{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/0v89g5hc44/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gutman, Kaiila"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-09-07 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Gutman, Kaiila (Interviewee)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eKaiila Gutman was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on September 7, 2005 in Sandy Springs, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003e          Kaiila Gerston was born on November 9, 1944, in the Soviet Union. Her parents, Leibish Gerston, and Chana Aratin Gerston, had fled Poland after the Germans invaded. Arrested by the Soviets, the couple was sent to a Siberian labor camp, where Kaiila was born.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          At the war's end, the Gerstons bribed their way back to Poland. With no family or home left and encountering violent antisemitism from their former neighbors, the Gerstons headed toward Germany. The family settled in the Shlachtensee Displaced Persons (DP) camp in the American zone of Berlin, where another daughter was born. When tensions between the Americans and the Soviet Union heated up, the family became part of the Berlin airlift. They soon settled in the Feldafing DP camp and began to recreate a life for themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          In 1952, the Gerstons arrived in New York City aboard the USNS General C.H. Muir and settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Adjusting to a new life in a new country brought many challenges. Following a brief marriage, Kaiila attended college, married her second husband, Michael Gutman, and completed a graduate degree in social work. The Gutman’s had two children, David and Alissa. They eventually relocated to Atlanta, Georgia. Today, Kaiila actively shares her experiences with others and volunteers at the Breman Museum.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003e          Kaiila introduces her father and mother. She shares details of their backgrounds and personalities. Kaiila recounts how they fled Poland for the Soviet Union, were arrested, and sent to a labor camp in Siberia. She describes the poor living conditions they endured. Kaiila explains why her father didn’t see himself as a survivor. She relays what her birth and infancy were like. She recalls how her parents made it out of Russia and back to Poland. Kaiila describes the antisemitism her parents faced in Poland. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          She outlines the family’s journey, with the help of the Irgun, to the American occupied zone of Berlin. Kaiila remembers her sister’s birth in the Shlachtensee DP camp. She shares anecdotes about the Berlin Airlift and getting into trouble as a child. Kaiila talks about her parents’ cousins who had survived and how they coped with the loss of so many other family members. She recalls her mother’s struggle to adjust and her strict overprotectiveness. She describes life in the Feldafing DP camp. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          Kaiila shares her memories of being sent to a sanitorium, roaming the camp, and collecting rations. She reminiscences about other survivors who took the place of her extended family. She considers how her childhood impacted her view of the world. Kaiila shares memories of encounters with camp guards and going to a farm for extra rations. She describes her father’s dealings on the black market. Kaiila remembers a car accident that hospitalized her. She recounts suffering from a burst appendix. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          Kaiila tried to explain her mother’s temper and determination. She talks about her first job and a marriage that soon ended in divorce. Kaiila talks about her struggles with a lack of confidence. She recalls her college experiences and meeting her second husband. She recollects an argument with her father over reparations. Kaiila draws parallels between the Holocaust and Hurricane Katrina. She talks about coming to terms with being a child survivor. Kaiila talks about her struggles with infertility. She proudly describes her children and their relationships with her parents. The interview ends after Kaiila briefly considers how her experiences influenced her as a mother and a Jew.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29077"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Gutman, Kaiila (b. 1944) (personal name)","Gerston, Pola Chana Aratin (1913-?) (personal name)","Gerston, Yochne Leibish (1912-?) (personal name)","Aratin, Moishe (personal name)","Schiffman, Chaya Golden (personal name)","Gersten, Chaja (b.1947) (personal name)","Gutman, Michael (1942-2020) (personal name)","Gutman, David (personal name)","Gutman, Alissa (personal name)","Stalin, Joseph (1878-1953) (personal name)","Wofford, Harris L. (1926-2019) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Greenberg, Irving Yitzchak (b. 1933) (personal name)","Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939) (personal name)","Jackson, Dr. Laird (1930-2019) (personal name)","Goldfarb, Dr. Alvin F. (1923-2008) (personal name)","Sandy Springs, Georgia (geographic term)","Tarnow, Poland (geographic term)","Melitz, Poland (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Szczecin, Poland (geographic term)","Stettin, Germany (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Frankfurt, Germany (geographic term)","Warsaw, Germany (geographic term)","Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Lublin, Poland (geographic term)","New Orleans, Louisiana (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Siberia (geographic term)","Kosovo (geographic term)","Gastrit Brothers (corporate name)","Gimbels and Saks (corporate name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Frankford Arsenal (corporate name)","Upward Bound Program (corporate name)","Temple University (corporate name)","Bryn Mawr College (corporate name)","Penn State (corporate name)","West Chester University (corporate name)","EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (corporate name)","Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine (corporate name)","Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (corporate name)","Georgetown University (corporate name)","Pomegranate Guild of Judaic Needlework (corporate name)","Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Berlin Airlift (named event)","Vietnam War (named event)","Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Hurricane Katrina (named event)","Nuremberg Trials (named event)","Irgun (other)","Labor Camp (other)","Gulag (other)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (other)","Einsatzgruppen (other)","Black Market (other)","Displaced Person Camp (other)","Schlachtensee DP camp (other)","Feldafing DP camp (other)","Black Panthers (other)","Wiedergutmachen (other)","Nazis (other)","Mein Kampf (other)","Pogrom (other)","Passover (other)","Torah (other)","Hasidic Jew (other)","Orthodox Jew (other)","Kosher (other)","Yiddish (other)","Yom HaShoah (other)","Bar Mitzvah (other)","Bat Mitzvah (other)","Shabbos (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eKaiila Gutman was interviewed by Ruth Einstein on September 7, 2005 in Sandy Springs, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Kaiila Gerston was born on November 9, 1944, in the Soviet Union. Her parents, Leibish Gerston, and Chana Aratin Gerston, had fled Poland after the Germans invaded. Arrested by the Soviets, the couple was sent to a Siberian labor camp, where Kaiila was born.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; At the war's end, the Gerstons bribed their way back to Poland. With no family or home left and encountering violent antisemitism from their former neighbors, the Gerstons headed toward Germany. The family settled in the Shlachtensee Displaced Persons (DP) camp in the American zone of Berlin, where another daughter was born. When tensions between the Americans and the Soviet Union heated up, the family became part of the Berlin airlift. They soon settled in the Feldafing DP camp and began to recreate a life for themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In 1952, the Gerstons arrived in New York City aboard the USNS General C.H. Muir and settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Adjusting to a new life in a new country brought many challenges. Following a brief marriage, Kaiila attended college, married her second husband, Michael Gutman, and completed a graduate degree in social work. The Gutman\u0026rsquo;s had two children, David and Alissa. They eventually relocated to Atlanta, Georgia. Today, Kaiila actively shares her experiences with others and volunteers at the Breman Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Kaiila introduces her father and mother. She shares details of their backgrounds and personalities. Kaiila recounts how they fled Poland for the Soviet Union, were arrested, and sent to a labor camp in Siberia. She describes the poor living conditions they endured. Kaiila explains why her father didn\u0026rsquo;t see himself as a survivor. She relays what her birth and infancy were like. She recalls how her parents made it out of Russia and back to Poland. Kaiila describes the antisemitism her parents faced in Poland.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; She outlines the family\u0026rsquo;s journey, with the help of the Irgun, to the American occupied zone of Berlin. Kaiila remembers her sister\u0026rsquo;s birth in the Shlachtensee DP camp. She shares anecdotes about the Berlin Airlift and getting into trouble as a child. Kaiila talks about her parents\u0026rsquo; cousins who had survived and how they coped with the loss of so many other family members. She recalls her mother\u0026rsquo;s struggle to adjust and her strict overprotectiveness. She describes life in the Feldafing DP camp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Kaiila shares her memories of being sent to a sanitorium, roaming the camp, and collecting rations. She reminiscences about other survivors who took the place of her extended family. She considers how her childhood impacted her view of the world. Kaiila shares memories of encounters with camp guards and going to a farm for extra rations. She describes her father\u0026rsquo;s dealings on the black market. Kaiila remembers a car accident that hospitalized her. She recounts suffering from a burst appendix.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Kaiila tried to explain her mother\u0026rsquo;s temper and determination. She talks about her first job and a marriage that soon ended in divorce. Kaiila talks about her struggles with a lack of confidence. She recalls her college experiences and meeting her second husband. She recollects an argument with her father over reparations. Kaiila draws parallels between the Holocaust and Hurricane Katrina. She talks about coming to terms with being a child survivor. Kaiila talks about her struggles with infertility. She proudly describes her children and their relationships with her parents. The interview ends after Kaiila briefly considers how her experiences influenced her as a mother and a Jew.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/181/443/small/Gutman_Kaiila.mp4_1680221733.jpg?1680221734","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gutman_Kaiila.mp4"]},"duration":6566.394,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/181/443/small/Gutman_Kaiila.mp4_1680221733.jpg?1680221734","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/181/443/original/Gutman_Kaiila.mp4?1680221728","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6566.394,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kaiila Gutman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Today is September 7 [2005] and we are here in Dunwoody, Georgia.\n\nGUTMAN: No, Sandy Springs [Georgia].\n\nEINSTEIN: Sandy Springs with Carey Gutman?\n\nGUTMAN: Kaiila.\n\nEINSTEIN: Kaiila Gutman.\n\nGUTMAN: I have all kinds of aliases.\n\nEINSTEIN: The Carey formerly known as Kaiila, formerly known as . . .\n\nGUTMAN: G-d knows what.\n\nEINSTEIN: G-d knows what. We will start with that question. Kaiila, if you can,\ntell me what your name was at birth, and where you were born and . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: The circumstances?\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes, and a little about your parents.\n\nGUTMAN: My parents were both from Poland. My mother was so brilliant. Her father\nin the memory books, he's specifically listed with all his children. He was\ncalled 'the Tzadik.' His five sons [who] studied every single night. He had a\nlibrary like a rabbi. He was a shoemaker ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not 'a' shoemaker. Somebody from\nher hometown pointed out to me that he was 'the shoemaker.' I didn't get it for\na while. I kept saying \"Yes, he was a shoemaker.\" \"No,\" he said, \"The shoemaker.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: What town was that?\n\nGUTMAN: In Tarnow, Poland which is Galicia.\n\nEINSTEIN: What were your parents' names?\n\nGUTMAN: My parents' names in English and in . . . ? Pola Chana Aratin when she\nwas born. My father should have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yochne Leibish Yachnovitz, but his dad died\nwhen he was five, so he took his mom's name, which was Gerston. He was known as\nLeibish Gerston, except when he wanted to do an aliya [be called to the Torah].\nHe informed me at my son's bar mitzvah--my sister had a big fight with me over\nthis--that he needed to be called up by Ariel, because Ariel is 'lion.' He's\nright. He's Yehuda Ariel.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Tell me a little bit about what you know about how your family got to\nthat area. Do you know . . .?\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Originally? They'd been there for centuries. They were both one of\neight kids. My father lived in Melitz, [Poland] which was a little bit further\napart. His family -- they were both the seventh of eight children. His father\ndied when he was five. They were poorer, less intellectual than my mother's\nfamily. He was dyslexic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He quit school in third grade because he couldn't learn\nPolish. He was a math whiz. The person who worked with him at the factory and\ndid the computer -- did the bookkeeping stuff -- couldn't believe what he knew.\nEvery single day, he knew what every single person made on each batch and how\nmany batches went out.\n\nEINSTEIN: What kind of factory was it?\n\nGUTMAN: He made girls' coats for Gastrit Brothers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who made clothes for Sixteenth\nand Callowill in Philadelphia. They made different versions for Gimbels and for\nSaks, lah-dee-dah-dah. Saks and Gimbels are related.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right.\n\nGUTMAN: Which I didn't know.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let us go back to Poland. When he quit school in third grade, do you\nknow what he did?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. He became an apprentice to a tailor. But he became what's called\nthe tendeiteh [sp; Yiddish], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tendeiteh means it's factory work. He did not\nlearn fine tailoring, master tailoring.\n\nEINSTEIN: What about your mother's family?\n\nGUTMAN: My mother's family had lots of yichus [Yiddish: a family pedigree that\nis highly respected].\n\nEINSTEIN: How did they earn such yichus?\n\nGUTMAN: Her father was a tzaddik and he was one of the most respected men in\ntown. For them to take a special thing in that book and list all his children .\n. .\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me his name?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: His name was Moishe Aratin.\n\nEINSTEIN: The family was learned. Did he also have . . . ?\n\nGUTMAN: . . . I don't know about seykel [Yiddish: common sense]. My mother did.\nHe must have had seykel enough to run a shop. He had a shoemaker's shop, but\nevery night he studied, baked the matzah, all that stuff. On Passover, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was .\n. . I never understood this man until I read a book af gebrachen [Yiddish: of\nuse]. He wouldn't let her, so she sneaked over two doors away to her\ngrandmother's, and her grandmother made her matzah balls. She drove him insane.\nShe refused to get out of the room and not study with her brothers. Her two\nolder sisters had already gone. There she is, studying a chumash [scripture] and\nTorah. My grandfather was, he finally gave up, because he kicked her out so many\ntimes she kept coming back, he quit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She won.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did she tell you about those times? What stories did she tell you\nwhen you were older?\n\nGUTMAN: She didn't tell me too much when I was . . . It was like digging,\nbecause she once told me that if she remembered, if she really remembered and\nlet herself mourn, that she would never be able to stop crying, so she couldn't\ncry. She never cried. That's why she was depressed her whole life. She just couldn't.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hassidim? Or, were they Misnagdim?\n\nGUTMAN: I'll show you the picture.\n\nEINSTEIN: Wait. We will look . . .\n\nGUTMAN: I don't know. I think it was Hassidic. Very Orthodox. He had the payess,\nand the big beard, and the beketshe.\n\nEINSTEIN: That gives us a good picture, I think. What do you think it was about\nyour mother that gave her the impetus to go and study with her brothers?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: Because she wasn't going to put up with it. She wasn't a second-class\ncitizen, screw him. She wasn't going to put up with that crap. Her two sisters\nwere married young, they were out of the . . . you know how they married them\noff then. They were the first two children, then came four sons, then came her,\nand then came her younger brother, who was nine months younger. They just had .\n. . My grandmother was probably married when she was fourteen. G-d only knows.\nHer name was Chaya Golden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schiffman. People are very impressed that I know . . .\nnot only know that I know my mother's maiden name, but her mother's maiden name.\n[It's] because she had two cousins in New York, who never got married and they\nwere Schiffman. That's how come I know. Her family must have done something with\nships G-d knows when.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did your mother go to a religious school outside of that?\n\nGUTMAN: She went to regular Polish school, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she excelled so much that she\nwent to gymnasium [a cross between high school and college] and graduated, but\nthen she couldn't find a job. Who was going to hire a Jewish nothingness from\nTarnow? She went and became a master tailor.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is that how your parents met?\n\nGUTMAN: No, they met when they were young. My father, one of my father's\nbrothers married one of my mother's sisters.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You had double first cousins.\n\nGUTMAN: I had.\n\nEINSTEIN: You had.\n\nGUTMAN: They're not here. They're somewhere in a grave in Poland, where they\nwere shot in the neck and just thrown in. They were probably eighteen months old\nat the time. They were both named Abrumeleh, which was after my father's father.\n\nEINSTEIN: We have pictures of the children.\n\nGUTMAN: You have pictures, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes, of them in the white gorgeous outfits. Gorgeous kids.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me then when you were born and a little bit about your childhood.\n\nGUTMAN: I didn't have a childhood.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your young childhood.\n\nGUTMAN: I didn't have one.\n\nEINSTEIN: Start when you were born--what year, so we have . . .\n\nGUTMAN: Let me tell you how they got to Russia, so I can tell you how I was\nborn. They were both working in the same town, my parents. My mother was\ntwenty-eight and she wasn't married. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a heretic. She was just a heretic,\nthat's all. She had a boyfriend for eight years who was an intellectual. She\neven sent a picture of him to Israel and the picture came back. My father let\nher take it back. Can you imagine? My uncle said he didn't know where he came\nfrom. When she married him, he couldn't figure it out. There's this whole\nmystery about that whole thing, because she didn't get married at her father's\nhouse. She got married at her brother's house, which my uncle never told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how\ncome, but there had to be something with that. I don't know what. Some crazy\nJewish thing. My father always felt inferior to her and she took advantage of\nit. She'd make a great Southern lady, iron fist in a velvet glove, sweet, didn't\ncomplain, didn't do anything, but she got every G-ddamn thing she wanted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\ndidn't want too many things, but when she wanted something, hell, water, G-d,\nflood, tornadoes . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Anything.\n\nGUTMAN: Anything. If she wanted something, she got it. I'm like that if I want\nsomething. It's called 'laser focus.' I've got it. If I really want it, I go\naround, I go in between. I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't want that many things, but when I do, I\nfigure out a way to get it.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did your parents start realizing that they needed to leave?\n\nGUTMAN: They heard rumors, and so they rented, borrowed, stole, who knows\nbecause so much transportation was so great in Poland, especially in those lokhs\n[Yiddish: holes]. They rented a horse cart with four horses. They drove it to\nher town from the town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they were living. They were married by that time.\nShe saw people lined up against the wall, Jews that she knew from her town being\nshot, and she said, \"That's it. I'm leaving.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: They were able to escape even at the point that they must have been\nclose enough to see the kind of thing that was going on?\n\nGUTMAN: They went and tried to get their parents and their brothers and sisters\nto leave and nobody would.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you remind me what the name of that town was?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, Tarnow.\n\nEINSTEIN: What town were they living in then?\n\nGUTMAN: That I don't know.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: We were talking about your parents and realizing that they had to make\na break for it.\n\nGUTMAN: They got on a train, and they went east. My grandmother that I'm named\nafter, Kaiila Gerston, she baked bread for them for the journey. She told my\nmother that she was very happy that they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going. She thanked my mother for\nat least saving hopefully one of her children. That was her goodbye to her.\n\nEINSTEIN: Was there a ghetto already set up?\n\nGUTMAN: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were these the Einsatzgruppen that came into the town? The army . . .\n\nGUTMAN: They shot them in the neck in mass graves. In Gilbert's book, it\nmentions the town.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you know how it was that they were able to actually escape from the\ntown without having . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: I think they just didn't go into it. They never explained that. I'm\nlucky I got what I did because they didn't talk about it at all. I had to dig. I\nknow a lot more than most people because I'm such a pain in the ass I kept\nasking questions [like], \"How did you get from there to there?\" There were great\ngaps that I don't know about. She'd mention a fact [like], \"It got there?\" [I'd\nask,] \"How, Mom?\"\n\nEINSTEIN: It is hard to put it in . . .\n\nGUTMAN: [I would ask,] \"How did you get in there?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, they got in the train\nthat was going east, because you weren't stupid enough to go west. That was\nGermany, right? You had to be totally insane.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right.\n\nGUTMAN: They took their chances and they were extremely lucky. They went on a\ntrain that was east. They were . . . My father was stopped once and he had a big\nfight with somebody, because he had a bad temper. He wound up in prison for a\nwhile. He had a hole in his back that he swore to me was not a bullet hole, but\nyes, it was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how he got it. On his [unintelligible; 13:04] papers,\nwhich I've never seen, but the person who did them told me that they were in a\nRussian prison and she had to reconstruct it. Somehow, my mother got him out.\nThat's a big old dirty secret that I'm not supposed to know. There's lots of\nsecrets I'm not supposed to know. Unfortunately, I know them all.\n\nEINSTEIN: You are a keeper of many secrets.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: That is a tough role.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: I was designated.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me where they ended up.\n\nGUTMAN: Luckily, they were stopped together, because some people were taken off\nthe trains and never seen again. [Unintelligible; 13:47], which was near the\nUral Mountains in Siberia, and it was a slave labor camp. Luckily, they took\nthem off together and let them stay together.\n\nEINSTEIN: They were kind of captured by . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: The Russians, right.\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . by the Soviets. This was a Soviet labor camp?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. They were . . . The excuse was that, I love this, they had to be\nGerman spies.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right.\n\nGUTMAN: Because otherwise how could they justify arresting them? They hadn't\ndone anything. How could they put them in a camp and just arrest them? They had\nto have an excuse. Good old Russians.\n\nEINSTEIN: Makes perfect sense.\n\nGUTMAN: Sure, if you're retarded. I'm sorry, I'm insulting the retarded.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Did your mother give you any other idea about what those days were like?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. They worked like dogs. They had rations. There were some days my\nfather starved. He chopped down trees. He learned how to do that. My mother--I\nhave to do this, that's the only way I can do it. I do it when I talk to the\nkids, too--she was set up, they were building the rest of the Siberian railroad\nthere, so she raked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rocks up against the railing. That's how come she got\nasthma, which becomes important later, because she was afraid that we wouldn't\nbe able to come to the United States. She was afraid that they would think that\nit was something worse. She lived in fear from then on. Things got better, my\nfather said, when I was born because they had more food. They lived in a house\nwith an old Russian lady, babushka [Russian: grandmother or elderly woman]. They\nearned extra money, extra rations, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extra butter, I don't know, extra this, that\nand the other thing, by making clothes over. Where the sewing machine was, I\ndon't know, or where they got one, but they did, and they would take like\nnightgowns and make them into ball dresses for the people in the town.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did they say anything about other people who were in this, I guess it\nwas kind of like a gulag in a certain . . .\n\nGUTMAN: They never [said] . . . Just that it was horrible, and he was always\nafraid he was going to starve, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was freezing cold, and that he had to work\nlike a dog.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did they say anything about . . . ?\n\nGUTMAN: . . . He felt guilty he wasn't in Auschwitz-Birkenau, I want you to\nknow. Being . . . wasn't bad enough. You have to be in Auschwitz-Birkenau and\nbitten by dogs. Then you really were a survivor. Otherwise, you weren't a\nsurvivor. You didn't suffer. That was his whole thing. Can you imagine my turn\nto get legitimacy for me? What's the matter with me? I have my parents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm\nalive. I was born. [They would ask,] \"What's wrong? What do you mean you're a\nsurvivor? What do you mean you don't have anything wrong with you? Are you . . .\nWhat are you talking about?\" Denial.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were your parents then not really persecuted at that point for being\nJews, or was it just because they were 'German spies'?\n\nGUTMAN: No, they knew they were Jews. It was a joke.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Was that a reason for them to be treated more poorly than others?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. Of course it was. They knew they were Jews. They had no papers to\nprove anything, because who would be stupid enough to take anything with? They\nwent with whatever they could carry, a couple of pieces of clothes and stuff,\nand that was it.\n\nEINSTEIN: The blessed day and you arrive . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: . . . November 9, 1944. There's an irony in that, isn't there? The same\nday as Kristallnacht, six years later. I think that's fascinating. I think that\nset my destiny from day one. She had typhoid fever before I was born. She was\ndealing in the black market. She ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretended she wasn't pregnant for five months.\nShe just totally ignored it. She was so skinny, who knows if she got her period\nanyway. She wasn't pregnant. She knew damn well she was pregnant, but she wasn't\npregnant. Denial. When she was eight-and-a-half months pregnant, she fell into a\nhole because she was running from the Russian soldiers, because she was dealing\non the black market. Soon after that she went into labor. I don't know where I\nwas born. It wasn't a hospital; it was some kind of medical facility ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and--I'm\ngoing to cry--they told her to take a good look at me because I probably would\nnot be alive the next morning. I was anoxic [lacking oxygen] at birth. G-d only\nknows what the delivery was like. They couldn't live with anything being wrong\nwith me, so they used to take matchbooks and check my eye. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The eye was all the\nway up. You had to be blind not to realize there was something wrong with my\neye, I was so cross eyed. But I wasn't . . . I was perfect. There's nothing\nwrong with me. Her perfect child. What do you mean? She couldn't have any child\nthat that was anything; especially, how could she be responsible for the fact\nthat she carried me and pretended she wasn't [pregnant]. Are you crazy? What's\nthe matter with you? It had to be me. I did all that damage to myself.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: She took all her pre-natal vitamins.\n\nGUTMAN: That's right. She ate very well too.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right.\n\nGUTMAN: Good nutrition.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did they take care of you when they were both working all day?\n\nGUTMAN: I had a Russian babushka. My bed was a hammock. My father always felt\nguilty that I couldn't have, that I didn't have the carriage and that I didn't\nhave the crib. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As cheap as he was, and he was really cheap, he paid for both of\nmy children's set of furniture. I never realized the connection until a few\nyears ago. He didn't open his mouth. [He said,] \"Go to the store. Pick whatever\nyou want. I will pay for it.\" He never said that, once in a while with jewelry.\nHis whole life he told me he felt guilty that he couldn't give me a crib and a carriage.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were there other children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were being born in that place?\n\nGUTMAN: I doubt it. Probably, but I doubt it. I used to dance on his hand I was\nso tiny. I knew all the names of all the presidents of every province in Russia.\nI was everybody's little toy.\n\nEINSTEIN: How old were you?\n\nGUTMAN: One.\n\nEINSTEIN: Those are long Russian names, aren't they?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were you brought up speaking Yiddish or Polish?\n\nGUTMAN: Yiddish. Polish, my mother hated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She hated it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why?\n\nGUTMAN: Because she hated Poland and what had happened. She hated that language.\nShe spoke it fluently and she was very educated, and she could write in it.\nWhile she was in Russia, she not only taught herself how to speak Russian. My\ndad obviously did, too. She taught herself the [Cyrillic] alphabet.\n\nEINSTEIN: What were her feelings then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about having assimilated to some degree\nas a Pole, and learning Polish, and not being ghettoized as a Jew?\n\nGUTMAN: She never thought about it. She was part of the intelligentsia [well\neducated class who tend to engage in debates about social, economic, and\npolitical issues]. Her boyfriend was a poet. She used to go to Krakow [Poland]\nand see all the American movies. She read all the novels. She was a real intellectual.\n\nEINSTEIN: She really broke with her family tradition in many ways.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did she talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that at all, about what had led her to do that, or\nwas it just kind of the spirit of the times?\n\nGUTMAN: Her excuse was she didn't have to keep kosher. Although she sort of did,\nbut she didn't have four sets of dishes because she didn't do it in Russia when\nshe first got married, and so why was she going to do it now? It was her\nrebellion against her father. I knew that.\n\nEINSTEIN: Let us go back to you. If you were that precocious, do you have\nmemories from those times?\n\nGUTMAN: No, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember them telling me how we got out of Russia. There were\nrumors, nach amol [Yiddish] with the rumors. By the way, they knew that my\nfather's mother was dead. She died the day they came to get her of a stroke or a\nheart attack on her steps. The information got from Melitz all the way to\nSiberia, or there's no way I would be named for her. When they tell me that\npeople didn't know, I want to spit in their face. My name was Kaiila Gerston\nafter his mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he knew his mother was dead. So much for the grape vine.\n\nEINSTEIN: What happened towards the end of the war because you must have been .\n. . You were born in 1944 in the Soviet Union. Jews were being liberated in\nEastern Europe.\n\nGUTMAN: No, they bribed their way out.\n\nEINSTEIN: How?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: With butter, and extra rations, and they paid off all the guards. They\nmanaged to get a cart, this time with four oxen. Always with the carts. They put\nstraw on the bottom, they laid me face down. I was eighteen months old. They\ncovered me with straw. She was such a good mother she didn't throw me out of the\nwagon when people told her to when I cried. I was a bad child because I cried.\n\nEINSTEIN: They went with other people.\n\nGUTMAN: I think there must have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been other people. They never mentioned who, but\nI guess there were other people sitting in the cart too. I was hidden face down.\nI wasn't supposed to cry. Bad child. Bad Tokhter [Yiddish: daughter]. That was me.\n\nEINSTEIN: You must not have read your contract.\n\nGUTMAN: Right. They didn't tell me the rules. We made it to a place called\nSzczecin [Poland], which was a border town. All I can think of is the Old West,\nwhere one day it's this, one day it's that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like, one day it could be Florida,\none day it could be Georgia, one day it could be Tennessee. G-d only knows who\nran it. They bribed their way into Szczecin. She found a couple of cousins\nthere. My father left her and me with the cousin, who I adored. She came to\nAmerica. Her name was Giza. I loved her dearly and she loved me dearly. She had\na little boy and she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paid to have him learn Hebrew lessons in Russia. She stayed\nat my family's house a lot, so my mother and her were very close. She was my\nmother's oldest sister's best friend. That's who I look like, I finally found\nout. She was the beauty of the family. I liked hearing that one.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You were in Szczecin and . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . My father went back to Poland, back to Melitz. He saw his upstairs\nneighbor, Polish, sitting in his mother's house and store with her furniture.\nThe first thing he wanted to find out is whether anybody had lived. He found out\nthat because the Russians were coming in and they were so afraid that they would\nbe punished for appropriating the property, that two of his sisters ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had lived\nthrough the war, but somebody had turned them in two days before the war was\nended and they were shot in a field.\n\nEINSTEIN: By Poles?\n\nGUTMAN: By Poles. The man said to him, \"What are you doing here? We thought you\nwere all dead. If you stay here, you're going to be dead too.\" He decided it\nwasn't a good idea to stay in Szczecin. Somehow, by the grace of G-d, in\nSzczecin, we fell into the hands of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irgun and Dr. Rabbi Friedman, who I met\nfive years ago and thanked him for saving my life at a conference in Washington.\nHe sat next to me at one of the tables, and I just couldn't . . . We started\nlike talking, and he said, \"Oh, he's the one.\" He's the one who ferried people\nfrom Szczecin to the American sector in Berlin [Germany], because that was the\nplace to get to. I said, \"You saved my life.\" At night, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Irgun and him would\norganize little trucks, whatever they could get, and at three o'clock in the\nmorning, they would drive into the Berlin sector.\n\nEINSTEIN: How far of a trip was it?\n\nGUTMAN: A lot. Very long. Not as long as from Siberia to Szczecin, but they\ndidn't know stuff. They didn't tell me stuff like that.\n\nEINSTEIN: How old were you at that point?\n\nGUTMAN: Two.\n\nEINSTEIN: This was 1945 or 1946?\n\nGUTMAN: We got to Germany in 1946.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: What were your parent's states of mind by that time, having weathered\nthe Soviet Union under [Joseph] Stalin, which of course is no joke either and\nthen going to a place where they were relatively safe. How did . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . They didn't feel relatively safe. They never felt safe. They were\nglad that they had a room and food. They had some relatives there. They lived .\n. . Schlachtensee is the first place we were in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My sister was born in\nSchlachtensee. I remember the day she was born. I stayed with . . . My mom told\nme I was going to stay with Ceceska, a very good friend of hers. The bonds that\nyou made, you can't explain them. You just can't. I guess it's like men in war,\nin fox holes. You can't explain it. They were my extended family. Ceceska\npromised to make me rugelach [pastries] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and take very good care of me. She did,\nbetter than my parents. She spoiled me rotten. My father went, don't ask me how,\non the black market. He was sure he was going to have a boy this time, and he\nbought a baseball bat and a baseball mitt, because if we were going to go to\nAmerica, this was very necessary. I remember him showing it to me.\n\nEINSTEIN: This is in 1946 and you are in Berlin?\n\nGUTMAN: This is in 1947.\n\nEINSTEIN: 1947. You are in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin. You are living in the city or in a . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . No, in Schlachtensee, which was a camp right outside. It was army\nbarracks. No, it was just army barracks. It wasn't even set up as anything at\nthat point.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were there any organization by the Jewish. I'm assuming that most\npeople who were living there were Jews.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is that right? Was everyone Jewish or were there other . . .\n\nGUTMAN: No, in Schlachtensee, I think everybody was Jewish. In other places, they weren't.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you have any sense for how the place was organized, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or if it was\norganized in any way?\n\nGUTMAN: I don't know how she got food, but they must have, so they must've had a\nway to get food. My great aunt Toba lived there, and they saved everything.\nLittle klutz, since I was bored to tears and so precocious, I went, and I\nclimbed the stairs and there happened to . . . She had just cooked potatoes with\nsalt water. I have a lovely scar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I fell on it. That was the first of my\nmany accidents. It was a third-degree burn. I still have the pockmark. But I was\nbad. It was me. What was I doing running up and down the steps? How come I\nwasn't careful? The fact that she put the G-ddamn whatever on the steps where we\nwere on the third floor or whatever . . . My fault.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Got you. Are these your memories now?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, we are now talking about my memories. From the day that I'm telling\nyou about I remember my sister being born, these are not stories I was told.\nThis is what I remember. Ich gedenkt [Yiddish: I remember].\n\nEINSTEIN: Your sister was born then, not your brother.\n\nGUTMAN: No, my sister was born.\n\nEINSTEIN: This is 1947?\n\nGUTMAN: She was born in August of 1947.\n\nEINSTEIN: Her name?\n\nGUTMAN: In Yiddish, it was Chaya Golde. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was named after my mother's mother.\nIn English, it's Ann.\n\nEINSTEIN: By that time, did your parents know what had happened to the rest of\ntheir families or were they in the process of finding out?\n\nGUTMAN: They found my mother's brother. He had also escaped to Russia. He was in\none of the camps nearby or somehow. She found two sets of cousins, Aratins\n[named] Gisa and Sheindl, who later lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in New York, who we stayed in contact\nwith, especially Gisa.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were they given specifics about what happened to their parents or . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . No. I don't think they asked. I don't think they wanted to know.\nMy father might have. I know my mother didn't. She couldn't handle it. For\ninstance, whenever they would have the memorial service, Yom HaShoah, she would\nsend him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She knew somebody needed to go, but she couldn't do it. She knew she\nwould break if she did it. She was very strong, but she was also brittle. He\nused to go. He was her emissary. \"Du gey.\" [Yiddish: You go.] He went.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me what happened from there. I know you didn't stay there for\nthat long.\n\nGUTMAN: From Schlachtenzee, as soon as they could get people out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they closed it\nbecause it was very expensive to operate these things. It was run by the army.\nIt's my mother's hair. Blame her. It's the same wave.\n\nEINSTEIN: It is beautiful. It is just getting in your eyes.\n\nGUTMAN: I can't see out of this eye, anyway, so I never mind when the hair\ncovers it. Who cares?\n\nEINSTEIN: I see.\n\nGUTMAN: People get very upset with that, including my daughter, but I only have\nperipheral vision out of that eye. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To me, it's like, who the hell cares, I can't\nsee out of it anyway. Apparently, what I did, what people do, I guess your\nsister did it too, you have to not see out of one eye because you can't\nreconcile the images. The pupil was like, over there. A photographer can still\ntell. Somebody who notices, who takes pictures or whatever, but it's much\nbetter. The eyes are much more normal.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Go on from . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . From Schlachtensee, we were part of the Berlin airlift. I remember\ngetting on a helicopter with an army soldier, who was probably eighteen, who I\nthought was ancient because I was three. He carried me on, tightened the\nseatbelt real tight because I must have weighed . . . I don't know. What, ten\npounds? He got me a helmet, asked me if I was comfortable, I guess in English,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you know you talk language. Then, he got me a bucket. I threw my way up\nacross Germany. That was my signature. Somebody must have told him to get me a\nbucket. We were airlifted to Feldafing [Germany], which was between Frankfurt\n[Germany] and Munchen [Munich, Germany]. That was a big place.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right.\n\nGUTMAN: That was organized. I didn't know that much about it because she [my\nmother] just stayed away from everything. She didn't want anything to do with\norganization ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because she didn't like authority and she didn't trust it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Even though the authority at that point was more flowing from the\nJewish . . .\n\nGUTMAN: Didn't matter.\n\nEINSTEIN: It did not make any difference.\n\nGUTMAN: She wanted to be in a corner and hide and then they wouldn't find her.\nThat way she'd be safe. She in no way wanted to stand out. Had she started\nanything, she would have stood out, because she was brilliant. There was no way,\nshe couldn't be average. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She wanted me to be average. Not because, because she\ndidn't want me hurt. It wasn't out of meanness. She just didn't want me noticed.\nBecause if they didn't notice me, they couldn't kill me. If I was out of her\nsight, that meant I was dead. She never let me go to school.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: In Feldafing, we had luxury accommodations, apparently, from what I\nhear, because we had our own room. It had a bed, a table, and a coal stove.\nAmen. There was a little tiny kind of a space in it because it was . . . They\nhad housing, wherever they were. This must have been part of a villa or\nsomething, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some yucky villa. It had like a little recess space, so she used it\nas a pantry in a kitchen and she made a curtain for it. She lived in terror that\nsomebody would come in and find it and decide that somebody should move in\nthere. The whole time we were there, she didn't want too many people in her\nhouse, and didn't want anybody to know that that little space was there.\n\nEINSTEIN: It sounds like she went from somebody who was kind of supremely\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"self-assured and out to see what she could get out of the world, to someone who\nwas almost cowering. Is that how you would describe it?\n\nGUTMAN: No. She was outwardly cowering, but inside she wasn't. Inside, she knew\nshe had yichus [Yiddish: descent from a family of high reputation]. What she\ndidn't understand was that I didn't have it. She thought I did. But how could I?\n\nEINSTEIN: Explain that.\n\nGUTMAN: She assumed that I felt as secure ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as she did. How could I feel secure?\nShe just assumed that I felt that way because she did. But she felt that way\nbecause of the way she grew up and who . . . How was I supposed to feel that I\nwas anything special, especially when everything was my fault?\n\nEINSTEIN: Did she tell you that you were special?\n\nGUTMAN: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did she tell you that you were nothing? Or something in between?\n\nGUTMAN: She did both. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was told that if I weren't so smart and kept, they lied\nall the time. Everything I saw they told me I didn't see.\n\nEINSTEIN: Like what?\n\nGUTMAN: If I saw a soldier, \"No, it's not a soldier.\" She took me to the eye\ndoctor and I recognized where the street was. I said, \"Just tell me the truth.\nThat's all I want you to do.\" [She said,] \"We're not going to the eye doctor.\"\n[I said,] \"Mom, I recognize the street.\" I sat on a sidewalk and wouldn't move.\nI was geshlechte [Yiddish: wicked]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How dare I not go if she wanted me to go,\neven though I knew she was lying about where I was going? I wasn't supposed to\nknow. I wasn't supposed to recognize the street. About the third time, I\nrecognized the damn street and I wouldn't get up. Then they did a wonderful\nthing to me in Feldafing when I was five. They separated me from my family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nsent me to a camp. I don't know whether or not I had . . . What's that illness\ncalled? It's a breathing problem.\n\nEINSTEIN: Asthma?\n\nGUTMAN: No.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tuberculosis?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. One day she tells me I had it, next day I never had it. Anyway,\nthey sent me to this camp to fatten me up, because how would it look for the\nGerman, for the Americans to have this sickly looking person around? My diet\nconsisted of black coffee. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't know, but I'm lactose intolerant, so I hated\nmilk. That made her very [angry]. She was ready to shoot me because we had milk\nallowances. They sent me to this camp so I could get better. Did I get better?\nYes. First of all, I was separated from everything. My father came to see me\nonce or twice. She couldn't bring herself to come. They sent me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"packages I never got.\n\nEINSTEIN: How long were you there?\n\nGUTMAN: I don't remember.\n\nEINSTEIN: It wasn't in Feldafing? It was somewhere else?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, it was somewhere else. It was up in the mountains. Healthy fresh air.\n\nEINSTEIN: You were really taken to a sanatorium?\n\nGUTMAN: Probably. There were doctors, and I told the doctor when I was four\nthat, because some other kids came with me, and they were leaving, they were\ngoing home, so I asked him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was wrong with me. He said, \"Nothing.\" I said to\nhim, \"If there's nothing wrong with me, how come they're leaving and I have to\nstay?\" I said, \"Why can't you tell me the truth?\" I said, \"Do you know what I'm\ngoing to do until you tell me the truth? Every time they put a thermometer in my\nmouth,\" which they did a thousand times a day, \"I will break it on the concrete\nfloor.\" I broke 110 thermometers until he signed my release. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I only wanted him\nto tell the truth. I wasn't asking for much.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did he tell you when he finally talked to you?\n\nGUTMAN: He probably said, \"G-d, get her the hell out of here. Just get her out\nof here.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: You never really found out why they were holding you there, or whether\nyou were sick, or . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . No.\n\nEINSTEIN: Who were the other kids who went with you?\n\nGUTMAN: They were also living in Feldafing, but I didn't really know them.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you remember what your feelings were about being separated from\nyour family for so long?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: I thought I did something wrong. I didn't know. I was in a fog. I don't\nthink I could take it in. I just knew I was sent away and it didn't make sense.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your dad did come to see you there?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. He saw me a couple of times. She sent me packages that she got on\nthe black market that I never got. He would come and say to me, \"Didn't you get\nthe fruit?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[I would say,] \"What fruit? Huh? There was fruit? You sent me a\npackage? I never saw a package.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: I think it is especially interesting since, for your life up until\nthen, your family unit had been so insulated. All of a sudden, a little emissary\ngoes out into the world. I wonder whether you gained any skills or had any\nthoughts about being alone in the world at that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that point.\n\nGUTMAN: I don't think I felt alone. I knew they would come and get me. I don't\nthink that I felt that I would be deserted and just left. When I felt they were\nmean to me, I decided I was a Russian princess that they found by the side of\nthe road and I must have been adopted, because I couldn't possibly be their\ndaughter. Nice fantasy, right?\n\nEINSTEIN: Good.\n\nGUTMAN: I do good stuff. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they finally brought me home, I wandered around\nthe camps because I was bored. She wouldn't let me go to school. They had\nschools, but I wasn't allowed to go.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why?\n\nGUTMAN: Because if I went out of her sight, that meant I was dead.\n\nEINSTEIN: Hadn't you been gone for a year?\n\nGUTMAN: No, I was gone for just maybe a month. It wasn't a year.\n\nEINSTEIN: I thought . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . She would never have allowed that. No, she would have raised Cain.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She would never have allowed that. I'm surprised she even let them send me. I\nguess they must have forced her. I wasn't allowed to go anywhere.\n\nEINSTEIN: They had schools in Feldafing?\n\nGUTMAN: That's right.\n\nEINSTEIN: You were not allowed to attend the schools?\n\nGUTMAN: Right, I was bored, and I wandered around on my own. I stood in milk\nlines with a can. I spilled it once, and all the cats came. I cried and cried,\nbecause now we couldn't have our milk ration. I thought she was going to kill\nme. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The people were so kind, and the guy who was giving it out said, \"I'll fill\nit for you.\" Somebody else said, \"I'll give you my share. Stop crying.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: I am trying to imagine these people who were in camps and who came\nfrom all over Europe, and here was a child. I'm sure you were almost the only\nchild of your age in camp, in Europe, in the world ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today from Poland. Have you\nthought much about that over the years, that you are . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . I was treasured. They all treasured me. [unintelligible: 44:27]\nthe person who called the couples from New York, and they're very observant, I\ncalled him my second father. Male chauvinist pig that he was, I let him have it\nover the phone about five years ago. He didn't like that too much. I told him,\n\"I wasn't three anymore.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"You're still my second father that doesn't\nmean I have to agree with you.\" He got very upset. I was supposed to . . . It's\nstill the male-female thing, yes. Their story is fascinating. He cut her [his\nwife] down. She was hanging. She had been set up to hang, and he found her in\nhis town, and he cut her down, and that's why she married him. They were like\ntwenty years apart in age. All these love matches.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: It is amazing how people end up with each other. But that would be a\ngood reason. I would probably marry him, too, if you have to have a reason.\nThere were all these adults, who you all of a sudden . . . like you had a family.\n\nGUTMAN: I had a family, yes. I was Kaiileshe [diminutive of Kaiila] to\neverybody. They made me treats. They took me for walks. I got spoiled, not by my\nparents, but by them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By then people . . . were having children because the\nbirth rates in the camps [were up]. How they were fertile, I'll never know. It's\njust one of G-d's mysteries, right? But I was older, and besides, I wasn't a\nkid. I never had a childhood. Felt like an adult, thought like an adult. I think\nwhat got the doctor in that camp was, how could I possibly have abstract\nreasoning. Only, I don't think he knew that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's exactly what I was\ndisplaying. He just didn't get that I could possibly have that and he ignored\nit. Much to his surprise, I did, so there. My kids had it at one-and-a-half.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me more about that when you were in the camp. How else was that\nmanifested? As a small, childlike-looking person, but with a world view that was\nmore like an adult's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and probably a fairly cynical adult, I would imagine. Do\nyou remember what your world view was at that point? Did you know what life was about?\n\nGUTMAN: No because we didn't know from day to day. I knew there was no control\nand that I had no control. I knew my parents didn't have control. They could do\nwhat they wanted, and when they felt like closing a camp they could send us\nsomewhere else. We got up every morning and didn't know where we were going to\nbe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never ever felt secure. I always knew that the bottom could come right\ndown and crumble. I could go into this big hole. I also knew that, it's also one\nof the pictures that I had that you had displayed one time at The Breman where\nthey took pictures of families and used them as post cards. Used them as New\nYear's cards, because just writing to somebody wasn't enough. They needed to see\nyour picture to see you were alive.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Yes.\n\nGUTMAN: That was very important. My mother had a brother in Israel, who had gone\nbefore. He was a rabbi. I guess part of the yichus came from that. He had smicha\n[Hebrew: rabbinical certification] from [Warsaw, Poland]. Don't ask what that\nmeant. We're talking big time. Not Krakow [Poland], not Lublin [Poland], but\nWarsaw. Warshaw. [Yiddish accent] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of her brothers had a dance studio, which\nI don't get at all. He was Hasidic.\n\nEINSTEIN: Somebody else with a little bit of a rebellious spirit.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. As I said, I come from a long line of rebels. Then . . . I'm trying\nto think. One time, I wandered around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I got to where I wasn't supposed to\nbe. It's why I never thought I'd have a dog. I was chased by two guards with\nfour German Shepherds, and they came within two inches of me. They almost\ndevoured me until they found out I was this little child. G-d only know where I\nwas. It was probably off-limits in Feldafing, but I didn't know that because I\nwas bored, so I used to wander around.\n\nEINSTEIN: These were Jewish guards?\n\nGUTMAN: I don't know.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: That sounds so frightening.\n\nGUTMAN: It was terrifying. I hated dogs forever.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Tell me more about the day-to-day memories you have.\n\nGUTMAN: She cooked. She had pushke [Yiddish: small can]. The Joint [American\nJewish Joint Distribution Committee] pushke was a can. She wasn't going to eat\nout of a can. Are you for real? What the hell? What was a pushke? There was a\nfarm. We were allowed out by that time, even though there were gates, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she\nwould take these pushke, and take them to the farm. Their name was the [sounds\nlike] Kookviens. My father couldn't remember them, but I could. It was the first\ntime I saw how a family lived. They had a house. The lived together in a house.\nThey had a family. They had fields and fields, and it was beautiful.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did that . . .\n\nGUTMAN: We traded. She got vegetables from them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She made stuff. I guess she\nsewed some things from them too, so she would get a chicken. We had a better\ndiet than a lot of the other people did in Feldafing because they supplemented\nit that way.\n\nEINSTEIN: She was already back to using her . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Head.\n\nEINSTEIN: Her Yidishe kop.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, and him too. He went and worked in the black market. They didn't\nhave to go to work or anything like that because they already had trades.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right.\n\nGUTMAN: They didn't have to be trained. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day, he had a partner, and it was\nShabbos . . . He had a reiter [Yiddish]. The partner was a reiter, means a\nredhead. That was, like, oy vey. That's when my father told me that two of his\ncousins were red-headed twins. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If any redheads--I have to write that down\nbecause if any twins show up in my family that are redheaded, I don't want\nsomebody to think that somebody committed adultery.\n\nEINSTEIN: We have it now.\n\nGUTMAN: It's on tape. That just came out of the clear. He sort of told me that\none day. I was like, \"Huh?\" I learned all these curious facts and I collected\nthem all. The partner's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife came running in and she was hysterical. My mother\nwas making Shabbos. She was setting the table with the chicken soup, the whole\nbit, table cloth, and everything, with the candles. She was screaming at the top\nof her lungs that they had been arrested. All my mother kept saying, \"It's\nShabbos. It's Shabbos, It's Shabbos.\" She wasn't going to deal with it. Denial.\nShe threw her out of her house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next morning, my father came home. The\nreason they couldn't keep him [was because] he threw the stuff he had been\ncarrying behind a rock. He had nothing on him, so how could they keep him? My\nmother gave him what he called 'an aliyah' [technically, being called to the\nTorah] that day and told him she had two small children, and if he was going to\nkeep the stuff on the black market at that kind of level, she was going to leave\nhim. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He still did it, but at a lower pace.\n\nEINSTEIN: She put her foot down.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. She did that every once in a while and, when did it, oh, boy, did\nshe do it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Your parents, their Jewish heritage then was still a central part of .\n. .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Of course. It was part of the central part of what went on. We\nalways had kosher meat in my house. We always celebrated the holidays. He was\ntoo cheap to join a synagogue, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and since I was a girl, I didn't have to learn\nanything. [They said,] \"You don't have to go to Hebrew school.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: We are skipping ahead a little bit. It just struck me that so many\npeople after the war . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . No, they were observant. She never lost faith. One of my fondest\nmemories, because I had accidents constantly, but there's always a twist to\nthem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The perils of Kaiila. She left and went somewhere for the day. She left me\nwith the people who eventually got us the papers to come to America. He had a\nshop in Munich, and I guess she had some kind of business to do that day, maybe\nshe . . . I don't know what. She left me with . . . I call them Tante [Aunt]\nMinna and Uncle Hymie. I saw her through the window, and I ran out of the store\nbefore they could stop me, to go to her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There might have been two cars in\nMunich at the time, one of them hit me. I was right in front of a hospital.\nSomebody took newspaper and bandaged up my head and walked me up the steps. Do\nyou know anybody else who gets into an accident in front of a hospital? G-d must\nhave wanted me to live. He just fixed it. He just kept putting little roadblocks\nin my way, but He just fixed it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Character building, right?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, very character building. Then, my job was to make her happy, and\nnot make her sad because I knew how sad she was, though she pretended she\nwasn't. One day, we were in the fields at the Kookliens, and I actually fell\ndown. I was in such pain. I was twenty minutes away from a burst appendix. But I\ncouldn't tell her that I was in pain because I couldn't tell her that there was\nanything wrong with me ever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That would hurt her. They got me back to the house\nand I got to ride in a fire engine. They took me to the hospital, and they\nimmediately slapped a gas mask on me, and they did an emergency surgery. I have\nthe worst scars in the world. That later becomes important, because it turned\nout to be the reason I couldn't have children until they found the reason why,\nthey told me I was fine. I kept telling, just like I told that doctor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"If I'm fine,\nthen how come I'm not pregnant? Stop telling me I'm fine. I'm not fine. You just\ndon't know what's wrong.\" But I'm just saying, there are all these times, like,\n\"Can't you just tell me the truth for G-d's sake? Stop telling me these fairy\nstories. I don't believe them. I've lived through hell. I know there's no fairy\nstories. Give it up.\" But I wasn't supposed to know there weren't fairy stories.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: It is strange, because on the one hand, you are supposed to just read\nyour parents' minds, and on the other hand, when they talk to you. . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . They lied.\n\nEINSTEIN: They did not tell you the truth. How do you form a structure for how\nto view the world when . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Somebody said because I was so intelligent, what I did was . . . I\ncall it my core. I kept a little Kaiileshe core, and the things I knew were true\nI kept in there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew what they were telling me were lies, and that's how I\nkept from being schizophrenic.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you know what was true?\n\nGUTMAN: I just knew.\n\nEINSTEIN: Those are the things that came out of your own experience. That you\nhad your own . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . I had my own sense of what was right, of what I saw . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . You had your own burden of proof.\n\nGUTMAN: Right. I knew what I knew, even though they told me I didn't know it.\n\nEINSTEIN: You trusted yourself enough to know the difference.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: That is an important point right there, that they weren't able to\nconvince you that you didn't . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . No, they tried. Finally, I shut up and let them think what they\nwanted, but I knew what I knew. My father . . . While we were in Feldafing, they\nbrought the ovens, I think, to Munich. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was four years old and he wanted me to\ngo with. My mother wouldn't let me go. He went to see the crematorium.\n\nEINSTEIN: They brought the . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . They brought the ovens from the crematoriums to Munich and\ndisplayed them.\n\nEINSTEIN: This is 1947, 1947, or 1949?\n\nGUTMAN: No, it's probably 1949. He wanted me to go, but she wouldn't let me go.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Do you remember that conversation between them?\n\nGUTMAN: They fought. She put her foot down. She didn't do it too often, but she\ndid. She told him I wasn't going anywhere.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you think she was right?\n\nGUTMAN: No, because I knew they existed. He told me. What did it matter whether\nI saw them or not? I knew they were there. In one way, I guess she was right,\nbecause I guess she didn't want me to have pain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was overly protective.\n\nEINSTEIN: At what point did you start realizing that there for the grace of G-d\ngo I, that there were so many children your age who were not there and you were?\n\nGUTMAN: I just knew I was lucky. I knew I was loved. I knew that . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that\nincident with the emergency appendectomy, she sneaked candles in. When I woke up\nfrom the anesthesia, it was Shabbos, and on the nightstand, there were candles\nburning. She brought candles. When I woke up, that's the first thing I saw. How\nthe hell she snuck them in, I don't know, but she did.\n\nEINSTEIN: My guess is that when she wanted to do something, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she did it.\n\nGUTMAN: I told you. Laser. Didn't care what anybody said, she just did it.\n\n\u003cEnd Disk 1\u003e\n\nGUTMAN: I fought with him over every single thing, from the invitations on\nbecause everything was tsu tayer [Yiddish: too expensive], but roast beef he had\nto serve. G-d forbid it should be chicken.\n\nEINSTEIN: You are talking about your father?\n\nGUTMAN: My father. Let's see. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I organized the whole wedding.\n\nEINSTEIN: That, almost as a rite of passage, also went to your own life, that\nyou also had this blossoming of your own creativity . . . Do you see it is\nsymbolic in that way? It just occurs to me that it is sort of . . .\n\nGUTMAN: It was a way of getting the hell out of his house.\n\nEINSTEIN: Practical.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. Then, I got a job working for Frankford Arsenal and I had the most\nwonderful boss in the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He adored me and the whole unit adored me. I ran\nit. There was a person there from World War . . . He had been a supply sergeant\nin World War II. They know everything, where all the bodies are buried, where\nall . . . He taught me more about bureaucracy than I ever learned in any course.\nAnything I wanted, he figured out a way to get me. He said, \"Just wait 'til\nSeptember when they're going to have money left over. They're not going to give\nany money back. You'll get your typewriter. You'll see.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a [IBM Selectric\ntypewriter] and I used to type equations. You roll because you can do a half\nroll, complicated. The unit went to Washington constantly. One day, I answered\nthe telephone. I had just gotten their endless memos, \"Don't forget, no carbon\npaper.\" You had to use carbon paper then. G-d forbid you made a mistake. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Such a\nwaste of my time. When I did it, they got me this Selectric. I had two different\ntypewriters and top security clearance. They let me do the equations on the\nSelectric, but not anything else, because they were afraid the Russians would be\nable to tap into it somehow.\n\nEINSTEIN: How were you feeling about yourself at this point?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: In the beginning, I was euphoric, but it rapidly went downhill, very fast.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you know why?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, he was stupid, [with] nothing to talk about. I wanted more. He\ndidn't have a job. He got drunk and crashed and broke my nose onetime. The\nstupid doctor, who was Jewish, told me it wasn't broken, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there was blood\nlike all over the place. The cops were like . . . We were like ten or five\nminutes away from my parents' house. I wanted to stop because I knew he was\ndrunk. We had gone to . . . I had started college. I went to night school\nbecause I was so unhappy. I was suicidal, close to it. I was suicidal all\nthrough my teenage years, too.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did you get out of that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: That? I went to school and I took a sociology course because I didn't\nthink I was smart enough for college. Then, I quit work and I decided I was\ngoing to go to college fulltime. I won a scholarship. I remember the guy asking\nme how come my sister wasn't on . . . because she couldn't be bothered. My\nfather told me I could live . . . After two years, I wanted to put my hand\nthrough glass ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I decided that I had to get out, so I left. They didn't like\nit that I came back home. My sister had just gotten engaged. \"Couldn't I wait a\nyear,\" my mother told me. Here I am, nearly suicidal. Couldn't I wait a year? My\nfather was upset because I didn't have a child. That's all I would have needed.\nHe needed a grandson. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, I got a civil divorce and then it had to be a fault\nkind of thing. My mother got me a lawyer. Oy, did she get me a lawyer. The one\nthat was really good in the partnership left. The one that stayed was lousy. You\nhad to . . . At that point, you didn't present a written deposition, you had to\nappear on the stand in a trial court. I testified.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you seek a religious get [divorce decree] also?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: Not until I was ready to get married. I just didn't care if . . . I\nwasn't going to get married. I didn't care.\n\nEINSTEIN: Something must have changed your mind.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, when I met Michael and I got it. A mutual friend introduced us in\n[the] very end of 1968, like December, but we didn't start dating until January\nof 1969. We started dating in January, got engaged in April, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got married June\n1st. I got a Yiddish get [divorce decree]. I had . . . the rabbi . . . You're\nsupposed to wait this three month business . . . I don't know what my mother\nrattled off in Hebrew, but it must have been [excellent], because she said, \"My\ndaughter wants to get married June 1st and she's getting married June 1st.\" He\nsaid, \"Okay.\" I don't know. . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Your mother sprang back to life.\n\nGUTMAN: I don't know what she rattled off . . . from some chumash somewhere, but\nboy, oh, boy.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You were still in Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]?\n\nGUTMAN: Right.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were you still going to college at that point?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: You got your education.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, I went to Temple University. Before I got married, I worked there\npart time. I ran the Upward Bound Program. I knew all kinds of tricks. I was\nrunning it part time like it was full time. I didn't want to do that. I wanted\nto do other stuff, but they wouldn't let me. Some people were very mean. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\ndean of the college, his assistant was wonderful to me. When I was going through\na real bad, tough depressed period, she told me . . . They gave me some\nproblems, some black people in the psychology department, because that was the\n\"hate whitey\" period. She said to me I didn't have to work for them ever again\nand that if I needed to just file books for a while and not type, that she would\ngive me any kind of job I needed.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You had people who came to your rescue at certain points.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, I did. One time I wanted to quit, and a black man who was the head\nof the minority program or whatever, the urban Outward Bound they called it, he\ntold me that I had to finish this semester. I could quit afterwards. He laid me\nout. That was my worst semester. I wound up with, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, a three, which was\nhorrible. I got a B in a sociology course, which the sociology professor,\nsensitive man that he was . . . I almost didn't write the paper. I was just so\ndepressed I was immobilized.\n\nEINSTEIN: I guess what I am hearing you talk about is this kind of undercurrent\nof depression not only from . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Constantly . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . really not just from difficult physical circumstances growing\nup, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this sort of . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Adjustment.\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes, it is a huge adjustment.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. I had nobody to help me adjust. I wasn't sent to anywhere that was\non my level, where I could meet the people on my level. I was treated like I was\nordinary, and I wasn't, so I always stuck out like a sore thumb.\n\nEINSTEIN: Until you came to The Breman.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I came to Bryn Mar, too.\n\nEINSTEIN: Right. You went to graduate school after . . .\n\nGUTMAN: I had to go to an Ivy League school. I thought my advisor was going to\nhave a heart attack. Penn [State University] turned me down because they didn't\nthink I had enough experience and he took a coronary [had a heart attack]. I was\ngoing into community organization. I didn't want to do clinical at the time\nbecause I felt that I wanted to do big things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clinical, that wasn't the way to\ndo it, community organization was it. Unfortunately, the only community\norganization positions that they had were for blacks. I would have gotten into\nPenn if I had gone into the clinical program. Then I got up the guts to call\nBryn Mar after I got accepted because I felt guilty. Temple accepted me and they\nwere going to give me not only a scholarship, but a stipend. I called up Bernard\nRoss, who was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dean--don't ask me, Michael helped me get the courage--and\ntold him . . . because I was guilty. I was spending Michael's money. I still\nwasn't worth it. I just said to him, \"You know I have this offer.\" He said,\n\"We'll match it.\" They needed me because they were admitting a lot of low\nblacks, which, and I had a 3.6 average. I graduated magna cum laude [with great\ndistinction]. My father did not want to go to my graduation. We almost let him\nout on Broad Street and told him to go to work. He gave me such a hard time. The\nguilt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then at the end of it, because I graduated first in my class in my\ndepartment, he said to me, \"Not a lot of people stood up at the end.\" He didn't\nknow what magna cum laude was. He didn't know what my grade point average meant.\nHe was totally clueless. He wouldn't find out either.\n\nEINSTEIN: You went to Bryn Mawr afterwards, right?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, right after.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Is that the first time you left? Bryn Mawr is . . .\n\nGUTMAN: It's right outside Philadelphia. We lived in Gulph Mills [Pennsylvania].\nIt's close . . . Michael had a job in Philadelphia, so I had to find a school in\nPhiladelphia. Right around there, there are enough schools in Philadelphia, let\nme tell you. Penn [Pennsylvania State University] had a program, Temple had just\nstarted a program, West Chester [University] had a program. There were all kinds\nof programs.\n\nEINSTEIN: You got your master's degree . . .\n\nGUTMAN: In social work.\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . your MSW in social work?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: MSS, pardon me. Bryn Mawr grants MSS [degrees], Master of Social\nService. Not MSWs. That's how you can tell it's a Bryn Mawr degree, when you see\nan MSS. They want it that way. Graduation, my mother adored. She took it over\nlike it was hers. She was getting the diploma. It was a beautiful campus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the\nmain line. Harris Wofford was the president at the time. He signed my diploma.\nEverybody went up, not like Temple, where you just stood up. Everybody went up\nand got a rolled diploma. We wore black armbands because it was during Vietnam.\nI graduated in 1972.\n\nEINSTEIN: Changing subjects just a little bit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During this period of civil\nunrest in America . . .\n\nGUTMAN: I was afraid to do anything because I was afraid I would be deported. I\nwas terrified. I was never a protester. I was a good little girl, Mary Sunshine.\n\nEINSTEIN: Were you a naturalized citizen by that time?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, I was naturalized when I was about fourteen.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did that have significance to you?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a little bit of security, not much, but a little. The paper\nmeant something.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did your mother . . . It occurs to me that maybe she, or you also, had\na certain sense of feeling some kind of tandem sense of inequality with the\nblacks in America and with the struggle . . .\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, very much.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you talk about that a little bit? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have conversations . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . I wrote a paper. They didn't want to have anything to do with me\nbecause I was whitey. They were just . . . It was the Black Panthers and all\nthat. You couldn't win with it, but, yes, I felt the empathy. What I wrote on my\nBryn Mawr application was that I wanted to become a social worker because I\nwanted to spare kids the pain that I had experienced. I also wanted it for\nanother reason. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also wanted to learn about human development, and human\npsychology, and everything else so I could learn what normal was for dysfunction\nbecause I knew I lived with dysfunction. I knew it from the time I was twelve.\nThere were no books around then. I had big fights with my father over Israel\ntaking Wiedergutmachen [German] money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The whole thing is . . . Wiedergutmachen\nmeans \"to make it better.\" You can't make it better. What a ridiculous title.\nHow'd they get away with that? That infuriated me.\n\nEINSTEIN: What was your opinion and what was your father's opinion?\n\nGUTMAN: I said it was blood money and I didn't think they should let the Germans\noff that easy. He said, \"They're dead anyway\" so why not let them take the\nmoney. I said, \"I don't care.\" Miss Integrity over here. Miss Principle. [I\nsaid,] \"I don't care. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're getting off too easy. They're paying them off, and\nnow they won't have to do anything, and they won't have to feel blame. Their\nconscience will be clear.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: What do you feel towards the Germans today?\n\nGUTMAN: I try not to think about it. Nobody took any accountability, just like\nnow with this stupid New Orleans [Louisiana] thing [Hurricane Katrina]. Nobody .\n. . Everybody just followed orders, right? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody did anything. Nobody shot\nanybody. Nobody knew what was going on. You could smell the stench from miles\naway and see the smoke. They didn't know what was going on. \"Oy vey,\" I thought.\nDenial. They did it. They called themselves Jewish New Americans, not Holocaust\nsurvivors, not until twenty years later. The word 'Holocaust' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they couldn't get\nout of their mouth. Nobody wanted to hear the story. You weren't supposed to\ntalk about it. You were supposed to become American. We weren't allowed to talk\nYiddish outside of my house. G-d forbid. Now, they talk any language they want\non the street because they're doing everything in Spanish. It's like. . .\n\nEINSTEIN: We are a week after the flooding on the Gulf Coast ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[the coastline\nalong the southern United States where they meet the Gulf of Mexico]. I know\nthat this has brought up a lot of memories for you. Do you want to talk about that?\n\nGUTMAN: I'm seeing so many similarities. I knew I would be my bête noire\n[French: literally a black beast; refers to a person or object of aversion] at\nsome point, and this is mine, as opposed to other people getting it other times,\nlike maybe during the Nuremburg trials or whatever, because this is mine. This\nis where I experienced the lack of responsibility of accountability. Who the\nhell ran the place? Who was in charge? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who decided these people's fates and\nlives? Every time you mention the word \"displaced,\" I . . . When they said\nrefugees, oy. It happened in Kosovo too, because they happened to keep showing\nthese cute little kids in a wagon, with horses. G-d, what that did to me. I\ncould figure it out, and I called some of my mom's friends. They didn't know\nwhat the hell was going on. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They just knew they felt sick. I said to them, \"Are\nyou feeling okay?\" One of them said to me, \"No, I feel like I'm running. I see\nthem running and I feel like I'm running. It's like it's today. I'm the one on\nthe screen running.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: Is that how you feel when you watch the pictures of the evacuees from\nNew Orleans, and Gulfport, and . . .\n\nGUTMAN: No, I just get a kick out of the fact that that the conditions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nthey're talking about, that are so horrible. Now, they're naming the cities like\nwe named Feldafing and all this other stuff. I just see tremendous similarities.\nExcept in Europe, at least the army was in charge, so somebody was in charge.\nHere, it's like the Nazis. Nobody's responsible. Just because they had a plan\nfive years ago and they knew exactly what was going to happen, but they didn't\nwant to spend it on people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they cut all the EPA [Environmental Protection\nAgency] thing. It's the same old thing. Everybody knew what was happening in\nEurope, but nobody wanted to let us in, and nobody wanted to pay to have us\ncome. It's the greed. It's the same old story. They keep on saying it never\nhappened before. The hell it didn't. I lived it. It wasn't manmade, although\nthis is getting to be. It was Hitler-made. He wrote Mein Kampf. Didn't they\nbelieve him? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was right there. He did everything he said he was going to do.\nEverything in that report is what happened, but [they think,] \"No, it won't\nhappen. It'll go away.\"\n\nEINSTEIN: You are talking about the levees bursting?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes. It's the same kind of thing. [They said,] \"We've had other pogroms.\nThis will be another one. It'll go away.\" Even when they were gassing them, they\nknew they were gassing them. [They said] it wasn't happening. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just makes me\nlivid. When they talk about conditions . . . we had a privy. What are they\ntalking about, unsanitary? Please. I'm like, what . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: What do you . . .\n\nGUTMAN: I'm glad they're doing it. It took them a week and it shouldn't have.\nI'm glad they're being honest. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reporters are just on their backs. They're\nsaying that it was treated, we handled this like a third-world country. We had\nfour years to do the planning and where's the money? That's what I want to know.\nWho got the money to make the plans and didn't make any? Where were they? Did\nthey hide them in a drawer like the State Department did during World War II\nwhen they threw the Belgium telegrams in a basket and didn't forward them, of\nJews dying? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the same thing. We value money, and garbage, and stuff over\npeople. We just can't believe. I once heard Yitzchak Greenberg speak at Mount\nSinai. I was in that program, by the way, that helped me a lot. It was just\nthree therapy groups I was in, and it was just child survivors, and it was\nwonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I spent four hours getting to New York, and an hour and a half for\nthe session, but it was worth every minute of it. Some of them I didn't go to.\nSome of them were so horrible.\n\nEINSTEIN: Which conference?\n\nGUTMAN: Mount Sinai. Mount Sinai has a program. They've proven that the cortisol\nlevel has been changed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, if everybody else . . . There was no\nperspective in my house. A hangnail was a flood. What they've shown is, from\nsputum, urine, and blood, that there's a change in the cortisol level. If\neverybody else starts at zero when it comes to crisis or stress, I'm already at\nfour immediately. I started at four, could be five . . . it could be higher. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't understand all the chemistry, but I just start higher. My temperature has\nbeen changed with that particular hormone or whatever it is.\n\nEINSTEIN: What other ways do you think your experience has affected you?\n\nGUTMAN: I could have done more. I could have been more. I was afraid to. I\nshould have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone to law school. My next door neighbor kept telling me, \"With\nyour pisk [Yiddish: mouth], you should only be a lawyer, but you're a girl.\" I\ndidn't have the moxie to say, \"So what if I'm a girl? I want to go to law\nschool.\" Law school? What's that? Master's degree? Huh? When my college\nprofessors would say, \"We're sorry to lose you. You really should get a PhD is\nsociology.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I looked at them. \"What's that? What do you do with that?\" You're\nsupposed to get married, have babies, work for a while, and then whatever. I'm\nthe bridge generation. They changed everything on us. The good thing about it,\nthere is merit to having gone when I went, because I went between, I would have\ngone between 1963 and 1967 when there was nothing. I went between 1967 and 1972\n[during] the woman's movement, the black movement, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the civil rights stuff,\nVietnam . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: What did you think about those movements? How do you think they\nallowed you more opportunity, or. . .\n\nGUTMAN: It was more exciting. People were finally waking up, and not just\nsitting down, and taking stuff. They weren't allowing the programs to just go on\nand say, \"It's okay.\" It wasn't okay, and people were finally saying, \"It's not\nokay.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was thrilled, especially with the women's movement. I loved that. I did\na paper on . . . All my teachers kept all my papers and I was flattered. Dummy\ndidn't realize they were using it in their own stuff. I don't have a single\npaper from college. Not a single one, except my master's thesis, which I can't\nbelieve I wrote, which was titled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Women's Desire for Procreation.\" In other\nwords, why the hell do you want to have babies? I covered the whole gamut of it\nfrom [Sigmund] Freud to religious aspects, be fruitful and multiply. Right away,\nthere was something wrong with me.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me about that part of your life.\n\nGUTMAN: I found . . . I worked at [Thomas] Jefferson Hospital for three months.\nI switched. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went . . . I threatened all these people that I worked on there,\nand they gave me a very hard time. I felt inferior anyway, so I believed them.\n\nEINSTEIN: Can you elaborate on that?\n\nGUTMAN: I would make a diagnosis and my supervisor would tell me it was wrong,\nand then we would go into the meeting, and she would say, \"It's just a reaction\nof adolescence.\" I would say, \"No, she's schizophrenic.\" She would look at me\nand she made me write what she wanted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, at the meeting, she blamed me for\nit when the director said that the kid was schizophrenic. I said that she was\nschizophrenic, but they overruled me. I never could stand up and say, \"You're\nfull of shit. I know what I'm talking about. You don't. This is not an\nadolescent adjustment reaction.\" They didn't want to label kids. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"She's\nschizophrenic. She's doing all kinds of stuff that's just crazy.\" Then, when I\nhad to go to court for one of them, I freaked, totally freaked, and lost it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why?\n\nGUTMAN: Why? Jail, courts, judges, guns. . . I lost it that day. She wanted to\nknow why and then she made me pay for it. That's how understanding she was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\nactually wrote it in my evaluation, that I lost it. Damn straight, I lost it.\nGot it back.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me about your own family and your own children.\n\nGUTMAN: They were wonderful. I found a doctor. I called my old supervisor from\nJefferson, who was a wonderful lady. She was an English rose, her name was\nLaura. I said to her, \"They're telling me I'm fine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I can't be fine.\" This\njust came out of my mouth spontaneously. I said, \"I want Jesus Christ in their\nfertility. I don't want any of his disciples.\" I said, \"And don't ask the\ndoctors. Ask the medical students and the interns because the doctors don't know\nanything.\" Also at that time, Tay-Sachs was big. She worked for Laird Jackson,\nwho discovered Tay-Sachs. She got Michael ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in when they were only doing pregnant\ntesting. She got him through the back door because I said, \"If, G-d forbid, I do\nget pregnant, I don't want to have to worry about that. That's like . . .\" She\nsaid, \"I'll get him in,\" and she did it. Then, she found me Dr. Alvin Goldfarb,\nwho at that time was an endocrinologist-gynecologist, but he started\nspecializing in infertility, and wouldn't accept insurance, took money up front.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[He] kept you on the phone for hours waiting, because everybody was rushing to\nhis office. I kept saying, \"If I'm okay, if everything's okay, if all the tests\nare okay, how come?\" Same old thing with the thermometers. [I said,] \"Why aren't\nI pregnant? I can't be okay. There has to be something wrong. Stop telling me\nI'm okay. This is garbage. This is not truth. If everything's okay, it should be\nworking, so why is it not working?\" Finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he did a hystersalpingo,\nwhich is part of the work-up that they do automatically. From that stupid\nappendectomy operation, there was tons of scar tissue and my fimbria [fallopian\ntubes] were blocked ninety percent. He did a laparoscopy, I got pregnant three\nmonths later.\n\nEINSTEIN: With?\n\nGUTMAN: My son, David Andrew Gutman. David, Dovid Avrohom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is named after\nMichael's grandfather, his first name, and his middle name. My father was very\nupset [he has] my father-in-law's name. Those two little boys were Avomeleh, so\nit's back. Eric said he found that out with how important names were. One of\nMichael's cousins wrote me a letter when I had him and she told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how wonderful\nto have another David Gutman on earth, because she adored her grandfather. It\nwas so special to her.\n\nEINSTEIN: And your daughter?\n\nGUTMAN: My daughter. I got the first name this time. I figured it would take me\nanother three years. I got pregnant in two months and my kids are twenty-three\nmonths apart. I didn't want to go see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr. Goldfarb] because I had had two\nmisses before and I just couldn't stand another negative. You had to go to a\nspecial hospital at that point, because. . . I just couldn't take it. I wasn't\nbleeding. All right, I'm not that dumb. But I was nauseous and I was, I had the\nvirus. When I look at pictures, I can see the different in my breasts, but I\ndidn't want to know that. Finally, he made me take the test before he did\nanything, because they would give me hormones ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make my period come on, because\nI'd had trouble when I'd taken the birth control pill. [He] told me to tell\neverybody I was allergic to it. [He said,] \"Don't ever mess with it,\" so\nmenopause, forget it, no nothing. Thank you very much. I'll live with it. I'm\nnot going through five years of getting normal again and getting this crap every\nsix months. He took the test. Did he make me go for the test? I was sixty-seven\ndays ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant, and I called him, and he said, \"You're what?\" Sixty-seven days\nlate. He could already tell I was pregnant, but he took the test anyway. He\nstarted singing lullabies. The most depressing place in the world is a fertility\nclinic, and he sashayed out singing lullabies. Everybody smiled because it was\nhope for them, too. Then, he told me that I was very pregnant. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very\nattached, so I didn't have to stay with him. I could go to a regular doctor, so\nI did. She was born two weeks early, because I started opening with her when she\nwas three months old, but I didn't have to stay in bed. It stopped. I told you,\nG-d always does this to me.\n\nEINSTEIN: And her name?\n\nGUTMAN: Esther Risha. Esther after my mother's grandmother because that's who my\nmother wanted her named for. Risha is for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michael's grandmother, his mother's\nmother, and so she's Alissa Rebekah. I had to get three birth certificates\nbecause they kept spelling Alissa wrong and then Rebekah wrong. I thought, \"The\nhell with it already,\" and the nurse said to me, \"No. They're stupid. You know\nhow to write; you're printing beautifully. Why can't they get it right?\" Third\none was finally right, because I spelled Rebekah the Hebrew way, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"R-e-b-e-k-a-h,\nand Alissa is simple. It's not A-l-y-s-s-a, it's A-l-i-s-s-a. Get it through\nyour head. It's easy, why are you making it. . . So, that was her. She was five\nand a half [pounds at birth]. I was very depressed. I had postpartum depression.\nThey were afraid to let me come home, but I had somebody that was going to stay\nwith me. [David] was six [pounds] two [ounces at birth], but he felt like a\ngiant compared to picking her up. She was such a lightweight. She was born two\nweeks early, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but she was perfect.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did it mean to you to have your own family?\n\nGUTMAN: Everything. Michael and I had decided before we got married. I asked him\nif, I must have known, if we couldn't have children of our own, that we could\nadopt, because I wanted children.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why?\n\nGUTMAN: Because I wanted to do it right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I wanted to perpetuate. I didn't\nwant . . . I felt that I had lived and I felt that I needed to have them. I\nwanted them. I could mold something and do it right. I did things wrong, but I\ndidn't do the same things wrong. I just wanted them. I thought I could do a good\njob, and I did, not according to them, but . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're amazingly alike and\nthey're amazingly different. She's very horizontal and more wide-spread in her\ninterests, and he's very vertical, even though they were both very gifted. Big\nsurprise. That's what my pediatrician kept saying, \"Big surprise.\" The doctor in\nthe hospital when Alissa was born, because I couldn't have the same pediatrician\nbecause he didn't belong there. He told me that he'd seen lots of babies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he\ntold me that she was going to be brilliant. He'd been a pediatrician for fifty\nyears, but he said, \"You'll see.\" His name was Dr. Banana, a nice Catholic\nperson. With David, the nurse that saw him, she had three sons, just said to me,\n\"He's special.\" From the first day that I brought him into their office, the\npediatrician loved them, and they loved him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had seven of his own . . .\nJewish and had seven of his own. They were his stars. Do you know what my\ndaughter did when . . . David wanted to know why the sky was blue and how did\nG-d get up to heaven. How do you answer that? He was two. I [mumbled]. He said,\n\"I know.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took a stepladder. Thank G-d, I didn't have to answer that one.\nAccording to the theories, you're not supposed to have reasoning until you're\nseven. My children had it at eighteen months. So much for what the books say.\nShe was helping me clean. You can imagine, she was between eighteen months and\ntwo years old and I thought she swallowed my contact lens and I got hysterical.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was dusting with the rag and I called it a Shmata [Yiddish: rag], and I called\nthe pediatrician. I said, \"I think she ate my contact lens. I can't find it. I\ndon't know what's going on.\" He said, \"Don't worry.\" I asked her. I said to her,\n\"You're a Shmata.\" She said, \"No I'm not.\" She says to me, \"Shmatas don't talk\nand I can talk.\" When I told my pediatrician, he said, \"I'm not surprised.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\nwas . . . I said, \"That is abstract reasoning, right?\" He said, \"Yup.\" \"Why are\nyou shocked,\" he kept saying to me. I said, \"Oy, gottenyu [Yiddish: oh, dear\nG-d]. What's coming next?\" They were wonderful children.\n\nEINSTEIN: As they were growing up, what kinds of things did you try to teach\nthem about who they were in the world and what the world would be for them?\n\nGUTMAN: Everything. They could be and do anything they wanted to be, that it was\na wide-open world, there were no restrictions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same thing for her. She did a\npaper on birth order and she came out with the idea that she was treated like a\nfirst-born daughter, and she was. I never ever would allow that because she was\na girl she was going to be diminished in any way. I would have killed somebody\nfirst. When Michael got laid off, and got sick, and had like a stroke . . . When\nDavid was in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"senior year, when he was graduating, he'd applied all over the\nplace. He got into this six-year program at Georgetown [University]. I went down\nthere. They hadn't even put him in for a scholarship. The program was so\ndisorganized. Guess what day we came home on? Pouring rain. They just had a gay\ndemonstration. I am sitting there with all these people. It was not accepted\nthen. They're crying. They're like all whatever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sitting there crying,\nthinking, \"This is fitting. The world's a crazy place. I'm sitting here crazy.\"\nThey told me if that if I could pay the first year they would make sure he got\nscholarships the rest of the time. I didn't have the money. I just didn't have\nthe money. We encouraged them in every way we could. Michael taught them\nclassical music, and an appreciation for it, and Broadway tunes. They're whole\nbrained because he's math and I'm English and history, and they can do both. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It\nwasn't a question of what they could do, it was a question of what they wanted\nto do. They could be anything.\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you want them to have any kind of religious education?\n\nGUTMAN: They did. They went to Hebrew school. Of course they did. I wanted them\nto be bar and bat mitzvahed.\n\nEINSTEIN: Why is it important to you?\n\nGUTMAN: Because I'm Jewish and there was blood lost. I don't want it to die.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They killed a whole world. I'm not going to forget it. I'm going to perpetuate\nevery single thing I can. That's why I'm starting to do Jewish needlepoint. I\nbelong to the Pomegranate Guild. It's not going to die. I'm not going to let\nHitler win in any way, shape or form. I'm going to be Jewish and I'm going to be\nproud of it. I'm going to flaunt it if I have to. I don't care. We are so unique.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're so brilliant. They tried to kill us so many times and we've survived.\nWe're bright, because the only people who survived were the shrewd and the\nbright. We had natural selection, and they can't stand it, but they did it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Tell me a little bit about why you speak at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Breman Museum for\nschool groups. What brings you there and what is your message when you speak to\nthose kids?\n\nGUTMAN: I think they need to know what it was like, the deprivation, the\nugliness. I think they need to understand not to be bullies and not to be\nbystanders. I think they need to understand to be tolerant. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I'm not going to\ndo it, who is? I can't pass it on. It's my responsibility. I have to be to a\nwitness. I have to. It's not something that I can't not do. I have to do it.\nIt's not a choice. It's a given. It's in my soul. I just never had the\nopportunity before. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I went to The Breman, I went, \"\"My G-d, here's my\nvenue.\" I did speak a couple of times in Philadelphia, but not a whole lot,\nbecause again, I wasn't in Auschwitz-Birkenau. But I have to. They have to know.\n\nEINSTEIN: What did you tell your children about it when they were growing up.\nI'm sure they had questions about your . . .\n\nGUTMAN: Not too many. They had their bubbe [Yiddish: grandmother] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their\nzayde [Yiddish: grandfather], and their chicken soup. They were king and queen\nof the chicken soup. After my sister moved out, they were the only grandchildren\nmy mother had that she saw on a constant basis. They were G-d. You said anything\nagainst them, you better be ready to go to Mars. You could say what you wanted\nabout me, not about Michael and not about my kids. Mars. This tiny little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four\n[foot], seven [inch] person, who was overweight, and dressed like garbage would\nlet you have it. All you had to do was breathe a word about her grandkids and\nyou were . . . Forget it. Mars wasn't far enough and she let you know that.\n\nEINSTEIN: You got a little status for being the . . .\n\nGUTMAN: . . . Kids.\n\nEINSTEIN: . . . beautiful mother of beautiful children.\n\nGUTMAN: That's right. And smart.\n\nEINSTEIN: And smart.\n\nGUTMAN: I taught them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that . . . I told them that G-d had given them certain\ngifts, that they were, they were not to brag about them, because they had\nnothing to do with it. They were gifts. Being a mensch, that they could handle,\nand that's what I wanted them to be. I wanted them to be menschen.\n\nEINSTEIN: Do you think you did a good job?\n\nGUTMAN: Yes.\n\nEINSTEIN: Are there any other memories ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you would like to have on this tape?\n\nGUTMAN: I forgot about my cousin Hershel. He came to Feldafing. His was a cook.\nYou could become a citizen in three years if you served in the army, so he came\nhere, lived in America for six months, and came back, and he found us. He would\ncome every weekend in an open jeep, where he got a jeep . . . his whole company\nmust have collided with him, and bring me chocolate. I would sit in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the front\nseat of this jeep and ride out of the displaced person's camp. Boy, was I hot\nstuff. I was Kaiilishe, man. He adored me. He absolutely adored me. When he got\nmarried, I had to approve of his wife. She's lucky I liked her and she knew it.\nI wanted him. He was mine. He was my Hershel, not anybody else's. But she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nokay. I liked her, so she could have him. She was okay.\n\nEINSTEIN: That is nice that you allowed her to marry him.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, she thanked me. We kidded about it. She said she knew because she\nknew how he talked about me. She knew that if I didn't like her, she was going\nto be in trouble.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You have brought your family together in many ways, and added to it,\nand created a broad extended family as well.\n\nGUTMAN: Yes, and I keep [in] touch. My mother died. It will be almost 18 years.\nShe lived with colon cancer for three-and-a-half years, which is unheard of,\nbecause she wanted to see them bar and bat mitzvahed. She missed David's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bar\nmitzvah by six months. She visited me the day she died. I don't care what\nanybody says. I saw her light and a halo about three o'clock in the morning. I\njust woke up sharp in bed, and she was there, just her head, like a cameo. She\nsaid to me [1:45; Yiddish phrase]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[David] told her because she couldn't walk\nupstairs and couldn't breathe real good that he was going to become an architect\nand build her a bathroom. On the clarinet, he learned how to play 'Happy\nBirthday' to her. My daughter, she was her bubbe. She was her Esther Risha. She\nloved her to pieces. She once altered . . . I bought them matching sailor's\nsuits. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had pleats. Each pleat had to be done separately and pressed four\ntimes. For Esther Risha she would, \"Oh, I wouldn't do this . . .\" I don't know\nhow many hours, but she did it. It was perfect and gorgeous because it was for\nEsther Risha.\n\nEINSTEIN: I want to thank you so much for doing this beautiful interview.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GUTMAN: Thank you. I want to say one more thing.\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes, certainly.\n\nGUTMAN: I said it when I gave a speech at Mount Sinai with, I shared the podium\nwith Yitzchak Greenberg. Talk about yichus.\n\nEINSTEIN: Yes, yichus.\n\nGUTMAN: I called him up and asked him why they didn't have a child survivor when\nI got the program. It was their Yom HaShoah program. I said, \"You've got a\nsurvivor and you've got a second generation. Why don't you have a child\nsurvivor?\" They said, \"We didn't think of it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You want to do it?\" I wrote it in\none day, this speech. I faxed it. They called back. I thought they were going to\ntell me it was terrible. They said, \"It's excellent.\" See, I didn't believe I\ncould do anything good even then. I gave it and I ended it by saying that we\nshould remember the dead always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and keep their memories alive always, but\nplease, remember to help the living. Please [do] not forget the living, because\nthey need help too. That's how I ended it and that's how I feel. Please don't\nforget the living. All these torturous souls that are coming out now . . . I've\nheard it at Common Threads ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stuff. It's just . . . They can't deal with it. I\nwas lucky. I'm lucky. It was a blessing and a curse, but if I hadn't done it, I\nwouldn't be me. I'm beginning to like me. I think I'm pretty special. I'm a gute\nneshomeh [Yiddish: good soul]. I'm following my family's traditions as much as I\ncan. How could I not love being Jewish? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's such a wonderful religion. It's\nsuch a wonderful way of life. It's so rich with texture, and the songs, and the\nraw humor. I know one curse that nobody else knows, that must have been\nindigenous to my mother's town. Only a Yiddish person could come up with this.\nWant to hear it? [1:48: 20; Yiddish phrase] Which means . . . Remember sugar\ncomes in bags? We don't know anymore because we see boxes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What it says is that\nyou should have a sweet death and you should hang from the string that tied the sugar.\n\nEINSTEIN: Wow.\n\nGUTMAN: Isn't that a wow? That's a real Yiddish thing, right? That was my\nmother's curse. That's why I'm passing it on. I love it. Never mind it's\n[unintelligible; 1:48:58] in the ground. That one's too common for me. This\none's much better. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/transcript/42116/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Never heard it. Talked to somebody who collected all kinds of\nthings . . . Either she made it up, or her mother made it up, or Tarnow made it\nup, or I don't know what, but that's mine.\n\nEINSTEIN: It is special.\n\nGUTMAN: It sure is.\n\nEINSTEIN: Thank you, Kaiila. This has been a wonderful interview. I appreciate\nit so much.\n\nGUTMAN: I appreciate you having it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=6540.0,6570.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTzadik\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: righteous] is a title given to people who are considered to be very righteous, especially a Hassidic spiritual leader.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTarnow [Polish: Tarnów] is a city in southeastern Poland, approximately 52 miles (84 km) east of Krakow. Before World War II, about 25,000 Jews lived in Tarnow. The harassment and drafting of Jews for forced labor began immediately after the German occupation of the city on September 8, 1939. The lives of Tarnow’s Jews were severely restricted and thousands—especially the sick, elderly, and children—were killed or deported to the Belzec extermination camp. In June 1942, a closed ghetto was established and deportations from Tarnow began in earnest, with large groups sent to Belzec. In September 1943, the ghetto was liquidated, and the remaining 10,000 Jews in Tarnow were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau or Plaszow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGalicia was a political and geographical region between present-day Poland and Ukraine. Once a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the historical region disappeared from the European map after World War I. By the start of World War II in 1939, western Galicia was occupied by the Germans and eastern Galicia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Today, the east part of former Galicia is part of the Ukraine, while the western part belongs to Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. “Sefer Torah” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"Torah\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMielec (also known as Melits and Melitz) Poland lies about 75 miles (120 km) east of Krakow and 27 miles (43km) northeast of Tarnow. Before World War II, the Jewish population of Mielec was 2,807.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDyslexia is a learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties. Individuals with dyslexia have problems with identifying speech sounds and learning how they related to letters and words. It cannot be cured but with the proper supports the individual can become a very successful student and adult.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Callowill neighborhood is in downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, just north of Center City. In the last half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, the area was highly industrialized.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGimbel Brothers and Saks Fifth Avenue (originally A. Saks \u0026amp; Co.) were luxury department store chains begun by cousins Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel. Gimbels closed in 1987; Saks is still in operation (2022).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, matza or matzah is unleavened bread eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  Leavened products are forbidden on Passover and there is a commandment to eat matzah on the first night of the festival of Passover. The sages concluded that after eighteen minutes the dough ferments making the dough rise and ultimately forbidden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Although enslaved by the Pharaoh, the Israelites continued to survive and even increase in numbers. Dismayed, the Pharaoh declared that all sons born to Hebrew women must be killed, but Hebrew midwives defied the Pharaoh’s decree. One mother, who had given birth to a son, placed him in a basket in the Nile River. The baby was found by none other than the Pharaoh’s daughter, who scooped him up, named him Moses, and raised him as her own. When Moses had grown up, God spoke to Moses saying that he, along with his brother Aaron, would be the one to take the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses challenged the Pharaoh, demanding freedom for the Israelites. When the Pharaoh refused, God sent a series of plagues upon the Pharaoh and Egyptian people. There were 10 plagues in total: blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, diseases, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the most severe of all, the death of every Egyptian first-born son. In order to protect the Israelite children from the Angel of Death, the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood, so that their houses would be passed over (hence the holiday name, “Passover”). Finally, Pharaoh surrendered and ordered the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave Egypt that their bread had no time to rise. Pharaoh had also soon changed his mind and sent his armies after the Israelites. When the Israelites came to the Red Sea, they were trapped until God miraculously parted the sea. As soon as they passed through, the sea closed up, saving them from the Egyptians and beginning the Israelites’ epic journey to the Promised Land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“\u003cem\u003eChumash\u003c/em\u003e” is another word for Torah or the Five Books of Moses of the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bekishe or beketshe [Yiddish] is a long black coat, traditionally made of a silk fabric, worn by Orthodox men on the Sabbath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism (also sometimes called Chasidim; from the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”) is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Orthodox opponent of Hasidism, Misnagdim or Mitnagdim is a Hebrew word meaning “opponents.”  It is the plural of ‘misnaged’ or ‘mitnaged.’  Most prominent among the Misnagdim was Rabbi Elijah (Eliyaju) ben Shlomo Zalman (1720-1797), who came to be known as the ‘Vilna Gaon.’  The term ‘Misnagdim’ gained a common usage among European Jews as the term that referred to Ashkenazi Jews who opposed the rise and spread of early Hasidic Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShip is shif in Yiddish and Schiff in German.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeretic in Judaism refers to an individual whose beliefs contradict the traditional doctrines of the Rabbinic Judaism, including the theological beliefs and opinions about the practice of Jewish religious law (halakha).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cem\u003e Einsatzgruppen\u003c/em\u003e were mobile units that followed the regular German army (Wehrmacht) into the Soviet Union when Germany invaded it in June 1941. The four major groups were identified as “A,” “B,” “C,” and “D,” and were broken up into smaller units (Einsatzkommandos) as they moved into occupied territories. They were responsible for the deaths of a minimum of 1,000,000 Jews in the occupied East as well as anyone they perceived as an enemy of the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaiila is referring to The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy, first published in 1985 by Martin Gilbert.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGulag is an acronym of Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-Trudovykh Lagerey [Russian: Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps], the network of slave labor camps operated by the Soviet Union from the 1920s until around 1955. At its height, the Gulag consisted of thousands of camps, some of which were operated more like colonies in remote regions of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlack markets emerged during and after World War II amid the shortages experienced due to the war and Holocaust. Although illegal, people used the black market to purchase necessary food and other items illegally. It provided opportunities for people to enrich themselves buy selling items on the black market.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever is a disease caused by consuming food or drink that have a been contaminated with bacteria. It impacts the organs and if treatment isn't provided it can be fatal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmigration and displaced persons documents alternately list Kaiila’s birth place as Russia or Kazakhstan. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cyrillic alphabet is a script that was developed in the 9th-10th century CE for Slavic speaking people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow. As German forces advanced into Poland, many Jews fled east toward Russian ahead of the Germans, while other Jewish refugees arrived from other towns in Poland. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow. When the Germans occupied Krakow in 1939, the city became the center of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich, under Governor General Hans Frank (1900-1946). Frank continued to administer the General Government from Krakow throughout the end of 1944. A large garrison of Wehrmacht soldiers and German officers were stationed in the city. Anti-Jewish Aktions and measures began immediately. German soldiers kidnapped Jews for forced labor, humiliated them in the streets, and arrested and killed some, seemingly at random. Jewish businesses were looted and marked with a Star of David. Soon all synagogues, prayer houses, and Jewish schools were closed. Jewish homes were searched for gold, jewelry, foreign currency, and other items illegal for Jews to possess. A curfew was imposed, and anyone caught disobeying could be shot. Jews were required to register and wear armbands with the Star of David. The 60,000 to 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto a first but their lives were highly restricted, and they were put to work for the Germans. Some without work permits were expelled to Lublin and other places between November 1940 and April 1941. The ghetto was formally established on March 3, 1941 in a southern part of Krakow, in Podgorze, a poor part of town. The ghetto was closed off and 12,000 Jews were forced into it. Another 6,500 Jews from the area were transferred into it. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the ghetto boundaries, which were enclosed by barbed-wire fences and, in places, by a stone wall. The conditions were terrible with disease and starvation rampant. Four guarded entrance gates accessed the Krakow ghetto. Two entrances, including the main gate, were on ulica [Polish: street] Limanowskiego, one was close to the intersection of ulica Lwowska and ulica Jozefinska, and one was at Plac Zgody (the train station Krakow’s Jews were deported from). The Germans established several forced labor factories and camps within and near the ghetto. In the spring and summer of 1942, almost half of the ghetto’s inhabitants were murdered or deported to labor and extermination camps including Plaszow, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The ghetto was liquidated in a series of Aktions between June 1942 and March 1943. On June 1, 1942, 2,000 Jews without work permits were sent to Belzec. Two thousand more Jews followed on June 3 and 4 and hundreds more on June 6. Hundreds were shot on the street. The ghetto was downsized. In October 1942 another 7,000 Jews were sent to Belzec during which the orphanage and old age home were emptied. The hospital patients were murdered in the ghetto. In December 1942, the ghetto was divided into two parts: one for workers and one for non-workers. In March 1943, the remainder of the Krakow ghetto was liquidated. On March 13, 1943 the workers’ ghetto was liquidated and the Jews were sent to Plaszow labor camp. They had to leave their children behind. Any Jew found in the workers’ ghetto after the deportation was shot on the spot. On March 14, 1943, the Jews in the non-workers ghetto were ordered to assemble in the ghetto square. A few dozen were sent to Plaszow, a few hundred were killed and the rest—about 2,300—were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anyone found in hiding was murdered on the spot. In all, approximately 2,000 Jews in the ghetto were killed immediately. Approximately 2,000 Jews were transferred to Plaszow and another 3,000 were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Of the 3,000 sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, around 2,450 were murdered in the gas chambers. The ghetto was officially considered liquidated. The Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. Some Jews who lived in Russia during the war returned to Krakow in 1945-46, but a Jewish community was not re-established because of a fear of pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/kashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStettin, Germany is today known as Szczecin, Poland. Szczecin is a major seaport near the present-day German border. The town is in the historical region of Pomerania, on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland. The city became part of Poland in 1945; previously it was part of Prussia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrgun was a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandated Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of an earlier and larger paramilitary organization called Haganah (Hebrew: Defense). Both organizations were founded on Revisionist Zionism, founded by Ze’ev Jabotinsky, and believed that every Jew had the right to enter Palestine, only active retaliation would deter the Arabs, and only Jewish armed forces would ensure the Jewish state. Most of the Irgun members were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces upon the establishment of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Duppel [German: Düppel] Center was the largest displaced persons camp in the American zone of occupied Berlin. It was located in a district that included Lake Schlachtensee and became commonly known as Berlin-Schlachtensee. The army opened the camp in January 1946, but it was overseen by United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), with help from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The camp provided wooden huts and barracks and a hospital for 5,130 Jewish refugees. Schools, a newspaper, synagogue, sports club and theater group were active in the camp. Unfortunately, as a result of the Berlin Blockade, the residents of Düppel Center were abruptly evacuated from the region in July 1948. An American airlift carried Düppel DPs to Frankfurt am Main, and the camp was closed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany. Berlin was located far inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany. The United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector. As the wartime alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended and relations turned hostile, the question of whether the western occupation zones in Berlin would remain under Western Allied control or whether the city would be absorbed into Soviet-controlled eastern Germany led to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War. The crisis started on June 24, 1948, when Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-controlled areas of Berlin. The United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany. The crisis ended on May 12, 1949, when Soviet forces lifted the blockade on land access to western Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. In Feldafing, 450 children and adolescents were housed in a separate block known as the Kindercasion or kinderblock [Kinder is German for “Children”]. Many of the youngsters in the kinderblock organized kibbutzim (Zionist communes). Newspapers were published. Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. In 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. As soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. The city's Jewish mayor was immediately kicked out of office and many Jewish workers were fired from their jobs. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country, and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network. The Jewish community also boosted morale by setting up its own cultural activities, including a symphony, theater groups, and sports programs. During the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, many of the city's synagogues were burnt down, Jewish stores were attacked and pillaged, and homes were ransacked. The Frankfurt yeshiva was also destroyed. Soon, thousands of Jews were arrested and over 2,000 were sent to Buchenwald. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. Just a few months after World War II broke out in September 1939, the Gestapo began the Aryanization process of confiscating Jewish property. The Frankfurt municipality bought Jewish community property for much less than its true worth, and the Jewish cemeteries were vandalized. In March 1941 Jews were made to do forced labor, and in October, the first Jews were deported to Lodz. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. During 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is a city in southern Germany and Bavaria’s capital. Munich was known as the “Capital” of the Nazi movement. The first Nazi Party rally took place in Munich in 1923. Munich is also where Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party led a failed coup d’etat in 1923 that became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. When Hitler and the Nazi Party later took power, Munich became a special place in the narrative of the Nazi movement and German state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is spread when a person coughs or sneezes. Individuals who have active symptoms require a long course of treatment with antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAsthma is a condition in which a person’s airways become inflamed and swell, and produce extra mucus making it difficult to breathe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBecause Cain was the first murderer in the Bible, having killed his brother Abel, people, particularly Southerners, use the expression “raising Cain” to mean making trouble or causing an uproar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe city of Lublin lies about 99 miles (160 km) southeast of Warsaw, in eastern Poland. In August 1939, around 37,000 Jews were living there among a total population of some 122,000. German forces occupied Lublin on September 17, 1939. Soon after their arrival, they started to seize Jews for forced labor, rob Jewish property, and impose restrictions. Between March 10 and March 13,1941, around 12,000 Jews were round up and resettled from Lublin to at least 11 separate localities within the area. Smaller deportations continued into April and a ghetto was established. In March 1942, brutal roundups and deportations to the Belzec extermination camp began. By April 16, at least 25,000 Jews had been murdered. About 3,000 to 4,000 remained were first moved to the Majdan Tatarski ghetto – a smalleer ghetto established in a suburb of Lublin, while some 3,000 were sent to the Majdenek concentration camp in the southeastern Lublin suburb of that name, where they were killed shortly afterwards. During a series of actions from September to November 1942, the majority of the remaining residents of the ghetto were also sent to Majdenek, while some were sent to labor camps. One estimate is that only 230 Jews from Lublin returned at the end of the war, including a number who had escaped to the Soviet Union in 1939. Nazi occupation lasted until the summer of 1944, when the Soviet army liberated the area. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYidishe kop\u003c/em\u003e (also spelled \u003cem\u003eyiddishe kopf, yidisha kopf, or yiddishe kop\u003c/em\u003e) literally means “Jewish head” in the Yiddish language, but refers to having the mental agility for traditional Jewish scholarship, or simple common sense.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaiila is likely referring here to ORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades), a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide. It was founded at the end of the eighteenth century in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Active in over 100 countries, today, ORT is the world’s largest Jewish education and vocational training NGO (Non-Governmental Organization). After World War II, ORT was very active in the DP camps, opening schools with rehabilitation programs in 78 camps. The purpose of the schools was to train and prepare DPs (displaced persons) for resettlement in industrialized countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia as well as Israel, which had a significant need for highly trained manpower. Some 85,000 Jews were trained in new profession and provided with the tools they needed to rebuild their lives. The schools conducted programs in 50 trades ranging from dressmaking to technical chemistry, optics and building trades. English and Hebrew language courses were also held.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American liberating troops had a policy of forcing German civilians to view the atrocities committed in camps, as well as bury bodies and clean up the camps. There is no presently available information on crematorium ovens being removed from any camps for public displays in cities, however. It is possible that Kaiila’s father was going to visit Dachau, which was on the outskirts of Munich, with the many Dachau survivors who were in Feldafing. Immediately upon liberation, Dachau’s crematorium area had become a place of remembrance. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Frankford Arsenal is a former United States Army ammunition plant located adjacent to the Bridesburg neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA civil divorce follows a process where each spouse has their own attorney, but adheres to collaborative law. The two parties try to work out their differences and come to an agreement outside of court.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUpward Bound is a federally funded educational program within the United States. The program is one of a cluster of programs now referred to as TRiO, all of which owe their existence to the federal Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and the Higher Education Act of 1965. The goal of Upward Bound is to increase the rate at which participants complete secondary education and enroll in and graduate from institutions of postsecondary education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple University is a public state-related research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBryn Mawr College is a women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference that is made of eight private research universities in the northeastern United States. The schools included Brown University, Columbia University, Yale University, Harvard University, Princeton University, Cornell University, Dartmouth University, and the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePenn State was founded in 1855 and is a public state-related land grant research university. It has campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania, but the largest and original campus is located in University Park.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGulph Mills is an unincorporated community about 12 miles (18 kilometers) northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWest Chester University is located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1871 and is a public research university.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarris L. Wofford (1926-2019) was a former United States Senator from Pennsylvania and civil rights activist who served as the fifth president of Bryn Mawr University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRuth is referring partially to the American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Black Panthers Party for Self Defense was founded in 1966 by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton. They were formed during the Black Power era and believed that nonviolent protests could not truly liberate black Americans. They confronted politicians and police and protected black citizens from brutality. Local Black Panther chapters focused on community programs such as free breakfast programs. They also sponsored legal aid offices, clothing distribution and health clinics. They activities provide assistance to low-income communities and grew their support within the black communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 in New York, and presided over by Nahum Goldmann, to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. An additional $125 million was added in 1988, to enable remaining Holocaust survivors to receive monthly payments of $290 for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly Category 5 hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, causing catastrophic damage from central Florida to eastern Texas. Subsequent flooding caused largely as a result of fatal engineering flaws in the flood protection system around the city of New Orleans, precipitated most of the loss of lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years immediately following World War II, survivors typically referred to the systematic state-sponsored killing of Jews as Sho’ah [Hebrew: catastrophe] or Hurban [Yiddish and Hebrew: destruction]. Scholars and writers popularized the term holocaust [from the Greek word holokauston, which is a translation of the Hebrew word olah, meaning a burnt sacrifice offered to G-d] in the 1960s and by the late 1970s, it had become widely used.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the Nuremberg Trials, the Trial of Major War Criminals was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and was widely covered by the media. An international military tribunal tried 22 leading German officials for war crimes. Twelve prominent Nazi Party members were sentenced to death. There were twelve additional tribunals that tried Nazi doctors, judges, industrialists, and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen [German: mobile killing squads].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaiila is referring to Kosovo and the fight for independence after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. In 1991, the ethnic Albanians conduct a secret vote and proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Kosovo. The new country earned little international recognition. Kosovo continued to seek its independence from Serbia, despite efforts from the Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic to stop it. In 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) made up of ethnic Albanians, emerged and conducted periodic attacks on the Serbian police and politicians. By 1998, the KLA attacks became larger and the ethnic Serbs and the government in Yugoslavia attempted to reassert power over the region. They began efforts to remove all the Albanians in Kosovo, which resulted in hundreds of thousands of ethnic Albanians being displaced. NATO eventually intervened with airstrikes which caused the Yugoslav forces to withdraw from Kosovo. By June 1999, NATO and Yugoslavia signed a peace accord which required troop withdrawal and the return of nearly one million ethnic Albanians and 500,000 who had been displaced in the province. In 2008, the United States and most members of the European Union recognized Kosovo as an independent country from Serbia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a federal government agency responsible for overseeing environmental protection matters in the United States. It was formed in 1970 under President Nixon. The agency is responsible for maintain and enforcing federal standards for various environmental laws. The EPA works with state, tribal and local governments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMein Kampf [German: My Struggle or My Battle] is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaiila seems to be referring to ‘the Reigner telegram.’ On August 8, 1942, Gerhart Riegner, the Secretary of the World Jewish Congress in Geneva, Switzerland, transmitted a telegram to a member of Parliament in the United Kingdom and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise of the American Jewish Congress in New York. The cable confirmed other reports that had already reached the West previously about German plans for the mass murder of European Jews. After an investigation, the United States State Department was able to confirm the accuracy of the intelligence, but decided not to the publicize the information. Rabbi Wise, however, spoke out to reporters. Public pressure from Jewish communities eventually led the U.S., Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and nine Allied governments-in-exile to release a “Declaration on Atrocities” on December 17, 1942, condemning the atrocities and promising criminal persecution after the war. However, rescuing European Jews was never promised and never became a priority for the War Department.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrving Yitzchak Greenberg (born 1933) is an American scholar, author and rabbi. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City is home to the Traumatic Stress Studies Division. The program is directed by Dr. Rachel Yehuda (born 1959), an Israeli-American psychiatrist. Yehuda’s studies of post-traumatic stress disorder identified a lower level of cortisol (a hormone that counteracts adrenaline and calms the body) among veterans and Holocaust survivors. Her studies have also suggested that PTSD can genetically alter the DNA of multiple generations. In other words, children of Holocaust survivors may actually inherit lower cortisol levels. 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Freud postulated a complex theory of sexuality, dream analysis, and mental processes such as repression, death drive, aggression and neurotic guilt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTay-Sachs disease is typically found in people with certain ancestry, such as Eastern European Jews. A fatty substance in the brain destroys nerve cells. Symptoms of slowed development usually appear around six months of age. 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Goldfarb (1923-2008) was a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Thomas Jefferson University and a pioneer fertility researcher. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA hysterosalpingo is an ultrasound technique that helps determine if fallopian tubes are open or blocked. 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Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pomegranate Guild of Judaic Needlework is an organization that works to pass on needlework traditions to future generations so they can continue to create handcrafted items for Jewish ritual and cultural purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/annotation_set/1012/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=5970.0,6000.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kaiila Gutman [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares the story of her parents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=30.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My parents' names in English and in . . . ? Pola Chana Aratin when she was born. My father should have been Yochne Leibish Yachnovitz, but his dad died when he was five, so he took his mom's name, which was Gerston. He was known as Leibish Gerston, except when he wanted to do an aliya [be called to the Torah].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=30.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Galicia, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hassidim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Melitz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Misnagdim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saks and Gimbels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shoemaker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tailor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tarnow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=30.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her parents escape Poland and prisoners in Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=487.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took their chances and they were extremely lucky. They went on a train that was east. They were . . . My father was stopped once and he had a big fight with somebody, because he had a bad temper. He wound up in prison for a while. He had a hole in his back that he swore to me was not a bullet hole, but yes, it was.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=487.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einsatzgruppen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gulag","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slave Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tarnow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ural Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=487.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaiila's mother's pregnancy with her","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1049.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had typhoid fever before I was born. She was dealing in the black market. She pretended she wasn't pregnant for five months.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1049.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anoxic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black Market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pregnant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typhoid fever","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1049.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recalls her early childhood and escaping Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1185.0,1647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a Russian babushka. My bed was a hammock. My father always felt guilty that I couldn't have, that I didn't have the carriage and that I didn't have the crib.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1185.0,1647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cyrillic alphabet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Melitz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szczecin, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1185.0,1647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1647.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They lived . . . Shlachtensee is the first place we were in. My sister was born in Shlachtensee. I remember the day she was born. I stayed with . . . My mom told me I was going to stay with Ceceska, a very good friend of hers.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1647.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black Market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shlachtensee DP Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom HaShoah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=1647.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin Airlift","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2011.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Schlachtensee, we were part of the Berlin airlift. I remember getting on a helicopter with an army soldier, who was probably eighteen, who I thought was ancient because I was three. He carried me on, tightened the seatbelt real tight because I must have weighed . . . I don't know. What, ten pounds? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2011.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin Airlift","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing DP Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schlachtensee DP Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2011.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443#t=2136.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88417/file/181443/index/52743/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Feldafing, we had luxury accommodations, apparently, from what I hear, because we had our own room. It had a bed, a table, and a coal stove. Amen. There was a little tiny kind of a space in it because it was . . . They had housing, wherever they were. This must have been part of a villa or something, some yucky villa. 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They had their bubbe [Yiddish: grandmother] and their zayde [Yiddish: grandfather], and their chicken soup. They were king and queen of the chicken soup. 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