of areas with which they were not heretofore concerned and are requiring more local funds. I feel that this is being overweighted, especially in view of the fact that during the fundraising drives, Israel is accentuated. Indeed, it is a consensus of most people who are involved with the fundraising that the great portion of the funds are raised because of the desire of the donors to give a maximum amount of funds to Israel. To me personally, it is a bit unfair to use the State of Israel for the purpose of raising maximum sums and to neglect Israel when it comes to the allocation of these sums.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13939.0,14181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That is a big problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14181.0,14185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Audio file is missing for this section. This is transcript was previously completed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14185.0,14186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Today is May 4, 1983. I'm Leonard Leeds and I am recording from my home here in Atlanta. I have with me today a guest and his name is Robert Travis. Robert, we call him Bob, is known to me for the last six months or so. He has much to say. He's . . . a senior citizen. I'll let you hear how old [if] he wants to tell us . . . But I'll be probing him, and he'll be telling me for this tape just exactly what he wants to reveal. Let’s listen to Bob Travis as he talks about his life. Let me start first Bob by asking you what you want to tell us about how you came to Atlanta, where you came from, where you grew up and so forth. I will cue you just enough [with] questions from time to time to trigger your memory and that's about what my function is in this whole thing. Tell me when did you come to Atlanta and where did you come from and what did you do before you came here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14186.0,14187.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I was raised in the city of New York. I came to Atlanta in 1928. I was [a] national sales manager for an importing concern. I, as a result of considerable reading of Jewish history, I became interested, which is a mild term to describe what my feelings were at that time after my first experiences with Jewish history. I decided that the only solution to the ongoing problems of the Jewish people, almost everywhere in the world, would be the creation, or rather the re-creation of the Jewish state. I became aware that there was a movement known in the United States as the Zionist Organization of America, which was part of a world Zionist movement and concluded that to become active through this organization was perhaps the most effective contribution I could make personally as a Jew toward the ideal of creating the Third Judaic Commonwealth. This was in the early 1930’s and with the aid of my spiritual leader and good friend, Rabbi Harry Epstein of Congregation Ahavath Achim, we called together some 18 individuals and organized the Atlanta Zionist District. To make this saga as brief as possible I will say that from these 18 men we grew to the point where in l947 we had 1400 members and were the largest Zionist, the largest men's group in the city of Atlanta. In a short time after attending some national conventions in which I met the celebrated almost legendary Rabbi Stephen M. Wise, Rabbi Hillel Silver and many others who were the giants of not only the American Jewish community but of the Zionist Movement in America, and more very important and decisive individuals in the world Zionist organization. In a short period, after having attended other Zionist conventions and meeting others from Southern cities, we decided to organize the Southeastern Zionist Region, which was in the year of 1938. One conspicuous thing that I recall is that in listening to our leaders we were easily led to the conclusion that, not in our lifetime would we witness the realization of this ideal. The common understanding amongst leaders and rank and file was that while we ourselves may not reap the benefits of the ultimate goal, we nonetheless were not to desist of working toward that desirable goal. I think at this point if I may before going any further, I would like to briefly tell of a rather unique experience that I personally had with the rescue of the Israelis at Entebbe as almost everyone knows through the media and motion pictures. The story of Entebbe was a heroic saga that will not soon be either forgotten or duplicated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14187.0,14188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e You were talking about Entebbe, and we were interrupted here, please continue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14188.0,14189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e For slightly more than a week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14189.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in 1976, wasn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14190.0,14191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e 1976. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14191.0,14192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e The first week in July 1976.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14192.0,14193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. For the better part of a week, I should say. We were hanging onto every scrap of news over the cable, the air, and devouring our daily papers hoping against hope that the hundred and some odd Jews that were taken off the hijacked plane would somehow be released. On the night of July 3, we were out with friends, my wife and I, and returned home. It was almost 12:00, too late for the 11:00 newscast. Being concerned about the prisoners of the hijackers at Entebbe I decided to telephone the newspapers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14193.0,14194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Entebbe was in Uganda, wasn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14194.0,14195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Uganda. Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14195.0,14196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Idi Amin was the mischief maker or the villain of the whole thing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14196.0,14197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Indeed, he was. Although he was doing his best to ingratiate himself with the prisoners, the victims of the hijackers, but he himself had engineered the separation of the Jews from the other passengers and was not making too much progress with the Jewish group despite his attempted affability and attempted persuasion that they in turn petition the Israeli government to agree to the terms of the hijackers which was to release a certain number of Arab terrorists prisoners that were currently incarcerated in Israel. I telephoned to the Atlanta Constitution and spoke to the man on the night desk and asked him if there was any news that had come through this evening on the Entebbe situation. He said, “There was not, they did not have any reports since six that evening.” At which point there had been no change. He said, “But wait a minute the ticker is going now. I'll come back to you.\" He left me and he came back, and he said, “They've been rescued. Isn't this a wonderful Fourth of July?” It is difficult to put into words anywhere near accuracy our feelings. My first reaction, and that of my wife Bert also, was doubt that this report was accurate. We decided I'd telephone the Israeli Consul General, who at that time was Nahum Astar and speak with him. I phoned him. His phone did not answer. I phoned him again in 10 minutes. He still did not answer. I phoned him again in another 10 minutes and he was there. I told him the news that I had heard. He too was very skeptical. I suggested that he call the Israeli Embassy in Washington and verify and to please call me back. In ten minutes, he returned my call, and he said to me, “Bob, it is true. We should be celebrating.” I said, “By all means. But first I want to telephone some people who are very much concerned about this situation.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14197.0,14198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have any knowledge as to how the rescue had been achieved? Did anybody tell you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14198.0,14199.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Not at this point, beside the same fact that an Israeli plane had come in and rescued the sufferers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14199.0,14200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e This was a commando operation by the Israelis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14200.0,14201.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At that point it wasn't designated as a commando operation. All the editor, the night editor could tell me was that an Israeli plane came in and rescued them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14201.0,14202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e One plane or a series, group of them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14202.0,14203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e One plane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14203.0,14204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Just one plane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14204.0,14205.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e They had no other information in addition to that. I telephoned and woke up my good friend Rabbi Epstein. Who was of course very grateful. I called approximately half a dozen of my close friends who also I knew very much concerned and who although some of them I awakened were very happy and very grateful for the telephone call. Later we met with the Counsel General of Israel, and we drank some champagne. It was just a marvelous feeling all around, so much for the Entebbe incident. I have known you about six months now Bob. I would say that's about the time that l do know you. I first became aware of you when I would read from time to time letters that you had written to the editor of the local newspapers. Could be the Atlanta Journal or the Atlanta Constitution. I often wondered who this guy Bob Travis or Robert Travis was, and it so happened that a dear friend of mine knew you and then we got to meet. Since than you have been telling me a lot of things about your relationship with Israel, with the Zionist movement and with the Jewish community as it is in the city of Atlanta. You came here into Atlanta about 55 years ago? I have known you about six months now Bob. I would say that's about the time that l do know you. I first became aware of you when I would read from time to time letters that you had written to the editor of the local newspapers. Could be the Atlanta Journal or the Atlanta Constitution. I often wondered who this guy Bob Travis or Robert Travis was, and it so happened that a dear friend of mine knew you and then we got to meet. Since than you have been telling me a lot of things about your relationship with Israel, with the Zionist movement and with the Jewish community as it is in the city of Atlanta. You came here into Atlanta about 55 years ago?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14205.0,14206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e I have known you about six months now Bob. I would say that's about the time that l do know you. I first became aware of you when I would read from time to time letters that you had written to the editor of the local newspapers. Could be the Atlanta Journal or the Atlanta Constitution. I often wondered who this guy Bob Travis or Robert Travis was, and it so happened that a dear friend of mine knew you and then we got to meet. Since than you have been telling me a lot of things about your relationship with Israel, with the Zionist movement and with the Jewish community as it is in the city of Atlanta. You came here into Atlanta about 55 years ago?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14206.0,14206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I have known you about six months now Bob. I would say that's about the time that l do know you. I first became aware of you when I would read from time to time letters that you had written to the editor of the local newspapers. Could be the Atlanta Journal or the Atlanta Constitution. I often wondered who this guy Bob Travis or Robert Travis was, and it so happened that a dear friend of mine knew you and then we got to meet. Since than you have been telling me a lot of things about your relationship with Israel, with the Zionist movement and with the Jewish community as it is in the city of Atlanta. You came here into Atlanta about 55 years ago? Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14206.0,14207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e You came from the city of New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14207.0,14208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14208.0,14209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e When you came here, what brought you to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14209.0,14210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e It was entirely a business venture. A company I was associated with had headquarters in New York. But I covered for this corporation the Southeastern territory and Atlanta was centrally located. We decided since my trips from New York took a minimum of six weeks that moving to Atlanta which was central in the territory, I would not be compelled to stay away from home at the maximum of two weeks. Most of my trips with Atlanta as the center and my travelling, like in spokes of a wheel to different areas, wouldn't take more than five days at a time so that I could be home every weekend. When I went into Florida that was a two week trip. I would miss a weekend and be home for the following weekend. That was my original motivation, plus the fact that I felt perhaps that my results for the company would benefit such a move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14210.0,14211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e What it appears that, from what you told me that the love of your life from the standpoint of a public service, for the people, for the Jewish people, was for you to be active with the Zionist Organization of America . . . Were you active with the Zionist Organization before you came to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14211.0,14212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, as a matter of fact I was not active nor affiliated with any Jewish organization or institution until I came to Atlanta. The actual trigger point for my interest in Jews generally, and Zionism especially came from a book which was given to me by a friend of mine, a fellow traveling salesman which was by the late Ludwig Lewisohn. The book was called The Island Within. This was a remarkably powerful autobiography of the author who coincidentally, as it turned out was not aware of the fact that he was Jewish until he graduated Columbia University in New York . . . The sudden realization came to him, and he devoted the rest of his days to working for and writing for the Jewish people. That [was] a biting interest. I read the book twice in two nights. l was traveling on sleeping trains at that time and instead of turning in at night as normally, I read this book and read it completely through, through 6:00 the next morning the first night and until 5:00 the following morning on the following evening. This coupled with the fact that I landed after the second reading in Mobile, Alabama where I had very close friends, the Reiss family who always insisted that I stay with them rather than in the hotel. On this occasion I noticed as I walked into the home, a shelf or shelves with books and the books that stood out was The History of the Jews. There was a set of six huge tomes [scholarly book], I called them, by a great historian called Graetz. I decided to read this history, never having read any Jewish history before. I got permission from Mrs. Reiss to borrow, one at a time, one of this set of books at a time. [I] returned them on my next trip, which was usually a matter of six weeks, so that it took me six weeks to read these six volumes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14212.0,14213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you get to know Ludwig Lewisohn at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14213.0,14214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14214.0,14215.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you tell me and tell us what your experiences with Ludwig Lewisohn was. You have spoken widely and warmly of him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14215.0,14216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . We made it our business on a subsequent trip to New York to call Mr. Lewisohn, who at that time lived in Greenwich Village in New York. He was a very charming, a very hospitable and curious individual and very promptly invited us to come visit him in his apartment in Greenwich Village, and we did. Needless to say, the apartment was virtually overburdened with books. Books covered virtually every square inch of space in his apartment. The man was obviously a voracious reader. He suggested that if I liked that I browse through his books, which I did. He gave us, saw me at one point, looking at a shelf that contained books in Greek. Dr Lewisohn's books were translated into many languages. He said to me, “I notice you're looking at these volumes of Greek.” He said, “I read Greek to relax. These books are my relaxation. Other books I read for knowledge and for criticism.” I might add here that at that time Dr Lewisohn was considered the foremost critic in the world of American and English Literature. This explained at least to a slight extent the enormous number of volumes that he had in his possession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14216.0,14217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he take any action or interest in Judaism as represented of course by the Zionist or American Zionist Organization of America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14217.0,14218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes indeed. As a matter of fact, he was the editor of the publication called at that time The New Palestine which was the publication of the Zionist Organization of America. He was present at every Zionist convention that I attended, and he was an honored personality and spoke at every Zionist convention. His literary output via the paper, as well as through books, was a major factor in building the Zionist Movement in America and played a considerable role in the very fortuitous, which is a mild term, event in 1948 when the Jewish state was created.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14218.0,14219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he have any influence here in this nation on the administration that we know now that Harry Truman lent his great influence to assure the recognition of Israel as a state by the United Nations and so forth. Did he play any part in that scenario?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14219.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Only through what he wrote. Lewisohn was not, to put it mildly, was not a very tactful person. He was a person of a very strong personality with strong views and no compromise whatever in any intellectual discussion . . . He made his points of view very clear. His logic was impeccable. His decisions were almost inevitably correct, and he was not a P.R. [Public Relations] man in the sense of the give and take and compromise that is necessary when one is attempting to persuade on a face to face basis another person to his way of thinking. Indeed, his thinking, the process, was generally so profound that it was with difficulty that his hearers understood him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14220.0,14221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e You on a continuing basis are in touch with the editors of the Constitution and the Journal here in Atlanta, as well as with others. The thrust of your letters to the editor make it clear that you have an abiding interest in the State of Israel and are anxious in keeping the record straight in its behalf. Sometime ago I had said to you that I had been enamored by the writer Pierre van Paassen who had written a book The Days of Our Years and I had recalled certain passages from the book to you and you said, “Oh yes, Pierre van Paassen was well known to me.” How well known was he to you and did he spend any time here in Atlanta. Supposing you tell us what you know about Pierre van Paassen and what his influence on you was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14221.0,14222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Pierre van Paassen was in fact very well known to me and indeed we were good friends. He at one time, was an editor for the Atlanta Constitution and wrote a daily column on the front page called \"World's Window.\" Some years in the early 1930's I believe it was, he severed his connection with the newspaper and went to New York. He became a very active Zionist although he was not Jewish. He was in fact, at that time, a Presbyterian. He was born a Catholic and later became a Unitarian. In fact, became a leader of a Unitarian church. He, in those days, traveled all over the nation for the Zionist Organization of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14222.0,14223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e How long ago would say that was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14223.0,14224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e This was in the late 1930’s, from the early 1930’s to the late 1930’s. He traveled as a speaker for Zionism and . . . came through Atlanta on those trips. Whereas, perhaps, his last trip as a speaker to the city of Atlanta, which was perhaps in 1937 or 1938, he came through here, he called us, in fact, after having made a two month trip over the country for the Zionist Organization of America. He telephoned us from St. Louis [Missouri] and asked if we could arrange a meeting for him to address. His fee was $50 plus expenses. He came here, looking at the man you could readily conclude he was as poor as a church mouse, and you would be correct. His clothes were seedy and his whole appearance was, I hesitate to say this, but for the reasons of accuracy I must say his whole appearance was seedy. We met and had dinner together prior to his address for our Atlanta Zionist District and the next day we met for lunch. I had his fee with him, with me rather, and he asked me to purchase for him a ticket to New York. I don't recall exactly what the cost was, but it was very close to the total $50. He went back to New York that day penniless after two months of work. His fees were so pitifully small that he wasn't able to save a penny in 60 days of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14224.0,14225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e What did he come to Atlanta to talk about that he made a speech for a fee?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14225.0,14226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e He spoke to the Zionist Organization about the Zionist ideal and urged among other things that the Jews certainly should rally to this organization and support the effort to build a Jewish state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14226.0,14227.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Had he . . . by that time been to Israel and observed enough to have written a book. Was that before he came to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14227.0,14228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No. This is the reason that he was so poor. His writings such as they were, as a freelance writer, earned him very little money. But shortly thereafter he published his first book called Days of Our Years. This book became a best seller and from that day until the end of his days Pierre van Paassen was prosperous. He had made the trip to Palestine. There was no Israel in those days. He also had a very bad experience in Germany in where he was accused of being a Jew and he was beaten by Nazis and escaped from Munich with his life. His book Days of Our Years was not devoted to the Jewish problem. It was [a] world survey of the current world situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14228.0,14229.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e But in one portion of the book, he focused principally on, not Israel, it was Palestine and the British Mandate in Palestine. Did he speak to you about that at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14229.0,14230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14230.0,14231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Which he accused the British of coddling the Arabs and giving them the guns so that they could keep Palestine in a state of unrest and ensure the mandate that Britain had from the League of Nations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14231.0,14232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You're absolutely right and this is part of his book Days of Our Years. But he subsequently wrote a book post war. A small book, small volume, which he called The Best Kept Secret of the War, and it was the story of the Palestinian Jews in the Jewish Legion participation and important service to General Montgomery's British Army in the campaign of North Africa. This was the first time that Americans became aware of the important role played by the Jewish Legion in the war. They were with Montgomery, and they were with the invasion . . . of Italy where they served. Where the individuals, individual Jews contacted the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto. In fact, several of them went into the Warsaw Ghetto and were principally responsible for organizing the Warsaw Ghetto uprising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14232.0,14233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e In your many travels and I'm sure you've been to Israel. Haven't you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14233.0,14234.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I've been to Israel seven times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14234.0,14235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Seven times. I imagine you have a great deal to say about Israel and you have I'm sure strong reminisces. Would you like to talk about a few of the things that you knew of, and saw and experienced in the State of Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14235.0,14236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes of course. I recall most vividly my first trip. As a matter of fact, no subsequent trip had the great thrill that was part of the very first trip to Israel. Although my Jewish background was rather minimal, which perhaps is even too kind a term for the lack of background that I had in those days, as a child. Nevertheless, when I landed in Tel Aviv it was a great temptation to kiss the soil of Israel. What the immediate motivation was I can't hardly explain. It quite strictly was an emotional reaction which perhaps is part of the 4,000 year heritage that every Jew has. We went immediately to Jerusalem. Here again great feeling overcame me as we entered the fabled city of Jerusalem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14236.0,14237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14237.0,14238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in 1955.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14238.0,14239.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e That was seven years after Israel became a state . . . You'd never been to Israel as it was known as Palestine, had you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14239.0,14240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I was not. Two experiences I think are worth relating of my first trip to Israel. We went to Hebron, which is one of the four holy cities of Israel and which for a time before King David made Jerusalem the capital of Palestine, or as it was then known as Judea. Hebron was the capital. We went to . . . what is called the Machpelah Tomb, where lie in tomb the bodies of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob and Leah. These were the patriarchs and matriarchs of our people. As I walked in and stood before the tomb of Abraham a feeling came over me that caused the years, the 4,000 years of our history to literally drop away. I could reach almost and shake hands with the father of the Jewish people, Abraham and I felt inordinately close to Abraham. The 4,000 years were, there was no gap. I felt decidedly a link in this 4,000 year chain of Judaism. This unbreakable chain, which I trust will go on for the unknown future. That feeling I have put into words, and it was published in the Southern Israelite. The second experience of almost equal mystic contact was when some years later I flew over Mt. Sinai and saw the fabled mount where Moses communed with God and brought to his people the Ten Commandments. Here again I received this feeling of being intimately close to Moses, our great teacher. These experiences have not been, and I daresay cannot be duplicated, for me. I [have] since then visited Thermopolis on a number of occasions.  I have visited Mt. Sinai on foot and the famous St. Anne's Church and Monastery. Excuse me, at the foot of Mt. Sinai. But . . . the feelings I describe were not duplicated on subsequent occasions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14240.0,14241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e What you say brings into sharp focus in my mind, that you have a deep feeling for the culture of the Jewish people. Obviously, that must branch from the life you led at home with your parents. You are now about in your eighties . . . 81, 82, 83, 84. Would you like to tell us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14241.0,14242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I am exactly four score and two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14242.0,14243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e 82.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14243.0,14244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14244.0,14245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Now you were born in Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14245.0,14246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14246.0,14247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Not Polish Russia? Just Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14247.0,14248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Latvian Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14248.0,14249.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Latvian Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14249.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e City of [Riga].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14250.0,14251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e You were also of the Pale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14251.0,14252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14252.0,14253.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell us about your parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14253.0,14254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me say here, my parents were born in small communities, commonly known as a shtetl. My mother indeed was born on a farm. Her father was a caretaker for a huge estate in Lithuania. My father was born in a small shtetl called [indistinct] in Latvia. He was a . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14254.0,14255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Near Riga?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14255.0,14256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Not too far. I mean to tell you is that he was a trader a tins man and as a tins man he was permitted to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14256.0,14257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Tins man?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14257.0,14258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Tins man, a roofer. As a man with a trade or as we like to say now a profession, he was permitted to live in Riga with his family on a yearly basis. This permission in the form of a pass, called in translation, the \"governor's pass.\" [It] had to be renewed every year. In other words, I presume that the intent of the law was to be sure that he was continued to be gainfully employed in his trade. My father was an entrepreneur. He had his own little business. There was no difficulty in renewing this pass for himself and his family each year, although the family grew to what today would be considered outlandish proportions. My father sired ten sons and two daughters. However, we now know, and my father knew then, as I recall now, that the bulk of the money that was required for the renewal of the pass was [indistinct: Yiddish word], something bribe for the officials. Our home was a Jewish home with all of the Orthodox tenets, more or less strictly observed.   We left Riga for New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14258.0,14259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this your entire family leaving at one time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14259.0,14260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was not. My oldest brother left in 1903 to avoid serving in the Russian Army. My father, who had promised that his son would be back to serve in the army when he became 18 years of age. When they came looking for him prior to his eighteenth birthday, some six months prior to his eighteenth birthday, my father committed himself to have him ready to serve on his eighteenth birthday . . . He was compelled to leave and with him went another brother of mine in 1904. The rest of us, my mother and 10 children, left in 1906.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14260.0,14261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEEDS:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you able to leave because your brothers had been able to generate enough money for you to come to this country or was it because your parents were able to save enough to go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14261.0,14262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/transcript/78689/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eTRAVIS:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they actually were unable to save enough to buy passage for all of us and my mother's two sisters, who were in this country at that time, aided him in the purchase of those tickets that were sent to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14262.0,32283.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwig Lewisohn (1882-1955) was a novelist, literary critic, the drama critic for The Nation and later its associate editor. He was the editor of The New Palestine, an American Zionist journal. Lewisohn taught at the University of Wisconsin and Ohio State University. He was a founding faculty member of Brandeis University. He was born in Berlin, German but immigrated to the United States with his family in 1890. He was a strong supporter of the Zionist cause and often lectured and wrote on its behalf.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMobile is a city and county seat of Mobile County, Alabama. The city is Alabama’s only saltwater port and is located on the Mobile River at the head of Mobile Bay on the north-central Gulf Coast. The port is a major economic force for the city. The city was founded in 1702 by the French and was the first capital of Louisiana. The city became part of the United States in 1813 when it was annexed by President James Madison. It was incorporated in 1814.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=35.0,158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReiss Mercantile Company was founded in 1902 in Mobile, Alabama. It operated as a dry goods company and was own and operated by Gus Reiss.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=35.0,158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGustave Reiss (1898-1938) was a native of Mobile, Alabama and son of Jacob and Ruth Reiss. He attended Spring Hill College in Mobile. During World War I, he served in the army. He worked in the family owned business, Reiss Mercantile Company. He was married to Eleanor Mies, and they had one son, Leon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=164.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Graetz (1817-1891), born Tzvi Hirsh Graetz, wrote a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective. It was an 11-volume history in German titled History of the Jews from Oldest Times to the Present History of the Jews and a 6-volume version published in English as History of the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=164.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth Bauer Reiss (1871-1948) was a native of Mobile, Alabama. She married Jacob Reiss in 1890, and they had seven children. Her husband, Jacob was the owner of Reiss Mercantile Company in Mobile, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=164.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon Dubnow (1860-1941) was born in Mstsislaw, Russian Empire, now Belarus. He was a native Yiddish speaker and received a traditional Jewish education. Roth was a Jewish-Russian historian, writer and activist. He eventually founded and directed the Jewish Literature and Historical-Ethnographic Society and edited the Jewish Encyclopedia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=164.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCecil Roth (1899-1970) was born in London, England and grew up in a Jewish family. He fought in the British army during World War I. He later became a historian and taught at Oxford. Roth was editor-in-chief of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, which was a multi-volume encyclopedia of the Jewish people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=164.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1897, the Zionist Organization of America is the oldest pro-Israel organization in the United States. It is dedicated to educating the public, elected officials, media, and college/high school students about Israel and to promoting strong United States-Israel relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta, Georgia is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. During the American Civil War it was a strategically important city for the Confederacy until it was captured in 1864. The city was almost entirely burnt to the ground during General William Sherman’s March to the Sea. After the war, the city rebounded and became a national industrial center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBalfour Declaration of 1917 was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I. The statement announced the support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. It was made in a letter dated November 2, 1917 from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a leader of the Anglo-Jewish community. The content of the letter was published in the press on November 9, 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Leon Eplan (1896-1984) was a major presence in the Atlanta Jewish community throughout his life. He was born in Atlanta into a large family of six brothers and three sisters. His brothers were also prominent in the Jewish community life. His father was initially a peddler and then a grocer. In an interesting aside, the Coca-Cola Company rented the floor above his father's store for storage. One night a barrel of syrup burst and ruined some of his father's stock. Asa Candler, the president of Coca-Cola, apologized and offered Sam's father Coca-Cola stock in lieu of dollar damages. Sam's father turned it down, saying, “nobody was ever going to drink that drink!” He attended the first class of the Emory Law School and joined a Jewish fraternity. He later went on to become a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He married Bess Abelson (Eplan). He was also active in all the Jewish clubs in the area and the Ahavath Achim congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA severe worldwide economic downturn known as the Great Depression began in the United States in 1929. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century with far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=318.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=457.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Reiss, Sr. (1861-1923) was born in Budapest, Hungary and later immigrated to the United States. He married Ruth Bauer in 1890, and they had seven children. He was president of Reiss Mercantile Company in Mobile, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=666.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorman Reiss (1893-1942) was a native of Mobile, Alabama, and eldest son of Jacob and Ruth Reiss. He served in the National Guard during World War I. He worked as the secretary for the family business, Reiss Mercantile Company. He and his wife, Sadie Schloss had one daughter, Norma.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=666.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Reiss Jr. (1907-1969) was a native of Mobile, Alabama. He was one of seven children born to Jacob and Ruth Reiss. He attended the University of Alabama. He worked for the family business, Reiss Brothers, which was a women’s and children’s clothing store. He and his wife, Sarabel had one son, Jacob.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=666.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami is a city located in south Florida on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest city in Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=666.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharlotte, North Carolina is the most populous city in North Carolina. It the county seat of Mecklenburg County. It is home to many large banking headquarters, making it the second-largest banking center in the United States. The city was settled in 1755 and incorporated in 1768. It is named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, a German princess who became queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland in 1761.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=666.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDemopolis is the largest city in Marengo County in west central Alabama. The city lies at the confluence of the Black Warrior River and Tombigbee River. It is situated atop a cliff composed of the Demopolis Chalk Formation, known as White Bluff. The city was incorporated in 1821.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=780.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Publication Society was founded in 1888 by Isaac Leeser and Joseph Krauskopf. It was originally known as the Jewish Publication Society of America. The society is the oldest non-profit, nondenominational publisher of Jewish works in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=899.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, broadly defined in the modern era as the opposition to the ethnonationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish states as a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=959.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRiga is the capital, the primate, and the largest city of Latvia. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea. Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th-century wooden architecture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=993.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Statue of Liberty is a neoclassical sculpture located on Liberty Island in the New York Harbor of New York City. The copper statue was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and was given to the United States from the people of France. The statute was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=993.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1049.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Although enslaved by the Pharaoh, the Israelites continued to survive and even increase in numbers. Dismayed, the Pharaoh declared that all sons born to Hebrew women must be killed, but Hebrew midwives defied the Pharaoh’s decree. One mother, who had given birth to a son, placed him in a basket in the Nile River. The baby was found by none other than the Pharaoh’s daughter, who scooped him up, named him Moses, and raised him as her own. When Moses had grown up, G-d spoke to Moses saying that he, along with his brother Aaron, would be the one to take the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses challenged the Pharaoh, demanding freedom for the Israelites. When the Pharaoh refused, G-d sent a series of plagues upon the Pharaoh and Egyptian people. There were 10 plagues in total: blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, diseases, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the most severe of all, the death of every Egyptian first-born son. In order to protect the Israelite children from the Angel of Death, the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood, so that their houses would be passed over (hence the holiday name, “Passover”). Finally, Pharaoh surrendered and ordered the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave Egypt that their bread had no time to rise. Pharaoh had also soon changed his mind and sent his armies after the Israelites. When the Israelites came to the Red Sea, they were trapped until G-d miraculously parted the sea. As soon as they passed through, the sea closed up, saving them from the Egyptians and beginning the Israelites’ epic journey to the Promised Land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1049.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York City is located in New York state. It is also known by the nicknames the Big Apple or NYC. It is the largest city by population and metropolitan area in the United States. It is made up of five boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. The city was settled in 1624 and in 1664 it was named for the Duke of York, later King James II of England. The city is a global center for everything from finance to arts and fashion to international diplomacy as the home of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1151.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMitau, Latvia, which as been renamed to Jelgava, is a city in the central part of the country. It located a little over 25 miles from Riga. The city is the largest town in the Semigallia region of Latvia, and it dates back to 1573. Until 1917 the city was officially referred to as Mitau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1151.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLibau, Latvia is now known as Liepāja. It is located on the Baltic Sea and is the largest city in the Courland region and the third-largest city in the country. It known in Latvia as the “City where the wind is born” and has the largest wind farm in the nation built nearby.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1312.0,1351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYetta Leflander Travis (1866-1943) was born in Latvia. She was married to Solomon Travis. They had 12 children, two daughters and 10 sons, including Robert Travis. They immigrated to the United States in 1906 and settled in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1377.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon “Shalom” Travis (1863-1922) was born in Latvia and immigrated to the United States in 1905. He worked as a tinsmith in Lativa and later in the United States. He was married to Yetta Leflander, and they had 12 children, including Robert Travis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1396.0,1398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is an area in the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, the region is made up of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Beginning in 1920, Great Britain ruled Palestine under a mandate created by the League of Nations. The British were to facilitate the establishment of a modern Jewish homeland. In April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1402.0,1403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBilu’im were the members the Bilu, which was a Jewish movement of the late 19th century. The movement was fueled mainly by the immigration of Russian Jews whose goal was to migrate to the Ottoman Palestine and establish an agricultural settlement of the Land of Israel. The movement collapsed due to challenging farming conditions in Palestine and the lack of funding to sustain the settlers. The movement was founded by Israel Belkind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1407.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHull, or Kingston upon Hull, is a port city in East Yorkshire, England. It is a historic maritime city and lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary. The city sits 25 miles inland from the North Sea. The city was a market town, military port, fishing and whaling center, and industrial metropolis. Today the city is the fourth-largest city in the Yorkshire and the Humber region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1437.0,1521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiverpool, England is a port city in northwest England. It is situated on the eastern side of the Mersey River, near the Irish Sea. It’s the fifth largest city in England. During World War II, the city was a key target for the German Luftwaffe with over 80 raids conducted on the area damaging the docks, city center and residential areas. The city is also home of the Beatles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1524.0,1696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russo-Japanese War occurred from February 1904 to September 1905. It was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The Treaty of Portsmouth was mediated by U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt. Through the treaty, Japan’s interest in Korea were recognized, and awarded to Japan Russia’s lease on the Liaodong Peninsula, control of the Russian built South Manchuria Railway, and the southern half of the island of Sakhalin. The war transformed the global balance of power with the Empire of Japan emerging as a greater power and the Russian Empire declining in status among the European powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1524.0,1696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS Umbria was a British ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line. The ship and her sister ship RMS Etruria were the last Cunard express ocean liners that were fitted with auxiliary sails. The Umbria launched in 1884 and was the last express steamship to be built for the North Atlantic route with a compound engine. The ship sailed from Liverpool to New York for 26 years and made 145 round trips to New York. Her last voyage ended on March 4, 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=1836.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lower East Side is a neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City. It was historically an immigrant, working class neighborhood. It had a large number of tenement buildings where the immigrants settled. By the 1920s, the Jewish population was one of the largest ethnic groups on the Lower East Side.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2006.0,2009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYorkville is a neighborhood on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. For much of the 19th and 20th century, the area was mostly German middle and working class families. It later became home to other immigrate groups including Czech, Slovak, Irish, French Canadian, Polish, Hungarian, and Lebanese. In 1936, the German American Bund, a pro-Nazi antisemitic organization established its headquarters on East 85th Street in Yorkville. The area is also home of Gracie Mansion, the official home of the New York City mayor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2009.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2023.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2137.0,2185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is located in western Asia and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered to be a holy city for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital. The status of the city remains one of the core issues in the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2195.0,2236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bronx is a borough of New York City. The borough covers 42 square miles and the only borough not primarily on an island. Yankee Stadium, the New York Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo are in the Borough. During the 19th and 20th century, the Bronx has been home to various immigrant groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2317.0,2435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2435.0,2445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2445.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2508.0,2573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTefillin, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead in a process called lehani’ach tefillin [Hebrew: bind tefillin]. The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2508.0,2573.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBertha “Bert” Edison Travis (1902-1978) was an active member of Hadassah. She was involved with Hadassah for over 40 years and won the Myrtle Wreath Awards, which was the highest award given by Atlanta Hadassah. She was born in Russia and immigrated to Atlanta. She was active with Ahavath Achim Synagogue and its Sisterhood, National Council of Jewish Women, and Brandeis University National Women's Committee. She was married to Robert Travis, and they had a daughter. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2645.0,2650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA siddur is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2806.0,2844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2844.0,2860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePurim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2844.0,2860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA hanukiah (or chanukiah) is the proper term for a candelabra with nine branches that is lit during Hanukkah. Since Hanukkah lasts for eight days it permits the lighting of eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. Generally, the candelabra used at Hanukkah is almost always called a menorah. However, the menorah, which has only seven branches, is an ancient symbol of the Jews and which has become connected with Hanukkah. According to the Talmud, after the desecration of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, there was only enough pure oil left to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days which was enough to make new pure oil. The Talmud states that it is prohibited to use a seven-branched menorah outside of the Temple so the Hanukkah menorah (hanukiah) has nine branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=2860.0,2863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3220.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3220.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3408.0,3519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsther Kahn Taylor (1905-1992) was an active member of the Atlanta Jewish community and co-founder with her husband of the oral history project at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, called the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection. She was born in Atlanta to Janice and Marcus Kahn, both immigrants from the Bialystok area of Eastern Europe. She attended Girls’ High, and her father refused to send her to college. She met and married Herbert Taylor (1895-1987). At the time of their marriage, Herbert was a pharmacist with his own stores, although later he went into real estate development. Esther and Herbert had one son, Mark (b. 1928). She resumed her musical studies when time and duties allowed, studying with noted pianists, and eventually attending both Julliard in New York City and the Sorbonne in Paris, France. Esther was also asked to be a member of the Atlanta Music Club and headed several efforts at musical education in classrooms and on the radio. Esther also joined Hadassah and the National Council of Jewish Women where she served in a variety of roles, much of it in the area of legislative lobbying. She attended the Conference on the Cause of Cure of War where she was received at the White House. She also joined ORT after a trip to Morocco, where she saw conditions that inspired her to a life-long commitment to the organization. Esther also brought Planned Parenthood to Atlanta, raising funds, renovating the buildings for the first clinics, and establishing it firmly in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3521.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3527.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3535.0,3566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Jacob Paradies (1885-1967) was the founder of Paradies and Company. He was born in Latvia and lived in South Africa where he worked in diamond mines and as a rancher before relocating to Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, he started a wholesale grocery business that grew into a chain of dime stores. In 1942, he established a wholesale toy and housewares distributorship, Paradies and Company, a family business.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3653.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeyer Rich (1889-1951) was an Atlanta native and businessman. He was president of Ahavath Achim Congregation from 1940 to 1941 and a board member for the Atlanta District of the Zionist Organization of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3669.0,3682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3775.0,3853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=3861.0,3944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hickok Manufacturing Company was founded in 1909 in Rochester, New York by Stephen Rae Hickok. It once was the largest maker of men’s belts and accessories in the world. It was purchased by the Tandy Corporation in the early 1970’s. In 1950 to honor their late father Stephen, his son’s Ray and Alan Hickok created the S. Rae Hickok Professional Athlete of the Year award, commonly known as the Hickok Belt. The award was given out from 1950 to 1976 and then revived in 2012 and is still given today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4006.0,4030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta Zionist District was an organization in Atlanta that worked to support the Jewish population in Palestine and support the development of an independent Jewish state within Palestine. The group had speakers, raised funds, and provide support for the larger Zionist cause in the United States and in Palestine. Zionist districts were part of the Zionist movement that began in the late 1890’s. Atlanta’s first Zionist District was started in the late 1910’s and was led by Samuel Eplan. The second Atlanta Zionist District was started in 1936, in large part by Robert Travis, who served as the district’s president from 1937-1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4039.0,4088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph “Joe” H. Goldstein (1888-1969), an immigrant from Zabludow, Russia, was a resident of Atlanta, Georgia. He was one of the founders of the religious school program at Ahavath Achim Synagogue, a president of the Progressive Club in Atlanta, and a Sunday School teacher at the Atlanta Federal Prison. He first relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina where he managed Charlotte Linen Supply, and later to Orlando, Florida where he managed Orlando Linen Supply, a branch of National Linen Supply. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMacon, Georgia is located in central Georgia. It is officially known as Macon-Bibb County, a consolidated city-county. The city was settled on what was originally the site of the Ocmulgee Old Fields, where the Creek Indian lived in the 18th century. In 1809, Fort Benjamin Hawkins was built on what would officially become Macon in 1823. During the Civil War, the city was spared by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman on his march to sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSmicha [Hebrew: ordination; plural: smichot] is the appointment of a disciple as a rabbi, or teacher, of the Torah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Harry Wolfson (1887-1974) was born in Belarus and immigrated to the United States with his family in 1903. He attended Harvard University, where he earned his bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. He became a Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy at Harvard, and was the first chairman of a Judaic Studies Center in the U.S. He is known for his seminal work on the Jewish philosopher Philo and authored a number of other works.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was found in 1636 and was named for its first benefactor, a Puritan clergyman John Harvard. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis J. Levitas (1885-1968) was born in Riga, Latvia, spent his youth in Dublin, Ireland, and moved to Atlanta in 1912. In the early years of the Jewish Educational Alliance he was in the center of youth activities. He organized a Sunday School for the religious education of children and became its superintendent. He was also active in the United Hebrew School. He was a member of the Fulton Masonic Lodge, the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Atlanta Hibernian Society, the Progressive Club and member of the board of Jewish Children Service for more than 30 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland. It is located on the country’s east coast on the mouth of the River Liffey. The city was initially settled by the Gaels sometime in the 7th century, followed by the Vikings. By the 12th century, the city was Ireland’s principal settlement and as of today the greater Dublin area has more than two million people. The city was impacted by the Easter Uprising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence, and Irish Civil War. During the Northern Ireland Troubles, the city was about bombed various times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4088.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Wengrow (1899-1947) was born in Russia and immigrated with his family to the United States. He attended Georgia Tech and served in served in World War I. Harry served as a Commander of the American Legion Post No. 1 and was the former commander of the Jewish War Veterans. He worked as an attorney. He was also a member of B’nai B’rith, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Jewish Center, the Progressive Club, the Mayfair Club, and the Masons. In 1932, he married Ruth Teitelbaum and they had one son.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4225.0,4251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003e     Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.                                                                                                                    \u003cbr\u003e     Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003e     Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime. His ancestry has long been a source of controversy and intense speculation. Because his father was illegitimate—his father was not known—rumors existed even during his life that his paternal grandfather could be Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4289.0,4322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” Following a series of electoral victories, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Within two years, Hitler and the Nazis had created a dictatorship. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4415.0,4524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4415.0,4524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4633.0,4660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Nathan Blass (1910-1974) was a dentist and Jewish community leader in Atlanta. He served on the staff of the Crawford W. Long Hospital and Morris Hirsch/Ben Massell Dental Clinic. He active at Ahavath Achim Synagogue and active various community and dental organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4746.0,4847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMemphis is a city on the Mississippi River in southwest Tennessee, in Shelby County. Memphis is the second-most populous city in Tennessee after Nashville. It is a historic and culturally significant city in the Southern United States, famous for the influential strains of blues, soul and rock 'n' roll that originated there. Elvis Presley, B.B. King, and Johnny Cash recorded albums at the legendary Sun Studio, and Presley’s Graceland mansion is a popular attraction. Other music landmarks include the Rock 'n' Soul Museum, Blues Hall of Fame, and Stax Museum of American Soul Music. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4864.0,4893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSally Travis Felt (1928-2023) was born in Brooklyn, New York, but grew up in Atlanta. She graduated from Vanderbilt University. She met her second husband Bill Felt at Vanderbilt. She was a member of Ahavath Achim synagogue, Hadassah and later a member of Temple Israel in Memphis. She had three children, a son and two daughters with her first husband, Carl Zwerner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4896.0,4900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJake Felt (1900-1950) was born in Odessa, Russia and immigrated to the United States in 1906. His family settled in Memphis, Tennessee. He was president of M.E. Carter Company, a wholesale produce firm, and later worked in real estate. He served as the first president of the Southeastern Zionist Region and later the president of the Southwestern Region of Zionists, was active in the Lions Club, and was a member of Baron Hirsch Congregation. Jake and his wife Ruth had a daughter and two sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4905.0,4921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoutheastern Zionist Region was the regional organization for the Zionist districts in the Southeastern part of the United States. It included Zionist districts in Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. The region was related to The Zionist Organization of America. The Southeastern Zionist Region was founded around 1938, and it’s first president was Jake Felt. Robert Travis also served as president. Abalbert Freedman was hired as the field director in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4905.0,4921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Berman (1898-1966) was born in Poland but immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta. He operated a restaurant and was a member of Ahavath Achim synagogue. Samuel and his wife, Zelda Jacobson Berman had two children, Dr. Jerome Berman and Hazel Berman Karp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4975.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles W. Bergman (1905-1994) was born in New York City but moved to Atlanta in 1915. He attended Boys High School and Emory University. He attended law school at Emory Law School and worked as an attorney. During the 1930’s, he was a member of the Atlanta Board of Education. He served as president of Ahavath Achim synagogue, national vice-president of Young Judea and co-founded the Atlanta Jewish Board of Education and its Hebrew High School. He also was on the Jewish Welfare Fund board and the Jewish Home’s attorney. He and his wife, Polly Clein had two sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4975.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Gershon (1908-1993) was an Atlanta, Georgia native and son of Isaac and Rachael Gershon. He attended law school at Emory Law School. During World War II, he served in the army. David was a member of the Atlanta Bar Association, Lawyer’s Club, the Progressive Club, and B’nai B’rith. He also served as president of the Atlanta Chapter of the Zionist Organization of America and Ahavath Achim synagogue. He and his wife, Renee had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4975.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon “Sol” Benamy (1904-1978) was born in Russia with the name of Soloman Buhalter. He changed it to Solomon Paul Benamy when he became a U.S. citizen in 1929. He arrived in the United States in August 1923. Sol worked as an account executive for Teplis Travel. He served as the president of the Atlanta Zionist District and the Southeastern Zionist Region. He was married to Rose Levinson and they had a son and daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4975.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Goldstein (1889-1982) was a business and Jewish community leader. He was active in Ahavath Achim and Israel Bonds, the Anti-Defamation League, the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation and many other community causes. He founded Prior Tire Company in 1920 and remained active in the business throughout his life. He also served as a member of the Georgia Governors staff under three different administrations. In 1966, the Anti-Defamation League Southeast Region began awarding the Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award to honor community involvement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=4975.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5539.0,5562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road. As of 2022, the congregation’s rabbi is Josh Hearshen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5539.0,5562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictor David Franco (1896-1965) was a member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Franco was born in Rhodes, Greece's Dodecanese islands, and immigrated to the United States where he joined Congregation Or VeShalom. Franco had seven siblings, Morris, Isaac, Sam, Joe, Jack, Susie, and Sara. He married Mary de Leon and they had one child, David in 1939. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5564.0,5592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac David Franco (1899-1990) was a member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Franco was born in Rhodes, Greece's Dodecanese islands, and immigrated to the United States and became a naturalized citizen in 1923. Franco had seven siblings, Morris, Sam, Joe, Victor, Jack, Susie, and Sara. He owned and operated delicatessens in Atlanta and was an active member of Congregation Or VeShalom for over 75 years. He married Rachel Amato and they had one child, Renee. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5564.0,5592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack David Franco (1904-1999) was a member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Franco was born in Rhodes, Greece's Dodecanese islands, and immigrated to the United States where he joined Congregation Or VeShalom. He owned multiple delicatessens in Atlanta, including Franco’s Delicatessen and Roxy’s Delicatessen. He was a member of B'nai B'rith and a supporter of Israel Bonds. Franco had seven siblings, Morris, Isaac, Sam, Joe, Victor, Susie, and Sara. He married Catherine Benbenisty and together they had three children, Betty, Stella, and Jeanie. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5564.0,5592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph David Franco (1910-2008) was a member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Franco was born in Rhodes, Greece’s Dodecanese islands, and immigrated to the United States in 1931, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1939. Franco had seven siblings, Morris, Isaac, Sam, Victor, Jack, Susie, and Sara. He attended Emory University, where he graduated with a degree in economics. He worked for the U.S. government in Bogota, Columbia, procuring quinine, a treatment for malaria. In Atlanta, Franco owned apartment buildings and a liquor store, Roxy Liquor Store. He was an active member of Congregation Or VeShalom, serving as vice president. He married Rachael Saul in 1934 and they had four children, Richard, Ramon, Renee, and Rita. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5564.0,5592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavis “David” Ajouelo (1896-1975) was born in Turkey and later immigrated to the United States with his parents, Jacob and Rachel. He owned and operated a shoe repair shoe and was an inventor with 58 patents to his credit including an auto-soler. He was a founding member of Congregation Or Ve Shalom, where he served as president and secretary. He was also a Masonic Emeritus member of the Great Lodge. He and his wife Clara had one daughter, Zelda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5564.0,5592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Isaac Cohen (1896-1985) was born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey. He was trained for the rabbinate in Turkey and accepted his first pulpit in Havana, Cuba in 1920. In 1934 he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he was installed as the rabbi of Congregation Or VeShalom, a Sephardic synagogue. Rabbi Cohen officially retired in 1969, but remained active at both the synagogue and in the community until his death. He married Luisa Palatchi in 1925 in Cuba. Together they had two sons, Allan and Ned. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5592.0,5593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5757.0,5767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5767.0,5808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePierre van Paassen (1895-1968) was a Dutch-Canadian-American journalist, writer, and Unitarian minister. He was born in Gorinchem, Netherlands, and immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1914. He attended seminary and served in the Canadian army during World War I. In 1921, he became a journalist for the Toronto Globe. In 1922, he moved to the United States and started writing a syndicated column for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. He later worked as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. He published his autobiography Days of Our Years in 1939. Van Paassen spoke several languages including Dutch, French, English, Ruthenian, and Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) is a major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. The newspaper is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001. The Constitution, as it was originally known, was first published in 1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta Constitution in 1869. The Atlanta Journal was established in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulian Victor Boehm (1878-1960) was an insurance agent and a civic leader in Atlanta, Georgia. He was an amateur magician, known as the “Dean of Southern Magicians.” He had a distinguished career as a performer entertaining for civic groups and veterans' hospitals. He performed for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the polio-stricken children at Warm Springs on three consecutive Thanksgivings. Boehm was the first president of the Civitan Club of Atlanta. He was honored by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce with a citation as \"Atlanta's Outstanding Citizen\" in 1935. He served as a president for the Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarm Springs is located in Meriwether County Georgia. The community first gained prominence in the 19th century because of its mineral springs. After Franklin Roosevelt contracted polio, he visited Warm Spring in 1924 to bath and exercise in the warm water to regain his strength. For the next 20 years, he was a frequent visitor to the community. In 1932, he had a cottage built that became famous as the Little White House. In 1945, he died while on vacation in Warm Springs. The community is still home to the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Rothberg Jr. (1886-1975) was born in New York City and grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey. In 1918, he moved to Atlanta to join his father-in-law’s clothing business. In 1929, he became a realtor and was active in real estate development. He was active in various civic organizations and Jewish organizations. Some of the organizations included the Jewish Home, Jewish Federation, the Atlanta Symphony Associations, and Grady Memorial Hospital. Rothberg also established the Minna and Kalman Rothberg Vocational School in Ramat Hashoron, a suburb of Tel Aviv, Israel. In 1917, he married Rita Froshin and they had one son, Robert.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=5808.0,5943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, southern Germany. It was known as the “Capital” of the Nazi movement. The first Nazi Party rally took place in Munich in 1923. Munich is also where Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party led a failed coup d’etat in 1923 that became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. When Hitler and the Nazi Party later took power, Munich became a special place in the narrative of the Nazi movement and German state. The city was heavily bombed during World War II but has restored most of its old town. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power and the city hosted the Summer Olympics in 1972. Today, Munich is a global center of science, technology, finance, innovation, business, and tourism. It is home to Allianz Arena, two research universities, BMW and Siemens, and annually hosts Oktoberfest events. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6040.0,6123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Christian Palestine Committee was created in 1946 when the American Palestine Committee and the Christian Council on Palestine merged. The political lobby group worked to influence American policy towards the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. It advocated for the implementation of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine’s plan. A few years after Israel was created in 1948, the organization disbanded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6160.0,6406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C. is the United States capital. The city sits on the Potomac River and borders Maryland and Virginia. The city is home to the three branches of the federal government including  the Capitol, the White House, and the Supreme Court. It is also home to various well-known museums and performing arts venues such as the Kennedy Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6160.0,6406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdalbert Freedman (1902-2002) was born in Strasbourg, France and immigrated to the United States in 1921. In 1934, he settled in Atlanta and worked for the Federal Reserve Bank. He serviced as the first executive director of the Southeastern Region of the Zionist Organization of America. He was also an attorney. Adalbert was a member of The Temple and the Association of Reform Zionist of America. He was married to Miriam Kaufman, and they had one daughter, Dorothy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6160.0,6406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi James Heller (1892-1971) was an American rabbi and composer. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Rabbi Maximilian Heller and Ida Marks. He attended Tulane University and the University of Cincinnati. He was ordained a rabbi at Hebrew Union College. In 1920, he became rabbi at Isaac M. Wise Temple in Cincinnati, where he retired from in 1952. After World War II, he was one of the clergy picked by President Truman to tour Europe and report on the status of post-war refugees. Heller served as president of the Labor Zionist Organization, chairman of the United Jewish Appeal, and an executive committee member of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. He was a composer and wrote the program notes for the Cincinnati Symphony from 1924 to 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6408.0,6454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCincinnati is located on the Ohio River, in the state of Ohio. The city was incorporated in 1820 and today is the third largest city in the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6408.0,6454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Meredith Ashby Jones (1868-1947) was a Baptist minister in Atlanta, Georgia. He served at Ponce de Leon Baptist for 10 years. From 1927-1932, he took a position in St. Louis, Missouri, but later returned to Atlanta. Back in Atlanta, he focused on writing, studying, and lecturing. He was a founder of the Inter-Racial Commission of the South, which focused on improving conditions for African Americans in the South. He was a leader in inter-racial work in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6408.0,6454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill (1898-1969) was an American journalist, best known as an anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959. He became friends with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, acting as a civil rights advisor and behind-the-scenes envoy to several African nations. After his death, Ralph McGill Boulevard in Atlanta (previously Forrest Boulevard) was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6456.0,6523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Morgan Blake (1889-1953) was born in Fayetteville, Tennessee and attended Vanderbilt University. In 1916, he became a sport writer and editor for the Atlanta Journal. He eventually became a religious columnist and taught the Men’s Bible Class at Atlanta’s Baptist Tabernacle for 20 years. Blake had been converted by Billy Sunday in 1922. He and his wife, Corrie Hoffman had one son, William Blake.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6456.0,6523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugene Talmadge (1884-1946) was an American politician who served two terms as the 67th Governor of Georgia from 1933 to 1937, and a third term from 1941 to 1943. Elected to a fourth term in November 1946, he died before his inauguration, scheduled for January 1947. Only Talmadge and Joe Brown, in the mid-19th century, have been elected four times as Governor of Georgia. He is known for having actively promoted segregation and white supremacy, and for advocating for racism in the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6540.0,6571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr. (1890-1971), served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of his native Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6540.0,6571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnion Central Life Insurance Company was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1867. It was established as a mutual insurance company. In 2005, it formed a mutual insurance holding company the Union Central Mutal Holding Company and converted the life insurance company to a stock company. The holding company merged with Ameritas Acacia Mutual Insurance Holding Company in 2006. In 2013, Union Central Life merged with Ameritas Life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6575.0,6581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bonehead Club of Atlanta was formed in 1928. The first Bonehead Club was formed in Dallas, Texas in 1919 with the motto “to serve no purpose whatsoever.” It was social club that met for luncheons with the goal of creating self-contained amusement. They also had annual banquets with skits and activities with the goal of providing humor and amusement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6603.0,6655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert McLarty (1888-1969) was born in Villa Rica, Georgia. He attended Vanderbilt University and the University of Chicago. He was an army lieutenant during World War I. McLarty worked as an attorney and was a member of the American Bar Association. He was also a early real estate investors in Florida, which is now were Cape Kennedy and a large area where NASA is. He and his wife, Dodo White had a daughter, Nancy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6603.0,6655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Trust Company of Georgia, later SunTrust, and now Truist, is based in Atlanta. The stability and growth of the bank, with branches and affiliates in seven states and the District of Columbia, serves as a measurement of the economic growth of the New South since the end of reconstruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6603.0,6655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. He was the only Democrat to serve during the Progressive Era, which was dominated by Republicans in the presidency and legislative branches. He was born in Staunton, Virginia and grew up during the Civil War and Reconstruction era. Wilson earned his Ph.D. in history and political science at John Hopkins University. Eventually, he became president of Princeton University and served as the governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. Wilson led the United States through World War I and was the leading architect of the League of Nations. His stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism. He was also responsible for the creation of the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the graduated income tax, and labor laws. He intended to run for a third term but suffered a stroke in October 1919, which left him incapacitated. During the final years of his terms, his wife, Edith pre-screened all matters of state, functionally running the Executive branch of the government. In more recent years, Wilson has come under criticism for his record on race relations and civil liberties, including his decision to allow the imposition of Jim Crow with the federal bureaucracy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe League of Nations was the first worldwide intergovernmental organization with the principal mission of maintaining world peace. It was founded on January 10, 1920, by the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I. The organization ceased operations on April 18, 1946, when many of its components were relocated in the newly formed United Nations. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was the leading architect of the League and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his role in the formation of the League.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Borah (1865-1940) was a Republican United States Senator from Idaho. He was known as an outspoken progressive and served from 1907 until his death in 1940. He voted for American’s entry into World War I but was considered an isolationist. He also was the leader of the group of senators who opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, which would have made the U.S. part of the League of Nations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronson Cutting (1888-1935) was a Republican United States Senator from New Mexico. He served from 1929-1935. During World War I, he was a captain and served as an assistant military attaché of the American Embassy in London from 1917 through 1918.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation. The organization was created following World War II to prevent another such conflict. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The headquarters of the United Nations is in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924) was a politician, historian, lawyer, and statesman from Massachusetts. He served as a Republican Senator from 1893 to 1924. He was well-known for his positions on foreign policy. Lodge was among a group of senators that successful voted against the Treaty of Versailles and ensured the U.S. did not join the League of Nations. His written collection against the treaty was known as the Lodge Reservation and influenced the structure of the United Nations, which was formed in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=6665.0,7167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) was a French Army Officer most commonly knowns for his central role in the Dreyfus Affair. He was wrongfully tried and convicted of treason. Dreyfus was accused of passing military secrets to the Germans. In 1896, evidence was discovered that pointed to another French military officer, Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, as the real traitor.  In 1899, Dreyfus was court-martialed for a second time and found guilty. Although he was pardoned days later by the French president, it wasn’t until 1906 that Dreyfus officially was exonerated and reinstated in the army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7328.0,7384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dreyfus Affair was a political crisis in France that began in 1894 when Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), a French Jewish military officer, was wrongfully tried and convicted of treason. Dreyfus was accused of passing military secrets to the Germans. In 1896, evidence was discovered that pointed to another French military officer, Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, as the real traitor. In 1898, Esterhazy was court-martialed but quickly found not guilty. In 1899, Dreyfus was court-martialed for a second time and found guilty. Although he was pardoned days later by the French president, it wasn’t until 1906 that Dreyfus officially was exonerated and reinstated in the army. The Dreyfus Affair became one of the most significant political events in French history in the late 19th and early 20th century. France became deeply divided, not just over the fate of Dreyfus, but also over a range of issues, including politics, religion and national identity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7328.0,7384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7328.0,7384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Rev. Norman Gore (1905-1975) was born in Janow-Podlaski, Poland and later immigrated to Canada. He became a U.S. citizen in 1959. He graduated from Cambridge and Princeton and received his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh. Gore came to Atlanta in 1953 where he served as rector of the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany for 18 years. He also an author of several books and made several trips to Israel. In 1948, he married Elsie McGee, and they had a daughter and two sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7426.0,7448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold U. Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his law degree in 1904 and soon became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. He helped found The Atlanta Committee for German-Jewish Relief and served as chairman of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7448.0,7457.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulian Mack (1866-1943) was a United States circuit judge of the U.S. Commerce Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, the U.S. Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. He was the son of Jewish merchants, born in San Francisco, California. He attended Harvard Law School with addition education at Humboldt University of Berlin and the University of Leipzig. He initially entered private practice in Chicago, Illinois. Mack received his first federal court appointment in 1911, and he served until his death in 1943. Mack served as the President of the American Jewish Congress in 1918 and was a member of Reform Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7457.0,7616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBaltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States, with an estimated population of 593,490 in 2019. Founded in 1729, Baltimore has a long history as an important seaport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7457.0,7616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorton Weiss (1918-2010) was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He attended Harvard, where he earned his bachelor’s and master’s degree. During World War II, he served a major in the U.S. army. After the war, he worked as president of Montage Inc, vice-president of Gorham Silver, and president of Eaton Paper Company. He was active in various Atlanta civic and Jewish organizations including the Board of Directors of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, the Jewish Welfare Fund, Atlanta Jewish Community Center, the Rotary Club and served as vice-president of The Temple. He and his wife, Julie, had two sons and a daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7457.0,7616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Emanuel Shulhafer (1898-1961) was born and raised in Savannah, Georgia. He was the son of Adolph and Augusta Guthman Shulhafer. He was the personnel director at Montag Brothers, Inc. during the 1950s when the firm became one the first businesses in the South to have white employees working side-by-side with black employees. He was active in the Atlanta Urban League and the Southern Regional Council, inter-racial organizations. He was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, one of the predecessors that merged to form the Atlanta Jewish Federation. He attended the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School before serving in the military in World War I. He and his wife, Hannah Grossman had one daughter, Helen. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7457.0,7616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTampa is a city in Florida, Hillsborough County. It is the third most populous city in the state. The city was founded as a military center during the 19th century when Fort Brooke was established. It is located on the Gulf Coast and the bay’s port is the largest in the state, making it an important economic asset. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7643.0,7754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrlando, Florida is a city located in central Florida. It was incorporated in February 1885 and is located in Orange County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7643.0,7754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKnoxville is located in eastern Tennessee and sits on the Tennessee River. It is the third largest city in the state and is home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7643.0,7754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama. The city was founded in 1819 and was named for Continental Army General Richard Montgomery. During the Civil War, the city was the first capital of the Confederate States of America until the capital was moved to Richmond, Viriginia. During the Civil War Movement, the city was center of various events including the Montgomery bus boycott and the Selma to Montgomery marches.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7643.0,7754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreensboro is a city and county seat of Guilford County, North Carolina. It is the third-most populous city in North Carolina. The area was originally inhabited by Saura, a Siouan-speaking tribe of Indigenous people. The first white settlers were Quakers who came to the area about 1750. The city was established in 1808, and is named for Major General Nathanael Green, commander of the rebel American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7643.0,7754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNashville is the capital city of Tennessee and was founded in 1779. It was named for Francis Nash, a general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The city is home to Vanderbilt University and the legendary country music venues like the Grand Ole Opry, Ryman Auditorium and the Country Music Hall of Fame.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7769.0,7883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is located in the north central part of the southern state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Jefferson county and the most populous city in the state. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the city received national and international attention. In 1963, local civil right activist Fred Shuttlesworth asked Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Conference to come to the city to help end segregation. Their effort was known as Project C (Confrontation) and specifically attacked the Jim Crow systems that existed in the city. The sit-ins and mass marches were organized and lead to 3,000 arrests, but eventually lead to desegregation in the city and helped with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Dr. King was among those arrested and jailed. During his time in jail, he wrote his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail. Birmingham was also the site of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1963, which killed four young black girls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7769.0,7883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeridian is a city in Lauderdale County in the state of Mississippi. It was established in 1860, at the junction of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi. Meridian built an economy based on the railways and goods transported on them, and it became a strategic trading center. During the Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian in 1864. The city was rebuilt and has diversified in the 21st century, with healthcare, military, and manufacturing industries. The city is home to the Meridian Museum of Art, Meridian Little Theatre, and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7911.0,8058.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Israelite, now the Atlanta Jewish Times, is a newspaper with the mission to create a sense of community throughout the geographically dispersed Jewish people of greater Atlanta through the timely dissemination of local and national news; support of local synagogue, nonprofit, and cultural endeavors and events; thought-provoking dialogue and debate on current issues and Jewish ideas; and the strengthening of the bonds and understanding of Jewish culture, tradition, and family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=7911.0,8058.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYishuv is the term used to refer to the Jewish community in Palestine prior to 1948. The term literally means “settlement.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8091.0,8136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCovenant Presbyterian Church is a church located on Peachtree Road in Buckhead, Atlanta, Georgia. The church first opened in 1904 and today is home to the Spanish Academy at Covenant Presbyterian which opened in 2013. The congregation is led by Reverand Jamie Butcher. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8230.0,8337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRev. Herman “Chubby” L. Turner (1891-1972) was born in Lacey Springs, Alabama. He attended the University of Chicago and was ordained in 1919. He served as the minister of Covenant Presbyterian Church in Atlanta from 1930 to 1961. In 1957, Rev. Turner led 80 white Atlanta Christian ministers in publishing the “Ministers’ Manifesto” which was a statement calling for calm and reason amid violet reaction to integration of schools in the South. In 1958, after white supremacists bombed The Temple, a second statement was issued with more than 300 Atlanta clergy signing it. In 1911, he married Ann Grace Hartung, and they had a daughter and three sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8230.0,8337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePeachtree Christian Church on Peachtree Street in midtown Atlanta originated in downtown Atlanta as First Christian Church in 1853. In 1928 the congregation expanded to a second location on Peachtree Street by building what is now known as Peachtree Christian Church which is now a historic landmark and an example of 1920's Gothic Revival architecture. The church is known for its interdenominational relations and its radio exposure. In 1926, it was one of the first area churches to participate in religious broadcasts on the pioneering radio station WSB and hosted the choir of one of the city's leading Black congregations, Big Bethel A.M.E. Church. From 1932 to 1970, WSB aired a live program, The Call to Worship, each Sunday morning from the church. Peachtree Christian Church also maintained a close relationship with The Temple, the city’s oldest Jewish congregation, across the street. This bond is exemplified by a small Jewish star of granite embedded in the church's altar. It is a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) denomination.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8230.0,8337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRev. Robert Burns (1904-1997) was born in Merchantville, New Jersey. He attended Washington University and received his divinity degree from Eden Theological Seminary. He served as the minister of Peachtree Christian Church for 40 years and then minister emeritus until his death. Burns hosted a radio program called “The Call of Worship” on WSB for many years and wrote a book in 1963. He served as president of the International Convention of the Chirstian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the American Counseling Association. He and his wife, Agnes had three sons and a daughter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8230.0,8337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChattanooga is a city in Hamilton County, Tennessee. It is located along the Tennessee River, and borders Georgia to the south. Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War, due to the multiple railroads that converge there. After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day, served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines. Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 hit song \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\" by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8230.0,8337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Weltner (1887-1981) was a native New Yorker who lived in Atlanta. He attended the University of Georgia and Columbia Law School. He was an attorney in private practice as well as Chancellor of the University System of Georgia for two years and president of Oglethorpe University for nine years. He was a close advisor to Robert W. Woodruff, president of the Coca-Cola Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8337.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOglethorpe University is a private college in Brookhaven, Georgia. It was founded in 1835 and named after General James Oglethorpe, who was the founder of the Georgia colony.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8340.0,8394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Longstreet Weltner (1927-1992) was an American jurist and politician. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1948, he received a bachelor's degree from Oglethorpe University. In 1950, he received a law degree from Columbia Law School in New York City. After serving two years in the United States Army, Weltner practiced law in Atlanta and worked to defeat Georgia's county-unit system and preserve the public school system after state leaders threatened to close the schools rather than integrate. In 1962, Weltner was elected to represent Georgia’s 5th congressional district in the House of Representatives as a Democrat. After leaving politics, Weltner continued his legal career, first as a judge in the Fulton County Superior Court from 1976 to 1981 and then serving as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1981 to 1992. In June 1992, he was elected as chief justice of that body by his fellow justices, and he served in that role until his death in Atlanta on August 31, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8340.0,8394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8394.0,8431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca Mathis Gershon (known as “Reb”) (1899-1987) was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee but her grandparents came from Germany. On a visit to Atlanta she met and later married Harry Gershon. Rebecca Mathis Gershon was involved in the life of the Jewish community of Atlanta including the National Council of Jewish Women, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, Hadassah, as well as in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8431.0,8540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Counsel General of Israel is the head of the consulate in the U.S. city where the consulate is located. They over see the consular services and are primarily focused on administrative and service-related aspects of diplomacy. There are Israel consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8431.0,8540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Gibbs Arnall (1907-1992) was the 69th Governor of Georgia from 1943-1947. He was a Democrat that helped lead efforts to abolish the poll tax and to reduce Georgia’s voting age to 18. He was considered one of the most progressive and effective governors in the modern history of Georgia. Arnall was a nationally recognized litigator and served as Attorney General of Georgia before becoming Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8591.0,8615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Brevard Russell Jr. (1897-1971) was an American politician. He served as the 66th Governor of Georgia from 1931 to 1933 before serving in the United States Senate for almost 40 years, from 1933 to 1971. Russell was a founder and leader of the conservative coalition and at his death was the most senior member of the Senate. He was the leader of Southern opposition to the civil rights movement and supported racial segregation. He co-authored the Southern Manifesto with Strom Thurmond. Russell and 17 fellow Democratic Senators, along with one Republican, blocked the passage of civil rights legislation via the filibuster. After President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, Russell led a Southern boycott of the 1964 Democratic National Convention.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8591.0,8615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Franklin George (1878-1957) was an American politician born on a farm near Preston, Georgia. He was a long-time Democratic United States Senator (serving from 1923 to 1957) and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957. He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 and generally supported Roosevelt's handling of World War II. After the war, George emerged as a leading opponent against efforts to end racial segregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8591.0,8615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe White Paper of 1939 was a policy paper issued by the British government in response to the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. The paper called for the establishment of a Jewish national home in an independent Palestinian state within 10 years. It limited Jewish immigration to 75,000 for five years and ruled that further immigration would be determined by the Arab majority. Jews were restricted from buying Arab land in all but five percent of the Mandate. After its approval by the House of Commons in May 1939, it became the governing policy for Mandatory Palestine from 1939 to 1948, when the British departed Palestine. The policy was officially rejected by the Palestine Arabs and Zionist groups in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8615.0,8686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Curran Erskine Davis (1895-1981) was an attorney, judge, and legislator, who was born in Franklin, Georgia, and was a resident of Atlanta, Georgia. He was a state legislator from DeKalb County, Georgia (1924-1928), an attorney for the Georgia Department of Industrial Relations (1928-1831) and for DeKalb County (1931-1934), a Georgia Superior Court judge (1934-1946), and a Georgia representative to the United States Congress (1947-1963).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8615.0,8686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8686.0,8717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Congress is as an association of Jewish Americans organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts. It was established in 1918 as an alternative to the American Jewish Committee, which was dominated by the German-Jewish establishment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International (Hebrew: “Children of the Covenant”) is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Stephen Samuel Wise (1874-1949) was born in Austria but immigrated to the United States with his family as an infant. He was a prominent Reform rabbi and Zionist leader, especially during World War II. Wise had been criticized for his acquiescence to the Roosevelt administration to delay even acknowledgment of the Holocaust, much less doing something to help to help European and Eastern Jews in peril. Two Reform synagogues, one in New York and one in Los Angeles, are named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Morgenthau, Jr. (1891-1967) was born to a prominent Jewish family in New York City. He served as the U.S. Secretary of Treasury during the Roosevelt and Truman administrations (1934—1945). He played a major role in designing and financing the New Deal and was responsible for proposing the “Morgenthau Plan” for postwar Germany. He also played a major role in shaping foreign policy and advocated for Jewish refugees during World War II. New York’s Governor Herbert Lehman was his wife’s uncle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Evian Conference occurred from July 6-15, 1938, at Évian-les-Bains, France. The goal of the conference was to address the problem of German and Austrian Jewish refugees seeking to flee the persecution by Nazi Germany. The conference was the initiative of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who hoped the invited countries would commit to accept more refugees. Representatives from 32 countries and 24 voluntary organizations attended the conference. Although conference delegates expressed sympathy for the Jews under Nazism, no commitment was made to accept more refugees. Many countries including the United States and Great Britain offered excused for why more refugees could not be accepted in their countries. The German government used the conference failure for propaganda purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8717.0,8901.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Federation of Greater Atlanta is a regional branch of Jewish Federations of North America. It is an organization that focuses on serving the Atlanta Jewish community through philanthropic endeavors such as supporting infrastructure, including schools and synagogues. Federation supports the Jewish community but also welcomes people of various backgrounds, including interfaith, LGBT+, and multiracial people and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8901.0,8978.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRecha Freier (1892-1984) was born in Norden, East Frisia, German Empire into a Jewish Orthodox family. In 1933, she founded the Youth Aliyah organization. The organization saved the lives of 7000 Jewish children by helping them leave Nazi Germany for Mandatory Palestine before and during the Holocaust. She worked with Henrietta Szold would took charge of the teenagers after their arrival in Palestine. Recha remained in Nazi Germany until the middle of 1940 and eventually ended up in Palestine in 1941. In 1943, she established the Agricultural Training Center for Israeli children who worked to provide a proper education for children of impoverished family and those living in poor social conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8978.0,9068.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYouth Aliyah was founded in 1933 by Recha Freier. The organization saved 7000 Jewish children from Nazi Germany. The organization arranged for the youth to be resettled in Palestine in kibbutzim and youth villages that became their home and school. Hadassah was a major supporter of Youth Aliyah and continues to support the program today. Youth Aliyah continues today by helping young newcomers to Israel and at-risk Israeli youth. They youth are provided shelter, food, counseling, education and other support services in the youth villages.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8978.0,9068.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenrietta Szold (1860-1945) founded Hadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, as well as being a Zionist leader. She advocated for a larger role for women in Rabbinic Judaism, most famously by reciting Mourners’ Kaddish for her parents when traditionally only men recited it. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8978.0,9068.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoel Arnon (1922-unknown) was born in Germany and immigrated to Israel with Youth Aliya in 1937. After the State of Israel was established, he held various position in the Prime Minister’s office. He served as Consulate-General in New York City, assistant director-general for administration in the Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem, Minister-Counsellor for Information and Press in Boston. From 1977-1981, he served as Consul-General in Atlanta and Consul-General in Miami from 1981-1983. He later became Consul-General in Syndey, Australia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=8978.0,9068.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan. A minyan is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or Shabbat services, reading from the Torah and haftarah portions in synagogue, and saying Kaddish, among other things. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9079.0,9185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Zionist Council (AZC) was a pro-Israeli lobby group in the United States founded in 1949. The group represented nine nationwide Zionist organizations in matters related to Zionism after Israel was established. Some of the groups it represented included Zionist Organization of American and Hadassah. In 1962, AZC was forced to register as a foreign agent and could no longer make monetary contributions to U.S. officials. This action was taken due in part to the monthly newsletters it sent to every member of Congress and these newsletters were found to be funded in an indirect manner by the Israeli government. In 1966, the organization was dissolved after regulatory changes revoked tax exemption for foreign agents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9188.0,9589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbba Hillel Silver (1893-1963) was an American Rabbi and Zionist leader. Born Abraham Silver in Naumiestis, in the Suwałki Governorate of Congress Poland, a part of the Russian Empire (present-day Lithuania), son and grandson of Orthodox rabbis, he was brought to the US at the age of nine. He was ordained a Reform Rabbi in 1915, when he became known as Abba Hillel Silver. He was rabbi of The Temple Tifereth Israel in Cleveland, Ohio, one of the nation's largest and best-known Reform congregations, from 1917 to 1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9188.0,9589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax Kroloff (1908-1959) was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in Sioux City, Iowa. He attended Morningside College and attended law school at the University of Chicago. He joined the Anti-Defamation League in 1942 and from 1944 to 1949 served as assistant national leader. He later moved to Atlanta where he owned and operated an air-conditioning firm and was a public relations consultant for Brandeis University in the South. In 1951, he was the director of membership and programs for the national headquarters of B’nai B’rith. He and his wife, Mary had two children Carol and Charles, who became a rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9188.0,9589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Defamation League (ADL) was founded in 1913 “to stop the defamation of the Jewish people and to secure justice and fair treatment to all.” ADL fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9188.0,9589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChicago is the largest city in Illinois and located on Lake Michigan. It is known for its bold architecture with skyscrapers such as the John Hancock Center, the Willis Tower, formerly the Sears Tower, and the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower. It is also known for its museums including the Chicago Institute of Art. The city was incorporated in 1837 and it grew rapidly during the 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9188.0,9589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Kroloff (b. 1935) was born to Max and Mary Goldstein Kroloff. He attended Henry Grady High School and graduated from Yale University. He attended rabbinical school at Hebrew College in Cincinnati, Ohio. He became a rabbi and served for 36 years as the Senior Rabbi at Temple Emanu-El in Westfield, New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9589.0,9595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Aiken (1892-1984) was Republican politician from Vermont. He served as Vermont governor from 1937-1941 and in the U.S. Senate from 1941-1975. Upon his retirement, he was the most senior member of the Senate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9595.0,9907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Monsky (1890-1947) was a Jewish-American lawyer from Omaha, Nebraska. He studied law at Creighton University and graduated in 1912. In 1911, he joined the B’nai B’rith lodge in Omaha and became the group’s youngest president in 1913. Monsky continued to move up in leadership within B’nai B’rith and was elected to the national executive board in 1933 and international president in 1938. He was the first B’nai B’rith president to have an Eastern European and Orthodox background and served as president until his death. He was involved in other Jewish organizations and a lifelong Zionist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9595.0,9907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9940.0,9959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence. In the Arab world, it came to be known as the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) because of the large number of refugees and displaced persons resulting from the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=9993.0,10024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv, Israel is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is considered the economic and technological center of Israel. It is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel. He was born in Poland and immigrated to the Palestine region of the Ottoman Empire in 1906. He became a leader in the Jewish community in the British-rule Mandatory Palestine from 1935 until the establishment of Israel in 1948. He had a long interest in Zionism and became the executive head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946. In 1948, he was the first to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which he helped to write. He served as prime minister from 1948-1953 and then again from 1955-1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRudolf Sonneborn (1898-1986) was an American oil executive, businessman, and onetime president of the State of Israel Bond Drive. He was also a longtime leader of the American Zionist movement. He became one of the most prominent fund raisers for the new State of Israel during the 1940’s and 1950’s. Sonneborn had longtime friendships with David Ben-Gurion and Dr. Chaim Weizman. Through his connection with these two, he became linked with the famous ship Exodus and other American efforts to send supplies to the Palestine to help with their war for independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Montor (1905-1982) was born in Canada but came to the United States at two years old. He attended the University of Cincinnati and Hebrew Union College. In the 1930’s, he established the Independent Jewish Press Service and the Palcor News Agency. He helped in the establishment of the United Jewish Appeal in 1938. In 1950, he founded the Israel Bond Organization to help raise money for Israel through the sale of bonds.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization that collected and distributed funds to Jewish organizations in their community and around the country. UJA existed from 1939 until it was folded into the United Jewish Communities, which was formed from the 1999 merger of United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations, and United Israel Appeal, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) was a British politician, historian, writer, and army officer who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory over Nazi Germany during World War II. His speeches were a great inspiration. One speech included the words: “... we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his lifetime body of work.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10024.0,10224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palmach (Hebrew: “Strike Force”) was the elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. It was established in 1941 and by the time it was forcibly disbanded it consisted of over 2,000 men and women. Its members went on to form the backbone of the Israel Defense Forces and were prominent in Israeli politics, literature, and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10231.0,10358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReuven Dafni (1913-2005) was a British officer and special forces soldier. In 1936, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine and joined the British military during World War II. He later was a soldier and diplomat for Israel. Dafni was one of the founders of kibbutz Ein Gev and assistant director of Yad Vashem memorial center. In 1946, he became a member of Haganah and came to the United States to raise funds and purchase weapons for the defense of the Yishuv. He later served as the first Israeli consul general in Los Angeles. He also served as consul general in New York City and Bombay, India, and as ambassador to Kenya and Thailand.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10362.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10362.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlexander Van Straaten (1883-1955) was silk manufacturer and civic leader from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was president of Van Straaten and Havey and worked in the silk business from 1913 until his retirement in 1937. He was the president of Temple Judea and the Green Valley Country Club, and served as chairman of the board for the Northern Liberties Hospital. In his retirement, he lived in Miami, Florida with his wife, Leanore Stein. They had one daughter, Roslyne.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10362.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMortimer May (1893-1974) was the son of Jacob May, a German Jew who settled in the United States in 1879. May and his brother, Dan, operated the May Hosiery Mill in Nashville, Tennessee after the death of their father, Jacob. Mortimer is best known for his Zionism and his role in rescuing German Jews in the 1930s. During the years before World War II, Jacob and Mortimer May made five trips into Hitler’s Germany and managed to rescue more than 200 Jews before the flow of visas was cut off. Mortimer served as president of the Zionist Organization of America from 1954 to 1956 and was past chairman of the executive committee. He was also active in the Nashville Jewish Community, where he served as president of the The Temple and the Nashville Jewish Community Council.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10362.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville, Florida is located on the Atlantic coast in northeast Florida, about 25 miles south of the Georgia state line, and about 340 miles (550 kilometers) north of Miami. The city was established in 1822 and is named for Andrew Jackson, who was the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh U.S. President. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10362.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFiorello Henry La Guardia (1882-1947) was an American politician. He is best known for being the 99th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945. He was a United States Congressman from 1916 to 1920, and from 1922 to 1930. For nine months in 1946, La Guardia headed the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). In August 1946, La Guardia visited DP camps in the Munich area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10943.0,10971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNewark is the most populous city in the state of New Jersey and a principal city in the New York metropolitan area. The Newark areas was settled in 1666 by the Puritans from the New Haven Colony, making it one of the oldest cities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10971.0,11023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJersey City, New Jersey is located in northeastern New Jersey. It is the second most populous city in New Jersey. The eastern waterfront faces the Hudson River where it meets Upper New York Bay. On the west Hackensack River and Newark Bay border the city. The city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=10971.0,11023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBayonne, New Jersey is located south of New York City in Hudson County, New Jersey. A portion of the Port of New York and New Jersey is located in the city, also is the Cape Liberty Cruise Port. The city became one of the largest centers in the U.S. for refining crude oil at Standard Oil of New Jersey’s facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11038.0,11114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e10 Downing Street in London is the official residence and office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. It is located off of Whitehall, in the City of Westminster. The building is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. It is about ¾ of a mile from Buckingham Palace and also near the Palace of Westminster where both Houses of Parliament meet. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11152.0,11296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Henry Rich (1880-1947) was a leading Atlanta merchant and philanthropist. He was president of Rich’s department store, which was founded by his uncle Morris Rich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11152.0,11296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Power Company was established as the Georgia Railway and Power Company. It began in 1902 running the streetcars in Atlanta as a successor of the Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Company. Today the company is the largest of the four electric utilities that are owned and operated by Southern Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11152.0,11296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11309.0,11398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940's it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11309.0,11398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11309.0,11398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Welfare Fund (JWF) is a fund that raises money to support Jewish communities. The funds were often used during times of war and displacement. In Atlanta, the JWF was merged into the Jewish Community Council in 1967.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11309.0,11398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Dembitz Brandeis (1856-1941) was a lawyer and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1916-1939) who was the first Jewish person to sit on the high court. Brandeis graduated from Harvard Law School at the head of his class in 1877. After less than a year of practice in St. Louis, Missouri, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts where he maintained a practice until his appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1916. Brandeis University was established by the American Jewish community seven years after the death of Justice Brandeis to honor his life and career. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11415.0,11471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational corporation founded in 1892, best known as the producer of the soft drink Coca-Cola. The drink industry company also manufactures, sells, and markets other non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and alcoholic beverages. Coca-Cola was created in the late 19th century as an alcohol-free or temperance drink by John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11552.0,11599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Heyman (1898-1968) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a graduate of Tech High School, the University of Georgia, and Columbia University Law School. He served as a second lieutenant in the First World War. Upon graduation, he opened his own practice, eventually joining the firm of his father, who was also a prominent Atlanta attorney. Along with Elliott Abram, he successfully argued the case that abolished Georgia's county unit system which had provided outsized political influence to the smaller counties. In the Jewish community, he served as president for The Temple, the Federation of Social Services, the Atlanta chapter of the American Jewish Committee, and the Atlanta Lodge of B’nai B’rith. He was also president of the Atlanta Community Planning Council and the Legal Aid Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=11737.0,11774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12006.0,12041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12006.0,12041.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Council for Judaism (ACJ) is an organization of American Jews committed to the proposition that Jews are not a nationality but merely a religious group, adhering to the original stated principles of Reform Judaism. The ACJ was founded in June 1942 by a group of Reform rabbis who opposed the direction of their movement, including, but not limited to, the issue of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12116.0,12119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElmer Berger (1908-1996) was a Jewish Reform rabbi who was widely known for his anti-Zionism. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio and attended the University of Cincinnati. He also was attended Hebrew Union College and was ordained in 1932. Berger was the executive director of the American Council for Judaism from its founding in 1942 until 1955. He later established American Jewish Alternatives to Zionism, which he used as a platform for continuing to publish his writing and delivering lectures.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12188.0,12189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in 1886. It began as a mail order catalog company and opened retail locations in 1925. Kmart bought it in 2005. Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until October 1989 when was surpassed by Walmart.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12203.0,12206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLessing Julius Rosenwald (1891-1979) was a businessman, a collector of rare books and art, a chess patron, and a philanthropist. Rosenwald succeeded his father in being chairman of Sears from 1932 until 1939, then dedicating himself full-time to collecting rare books and art. In 1943, he pledged to donate his collections of rare books and art. After his death, 2,600 rare books and 5,000 reference books were given to the Library of Congress, which remains one of the most distinguished collections in the Rare Books and Special Collections division. Additionally, 27,000 prints and drawings were donated to the National Gallery of Art. He was one of the founding donors of the National Gallery of Art when it opened in 1941. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1947. In 1943, Rosenwald accepted the invitation to become President of the American Council for Judaism, an association of anti-Zionist Reform Jews, a position he held until 1955; after that he remained chairman of the board. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12206.0,12238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Shankman (1890-1967) was born in Russia and later immigrated to the United States, settling in Memphis, Tennessee. He attended Branham \u0026amp; Hughes Preparatory School and Bolton College He worked as a merchant and was active in the Memphis Zionist District. He was also active in B’nai B’rith and in Baron Hirsch Synagogue. Shankman was also an author of several books including a biography of Mortimer May.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12282.0,12430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Ableson (1882-1957) was born in Russia and came to Birmingham, Alabama in 1906. He was the chairman of the Alabama Novelty House, and former owner of the Levine-Abelson Candy Company. Abelson was active in civic and Jewish activities including at Temple Beth-El, Birmingham Zionist District and the Jewish Community Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12282.0,12430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDetroit is the largest city in the midwestern state of Michigan in the United States. In the mid and late twentieth century, it was known as an industrial powerhouse and as “Motor City” for its ties to the auto industry. Its location on the Detroit River also made it a major shipping commerce hub. The city entered a significant state of urban decay following the loss of jobs in the auto industry and rapid suburbanization. The population declined significantly, and the city filed for bankruptcy in 2013, successfully exiting in 2014. In recent years, Detroit has been revitalized, being described as a city of renaissance as it successfully reversed the negative trends of prior decades. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12442.0,12479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It is a coastal city, separated from Charleston, South Carolina by the Savannah River. The city and the colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 when General James Oglethorpe and settlers arrived. During the Revolutionary War the city was the southernmost commercial port and during the Civil War it was the sixth most populous city in the Confederacy. City officials negotiated a peaceful surrender of the city in 1864, saving the city from destruction by General Sherman’s army. The city is known for its historic district with its 22 parklike squares, which was based on a design known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12541.0,12583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenville, South Carolina is located in upstate South Carolina and county seat of Greenville County. The city was established in 1797 and incorporated in 1831. It is considered the anchor city of the Upstate South Carolina economic and cultural region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12585.0,12611.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharleston, South Carolina is a port city that was founded in 1670 and is now the largest city in South Carolina. It was originally known as Charles Town and sits at an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the Ashley, Cooper and Wando rivers. The city was a major slave trading port in the 18th century. The American Civil War started in Charleston Harbor with the Confederate army firing on the Union’s Fort Sumter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12611.0,12612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAsheville, North Carolina is a city located on the junction of the French Broad and Swannanoa rivers in Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina. Before the arrival of Europeans, where Asheville exists was part of the Cherokee Nation. Colonization of the area began in 1784, Buncombe County was formed in 1792, and the county seat was named Morristown. In 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed Asheville after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12612.0,12639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia is the capital city of South Carolina. It is the second-largest city in the state and was chartered as a town in 1805 and city in 1854. The city’s name is often abbreviated to Cola, which lead to the nickname “Soda City.” The area was originally settled by Congaree Native American, who lived along the Congaree River. Today, Columbia sites at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12612.0,12639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChalutzim (Hebrew: pioneers; plural of Halutz or Chalutz, also spelled Halutzim) were Jewish pioneers who immigrated to the region of Palestine especially as part of a movement in the years after World War I to work the land and create Jewish settlements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12652.0,12931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Shartok (1894-1965), who later changed his name to Moshe Sharett, was born in 1894 in the Ukraine, and emigrated to Israel at age 12. His family was among the founders of what became the city of Tel Aviv. He was a member of the first graduating class of the first Hebrew high school in the country—Herzliya Gymnasium. In 1931, he joined the political section of the Jewish Agency, the “almost-government” of the Jews in Palestine. He was head of the political section from 1933 to 1948, and was the chief negotiator and spokesman of the yishuv (Hebrew: settlement) with regard to the British Mandatory administration, and an important architect of Zionist policy. He was a signatory of Israel’s Declaration of Establishment, and became Israel’s first Minister of Foreign Affairs (1948-1956). He served as Prime Minister of Israel from 1953 through 1956. He died in 1965, at the age of 71.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12652.0,12931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman (1884-1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain Communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress. Only upon Roosevelt’s death was he told about the ongoing Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb. Truman authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman's administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with Britain. Truman staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election, despite a divided Democratic Party, and won a surprise victory against Republican Party nominee Thomas E. Dewey. Truman presided over the onset of the Cold War in 1947. In 1948, he proposed Congress pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981, which prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=12954.0,13042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs.  In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After the war, the Haganah carried out anti-British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp, and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immigration into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah. All other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between David Ben-Gurion, the prime minister, and the Haganah leadership. Famous members of the group included Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, and Moshe Dayan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13062.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOtto Boschen (1886-1959) was the chairman of the board and president of Bailey, Green \u0026amp; Elger, Inc., an importer of buttons and buckles in New York City. He belonged to Union Congregational Church, the Union League Club, and Rotary Club of New York. He and his wife Ann had two sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13163.0,13333.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmersfoort is a city in the province of Utrecht, Netherlands. It dates back to 1259. The city was used for the modern pentathlon event during the 1928 Summer Olympics. During World War II, the Nazi concertation camp, Kamp Amersfoort was near the city. Some of the victims of the camp are buried in Rusthof cemetery near the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13365.0,13460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Zionist Congress (WZC) is a representative body of the world’s Jewish people. It was established by Theodor Herzl in 1897 as the Zionist Congress and was the legislative body of the World Zionist Organization (WZO), a non-governmental entity that promotes Zionism. The WZC, also known as the Parliament of the Jewish People, comprises 500 delegates from Israel, United States, and other countries worldwide. It meets in Jerusalem every five years. It enables delegates to exert ideological influence on both Israeli society and the global Jewish agenda, as well as allocate financial and other resources to various organizations in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13464.0,13837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneva is the second-most populous city in Switzerland. It lies at the southern tip of Lake Geneva and is surrounded by the Alps and Jura mountains. The city hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. Geneva has been referred to as the world’s most compact metropolis and the “Peace Capital.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13464.0,13837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmsterdam is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands. Located in the Dutch province of North Holland, Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the \"Venice of the North\", for its large number of canals, and is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Amsterdam became a major world port during the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, when the Netherlands was an economic powerhouse. Amsterdam was the leading center for finance and trade, as well as a hub of production of secular art. The city has a long tradition of openness, liberalism, and tolerance. Cycling is key to the city's modern character, and there are numerous biking paths and lanes spread throughout the entire city. Amsterdam's main attractions include its historic canals, the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum, the Amsterdam Museum, and the Anne Frank House. The city is also well known for its nightlife and red-light district. During World War II, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the Jews of Amsterdam were persecuted similar to the Jews in Germany: they lost their jobs, their property was seized, they had to wear a yellow star, etc. During the war, 107,000 Jews were deported and murdered mostly in Sobibor and Auschwitz. Some 25,000 to 30,000 went into hiding assisted by the Dutch underground, of which about two-thirds survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13464.0,13837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13845.0,13929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Judaea is a Jewish, Israel-centered summer camp for boys and girls ages seven through fifteen. It was established in 1961 near the town of Henderson, in the mountains of western North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13929.0,13939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHendersonville is located in Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. The city is named for the 19th century North Carolina Supreme Court Chief Justice Leonard Henderson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13939.0,14181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Edward Reisman (1921-1986) was an Atlanta, Georgia native. He attended Emory University medical school and served in the army during the Korean War. He worked as a physician in private practice from 1952 until 1973. He then worked as an occupational physician for U.S. Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania until 1980 when he returned to Atlanta. He was president of the Hebrew Academy from 1960 to 1962 and former president of the Atlanta Zionist District. Reisman was married to Lila Young, and they had two sons. They later divorced and he married Shirley Davis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13939.0,14181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLila Reisman (1928-2003) was born in New York City. She was very active with Jewish youth projects including Young Judaea in Israel. She was one of the founders of Camp Judaea and spent several summers working at the camp. She was also active in Hadassah. Lila worked for El Al Israel Airlines as a sales representative for the Southern United States and then as a National Sales Manager for Holy Land Travel. In 1945, she married Edward Reisman, and they later divorced. She and Edward had two sons, Richard and Keith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=13939.0,14181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Third Judaic Commonwealth or Third Jewish Commonwealth refers to the modern State of Israel. It is seen as the third independent Jewish state in history. The First Jewish Commonwealth refers to the ancient Israelite kingdoms and the Second Jewish Commonwealth refers to the period in Jewish history between 530 BCE and 70 CE.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14187.0,14188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 27, 1976, an Air France Airbus airliner with 248 passengers was hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and two members of the German Revolutionary Cells. The plane was flying from Tel Aviv to Paris. After the hijacking the flight was diverted to Libya and then to Uganda where it landed at Entebbe International Airport. Upon arrival in Uganda, the hijackers received support from Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. At the airport, the hijackers separated all the Israelis and several non-Israeli Jews from the larger group of passengers. The non-Israeli hostages were released and flown to Paris, while 94 passengers, mostly Israelis and 12 Air France crew members were held as hostages. The Israeli government debated where to respond to the hijackers demands to release 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel and 13 prisoners in four other countries. The Israeli government decided to have the Israeli military undertake a rescue operation. The operation took place at nightfall on July 3, 1976, with Israel flying 100 commandos into Uganda. Over the next 90 minutes, 102 hostages were successfully rescued with three being killed. The Israeli military suffered five wounded and one killed, Yonatan Netanyahu, older brother of Benjamin Netanyahu. All the hijackers and 45 Ugandan soldiers were killed. Kenya provided support to Israel during Operation Entebbe. After which Idi Amin issued orders for the Ugandan army to kill all Kenyans living in Uganda, which lead to the death of 245 Kenyan-Ugandans and the exodus of around 3000 Kenyans from Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14187.0,14188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIdi Amin (1928-2003) was the Ugandan military officer and politician that served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 until he was overthrown in 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern world history. During his years in power he shifted from being a pro-Western ruler to aligned with the Soviet Union, East Germany and Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi. Under Amin’s rule it is estimated that 500,000 people were killed, including various ethnic groups, religious leaders, journalist, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students, intellectuals, criminal suspects and foreign nationals. In 1979, he was overthrown and lived in exile in Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14196.0,14197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNahum Astar was born in Germany fled to Palestine when Hitler came to power. He worked in a kibbutz and studied at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He began working for the Israeli government in 1948. He served as the first Israel Consul General in Atlanta from 1956-1959 and returned from 1975-1977. He had previously served as Israel Consul General in Sydney, Australia from 1961-1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14197.0,14198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14212.0,14213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwich Village is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The neighborhood was the center of the 1960s counterculture movement or bohemian culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14216.0,14217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Louis is located in east-central Missouri near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Native Americans originally inhabited the area for generations before European settlers came. French fur traders founded the city in 1764 and named it for King Louis IX of France. By the 1800s, the city became a major port city on the Mississippi River. Today, the city is the second largest city in Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14224.0,14225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it wasn’t until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14232.0,14233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eField Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, also known as \"Monty\" and the \"Spartan General,\" (1887-1976) was a senior officer of the British Army and one of the Allied commanders in World War II. He commanded the British Eight Army in North Africa and during the Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy. Montgomery was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France, which was launched on June 6, 1944. Promoted to the rank of field marshal, Montgomery then led the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden, a controversial strategy that was poorly executed and proved a costly failure. Montgomery's 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine in February 1945 and finally received the surrender of the German armies on May 4, 1945. Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and diplomacy as well as for being a cautious, thorough strategist, often exasperating the patience of fellow Allied commanders. After the war, Montgomery became Commander in Chief of the British occupation forces. He was first knighted in 1942. Following World War II, he was made a knight of the Garter and was created 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14232.0,14233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14232.0,14233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebron is a Palestinian city in the southern West Bank. It is located 19 miles south of Jerusalem and the second largest city in the West Bank. The city is often considered one of the four holy cities in Judaism and in Islam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14240.0,14241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cave of Machpelah or Tomb of the Patriarchs is a series of caves situated 19 miles from Jerusalem in the heart of the Old City of Hebron in the West Bank. It’s the world most ancient Jewish site and the second holiest place for the Jewish people, after the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The cave is the site where Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah are all buried.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14240.0,14241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMount Sinai is a religiously significant mountain in the Sinai Peninsula. It is the site where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God in the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14240.0,14241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChurch of St. Anne is a French Roman Catholic church and part of the French national domain in the Holy land. It is located int eh Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site is also known as al-Madrasa as-Salahiyya (Saladin’s madrasa). The current church was built sometime between 1131 and 1138. It was built over the site of the grotto believed by the Crusaders to be the childhood home of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14240.0,14241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401/annotation_set/1881/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yiddish term for town, “shtetl” commonly refers to small towns or villages in pre–World War II Eastern and Central Europe with a significant Jewish presence that were primarily Yiddish speaking.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/146565/file/270401#t=14254.0,14255.0"}]}]}]}