{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/0g3gx45p21/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gross, Alex (2017)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2017-03-30 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Gross, Alex (Interviewee)","Sandra Ghizoni (Interviewer)","Mike Ryan (Interviewer)","Unidentified Female (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was interviewed by Mark Ryan, Sara Gazan, and an unidentified female on March 30, 2017, in Miami, Florida. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAlex talks about the antisemitism and violence he endured as a youth. He talks about being sent to a labor camp. Alex considers his family’s socio-economic situation. He remembers his parents begging him to stay alive. He describes the area he grew up in. Alex recounts being sent to a ghetto and having to leave everything behind. He recounts the selection process in Auschwitz-Birkenau and later being sent to Buna. Alex describes the poor living conditions and lack of food. He remembers being sent on a death march before being put on a train headed toward Buchenwald. Alex recalls being reunited with two of his brothers just before liberation. He talks about reuniting with his other siblings after the war. He talks about being in a displaced persons camp before going to England. Alex details his arrival to the United States, serving in the Korean War, and beginning his career. The interview closes with Alex’s recollection of liberation and later meeting one of his liberators.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003e Alex Gross was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia in 1928. Alex was one of seven children born to a tailor and a housewife. He was the youngest of six sons and had a younger sister. After the Hungarians occupied the area, Alex and his family endured antisemitic violence and forced labor. In 1944, the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto along with all of the area’s Jews. A few weeks later, they were sent in crowded rail cars to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Alex was soon separated from his family. He never saw his parents again. Alex was then sent to work in Buna’s factories. He spent the next year digging ditches and hauling steel and rocks. As the Allies approached, Alex endured a death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz and a transport to Buchenwald, where he was liberated by the Americans. He made his way home where he was reunited with his siblings. When the British Welfare Agency arranged to fly orphans to the British Isles, Alex and his sister, and one brother were flown to Scotland. There, Alex went to school, learned a trade, danced, played soccer, and trained to be a boxer. In 1949, he immigrated to the United States. In 1951, he joined the American Army. One by one, all his siblings came to the United States. In 1958, he married, had four children, and built a very successful business. Despite his successes and triumphs, Alex also suffered the tragic death of his only son in a construction accident and the murder of his first wife. Alex was a founding member of  Eternal Life-Hemshech and actively shares his experiences at schools.  In 1996, Alex remarried. After retirement, he moved to Florida.  \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28951"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Crawford, Fred (personal name)","Blumenthal, David (personal name)","Gross, Bill (personal name)","Gross, Sam (personal name)","Carpathian Mountains, Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Croyden, England (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Prague (geographic term)","Chicago (geographic term)","Ellwood City, PA (geographic term)","Beaver Falls, PA (geographic term)","Youngstown, OH (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","Pittsburg, PA (geographic term)","Fort Bragg, NC (geographic term)","Fort Meade, MD (geographic term)","Saint Louis, MO (geographic term)","Atlanta, GA (geographic term)","Munkacs Ghetto (geographic term)","Gleiwitz (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (geographic term)","Bunawerke (geographic term)","Funfteichen (geographic term)","Bergen-Belson (geographic term)","Buchenwald (geographic term)","Greater Miami Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","George Nissel Company (corporate name)","Hitler Youth (meeting name)","Korean War (named event)","Passover (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was interviewed by Mark Ryan, Sara Gazan, and an unidentified female on March 30, 2017, in Miami, Florida.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlex talks about the antisemitism and violence he endured as a youth. He talks about being sent to a labor camp. Alex considers his family\u0026rsquo;s socio-economic situation. He remembers his parents begging him to stay alive. He describes the area he grew up in. Alex recounts being sent to a ghetto and having to leave everything behind. He recounts the selection process in Auschwitz-Birkenau and later being sent to Buna. Alex describes the poor living conditions and lack of food. He remembers being sent on a death march before being put on a train headed toward Buchenwald. Alex recalls being reunited with two of his brothers just before liberation. He talks about reuniting with his other siblings after the war. He talks about being in a displaced persons camp before going to England. Alex details his arrival to the United States, serving in the Korean War, and beginning his career. The interview closes with Alex\u0026rsquo;s recollection of liberation and later meeting one of his liberators.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Alex Gross was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia in 1928. Alex was one of seven children born to a tailor and a housewife. He was the youngest of six sons and had a younger sister. After the Hungarians occupied the area, Alex and his family endured antisemitic violence and forced labor. In 1944, the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto along with all of the area\u0026rsquo;s Jews. A few weeks later, they were sent in crowded rail cars to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Alex was soon separated from his family. He never saw his parents again. Alex was then sent to work in Buna\u0026rsquo;s factories. He spent the next year digging ditches and hauling steel and rocks. As the Allies approached, Alex endured a death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz and a transport to Buchenwald, where he was liberated by the Americans. He made his way home where he was reunited with his siblings. When the British Welfare Agency arranged to fly orphans to the British Isles, Alex and his sister, and one brother were flown to Scotland. There, Alex went to school, learned a trade, danced, played soccer, and trained to be a boxer. In 1949, he immigrated to the United States. In 1951, he joined the American Army. One by one, all his siblings came to the United States. In 1958, he married, had four children, and built a very successful business. Despite his successes and triumphs, Alex also suffered the tragic death of his only son in a construction accident and the murder of his first wife. Alex was a founding member of \u0026nbsp;Eternal Life-Hemshech and actively shares his experiences at schools. \u0026nbsp;In 1996, Alex remarried. After retirement, he moved to Florida. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/168/974/small/Gross_Alex.mp4_1666726484.jpg?1666726488","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gross_Alex.mp4"]},"duration":2174.038,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/168/974/small/Gross_Alex.mp4_1666726484.jpg?1666726488","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/168/974/original/Gross_Alex.mp4?1666726476","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2174.038,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gross, Alex [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speaker 1: Today is March 30, 2017. We are at the Greater Miami Jewish\nFederation with Alex Gross. The interviewers are myself, Sandra Gazoni and Mike Ryan from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. Alex, could you start by saying your full name, and date and place of birth?\n\nGross: My name is Alexander Jacob Gross. I was born September 18, 1928, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Carpathia, which used to be Czechoslovakia. It was taken over by Hungary. When I was about eleven years old, when I had to run away from home because the Hitler Youth were attacking me. Every time I came home, they found out. I had to run away again. I ran away to the capital of Hungary, to Budapest. I came home just before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover--this time of the year. They knocked on our doors and started screaming, \"Juden raus! [German] Jews, out!\" Our beloved mother kept on coming over and put her hands in our faces. She begged us, \"Please, no matter what, stay alive.\" She did it probably 50 [or] 60 times. I was no different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than any young boy. [I wondered,] \"Why is she doing that? Why did she ask me that?\" She must have had a feeling something horrible was going to happen to us. When they knocked on our doors and started screaming, \"Juden raus! Jews, out,\" again, Mother came over and she begged us, like all the brothers and sisters, \"Please ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay alive.\"\n\nSpeaker 1: What year was this?\n\nGross: This was in 1944.\n\nSpeaker 1: Who is in your family? Who was living together in your home at this time?\n\nGross: Three of our older brothers were taken to the Hungarian labor camp, to Munkatabor [Hungarian: work or concentration camp]. My brother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two brothers, and I, and my sister, and my beloved mother, and father were taken to the ghetto from there, to the Munkacs ghetto.\n\nSpeaker 1: Before you were taken to the ghetto, what did your parents do for a living?\n\nGross: My beloved father had a tailor shop. He wanted all of us to become\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tailors, but because the Hitler Youth were attacking me, I ran away from home\nwhen I was first eleven, then twelve. I was about thirteen when I came home.\nThat's when I was taken away.\n\nSpeaker 1: Would you say your family was middle class, or upper middle class, or lower class on the socioeconomic scale?\n\nGross: According to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today's standards, we were way below lower class. We didn't have running water. We didn't have toilets. We had out [houses]. We had to bring up water from wells. But we grew our own food. We were a very loving family. We're the only family where six brothers and one sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived the Holocaust. Our oldest brother died the day of liberation in Bergen-Belsen from typhoid. We all had typhoid, diphtheria, and you name it, every disease.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speaker 1: Before you were eleven years old and you were running away from the Hitler Youth, what was your daily life like?\n\nGross: According to today's standard, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were way below poverty level, but we were not considered poor. My father had a tailor shop. As I told you before, I had to run away from home when I was eleven years old because the Hitler Youth were attacking me. I grabbed one of the Hitler Youth and I beat the crap out of him, so I had to run away, first to one village, another village, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and finally, I ran away to the capital of Hungary, to Budapest. But I missed my family. I came home just about this time of the year, for Passover. Then, they knocked on our door, I think, the second or third day of Passover and they said, start screaming, \"Juden raus! Jews out!\" Again, our beloved mother came over, and put her hands on our faces, and she begged us--my Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name is Jacob, so she called me Yankele affectionately--\"Yankele, I want you should live.\" I was no different than any other young boy. [I wondered,] \"Why is she asking me that?\" To me, if there ever was an angel on the face of the earth, our beloved mother was a true angel.\n\nSpeaker 1: Do you think that your parents knew what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happening?\n\nGross: No, they didn't know, but they had a feeling, because in those days,\nthere were no telephones, no radio, no TV, nothing like that.\n\nSpeaker 1: Had you heard any rumors?\n\nGross: Yes, we heard rumors about some towns where they were rounding up Jews. Our beloved mother kept coming over and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begged us, \"No matter what, please stay alive.\"\n\nSpeaker 1: What was the Jewish population of your hometown?\n\nGross: The town next to us had a very big Jewish population, Muncaks, but our village had only about maybe 50 Jewish people.\n\nSpeaker 1: How big was the village?\n\nGross: It connected to about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five other villages, so it was a pretty good size,\nyes. We had a big bastion in our village, a military bastion on top, a big\nmanmade mountain. It was a well-known village.\n\nSpeaker 1: In 1944, you said they knocked on your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door, said, \"Get out.\" When they said, \"Get out,\" where did you go then?\n\nGross: First, I was taken to the ghetto.\n\nSpeaker 1: In Muncaks?\n\nGross: Muncaks ghetto. After being there, our beloved mother kept on coming\nover, and she put her hands on our faces, and she begged us to stay alive.\n\nSpeaker 1: Was your whole family in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto?\n\nGross: No. Three older brothers were taken to the Hungarian labor camps. Three of us brothers were there, and our sister was with our parents, too. Our oldest brother, he was not living with us. Anyway, we were taken to the Muncaks ghetto. Our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beloved mother and father, kept coming over and begging us, \"Please, whatever, to stay alive.\" I was no different than any other young boy. [I wondered,] \"Why is she asking me that?\" She must have had a feeling that something horrible was going to happen. I promised her, \"Yes, mom. I'll try.\" We were in the Munkacs ghetto for about two, three weeks, maybe a month. We were sleeping on the floor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside. It was very cold there, ice all over. Then, they put us into cattle cars.\n\nSpeaker 1: Before we get there, did your family have any possessions, food, or\nclothing, or bring any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"valuables into the ghetto?\n\nGross: According to today's standards, no, we had nothing. But according to\nthen standards, my father had a tailor shop and we were well known as a very\ncharitable family. All the poor people that used to go past our village, used to\ncome and eat free at our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. It was quite an experience.\n\nSpeaker 1: Did you take any things with you into the ghetto?\n\nGross: They wouldn't let us take nothing. Had to leave everything.\n\nSpeaker 1: It was just the clothes that you were wearing?\n\nGross: Just the clothes we were wearing.\n\nSpeaker 1: No food or --\n\nGross: No food, no water, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing.\n\nSpeaker 1: Were your parents able to bring any money or any --\n\nGross: Nothing. We didn't have much money. According to today's standards, we were way below poverty level.\n\nMike: Do you remember entering the ghetto?\n\nGross: Yes.\n\nMike: Were you searched when you went into the ghetto? Did they check you?\n\nGross: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They checked us before we left home. They took everything away from us. When we got into the ghetto, they took everything. Whatever we were hiding, they took away from us.\n\nMike: Were these Germans or were they --\n\nGross: Hungarian Nazis and Germans.\n\nSpeaker 1: While you were in the ghetto, do you remember what you ate there, what you were given to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat?\n\nGross: I wasn't even 15. I was about not even 14. I was a tall boy. My father\nwas a tall man. We are the only family that six brothers and one sister survived the Holocaust. I lost forty first cousins, six uncles, six aunts, my parents for no other reason but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were born as Jews.\n\nSpeaker 1: You say you spent a little less than a month in Munkacs?\n\nAlex: Yes.\n\nSpeaker 1: Then, how did you know that you were going to be taken from there or leaving there?\n\nGross: We had no idea. When the they brought the train and it started shoving us into the train, our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beloved mother kept on coming over, put her hands in our faces, and she begged us to stay alive. She must have had a feeling something horrible was going to happen and she was absolutely right.It took us five or six days. No food, no water, nothing. When we finally arrived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Birkenau, which is Auschwitz one, somebody came in, opened the door. He whispered, \"Du bist achtzehn Jahre alt. [German] You are 18 years old.\" I looked at him. I said, \"You crazy?\" But once I got the train and the SS man asked me, if I wouldn't have said, 'Eighteen,' I would have been sent straight to the gas chambers. Anybody under 18 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and over 35 was sent to the gas chambers. My sister survived. We are the only family that six brothers and one sister survived the Holocaust.\n\nSpeaker 1: How long were you in Auschwitz?\n\nGross: In the main camp of Auschwitz, in Birkenau, I was only a few days. That's where the gas chambers were. That's where the ovens were. That's where they tore my beautiful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hair off--blond hair. I touched my head, blood all over my hand. The next thing, they burned the number into my arm and they said, \"You have no more a name. Just a number.\" This is the number. Then, they threw a striped uniform, a pajama like uniform, no underwear, no shoes, just wooden clogs. I had to put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the number on here on my uniform. After they burned the number in here we had to stand out sometimes for hours in the miserable cold, so they can check who is still alive, because most people didn't last more than a week or two. But I survived there. I was finally assigned to Bunawerke, which is Auschwitz three. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was there for eight months. I still can't figure out how I survived there that long, but I always remembered what I promised to my beloved mother, that no matter what, I'll survive.\n\nSpeaker 1: While you were there, were you made to do any work or --\n\nGross: We had to -- The work was -- They made us get up at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four in the morning and sometimes stand out in the miserable cold for hours. Then, they assigned us to dig ditches, to carry railroad tracks, to work in warehouses. Any slave labor that you can imagine, we had to do. The average lifespan in Buna--the camp Auschwitz three--was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe three weeks [or] four weeks. I was there for eight months. One of my brothers was in the same camp. If they would have caught me even looking at him, I would have been killed.\n\nSpeaker 1: Do you remember what you were given to eat there?\n\nGross: What I ate there? They used to give us about this much bread once a week, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was mostly sawdust. It was not real bread. We had a little canteen with a string that held up our pants. If we were lucky, they used to give us what they called 'soup.' It wasn't soup. It was mostly water and sawdust once every third or fourth day. But I was very lucky. Every time we were marching to work, some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were driving past and they used to drop off a little bread or something. We used to grab it. That's what kept me alive.\n\nSpeaker 1: This is people that lived in the surrounding area?\n\nGross: Yes, non-Jewish people.\n\nSpeaker 1: Do you know of any food or anything else that was maybe smuggled into the camp?\n\nGross: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nSpeaker 1: Were you ever able to get anything extra from the kitchen or for\ndoing extra work?\n\nGross: Sometimes they used to give us a little better soup and we used to get\nabout this much bread but it was mostly sawdust. It wasn't real bread. I used to break off a little bread in my mouth every time I had a chance. But they\nwouldn't let you. If they would have seen me do it, they would have killed me. I hid the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread under my jacket.\n\nSpeaker 1: You were there for eight months? Then, where did you go from there?\n\nGross: When the Russians were arriving, they started marching us out. They\nmarched us from Buna to Gleiwitz. Out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20 plus thousand people, only maybe a couple of thousand were alive; maybe a couple of hundred. No, anybody who slowed down was shot. Every time I was ready to give up, I remembered what I promised my beloved mother, that no matter what, I'll survive. We finally got to the next destination, which happened to be another camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were there for about a week. Then, they put us into open coal carrying cars. This is in December. You know how cold it gets over there? Do you have any idea? They shoved about 110 [or] 120 people in this coal carrying car [with] no top. This is in December. It took us maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five [or] six days to get to the next destination.\n\nSpeaker 1: Did you have any possessions at this time? Did you still have your\ncanteen or did you have any bread with you?\n\nGross: I was run out of bread, but I was very lucky. When somebody saw us march, they threw a little bread on the side of the street and I was able to grab it. Then, when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they put us in the open cattle cars--we were there for maybe six days, seven days--I was able to grab some ice and came under the bridge. That's what saved my life. I told you, out of about 110 or 120 people in this coal carrying car [with] no top--this is in December--only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about two or three of us survived.\n\nSpeaker 1: Where did you arrive?\n\nGross: Arrived where?\n\nSpeaker 1: You were in the cattle car. Then, you arrived where?\n\nGross: Then, we arrived in Buchenwald. Buchenwald had three sections: one was our section, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one was the prisoner of war section, and one was a political\nsection. But we didn't see each other. We didn't know about each other. Then, I saw my brother, Sam, again. I was very happy that I still have one brother alive. In Buchenwald, I thought I was in heaven because they used to give us a little better soup. They used to give us a little better bread. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were treated more humanely. But after about three or four months there, they started marching us out because the American Army was arriving. I knew I didn't have the strength to march again, so I just was hiding. But every time they caught me, they wanted to start marching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me out. Finally, before the gate to get out of Buchenwald, I just laid down. The Germans were beating us, kicking us. In fact, a bullet hit me over here but I didn't have too much blood, so it didn't make too much difference. Then, my brother Sam pulls up. Lo and behold, a miracle of miracles happened. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"third brother shows up: my brother, Bill. He was brought in from Funfteichen, one of the other camps. He started crying. He says, \"Oh, my G-d, two of you survived. Oh, my G-d.\" He started crying. We were so happy. The Germans tried to march us out. We just said, \"Nope, we don't have the strength.\" We just laid there. No matter how they were beating and screaming at us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we just laid there. After about a few days, suddenly they stopped beating us. They stopped screaming at us. We started crawling back to the barrack, but I didn't have the strength to go back into the barrack. I just laid outside. Two days later, a tank pulls in. I looked up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, \"Oh, my G-d, that's not a German tank.\" The turret opened up and I saw a black face. I'd never seen black people before in my life. I said, \"Oh, maybe G-d sent angels and they're black.\" If there ever was an angel on the face of the earth, this black soldier saved my\nlife. He got out of the tank, came, pick me up, put a straw in my mouth, started putting some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water in, and gave me a little piece of bread. Then, he picked up my other brothers. If you go to the memorial, you'll see the kids that were liberated in Buchenwald, you'll see my two brothers and I are in that picture. What is so important -- What a small world this is. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After I was liberated, I came home and I found three more brothers alive that were liberated by the Russians. Then our sister was liberated in Bergen-Belsen. She came to Prague [Czech Republic]. Then, they started taking orphans to England. First, they took my sister, and then they took me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they brought my brother, Sam, as an orphan to England. There was a family in Croydon, outside of London, that wanted to adopt us. They were a wonderful family. I used to call them 'mom and dad Ralph'. They used to take us to Croydon [England] to feed us and treat us properly. I was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky and I recovered. I felt good. I got a job with a friend of mine into an optical field. We helped develop the corneal contact lens in England--for the George Nissel company--but I wanted -- My uncles and aunts found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out in America that we're alive. They sent us papers.\n\nSpeaker 1: Can I ask you one question? Before you went to England, did you spend any time in a displaced persons camp after liberation?\n\nGross: Yes, but not much.\n\nSpeaker 1: How long would you say?\n\nGross: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Couple of weeks. But they started taking orphans to England, and they\ntook first my sister and then me. Then, finally they brought my brother there.\n\nSpeaker 1: Do you remember what life was like in the displaced persons camp while you were there?\n\nGross: It's very difficult to describe. We all wanted some food because we were all starved from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. If somebody threw us a little bread, it was heaven. The family that I met when I was orphan in England, they wanted to adopt my sister and me. I wanted to come to America because our uncles and aunts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were here in America--the only ones alive. My parents were killed. All my uncles and aunts in Europe were killed. I lost forty first cousins. My sister came, but I wouldn't leave. Mom Ralph became very sick--the family that wanted to adopt us. I stayed with her almost the whole year till ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she recovered. Then, I came to America. I refused to have anybody pay for my fare until I saved up enough money to pay for my own fares. I came on the Queen Mary.\n\nSpeaker 1: How did you earn that money?\n\nGross: I worked three jobs. I worked in my contact lens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company, I worked in a children's home, and I worked any job I could get to make a few dollars--a few pounds at that time. I saved up enough money to pay for my own fare. I didn't want my uncles to pay for it.\n\nSpeaker 1: What year was it that you came to the United States?\n\nGross: I arrived here December 16, 1949.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speaker 1: Where in the United States did you come?\n\nGross: Place called Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, which is outside of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh and Newcastle, Pennsylvania. Our uncles were absolutely wonderful to us, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refused to have them support me. My first job, I was making $18 a week. Second job in Chicago [Illinois], I was making $50 a week. Then, when the Korean War broke out, I went to the draft board in Chicago. They wouldn't take me in because I wasn't here long enough. I called up my Aunt Hilda in Elwood City. I said, \"I really want to go in the army and they won't take me.\" She said, \"Are you crazy, you idiot?\" She calls me back the next day, \"Okay, get your bag packed.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her nephew was very close to a congressman. I went into the U.S. Army. I'm very proud to say I served in the Korean War. Because I passed seven languages, they put me in the intelligence. I was a first in Fort Meade, Maryland. Then, I was sent to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. From there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was finally assigned to Saint Louis [Missouri] to make glasses for President [Dwight] Eisenhower, and [President Harry] Truman, and [Dean] Acheson, and those guys, because I had a very high clearance.\n\nMike: A few things. After you were liberated, were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given any relief packages?\n\nGross: When I was liberated in Buchenwald with my two brothers, the only thing I wanted is to recover, number one. If you ever go to the memorial, you will see a picture of the kids that were liberated in Buchenwald. I am one of the third kids, and my brother's there, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my other brother's there. When I was taken as an orphan to England, a family wanted to adopt my sister and me, but I was anxious to come to be with my family here in America. They were in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, Beaver Falls, and Pittsburgh. I had some uncles in New York, too, [from] my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father's side. I told you, my first job in Ellwood City was making $18 a week, second job in Chicago, $50 a week. Then, in the U.S. Army, I was very proud. I was making at that time, I think, $60 a month. I was very happy. When I was finally transferred to Saint Louis, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very lucky because I had a very high clearance and I was making glasses for President Eisenhower, Truman, Acheson. At that time, Eisenhower was a general. All the generals' glasses were assigned to me to make them, because I was an optician before. I helped develop the corneal contact lens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in England. Then, my brother and I started a business. We became the largest package home company in the United States. I used to work 18 [or] 20 hours a day. I put on my 1953 Chevy 210--no radio, no heater--I put 118,000 miles in 13 months, so you know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I drove a lot. I worked very hard.\n\nSpeaker 1: If we could go back to when you were liberated, you mentioned seeing the American Army. Do you remember getting any food from them?\n\nGross: They were angels more than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"angels because, as I said, this black soldier picked me up, put a straw in my mouth, started putting water, and then gave me a little bread. I want to tell you the story of what happened when I finally moved to Atlanta. First, I was in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown, Ohio, and finally moved to Atlanta, Georgia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They called for a conference of Holocaust survivors, liberators of the camp, and U.S. prisoners of war. I'm sitting with the president of Emory University, Dr. [Fred] Crawford, Dr. [David] Blumenthal, and a few other professors. In fact, one of the professors just came to visit me last week. I looked over there and I kept on seeing this black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. He gets up and I get up. That's the black soldier who saved my life in Buchenwald. I asked him what he's doing. He says, \"Oh, I'd like to start a newspaper.\" I took him the next day to the bank and got him the money to start a newspaper. I became very close to him, quickly passed away. I was at his deathbed. Now, his daughter owns the paper. I'm very close to her, too.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/transcript/40419/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speaker 1: Thank you very much for talking with us today.\n\nGross: You're welcome very much.\n\nSpeaker 1: We really appreciate it.\n\nGross: Thank you.\n\nSpeaker 1: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=2160.0,2190.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex was born in the village of Palanok, which is today a part of the metropolitan area of Mukachevo, in western Ukraine. It is about 2 miles (3 km) west-southwest of the city center. Palanok is located in the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500kilometers (932miles) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the standard reference for the Czechoslovak Republic. This state was established by the VersaillesTreaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In the late summer of 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia, and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938, which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexedSubcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was a paramilitary organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future“Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with theNational Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt when they had not had time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. They worked clearing trees, laying railroad tracks and fixing broken tracks, digging defensive ditches and anti-tank trenches, clearing minefields, and the like. The Jews worked in these battalions both within Hungary and beyond her borders, on the Ukrainian and Serbian fronts until the Germans conquered Hungary in March 1944. Initially, the Labor ServiceSystem was not set up to be an instrument of torture and murder. During the first two years of its operation, the Jewishrecruits of military age, though subjected to many discriminatory measures, fared relatively well. After Hungary’sinvolvement in the war against Yugoslavia in April 1941, however, the system acquired a punitive character. Shortly after Hungary joined the Third Reich in the war against the Soviet Union (June 27, 1941), the labor service system was also used as a means to “solve” the Jewish question. Rampant antisemitism among non-Jewish Hungarian guards combined with brutal conditions made forced labor for Jews lethal for the great majority. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, an estimated 80 percent of Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died. Scores of forced laborers at the Eastern Front were also taken as prisoners of war by the Soviets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunkacs [Hungarian: Munkács; Ukrainian: Mukachevo] changed hands many times over the years and has many alternative spellings. Today it is in Ukraine and is called ‘Mukachevo.’ At the start of World War II, Munkacs and the surrounding area were in Czechoslovakia. After the war started, this part of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Hungary where it remained until after the war when it was given to Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially, this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced person camp established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food, and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th ArmouredDivision. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic ofNazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palanok Castle or Mukachevo Castle is a historic castle in the city of Mukacheve, in western Ukrainian. It is located at the top of a 224-foot (68 meters) former volcanic hill. The hill has been used as a fortress since at least the Bronze Age and the exact date of the castle’s construction is unknown. Various buildings were constructed and improved over centuries. After World War I, the castle was used by the Czechoslovakian army. Following the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the Royal Hungarian Army used it. After World War II, it was used as a barracks of the soviet Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the Germans took over Hungary in March 1944, Jews were concentrated in short-lived ghettos. Immediately after Passover, on April 18, 1944, flyers announced that the Jews of Munkacs and the surrounding villages must move to an improvised ghetto. They were allowed to take only a few items into the ghetto. Over the course of two days, over 11,000 Jews were concentrated in a section of the city center on an old brick-making factory and its yard, where they stayed for a few weeks. Railroad tracks passed close by it so it was a useful and easy place to guard. other Jews from the area were also pushed into the brick-making factory’s yard. In the ghetto, Jews lived in terrible conditions of poverty and suffered from cruelty, daily abuse, and forced labor in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Munkacs ghetto lasted about a month until mid-May 1944 when the Jews were forced into cattle cars and transported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, where most were murdered. By the end of May 1944, Munkacs was declaredJudenrein[German: free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecim (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II), and Monowitz(Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported a minimum of 1.3 million people(approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. The Monowitzcamp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of1943, the authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. The biggest group of those deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau was Jews from more than 20 European countries. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with the letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with the letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Monowitz camp was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. The German chemical firm IG Farben built a huge complex calledBuna Werke[German: Buna Works]for the production of synthetic fuels and rubber (buna)in April 1941. The availability of thousands of slave laborers in the Auschwitz camps, rail lines, and nearby natural resources for fuel was the reason the camp was built there. In April 1941 prisoners began working in the Buna-Aussenkommando building factory. The prisoners had to march every day from the Main Camp to the worksite until October 1941 when IG Farben proposed that they be housed on the site itself. They built barracks and housed 4,000 to 5,000 laborers on site. IG Farben paid the SS a small daily fee for the prisoner. The prisoners were not paid. Some prisoners built underground bunkers, laid cable, carried tree trunks, and dug up unexploded bombs, or worked on various commands (work units). Skilled prisoners were also needed: mechanics, masons, carpenters, painters, electricians, or welders. Primo Levi partly survived Auschwitz because he was put to work as a chemist at an indoor job at Buna. Between 23,000 and 40,000 prisoners may have died in the camp of malnutrition, overwork, disease, and work accidents. Those who could no longer work were selected for the gas chambers in Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army drew near the extermination and slave labor camps in the East, the Germans marched the prisoners on foot out of the camps to the West, usually back into Germany where they were often abandoned in camps such as Bergen-Belsen and Buchenwald. These marches could last for weeks, without food or water, during which time many of the prisoners died and were left along the side of the road. On January 18, 1945, the camp administration ofMonowitz evacuated those prisoners who were able to march. Those who were ill and weaker were left in the camp, where the Soviet Army liberated them on January 27, 1945\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGleiwitz [Polish: Gliwice] was a German city in 1939. Today, it is a city in southern Poland. From the spring of 1944until January 1945, it was the location of four Auschwitz-Birkenau subcamps, where prisoners worked in mining and industrial companies and railroad repair. As the Soviet Army advanced east, all four camps were evacuated beginning around January 18, 1945. Prisoners were sent on death marches toward the interior of the German Reich. The majority of the marches headed toward the Blechhammer concentration camp. From there, prisoners were sent to Gross-Rosenand then on to Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps in Germany\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest concentration camp within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles, and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced laborers in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFunfteichen [German: Fünfteichen] was the site of an armaments plant run by the Krupp arms empire. It was built in early 1942 and production started in early 1943. It was the largest sub-camp in the Gross-Rosen system. The first transport of about 600Polish Jews prisoners arrived in late September or early October 1943. There were about 6,000 to7,000 prisoners in the camp at the end of the war. Sick prisoners were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered and others were transferred to the Gorlitz labor camp. Most of the prisoners worked in the Krupp factory manufacturing cannons and torpedo launchers. The prisoners walked from the camp to the plant every day, escorted by SS men and dogs. The conditions were terrible and the beatings and executions were regular. Many prisoners committed suicide by“going to the post,” that is, getting so near the fence that a guard would shoot them. Funfteichen was evacuated starting on January 21, 1945, when about 6,000 prisoners were marched out of the camp. The temperature was20 degrees below zero. The prisoners were marched on foot to Gross-Rosen. The journey took four days. Trains again moved most of the prisoners deeper into Germany, where they ended up in Buchenwald, Flossenburg, Dachau, Dora-Mittelbau, and Mauthausen. There were only about 300 prisoners left in the camp when the Americans liberated it on January 23, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps. From August 1945 to March 1950, the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp, NKVD special camp No. 2, where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of them died. Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eG. Nissel and Co. was an English company that made contact lenses and lathes for machining contact lenses. It was established in 1946 by George Nissel(1913-1982), who was born in Transylvania\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80731/file/168974/annotation_set/903/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the UnitedStates during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. 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