{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/0v89g5h91n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Baruch, Chaya"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-11-11 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Baruch, Chaya (Interviewee)","Silverman, Saba (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eChaya Baruch was interviewed by Saba Wise Silverman on November 11, 1983, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eChaya talks about her family and life in Lodz before the war. She describes the restrictions immediately imposed on Jews after the Germans occupied Lodz. Chaya recalls moving into the ghetto and finding work in a factory. She recounts how her family was separated and her father died of starvation. Chaya remembers the violence she witnessed in the ghetto. She remembers being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and being separated from her family during selection. Chaya describes conditions in the camp. She talks about being sent to Stutthof and then another labor camp, where she built houses. Chaya recalls trying to hide her mother during selections in the ghetto. She recounts her husband’s method of survival in Stutthof. Chaya recalls trying to save a young niece. She details how illness was handled in the camps and ghetto. Chaya recollects the death march into Germany after Stutthof was evacuated. She recounts her escape and being liberated by Russian soldiers. She explains how she and a small group of women made it back to Lodz. Chaya talks about finding Polish people living in her home, learning her brothers had survived in Germany, and deciding where to immigrate. She reminisces about visiting her father’s grave when she returned to Lodz. She shares how difficult it is to discuss her experiences.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eChaya Baruch was born to a large Orthodox Jewish family in Lodz, Poland around 1920. Her family owned a large factory and Chaya enjoyed a comfortable childhood. When the Germans occupied Lodz in September 1939, life changed dramatically. The family was forced into the Lodz ghetto. Chaya found work in a factory, which increased her bread ration. Chaya’s father and other members of her extended family died in the ghetto due to the brutal living conditions and lack of adequate food. Chaya and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau when the ghetto was liquidated in the summer of 1944. Chaya and a cousin were processed into the camp, as were Chaya’s brothers. Her mother, sisters-in-law, nieces, nephews, and other family members were sent to the gas chambers. Within a few months, Chaya and her cousin were sent to the Stutthof concentration camp, where they bonded with a few other girls, who remained with them throughout the war. Chaya credits their survival to their willingness to work. As the Allies advanced in the winter of 1944-1945, Stutthof was evacuated. Chaya, her cousin, and their friends were sent on a death march toward Germany. They managed to escape during a bombing raid and soon encountered Russian soldiers. The girls made it back to Lodz, where they soon found shelter and work. Chaya learned her brothers had survived and were in Germany at the end of the war. Chaya and her cousin fled Poland for Germany. In 1946, Chaya married another survivor and they had a son. A few years later, they immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28929"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Yurich (personal name)","Rumkowski, Chaim (personal name)","Baruch, Kalman (personal name)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Czestochowa, Poland (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic)","Stutthof (geographic)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (geographic)","Orthodox (other)","Crematorium (other)","Brises (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eChaya Baruch was interviewed by Saba Wise Silverman on November 11, 1983, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChaya talks about her family and life in Lodz before the war. She describes the restrictions immediately imposed on Jews after the Germans occupied Lodz. Chaya recalls moving into the ghetto and finding work in a factory. She recounts how her family was separated and her father died of starvation. Chaya remembers the violence she witnessed in the ghetto. She remembers being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and being separated from her family during selection. Chaya describes conditions in the camp. She talks about being sent to Stutthof and then another labor camp, where she built houses. Chaya recalls trying to hide her mother during selections in the ghetto. She recounts her husband\u0026rsquo;s method of survival in Stutthof. Chaya recalls trying to save a young niece. She details how illness was handled in the camps and ghetto. Chaya recollects the death march into Germany after Stutthof was evacuated. She recounts her escape and being liberated by Russian soldiers. She explains how she and a small group of women made it back to Lodz. Chaya talks about finding Polish people living in her home, learning her brothers had survived in Germany, and deciding where to immigrate. She reminisces about visiting her father\u0026rsquo;s grave when she returned to Lodz. She shares how difficult it is to discuss her experiences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChaya Baruch was born to a large Orthodox Jewish family in Lodz, Poland around 1920. Her family owned a large factory and Chaya enjoyed a comfortable childhood. When the Germans occupied Lodz in September 1939, life changed dramatically. The family was forced into the Lodz ghetto. Chaya found work in a factory, which increased her bread ration. Chaya\u0026rsquo;s father and other members of her extended family died in the ghetto due to the brutal living conditions and lack of adequate food. Chaya and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau when the ghetto was liquidated in the summer of 1944. Chaya and a cousin were processed into the camp, as were Chaya\u0026rsquo;s brothers. Her mother, sisters-in-law, nieces, nephews, and other family members were sent to the gas chambers. Within a few months, Chaya and her cousin were sent to the Stutthof concentration camp, where they bonded with a few other girls, who remained with them throughout the war. Chaya credits their survival to their willingness to work. As the Allies advanced in the winter of 1944-1945, Stutthof was evacuated. Chaya, her cousin, and their friends were sent on a death march toward Germany. They managed to escape during a bombing raid and soon encountered Russian soldiers. The girls made it back to Lodz, where they soon found shelter and work. Chaya learned her brothers had survived and were in Germany at the end of the war. Chaya and her cousin fled Poland for Germany. In 1946, Chaya married another survivor and they had a son. A few years later, they immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/959/small/Baruch_Chaya%281%29.m4v_1664833747.jpg?1664833747","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Baruch_Chaya_(1).m4v"]},"duration":4445.975,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/959/small/Baruch_Chaya%281%29.m4v_1664833747.jpg?1664833747","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/959/original/Baruch_Chaya_%281%29.m4v?1664833742","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4445.975,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Baruch,  Chaya [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baruch: You asked me the first time I went to school. I'm not sure.\n\nSilverman: Okay. Where were you born?\n\nBaruch: In Lodz [Poland], in the same house where the Germans came and took us in the ghetto. Germans came and put us in ghetto.\n\nSilverman: Could you describe Lodz a little bit to me?\n\nBaruch: Lodz is a very big town. I mean, it is the second [largest town]. The\nfirst is Warsaw and the second is Lodz in Poland. This was actually -- Lodz is a very big town, but I don't know how much or big.\n\nSilverman: That is good enough. Could you tell me a little bit about your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family? How many people were you in your family, your social status?\n\nBaruch: In my family was seven. You see, my oldest brothers, I never [knew]\nthem, because everybody was married. Me and my sister, [who] was one and a half year younger than me, we [were] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together in the house.\n\nSilverman: Would you say you were from -- What sort of economic status was your family?\n\nBaruch: My father had a factory. The factory was from generation to generation. The whole family from my mother's side -- I know my grandmother, but I never remember my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather. In the factory, my grandfather was probably young and died. This is why we had--not just my family; the whole family, all our\npeople--a very big factory.\n\nSilverman: You were very lucky.\n\nBaruch: We were very comfortable.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Were you a very religious family?\n\nBaruch: Very Orthodox.\n\nSilverman: What were your contacts like with non-Jewish people before the war?\n\nBaruch: I never see before the war non-Jewish people because this section here I was living, that's all what I saw. It was just Jewish girls in public school.\nWhen I went, it was just Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls. There was not one non-Jewish.\n\nSilverman: Did you experience any sort of antisemitism at all?\n\nBaruch: No. This time, no.\n\nSilverman: What were your very first memories of the war? What was the first\ntime that you realized that it was about to start?\n\nBaruch: It was -- Germany came so quick to our town, it was not even in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, and we knew German is in town.\n\nSilverman: How old were you?\n\nBaruch: Nineteen.\n\nSilverman: How did changes which came with the Nazis affect you?\n\nBaruch: At this time when they came, we had to put yellow stars on our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes, a Jewish star, and 'Juden' was on every clothes we get. We can't go anymore in the trains. We can't go anymore to town.\n\nSilverman: How about school?\n\nBaruch: School? No school. We were scared because we know the Germans [are] in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. In this section where I was living at this time, I even had new friends in just the same little section because you can't go to town anymore.\n\nSilverman: With these new friends, were there any non-Jewish people?\n\nBaruch: No. I don't remember. No.\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you decide to take any action or what kind of action did you\ntake or did your family take?\n\nBaruch: No, we didn't take no action at all because this was in 1939. In the\nbeginning of 1940, we heard that we have to move, and we have to go in the\nghetto. The ghetto was downtown. I was born in Lodz, and I don't know it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nnever was downtown. It was very far. It was a very poor section. Nobody knew from Lodz that they were building a ghetto. The ghetto was tremendous, big.\n\nSilverman: Who told you had to go to the ghetto?\n\nBaruch: The Germans. Everyone had to move, all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish [weren't] supposed to be in town anymore, so we know we have to go. We can take our clothes. If we wanted, we can -- We took our lacquered table, and chair, and a bed, and a few bags. That's what I remember. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nSilverman: What was the daily routine like in the ghetto?\n\nBaruch: The ghetto was tremendous. We [were] living in the ghetto. After a\nwhile, they started building all kinds of factories. Everybody that wanted to\nsurvive, they [knew] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have to work. Even my mother had to work. I had to.\n\nSilverman: This was inside the ghetto?\n\nBaruch: Inside the ghetto. It's not one factory that you could miss. I mean,\ntailor factory, material factory, even hat factories. I was the one from the\nwhole family that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was working first. Why? Because when you worked, you could have a quarter piece of bread extra. That's why I wanted to work my hands. I was working over there until this was over. The head from the larger ghetto, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his name was [Chaim] Rumkowski. He was a very old man. Before the war, he was working with children that don't have parents. The Germans -- In the middle of the ghetto was a special little house built where the Germans came and take all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinds what we make from the factories. We made towels, and from the factory, clothes, from the factory, whatever you name it, all kinds of factories and they take it. We had to pay for it.\n\nSilverman: If people had a profession such as a doctor or a lawyer, were they\nable to continue?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: Was your family --\n\nBaruch: There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't even a hospital.\n\nSilverman: Was your family able to stay together during this time?\n\nBaruch: Yes.\n\nSilverman: The whole family was together?\n\nBaruch: No. One of my younger sisters -- Because my one brother, what I told\nyou, is Yurich--his name; he was married--he said he probably can survive more\nin another town. He went to Czestochowa. He loved my younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister. He came to my father and asked my father if she can come with him. My father said, \"Yes, I give -- But, you remember, in one week, you send her back.\" He went and my younger sister. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the meantime, over there in Czestochowa was a little better and they used to send packages back to us, maybe three times.\n\nSilverman: In these packages, was it food or clothing?\n\nBaruch: Just food. We [didn't] need clothing because we brought clothing from the -- We could take the clothes from our house.\n\nSilverman: Was there any sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leadership in the ghetto, any kind of organized leadership?\n\nBaruch: I remember [Chaim] Rumkowski.\n\nSilverman: Okay.\n\nBaruch: But, in the ghetto, was even a hospital.\n\nSilverman: There was or there wasn't?\n\nBaruch: There was and probably there was a doctor, Jewish doctors.\n\nSilverman: What did you do when they were sick in the ghetto? How did they treat you?\n\nBaruch: When you were sick in the ghetto, you have to be very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"careful not to go to the hospital because when they know that you're sick, this will be awful.\nWhen my father in 1940 -- No, before, he used to come where I was working and always take -- I don't need to know the little bread because I know that my father had to have it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He always came and took the little piece of bread. It\nbelonged to me, and I give it to my father. After that, after 1943, my father\ngot sick. But he was home. When he was home, we don't have -- He died from starvation in 1943.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Were the Jews transported from your ghetto to death camps?\n\nBaruch: Yes. But before, I forgot to tell. In one week, my brother want to send\nmy sister home. But [the ghetto] was closed already. You can't go no place. And this is why my sister -- If she'll be together with me, maybe she could survive like I survived.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Were there any religious ceremonies carried out in the ghetto?\n\nBaruch: In the ghetto? No.\n\nSilverman: Brises? Any --\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: I will come back to the question I asked you before. Were Jews\ntransported from your ghetto to the death camps?\n\nBaruch: Yes, and then Rumkowski -- The oldest were taken out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto and it was -- They said in the beginning of 1944 everybody has to go to the train. Where? What? He doesn't say.\n\nBetween, in the ghetto, [unintelligible; 13:28], was one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house where the Germans were staying. They're called Gestapo. This is the SS. Every once in a while, from the ghetto end where we were, they called a name, and they beat him so much. Then, they wanted money. They wanted diamonds. They wanted everything what you have. Sometimes, you don't have it. They beat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even my brother, but he survived. He was staying over there two, three weeks. When he come home, we even don't think that he'll survive. That's how beaten he was. This was the name: Gestapo.\n\nSilverman: Did the people generally know anything about the death camps themselves?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that, we never were sure when the Germans [were] going to come. Every few weeks, the Germans [were] in the ghetto. Even when they don't like what we was working--especially young people, like 20, 23, 22--they took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[them] in a truck and children that were sick. What I saw were mothers [who did not] understand not to send them to the hospital in the ghetto. When they knew that, every few weeks they come and check the hospital. The hospital was on this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one floor and from the army window, they took the girls, little children in like balls, and put her in the truck. That's what I saw with my eyes.\n\nSilverman: Was there any help at all from any non-Jews outside the ghetto that\nyou know of?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nSilverman: When you left the ghetto, do you know what concentration camp they\ntook you to?\n\nBaruch: In Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nSilverman: You went to Auschwitz-Birkenau?\n\nBaruch: Yes.\n\nSilverman: Could you describe the situation from the ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau?\n\nBaruch: Yes. My mother had a very big diamond. She told me, \"You have a nice coat with lining. Take inside the diamond.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm never going to forget that. She told me to put it in a piece of thread, and piece of cotton, and put it in my\ncoat because the coat was almost new in 1938. She said, \"Maybe this you are going to save.\" I did it. When we went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau, almost everybody from the family--just one, my sister, couldn't come back and my brother, [unintelligible; 17:17]--but everyone went in one place. We didn't want to go the first because was trains. Some people went first. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For what was their\n[reason], I don't know. We know a little bit what is going on, but to know\nexactly where we are going, we never know. Some families rushed to the train.They [were] rushing to the train. But we, I don't want rush, so they listened to me. I couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight with the whole family. The whole family went together, went to Auschwitz-Birkenau. This was the last train.\n\nSilverman: You got there by train?\n\nBaruch: I knew [that] on the train, they give us--I don't know if you are\nfamiliar, in Poland, is a round bread--they have very big bread, so we know that we go to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good place. They fooled us.\n\nSilverman: Did you think that you were going to a good place?\n\nBaruch: No. I know where I am going.\n\nSilverman: You did know where you were going?\n\nBaruch: I know. I was fighting. I want to stay and hide. One hundred and fifty\nfamilies stayed, but my family don't want to.\n\nSilverman: You went with your family?\n\nBaruch: Yes, but if it would be up to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, I was fighting very much. I said,\n\"What they going to do us?\" But everybody was scared, so I had to go. When we came to Auschwitz-Birkenau, everybody was in line--my mother, [unintelligible name; 19:25], my brother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible name; 19:27], the other brother--he was not married, and I was not married--my cousin what she -- everybody in her family died in the ghetto. She was by herself. She went together with us. Then, somebody came, and we went from the trains. We went from the trains, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to stand up in a line. First, they took my mother because [she was not] even old, but the grey hair-- My mother always had [her hair covered] for religious purpose. My mother first. My sister had a little boy. They said, \"You can go on this side, too, if you want to.\" This was right and left. My sister said, \"So what do you want me to do? I mean, to give you, my child? No.\" They said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Okay, go on this side,\" with my mother. Then, they asked [unintelligible name; 20:53] wife.\n\nSilverman: This was your brother?\n\nBaruch: He had two children-- [the brother] who survived. One was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nine and the one was ten. They asked her, too, \"Give us the children, so can go on this\nside.\" We didn't know which side was the bad. Who gives their children away?\nThey went on one side where my mother went with the children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, the men -- First, my oldest brother -- We were living together. They were so hurried to go; they went one with the [unintelligible; 21:49]. The men couldn't stay together with women. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took my brother away, so we don't see him anymore. Where they took them away, we don't see any more either. [It was just] me and my cousin, because we were young.\n\nSilverman: You went on one line and all of those that went to the other one --\n\nBaruch: Then, that told us to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go -- from the street. We went -- In German, it's\ncalled [unintelligible; 22:41]. There was SS there--women SS; not men. The first thing they did, they took our clothes and we were naked. Then, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took a razor [like] you [shave your face with].\n\nSilverman: Right.\n\nBaruch: All the hair was shaved like smooth. I was not even-- I don't recognize my cousin and she don't recognize me. She called me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible; 23:30]. Then, they told us to go in a barrack. There was plenty [of] people there.\n\nSilverman: Could you describe the barrack and your first day in the camp?\n\nBaruch: It was terrible. It was blankets and it was so dirty. What they give us\nto wear -- One shoe was different from the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoe. They called\n[unintelligible German; 24:05]. One sock's green and one sock's red. We saw what is going on already. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, we were over there. Then, we were laying a whole two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nights on the ground. It was plenty people. It was very quiet. What we saw was a little like two [unintelligible; 24:46]. We saw even the crematoriums in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Then, we know what's going on, where my whole family went.\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You think your whole family went straight to the crematorium?\n\nSure, but here, I don't know where except they disappeared, because they don't want women and men to be together.\n\nSilverman: What was a daily camp routine like?\n\nBaruch: In Auschwitz-Birkenau?\n\nSilverman: In Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nBaruch: They give us one--a very small--piece ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bread in the morning and give us soup. The soup was like water. In the night, they give you a little piece of bread.\n\nSilverman: Was there any work done? Did you have any --\n\nBaruch: No, not in Auschwitz-Birkenau. No.\n\nSilverman: You just sat around?\n\nBaruch: Yes, we were sitting around because we know they put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us in to bring us out, because we don't know are we going to survive or not. This was our eating. It was very depressing.\n\nSilverman: Were there any attempts at resistance or escape?\n\nBaruch: Yes. Because they probably put in the soup something -- Right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away -- I was young. I was nineteen years, and my cousin was probably eighteen years--one year younger--but, right away, we don't have the menstruation in all the time we was in concentration camp, so probably they put something in the soup what we don't supposed to have.\n\nSilverman: You feel like there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical experiments carried on?\n\nBaruch: Right. Later on, they decided--three days we were there--probably to\nsend us -- because there was too plenty, too much young one and middle age one -- They took us to a shower. When they took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to a shower, we know, because we heard it in the ghetto, when they take people in a shower, they have to go to the crematorium. We don't know what they going to do. After three days, we went in the shower. They put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us aside. We were waiting and waiting maybe one night. They gave clothes. The clothes were the striped -- They were so dirty. It's unbelievable. With these clothes, they sent us to Stutthof.  ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nSilverman: On a train?\n\nBaruch: Yes.\n\nSilverman: Why do you think you were selected to go to Stutthof?\n\nBaruch: I don't know where I'm going, but when I came to Stutthof, I knew.\n\nSilverman: What was Stutthof like?\n\nBaruch: Stutthof -- On the one side, the first time -- Stutthof was very\nterrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camp because we [were not] allowed to go to the toilet,\nbecause they had outside toilet. Everybody -- I was in Stutthof probably about\ntwo months. Later on, came one -- Because I was very -- I want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. We were young. Some was -- We were in a very big hall. We were laying down. They give us like blankets. This blanket was covered with every -- It was so full, in five, we were laying down.\n\nSilverman: What was a daily routine like in Stutthof?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Stutthof, it was nothing. It was no work.\n\nSilverman: It was more of like what Auschwitz-Birkenau was like?\n\nBaruch: Yes. No, Auschwitz-Birkenau was a crematorium what you bring people. In Stutthof, we don't see that. We understood that. To wear the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes, they give\\ us --\n\nSilverman: Why do you think they chose you to leave Auschwitz-Birkenau and go to Stutthof?\n\nBaruch: Because we were young and they have in mind the young people [at] this time--not from the beginning--at this time, it was the beginning of 1944. The ghetto was not anymore. The young people, they decided, can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. Later on, -- We were over there three months like. After that, came a Sturmscharfuhrer [German: Master sergeant] and took us -- was German. We was -- a lot of children. In our age, they don't want even to work. When we saw that somebody was looking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come to work, then, we were rationed.\n\nSilverman: Did you think you would survive then?\n\nBaruch: No. We never know what it's going to be tomorrow.\n\nSilverman: Why do you think you survived?\n\nBaruch: Wherever we were, wherever we went, this time, we went to another camp. At the other camp, when we were one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unterscharfuhrer [German: Corporal], an SS man, we was going with a wagon with two horses. I think that this maybe five or six days from Stutthof. We don't know. We don't even ask where we going. It was just a special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five what was together--my cousin and four others with the same age. [We] was very close and we [were together] everywhere, so we went together until we came to [unintelligible; sounds like 'Gurdenshloss,' 32:48]. I don't know how they discovered this little town, because we don't know -- even it was -- even though I am born in Poland, there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"-- I was in school. I didn't have a chance to be -- I know, because we was learning in school geography--where's this and this? Later on, after we survived, we know where we were: in [unintelligible; 32:20].\n\nSilverman: Which was another concentration camp?\n\nBaruch: Another concentration camp. This concentration camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very much little houses. In every house was seven children. [They were] very tiny little houses. At 5:00, we have to go out and build houses. With us was very much middle-aged people only from Germany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not from Poland. [They were] from Germany because over there was already concentration camp. We were working, but with somebody. [There] was a Sturmscharfuhrer. We were building houses. We were building bricks on the ladders, and we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building houses. We were putting the bricks.\n\nSilverman: It was more like a labor camp?\n\nBaruch: Right.\n\nSilverman: Is there any special or unusual experience that you would like to\ntell me about in any of the camps, something that really stands out in your mind that you would like to document?\n\nBaruch: In the camp? I forgot to tell you, in the ghetto, I have -- because\nplenty [of] time they come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our house. We were living with my oldest brother. We were living together, so this was something, because when we went down, nobody from our family -- I said to myself, \"My mother, I know they going to put her down because my mother have grey hair.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was scared because we'd heard it already in the ghetto. Then, I said to my brother--it was two floors-- \"I take the kids.\" I told my mother, \"Mom, don't [be] scared. Nobody going to take you. I going to lock you [in] and we going to go down. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German is down. I going to lock you.\" Then, my sister-in-law and my brother have two little boys--one was eight and one was nine. I said, \"No,\" to my mother, \"you don't take him down. We have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a round table. You take a very long tablecloth and nothing [will] happen, I promise you.\" We told the little boys to go under the table and then they stay so long until we came out. This was working. This was the one I'm never going to forget.\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did they survive, the two boys?\n\nBaruch: No, little children don't survive. You know that.\n\nSilverman: We are going to go back to the camp. Did people help each other in the camps?\n\nBaruch: Not too much, no.\n\nSilverman: Do you remember any --\n\nBaruch: In Stutthof, when I went, across the street was men. The first time we\nsaw men [was] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\n\nSilverman: Do you remember any gift giving, or sharing, or helping?\n\nBaruch: My husband told me--I [didn't] know him at this time--that in Stutthof\n--he was in Stutthof, too--he had a sister where I was. He never -- He said he\nalways have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, he always have bread. What he was doing -- The Germans in the camp, they take a cigarette, they put it down. He took all the little pieces together. I don't know how he did it. This is [what] I remember he told me. He put it all together, the little pieces, and sold them. Then, somebody gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him bread. He was at this tent, and he had a sister where I was, in the same barracks, and every day, he put a piece, or two pieces bread, how much he could. The sister already knew because over there was working a Pollack. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to come to our barracks, too. He put for the sister. He give a kind of sign the sister know. I don't know the sister either.\n\nSilverman: How did you know who you could trust?\n\nBaruch: You don't trust nobody.\n\nSilverman: You didn't trust anybody. Were some people loners? Did they want to be just left alone?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see a lot of that, even in Stutthof. They're laying down. They don't want to go to work. They'd say, \"For what I have to live?\" It was plenty [of] people like that in our age.\n\nSilverman: Do you remember at all being able to laugh?\n\nBaruch: To laugh? We never were laughing.\n\nSilverman: Or singing or anything?\n\nBaruch: When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went to sleep, we never know what going to -- We already know that we not going to survive. So sure, we were.\n\nSilverman: Did you do any work at all in the camps?\n\nBaruch: Yes, in the camp all the time. After Stutthof, I don't want to be in\nStutthof. I remember we just went and [were] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laying on the floor. The floor was\ntremendous, big. Me and my cousin make our mind up that we're not going to lie like that. They don't want to work. When we hear that somebody is looking for somebody to work, we were the first. We want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work and this [is] why we survived.\n\nSilverman: How did you conserve your energy?\n\nBaruch: What kind of energy? We do the best whatever we can. It was much worse with men. Women don't need so much to eat like men and very many men died.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Were there deliberate acts of violence?\n\nBaruch: [Unintelligible; 41:35] Sure, they do that.\n\nSilverman: Could you describe any of it then?\n\nBaruch: You wanted me to tell you how, when we know? Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were working on this place and built houses. After that, we were -- plenty camps came -- even my very good friends from before the war, they came to our camp. We were talking to them [asking] from where they came. They came from different camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, how we know there is a change [was because], all of a sudden, they said we have to go. The camp [was not] going to be anymore. Then, we started walking. How long we were walking [was] two weeks, maybe three weeks. Every camp was the same thing.\n\nSilverman: How about deliberate acts of violence?\n\nBaruch: What?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Some of the rough things that people did to other people. Besides not giving you the food, were there any deliberate killings or beatings?\n\nBaruch: Wait a minute. When we went to work, when we built houses was a military place roughly. Everyone was open. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he, the one was walking with us, he went over there. We see that he don't see it, so--we had coats at this time--we open the [buildings] and we see plenty. We see carrots and potatoes. How much we can, we steal it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plenty was stealing and nobody -- He never saw it.\n\nSilverman: What happened if you were caught?\n\nBaruch: I don't know. Probably we going to get beaten.\n\nSilverman: That is what I was talking about, the violence. Was there a lot of that?\n\nBaruch: Yes. One time, all of a sudden--I never mentioned to my brother what\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived--I saw the little girl.\n\nSilverman: His little girl?\n\nBaruch: Yes. I took her. All of a sudden, we have to go. The line was five. I\ntook her between the five. I wanted her not to see us. Then, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she [the SS guard] saw it, that I took her to me and I want to take her with me where I go. She was very little [for] her age. She said, \"Who is that?\"--I mean, the German. We said we don't know. Nobody answered. She knows I have the little girl, so she beat me up. Nothing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. So, I had a beating. So what? I tried.\n\nSilverman: What happened to the little girl?\n\nBaruch: They took her right away.\n\nSilverman: You do not know?\n\nBaruch: No. They probably took her to the crematorium, or they beat her,\nsomething. Little children don't survive in the ghetto.\n\nSilverman: Where there a lot of beatings?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sure, especially [the] men.\n\nSilverman: Did any of the guards or the SS man ever talk about what was\nhappening to the Jews? Did you ever hear anything?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: Was there a difference in the work done by the Jews and the non-Jews?\n\nBaruch: We don't see non-Jewish at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all.\n\nSilverman: Were there doctors, or nurses, or specific craftsmen, musicians present?\n\nBaruch: No, because women [were] separated and men [were] separated. The men, maybe yes.\n\nSilverman: What changed about your religious beliefs in camp?\n\nBaruch: I always was. We always prayed about it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Even during the worst times?\n\nBaruch: Even the camp, we know that our family is not there, so, we was sure. The children was not there. We were sure. What we believed is we went to sleep, and we never know if we [would] wake up.\n\nSilverman: What happened if you got sick in the camps?\n\nBaruch: I have a sick cousin. She was not looking so healthy like I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do, so\nwherever I went -- One time, he said, \"You know, she don't look so healthy.\" I\nsaid, \"I promise that she going to do the work like I do.\" Everywhere that I\nwent, my cousin went, too, with me. I knew that she was sick because in the\nghetto, I knew that she had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TB [tuberculosis]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\nSilverman: If anybody had an illness like TB. Who would treat it?\n\nBaruch: Nobody. You can't even tell somebody that [you are] sick. After [you\ndo], right away they take you away.\n\nSilverman: It was right away death?\n\nBaruch: Right away.\n\nSilverman: Was there any medicine?\n\nBaruch: No. I told you what happened, why would they have selections all the time.\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you did you receive any dental care at all? Was your mouth\nsearched for gold?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: What happened to pregnant woman?\n\nBaruch: Pregnant women? The pregnant women they killed.\n\nSilverman: Were any babies born?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: Tell me a little bit about your food, what you got to eat.\n\nBaruch: I got to eat [if] we went to work. I told you what we did --\n\nSilverman: At all three --\n\nBaruch: The older girls, it was plenty. We went and we steal. In the last camp,\nwas little ovens, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd take the potatoes and we cut--not the potatoes; you\ncouldn't cook potatoes in a camp. We took the skin of the potatoes. The little\neven was burning. We put it on it, the skin from the potatoes, and we eat that.\nIt was delicious at this time.\n\nSilverman: I am sure. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What changes occurred in your body during the camp, your weight loss --\n\nBaruch: I was very nervous after eating that.\n\nSilverman: Then did you lose a lot of weight? Were your teeth in bad condition?\n\nBaruch: My teeth got bad. I was -- Actually, in the ghetto was not good either,\nbut at least you were with your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. The soup -- What was the soup? A little\nbit of water and a little bread. That's all what we can get. But, when we were\nworking, we were stealing the carrots. We were eating carrots and we was eating whatever we can.\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You told me a little bit about the medical experiments that you feel\nwas carried on, like things that were put in this soup. Did anything happen to you?\n\nBaruch: No, we don't know. Nobody know, but we don't have it. After we survived, it still took about five or six months to be that.\n\nSilverman: Did you ever kill anyone or have to kill anyone?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the worst experience you personally had in the camp?\n\nBaruch: The worst experience [was] because when we went to sleep, we never know\nif we going to be alive. The Germans have a sign. When they tell us the camp is [closed], we have to walk, so we walking because they already have a sign ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russians [are] going to come. That's why we have to walk.\n\nSilverman: How about to you personally? Did anything personally happen that you would like to relate?\n\nBaruch: Personally, I was -- Everyone that was in concentration camp is not 100 percent, because everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"-- You got nervous or -- I got really nervous.\n\nSilverman: I am not talking about now. Then. Is there is there one experience\nthat stands out in your mind that you would like to record?\n\nBaruch: Yes, because we knew for sure that we [were not] going to survive, so what's the difference?\n\nSilverman: Okay.\n\nBaruch: Why do I care? Yes, my whole family went to Russia, so I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know my one aunt survived.\n\nSilverman: Did you ever have any reason to have any false papers?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: There was not any resistance that you know of?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: What were the first signs for you that the war might be coming to an end?\n\nBaruch: It's what I told you. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minute we have to start to walk--and plenty\ncamps was walking, too, but not on my side--this was -- I even don't know now where we were. On the one side was a woods and the other side was a woods. We were walking like that. We were so tired because -- my cousin was with us, and four girls was all the time together. We were like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters. We were so tired that we were sitting down. When we were sitting down, we see that our camp is very far from us. We start to [get] scared because we were in the [prisoner] clothes. It was 4:00 in the morning. We just went to a house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a Pollock. He said, \"Come over there. I can't keep you. You have to go. But I give you some bread and milk.\" At first, we don't know what to do because our camp was really far from us. We actually -- In\none town, was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quiet. We went to a house. It was not scared. Nobody was there. He was a Pollock. He was talking to us Polish. He said, \"I can give you maybe an hour and then you have to go.\" He gave us bread, and milk, whatever he can. He said, \"I'm sorry. You have to go,\" so we went out. We went out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we say we don't know what to do because on this side was a wood and on the other side was a wood. All of a sudden, we hear a bomb. We went -- It was real high. We were crying. We went up to -- Because we didn't know what's going on. We went in the woods. Then, we saw it. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were lying flat because the bomb was terrible. We start to cry. In the wood, we were seeing SS men. We took the clothes [off] right away. We were so scared. From who we were scared? We saw -- but we don't know that [unintelligible; 56:36], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the SS men. In the woods, that's what we saw. We were waiting to [have] this get over. It was almost six o'clock in the night. We went out and right away came to a Russian Army truck and [they] put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. In\nthe Russian Army truck was one Jewish [soldier] from Moscow. He was with the soldiers. He said, \"You come with us,\" and, \"You don't have nothing to worry about. I give you --\" Then, when we went out, the horror what we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw. Horses were dead. Food, how much we wanted. There was so much food. He told us, \"Please, don't. Don't touch nothing because you going to get sick.\" We went and the first [thing], before we even ask for a piece of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread, we ask for a piece of soap. They give us soap so we can wash ourselves. After that, they left--the Germans probably in this little town. Right away, they give us soap--this is what we asked for--and clothes, and we were--\n\nSilverman: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberated.\n\nBaruch: Yes.\n\nSilverman: How did you find out about the rest of your family?\n\nBaruch: I was staying with the horse. Then, they give us -- Because this one\nJewish [soldier] from Moscow said, \"I don't know how long I going to be with\nyou. Don't stay in one town. Move.\" We have a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trouble. You know how the Russians was very wild and we don't know what to do. We were by ourselves. Whatever we can [that] we have in a house, we put in the night--he was gone, the Jewish [soldier]--we put the table, we put everything. [There were] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little rags, so we [wrapped the rags around our heads]. Anyway, we were not looking so good. I have the hair -- a little bit [had grown]. They were so terrible, the Russians, it's unbelievable. They said, \"We survived [liberated] you and you have to pay for it.\" I know plenty girls got in trouble, too. We were lucky. Another thing, when we survived, the next day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was another General. He came and said, \"Don't you worry. We take care of you, but don't eat\ntoo much.\" Everybody got sick with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hunger from before.\n\nSilverman: Did you ever have to go to DP camp, a displaced persons camp?\n\nBaruch: No, this was where we were with the Russians already.\n\nSilverman: You stayed in Russia?\n\nBaruch: This one, he said, \"I'm going to do something for you, but, please,\ndon't eat too much because everybody gets ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick.\" This was true. I was so burning up with fever. I remember that he was so good to me. He put -- We had beds already and linens because they left, the Germans. Everybody was very much hurt. He gives us this. One was very brave. She said, \"We know how we go from one town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the other one.\" We see a farm and we saw horses. That's how we have a few dollars and we went to Lodz.\n\nSilverman: Could you briefly describe the couple of years immediately following the war? Where were you and how did you get there?\n\nBaruch: We was in Lodz. I decided to go to my -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I was living. I went\nthere. Pollacks was living [there now]. I went there but I [wasn't] supposed to\ngo. After, I got sick. She said, \"Yes, you were living here. Okay, but now we\nlive here.\" I said, \"We don't come here to live.\" We were talking to her [in\nPolish]. I couldn't even recognize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my house.\n\nSilverman: What did you do in the next couple of months and the years after that?\n\nBaruch: The next couple of months -- Later on, we were in Poland. We find work. My cousin was working and I was working, too. Then, in Lodz was like here [in] Georgia, nice. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a list who survived, who was not. Later on, somebody came to us from my cousin's side. We were five girls. We were there. Somebody came and said, \"Do you know that your two brothers is living? But they in Germany.\" That's why, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't [stay] too long in Lodz. My cousin, we make the morning after in Lodz. In Lodz, you can't buy nothing at this time neither.\n\nSilverman: You went from Lodz to Germany to see your brother?\n\nBaruch: In Lodz, we were two months. Was still the war when we went to Lodz.\n\nSilverman: The war was still going on for two months?\n\nBaruch: Right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Silverman: What are your feelings today about how the war influenced you?\n\nBaruch: I try to forget, because -- That's why me and my husband never -- Kalman was already grown.\n\nSilverman: Kalman is your son?\n\nBaruch: Right. We never talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about. When I saw Holocaust, to me Holocaust was like a picture that was not even true [to] what we went through. Some people, they watch Holocaust and [say], \"Oh, this and that.\" Actually, from the United States, nobody can know what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went through anyway, right?\n\nSilverman: Very true. What kind of feelings do you have now about being Jewish?\n\nBaruch: [It is] a very beautiful feeling that I am Jewish. I am very proud. It's\nnot one day [that] I miss the news what is going on in Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a\nchoice--this is true--to go off. After that, I went to my brothers because\nthere's no use to stay in Poland. We felt that Poland is --But one thing -- The\nminute we came -- I never went to a cemetery, but I remember when my father died in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1943. I never told nobody. Everybody from my family was [at] the funeral. This was the first time that I was [in] the Jewish cemetery. Me and my cousin went. When we came to Poland first, we first to the cemetery. She said, \"Okay, you go.\" I don't even know what I going to find. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the time in concentration camp, I remember the date when my father died because I always was -- I don't know. The whole family -- We were together. I always remember on the Jewish calendar when my father died. Every day when I was in concentration camp -- Because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know so much about it, because I was not learning so much. I was going to a school in Poland. We [had a Polish] education, so I don't know the date. Always in the ghetto, every day, I remind myself. I make a sign myself. I don't tell nobody. I make my sign where my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is buried. She [my cousin] went to her [family's graves] because she had two parents die and a brother die. She said, \"You go,\" and then I said, \"You go.\" Then, we come together. I even don't know how, but I have a sign. Right away, I went to the sign I made myself. My father was there in a beautiful section. [Near] all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rabbis were a house and that's where I made my sign. I don't say it to nobody or nothing. This is how I went to the cemetery the first week and my cousin [went] too. We don't have money to make a matzevah [Hebrew: headstone]. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first time in my life I was in a cemetery. In Europe, it's not like in the United States. The children don't -- First of all, my grandmother -- I was ready to go to the funeral because my grandmother was living with us before the war, but it was a law for very religious people, the girls wasn't supposed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go. It was the first time I go. The cemetery was -- They don't touch our cemetery, the Germans.\n\nSilverman: Do you think there could ever be another Holocaust?\n\nBaruch: No, never. I know there's very many Nazis here, and here, and here, but I believe that it never can happen. This was --\n\nSilverman: Does the war still affect you?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baruch: When I talk about it, yes, but, like I told you, I'm not scared. That's\nall. I'm not scared for nothing.\n\nSilverman: How do you feel about these questions that I have been asking you?\n\nBaruch: Yes, it affects me a little bit -- very much so, yes.\n\nSilverman: I understand that. When you think about your experience toady, do you still have nightmares?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't believe it. No, I don't have dreams, but I couldn't believe\nit still, now, that I went through this, and I survived.\n\nSilverman: Have you returned back to Europe at all since the war?\n\nBaruch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nSilverman: Do you have any desire to go back to see anything?\n\nBaruch: No, especially [not] Poland. For what? In Poland, when the Germans came, what do you think? Lodz was a factory town, the biggest factory town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland. What do you think? From where they know? Every store, everything they having -- Right away, the Polish people was Nazis.\n\nSilverman: How has your experience as a survivor influenced your feelings about Israel?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baruch: I tell you, for me, Israel is so unbelievable. When I hear what is going\non now in Israel, it affects me very much. Before, maybe not, but now, it\naffects me very much.\n\nSilverman: Have you ever been to Israel?\n\nBaruch: No, I never. When I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married in 1946 in Germany, before my husband met me, he tried to go to Israel, but, when he met me, we decided -- We [were there] five years. Five years we lived in Germany. We decided -- I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the street from a German girl what was an English teacher. I took a little bit\nlesson from her. When we decided to go, my husband said, \"I tell you, my plan was going to Israel.\" I told him, \"I tell you what, I'd rather go,\" because of\nKalman, we went on the ship on the same time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as --\n\nSilverman: Yes.\n\nBaruch: Kalman was not even two years old, eighteen months.\n\nSilverman: Is there anything that you think we have left out?\n\nBaruch: No.\n\nSilverman: Mrs. Baruch, I want to thank you very much. I know that it was not\neasy for you. It is not easy for anybody.\n\nBaruch: Right.\n\nSilverman: But I know you realize how important this is for you, for us --\n\nBaruch: I know.\n\nSilverman: and especially for the next generation.\n\nBaruch: Yes, and I give you the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/transcript/40304/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"piece of paper what my niece give me from Allen that she knows. She's so anxious. She wants to write to you. She don't know --\n\n ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4410.0,4440.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles (121 km) from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 143 miles (230 km) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939, and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Orthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I (Poland) had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear it risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Immediately after Lodz was occupied, Jews were forbidden to use public transportation or leave the city without special permission. They were not allowed to own cars and, from January 1940, Jews in Lodz were forbidden to travel by train. As trains were the only available means of public transportation, the directive meant that Jews living across a range of places were now totally cut off from each other.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, a ghetto was established. It was to be established on 1.6 square miles (4.13 km) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. Even before the ghetto was set up, t waves of Jews and Poles were deported from Lodz to make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen]. By March 1940, almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1940, authorities began to develop workshops in the Lodz ghetto. By July 1942, there were 74 ghetto workshops. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Over 53,000 workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Chaim Rumkowski, an engineer, was chosen to be the head of the Judenrat. Rumkowski is a controversial Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski (1877-1944) was a Polish Jew, engineer and wartime businessman appointed by Nazi Germany as the head of the Judenrat in the Lodz Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans and if Jewish labor became indispensable, at least some of them would be saved. When the Lodz ghetto was liquidated, Rumkowski and his family were not spared. They were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau on August 30, 1944, and murdered there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Czestochowa [Polish: Częstochowa; sometimes also spelled “Czenstochowa”] is a Polish city located about 124 miles southwest of Warsaw. Close to 30,000 Jews lived in Czestochowa in 1939. The German army entered the city on September 3, 1939. Three days later, more than 1,000 Jews and Poles in Czestochowa were murdered in a massacre known as “Bloody Monday.” In 1941, a ghetto was established. In September and October 1942, deportations to Treblinka began and the ghetto was mostly liquidated. About 5,000 Jews remained. In June 1943, about 1,000 people were deported and the remaining 4,000 were sent to labor camps. By the end of the war, nearly all of the Jews from Czestochowa were dead. The city was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Despite grim living conditions, the Lodz ghetto sustained a variety of cultural activities. Until October 1941, an Education Department operated within the ghetto and religious observance continued until September 1942. Until the September 1942 deportations, health services in the ghetto functioned relatively normally with seven hospitals and multiple pharmacies, clinics and emergency rooms. Some 2,306 children were born in the ghetto during its existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The living conditions in the ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. Some 43,500 people, about 21% of the ghetto population, died of starvation, cold, or disease.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The first deportation began in December 1940 when about 7,200 Jewish men were sent to forced labor on German road building. From January to May 1942 another wave of deportations took place and about 55,000 Jews were sent to the Chelmno death camp and murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e A bris, formally known as the “brit milah” [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision] involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal. It is a tradition that dates back to the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. After that, the Lodz ghetto was turned into a work camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e During the war, the parish house of the St. Mary Assumption’s Church was the location of the German police criminal unit, called the Kripo. The inhabitants of the ghetto called that particular police station \"The Red House\" (\"Rote Haus\"), in reference to the red bricks it was made of and what it represented, a place of torture. The Kripo had the authority to carry out searches at any time, day or night. They routinely beat and tortured their victims to get people to talk. In the ghetto, the “Red House\" was tantamount to a torture chamber. Upon entering, a person was typically left dead or disabled. More often than not, the family would receive information about the sudden death of an arrestee. The German Kripo post was appointed on May 19, 1940. Initially, the Kripo was to fight smuggling and to watch that no one entered or left the ghetto without permission. However, detecting and confiscating property hidden by the ghetto inhabitants gradually became its main task. In 1943, the Kripo was structurally connected to the Gestapo and started to prosecute political offenses as well. This police station operated in the ghetto until the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e On September 1, 1942, as part of another major Aktion, three Jewish hospitals in the ghetto—Lagiewnicka, Drenowska and Wesola Streets—were surrounded and brutally emptied by the Germans. The children’s hospital on Lagiewnicka Street was four stories tall and the Germans, rather than walking up and down the stairs with the children, just threw them out the window to the street below. Even as they emptied the hospitals, the Germans surrounded the ghetto streets and brutally dragged another 16,000 Jews from their homes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e By August 1944, the Lodz ghetto had been completely liquidated. Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk (Poland)), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the summer until the fall of 1944 Stutthof received wave after wave of prisoners evacuated from other camps in the East that were about to be overrun by the Russians.  Jews from the final liquidation of Kovno, Vilna and Riga work camps and Hungarian Jews were sent there as well. Some 25,000 Jews arrived in waves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Stutthof was evacuated as the Russians neared in the fall of 1944. The evacuation of the nearly 50,000 prisoners from the Stutthof camp system began in January 1945. The evacuations took place in a blinding snowstorm and frigid temperatures.  It has been estimated that over 25,000 prisoners, one in two, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its sub-camps. About 5,000 prisoners from Stutthof sub-camps were marched to the Baltic Sea coast, forced into the water, and machine-gunned. The rest of the prisoners were marched in the direction of Lauenburg in eastern Germany. Marching in severe winter conditions and treated brutally by SS guards, thousands died during the march. Of the 11,000 prisoners driven out on the death march, nearly 7,000 died on the way.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e It was common practice in concentration camps for gold teeth and gold fillings to be removed from victims before their bodies were cremated or buried. Along with other gold valuables such as jewelry, the gold would then be melted down and reused by the Reich. Allied soldiers found piles of teeth and fillings when they liberated many of the camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear what town Baruch was near when advancing Soviet forces cut the Germans and evacuated Stutthof prisoners off. The Germans forced the surviving prisoners back to Stutthof.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Eating foods that were too rich or complex could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The occupation of communities viewed as inferior opens up the opportunity for violence. Rape, sexual assault and violence were prevalent among different occupier communities during World War II. During the Soviet offensives and occupations at the end of World War II, rape, sexual assault and violence were as prevalent as looting. Women in newly occupied ‘enemy’ territories were frequently assaulted. Estimates place the number of victims as high as two million when East Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania, Austria, the Czech lands and other German-inhabited areas of Eastern Europe are included with the hundreds of thousands of victims estimated within Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e When hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Despite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDisplaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russians liberated Lodz in January 1945, but World War II did not end in Europe until May 8, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust is an American television miniseries broadcast in four parts in April 1978 on the NBC television network. The miniseries followed a fictional German Jewish family’s experiences during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1892, the Lodz Jewish Cemetery (also known as the “New Jewish Cemetery” and commonly referred to as the “cemetery at Marysin”) was once the largest Jewish cemetery in Poland and one of the largest in the world. It was enclosed in the western portion of the Lodz ghetto. The cemetery remained in use during the ghetto’s existence and largely survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/annotation_set/901/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e In 1939, Lodz had a sizable German population, amounting to about ten percent of the total. The situation of the city of Lodz was unique in other aspects: it was annexed to the Third Reich in October 1939. When the ghetto was established, it was surrounded by a hostile German population and by numerous Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans living in Poland), whose treatment of the Jews was no better than that of the Nazis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=4260.0,4290.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Baruch, Chaya [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Introduction  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=12.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Okay. Where were you born?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=12.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=12.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life at the Start of The War ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=194.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were your very first memories of the war? What was the first time that you realized that it was about to start?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=194.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brises","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim Rumkowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czestochowa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Star","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yellow Stars","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=194.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the Ghetto to Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=762.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will come back to the question I asked you before. Were Jews transported from your ghetto to the death camps?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=762.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim Runkowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death 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Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1715.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why do you think you were selected to go to Stutthof?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=1715.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration 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Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2072.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there any special or unusual experience that you would like to tell me about in any of the camps, something that really stands out in your mind that you would like to document?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2072.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beatings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematorium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medicine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pollack","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pregnant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tuberculosis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=2072.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The End of The War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3091.0,3700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" What was the worst experience you personally had in the camp?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3091.0,3700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration 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Where were you and how did you get there?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3700.0,4445.975"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959/index/51879/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Matzevah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pollack","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80170/file/167959#t=3700.0,4445.975"}]}]}]}