{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/057cr5p897/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Garfunkel, Benjamin"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-08-04 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Benjamin Garfunkel (1913-1987) (Interviewee)","Irving Griffin (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Savannah Jews Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Garfunkel was interviewed by Irving Griffin on August 4, 1983 in Savannah, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Garfunkel was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1913 to Charles and Lina Garfunkel. He graduated from Benedictine Military School and attended Columbia University before becoming an associate at the family firm, A.J. \u0026amp; C. Garfunkel Insurance and Real Estate. Benjamin was dedicated to the Savannah Jewish community, serving on the boards of Congregation Bnai Brith Jacob, the Chevra Kadisha, the United Jewish Appeal Drive, the Savannah Jewish Council, the Bureau of Jewish Education, and the Hebrah Gemiluth Hesed Society. He also served the wider Savannah community as mayor pro tempore from 1966 to 1970 under the Curtis Lewis administration. During his time on City Council, Benjamin fought for fairer property tax assessments, helped implement Savannah’s pollution abatement program, backed the construction of the Civic Center, and helped revitalize Savannah’s downtown business district. At the time of his death in 1987, Benjamin was survived by his wife, six children, and fourteen grandchildren. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn his interview, Benjamin reflects on Jewish life in Savannah, particularly the political influence of the Savannah Jewish population and Jewish immigration to the South in the early 1900’s. He recounts how his own family ended up in Savannah, first immigrating from Sweden and then peddling in Missouri, Kentucky, and South Carolina. The family settled in Charleston prior to the Civil War and then eventually moved to Savannah. Benjamin goes on to discuss how his father and uncle helped Jewish immigrants find jobs and settle in Savannah following the World Wars. He recalls how the Garfunkel family advocated to let Eastern European immigrants into Bnai Brith Jacob, even though most of the congregation was hesitant to do so. Benjamin also recounts the work of his aunt, Eugenie Garfunkel, in her role as president of the Hebrew Women’s Aid and in the Bnos Chesed Shel Emes Society. He then reflects on his own involvement in the Jewish community, particularly his standards for orthodoxy. He reminisces on attending daily minyan and starting the Hebrew Day School in Savannah. Benjamin closes the interview by discussing his time as a city alderman and mayor pro tempore. He recalls how the other members on his ticket were very accommodating to his orthodox lifestyle, postponing their inauguration so that he could celebrate a Jewish holiday. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28982"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Garfunkel, Benjamin (1913-1987) (personal name)","Garfunkel, Abraham Joseph (1872-1929) (personal name)","Garfunkel, Eugenie (1876-1972) (personal name)","Garfunkel, Sadie (1881-1972) (personal name)","Friedman, Simon Kalman, Mrs. (1878-1936) (personal name)","Reverend Jacobson (personal name)","Gross, Alexander, Rabbi (personal name)","Rosenberg, Abraham, Rabbi (personal name)","Rosenzweig, Ramon (personal name)","Possick, A. Moshe, Rabbi (personal name)","Myers, Herman (personal name)","Center, Leo (1918-2012) (personal name)","Lewis, Julius Curtis (personal name)","Confederate States Army (corporate name)","Bnai Brith Jacob Synagogue (corporate name)","Temple Mickve Israel (corporate name)","Hebrew Women's Aid Society (corporate name)","Hebrah Gemiluth Hesed Society (corporate name)","Bnos Chesed Shel Emes Society (corporate name)","Slotin \u0026amp; Company (corporate name)","Kahn \u0026amp; Company (corporate name)","Savannah Hebrew Day School (corporate name)","Hebrew Community School (corporate name)","National Council of Young Israel (corporate name)","Savannah Jewish Council (corporate name)","Hebrew Academy of Miami (corporate name)","Fort Sumter (corporate name)","Charleston, South Carolina (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Jacksonville, Florida (geographic term)","Sweden (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Hamburg, Germany (geographic term)","Australia (geographic term)","New York (geographic term)","King Street, Charleston (geographic term)","St. Louis, Missouri (geographic term)","Louisville, Kentucky (geographic term)","Sullivan's Island, South Carolina (geographic term)","Savannah, Georgia (geographic term)","Cooper River Bridge (geographic term)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","Miami Beach, Florida (geographic term)","Long Island, New York (geographic term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Shabbos (topical term)","Mikvah (topical term)","Synagogue (topical term)","Kosher (topical term)","Shochet (topical term)","Pogrom (topical term)","Rabbi (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Peddling (topical term)","World War I (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Shroud (topical term)","Minyan (topical term)","Bar Mitzvah (topical term)","Shul (topical term)","Kaddish (topical term)","Hazzan (topical term)","Shammas (topical term)","Shavuos (topical term)","Sukkot (topical term)","Yom Tov (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Garfunkel was interviewed by Irving Griffin on August 4, 1983 in Savannah, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Garfunkel was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1913 to Charles and Lina Garfunkel. He graduated from Benedictine Military School and attended Columbia University before becoming an associate at the family firm, A.J. \u0026amp; C. Garfunkel Insurance and Real Estate. Benjamin was dedicated to the Savannah Jewish community, serving on the boards of Congregation Bnai Brith Jacob, the Chevra Kadisha, the United Jewish Appeal Drive, the Savannah Jewish Council, the Bureau of Jewish Education, and the Hebrah Gemiluth Hesed Society. He also served the wider Savannah community as mayor pro tempore from 1966 to 1970 under the Curtis Lewis administration. During his time on City Council, Benjamin fought for fairer property tax assessments, helped implement Savannah\u0026rsquo;s pollution abatement program, backed the construction of the Civic Center, and helped revitalize Savannah\u0026rsquo;s downtown business district. At the time of his death in 1987, Benjamin was survived by his wife, six children, and fourteen grandchildren.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn his interview, Benjamin reflects on Jewish life in Savannah, particularly the political influence of the Savannah Jewish population and Jewish immigration to the South in the early 1900\u0026rsquo;s. He recounts how his own family ended up in Savannah, first immigrating from Sweden and then peddling in Missouri, Kentucky, and South Carolina. The family settled in Charleston prior to the Civil War and then eventually moved to Savannah. Benjamin goes on to discuss how his father and uncle helped Jewish immigrants find jobs and settle in Savannah following the World Wars. He recalls how the Garfunkel family advocated to let Eastern European immigrants into Bnai Brith Jacob, even though most of the congregation was hesitant to do so. Benjamin also recounts the work of his aunt, Eugenie Garfunkel, in her role as president of the Hebrew Women\u0026rsquo;s Aid and in the Bnos Chesed Shel Emes Society. He then reflects on his own involvement in the Jewish community, particularly his standards for orthodoxy. He reminisces on attending daily minyan and starting the Hebrew Day School in Savannah. Benjamin closes the interview by discussing his time as a city alderman and mayor pro tempore. He recalls how the other members on his ticket were very accommodating to his orthodox lifestyle, postponing their inauguration so that he could celebrate a Jewish holiday.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Garfunkel__Benjamin.mp3"]},"duration":1861.74694,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/170/779/original/Garfunkel__Benjamin.mp3?1668542543","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":1861.74694,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Garfunkel, Benjamin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GRIFFIN: In 1983. We have with us Mr. Benjamin Garfunkel, who comes from a\nfamily who arrived in the South in the mid-19th century. He has consented to\ntalk with us today about his family origins and his own boyhood and service to\nthe Savannah [Georgia] community, both in the Jewish field and also in the\npolitical arena. Ben, would you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin with some of your reminiscences, please?\n\nGARFUNKEL: I think from a political standpoint it's interesting to know that the\nJewish people in Savannah, for certainly the past 100 years or up until perhaps\nthe last 20 or 30 years, going back 100 years, more or less controlled the\npolitical destiny of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever took place in Savannah. The political\nrepresentatives years ago, before the women were allowed to vote, and the blacks\nwere not allowed to vote, there were probably seven or eight thousand registered\nvoters in Savannah. In those days, there were about maybe 3,000 Protestants and\n3,000 Catholic, and about 1,500 Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"voters. As a result, the Jewish voters\nwere able to hold the balance of power, and they were able to obtain,\njustifiably so, almost anything that they wished in the way of political power\nor influence. There were many Jewish people that had problems, or seeking work\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"employment, that were almost immediately given positions with the city\ndepartments. We had Jewish policemen, Jewish firemen, Jewish workers in offices,\nJewish workers in all of the various departments. Anything that came up in the\ncommunity that required anything from a political standpoint, it was immediately\nhandled and taken care of for the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community or the Jewish people. My\nfather was superintendent of police for four years from 19 . . . January 1903\nuntil 1907, which was strictly a political appointment. As a matter of fact,\nduring all that time, he was orthodox and observant, and observed Shabbos and\nobserved the holidays. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People that came over in the late 19 . . . in the late\n1800's, 1885 to 1900, 1910, it was tremendous immigration into this country and\ninto this community. All of the newcomers were taken care of- there were\nsocieties, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had every facility that a Jewish community would have. They had\na mikvah, they had synagogues, they had daily services . . . they had kosher\nmeats and shochets and butchers and whatever was necessary for the community.\nCharleston [South Carolina] and Savannah were really the outstanding Orthodox\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communities and outstanding Jewish communities in the entire South. Seventy-five\nor 100 years ago the Atlanta [Georgia] community was very small and certainly\nnot anywhere near as strong as the Charleston or Savannah community.\nJacksonville [Florida] and Florida communities were also comparatively small.\nI've heard so many interesting stories that have been passed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down, things that\nhave happened in my own family. My grandfather and his brother were in Sweden as\nboys . . . young men. There was a pogrom in Poland, and the Jews from Poland\nwere coming to Sweden. The rabbi told them that they really should leave Sweden\nbecause the ones that were coming with families needed the employment, whatever\nthere was to do. So they decided to go to Hamburg [Germany], and they were going\nto get the boat to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Australia. When they got to Hamburg, they told them the boat\nhad left for Australia four days before, but there are two boats a week to New\nYork. Why don't they go to New York? So they wound up in America instead of\ngoing to Australia. Others have stories that I've heard. An aunt and uncle of\nmine, Isaac Mintz and his wife, had a small store on King Street in Charleston.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One day a boy came in and wanted to buy something, and they got to talking with\nhim. Found out that he was a cabin boy on a ship, and they talked for a little\nlonger and found out he was Jewish. [They] asked him what he was doing as a\ncabin boy on a ship, what kind of life that was. He said, \"Well, that was all I\ncould get to do.\" So they said, \"Well, you stay here with us, and we'll find-.\"\nOh no, he couldn't do that. He had to get back on the ship, that he couldn't\njump ship. Said, \"You can jump ship, you can stay ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\" He finally stayed with\nthem, and they took care of him for about two or three years until they caught\nhim one Friday night playing poker and ran him off. He eventually married\nsomeone else that had come from Europe, and they raised a tremendous family. The\nfamilies are all...members of the family still live in Savannah and are good\ncitizens and good members of the family. But the way people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrated and how\nthey wound up in certain communities 50 or 100 years ago is almost unheard of today.\n\nGRIFFIN: Let me ask you this question. We know how your father and your uncle\ncame to New York- by hap chance. But from New York, how did they get down to\nCharleston and then into Savannah?\n\nGARFUNKEL: To the best of my knowledge, my grandfather and his brother, after\nthey landed in New York, like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost everyone that came over at that time,\nstarted peddling. They went as far west as St. Louis, Missouri, and there was no\nJewishness at all at that time. It was a trading post at the end of the\nrail...almost the end of the line. They decided that wasn't the place for them,\nand they turned around and went back to New York. Then they left New York, and\nhow they got to Louisville, Kentucky, I don't know. But my father's older sister\nwas born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louisville. My grandfather's brother had either two or three\nchildren born there, and then they left there and wound up in Charleston. My\ngrandfather had a little store at that time on Sullivan's Island [South\nCarolina] when the first shot was fired in the harbor by Fort Sumter.\n\nGRIFFIN: Sullivan Island was where Fort Sumter was housed . . . was built, wasn't it?\n\nGARFUNKEL: No, no. Fort Sumter was on an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"island in the harbor. Sullivan Island\nis across the Cooper River Bridge now from Charleston. They had a little ferry\nthat went across there. And there was a little, I guess, a little community there.\n\nGRIFFIN: Did your grandfather and great uncle serve in the Confederate Army?\n\nGARFUNKEL: No, as a matter of fact, I have a copy of their . . . I guess it's\ntheir passport that was issued in Sweden in 1856 when they came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United\nStates. Endorsed on the back of that passport in 1861 was the . . . by the\nSwedish consul, the fact that they were citizens of Sweden and were not eligible\nto serve in the Confederate States Army. They did not serve in the army at all.\n\nGRIFFIN: Mr. Garfunkel when he moved . . . A.J. Garfunkel, when he moved to\nSavannah, was very instrumental . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: . . . A.J. Garfunkel was born in Savannah . . .\n\nGRIFFIN: . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born in Savannah . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: . . . my father was born in Savannah.\n\nGRIFFIN: They were very instrumental in settling in the new immigrants.\n\nGARFUNKEL: They took care of them. They also were very active after World War I\nin the campaign and drive to take care of the Jews and to bring Jews over and\ndid the same thing during the Thirties before World War II. In trying to get as\nmany, they gave affidavits that they would not be a financial burden and all\nthat sort of thing for anyone wanting to come over. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once they got here, tried to\nfind them a job or a means of livelihood or something to do. They were . . .\nbecause of the political position that they had during the 1890's and early\n1900's because of the Jewish people having the balance of power politically,\nthey were, I guess, really the leaders of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the . . . political leaders of the\nJewish community all through that time. My Uncle Abe [A.J. Garfunkel] was\nchairman of the finance committee of council for, I guess, 20 or 30 years. I\nknow, even after he passed away, a Jewish man was operating a small business or\nsomething and was not able to pay the full amount of a city license or\nsomething. Why, he would always get the amount of license ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reduced for him or\ntaken care of. Even after he passed away in 1929, I was just a young man, but in\nthe early 1930's, a number of the Jewish small grocery storekeepers and whatnot\nwould come to me, and I was always able to talk with the city marshal. From what\nhe had done for . . . the fact that my uncle had done for him, and he had done\nfor my uncle, why, if it was something that was justified, he would give them\nconsideration and reduce the license ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charges.\n\nGRIFFIN: Ben, in the late 19th century, there was a little bit of a conflict\nbetween new immigrants and B.B. [Bnai Brith] Jacob, and I think your family was\ninvolved in that. Would you go into details there?\n\nGARFUNKEL: In those days, in the 1880's when the immigration began from Eastern\nEurope, the members of B.B. Jacob, for the most part, were of German origin.\nThey were hesitant and didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to accept the Polish and Russian Jews as\nmembers of the congregation. My grandfather said, \"Well, if they're not good\nenough for you, I'm not good enough for you.\" He formed another congregation,\nwhich later went back into B.B. Jacob. An aside to that, I used to be friendly\nwith and wrote some insurance as a young man for Henry Boley who was from an old\nfamily here. He would sit down and reminisce with me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he remarked to me one\nday, he said, \"Everything is almost a circle. The wheel turns.\" He said that he\nwas a member of Mickve Israel Synagogue, which was a reform temple. His parents\nwere from Germany. He was German. He said that when his parents came, Mickve\nIsrael was an orthodox congregation and basically Spanish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Portuguese. They\ndidn't want to accept the Germans. Finally, the Germans got to be members of\nMickve Israel. Then later it became a reform temple and that the Germans now\ndidn't want to accept the Polish and Russian Jews as members of Mickve Israel.\nHe said, \"The funny part is that the Spanish and Portuguese were looked down\nupon by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Syrians and the Jews from the Middle East because they originally\nhad immigrated from Syria and Persia and those countries to Spain. Those Middle\nEast countries looked down on the Spanish and Portuguese, the Spanish and\nPortuguese looked down on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Germans, and the Germans looked down on the\nRussian and Polish, and the Russian and Polish looked down on the Syrian and\nMiddle Eastern Jews because each one thought they were better than the other,\nand the whole circle turned around.\" I thought it was an interesting comment\nthat he made, and I'd never thought about it that way.\n\nGRIFFIN: Ben, when you think of the Garfunkel family, you think of Mrs. Eugenie,\nMrs. AJ Garfunkel, and Ms. Sadie Garfunkel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their work with the Hebrew\nWomen's Aid Society. I know that Mrs. Eugenie was not the first president of\nHebrew Women's Aid, that was Mrs. S. K. Friedman, I think, but certainly she was\npresident of the Hebrew Women's Aid for almost 50 years, wasn't she?\n\nGARFUNKEL: Over 50.\n\nGRIFFIN: Over 50 years. You want to tell us a little about your aunt and her work\nwith H . . . Hebrew Women's Aid Society?\n\nGARFUNKEL: She was, of course, very active in it and raised funds for it. It was\na completely charitable organization. She had three or four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ladies that, for\nyears, worked with her very diligently-- Mrs. Sam Blumenthal, Ms. Harriet\nBlumenthal, Mrs. Kandel, and several others. In later years there were many\nothers, children of those that had been helped by the society when they came,\nthat were active and also worked hard and did a lot of work and helped. To the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best of my knowledge, I don't think there was ever a Jewish person in Savannah\nthat had a problem financially, whether it was for sickness or for food or for\nchildren or whatever it might have been, that they were not taken care of by the\nHebrew Women's Aid Society. It was done in a quiet way. They had two or three\nthat knew, and no one else knew who was given charity or what was done. I\nremember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many years ago when I was just a young man, she would get me on\nSaturday night, and I'd take her in an automobile. We'd go to five or six\ndifferent homes, and she'd go in, give this one $10 for the week, or the other\none $15 for the week. She just took the money and handed it to them. There were\nno checks or no records or anything.\n\nGRIFFIN: I know as a social worker that the Hebrew Women's Aid and the HGH\n[Hebrah Gemiluth Hesed] Society, to a smaller extent, were the social work\nfabric of the community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until the Savannah Jewish Council formed a social\nservice committee in the 1950's. But from 1887 up until 1950, those two\norganizations carried on the work of the of the community.\n\nGARFUNKEL: She was also very active in the Bnos Chesed Shel Emes, which was the\nburial society that took care of all of the last rites for the Jewish women in\nthe community. She said that she was married in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1898. She said about six months\nafter she was married her mother-in-law, my grandmother, grabbed her one evening\nand said, \"Come on with me.\" She said she didn't know where she was going. They\nhad come to tell her that someone had passed away. She went with her, and they\ntook care of preparing the body and the shroud and whatever else was necessary.\nShe said after that, she just sort of inherited that job and it's sort of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been\nhanded down. As a matter of fact, my wife now looks after the same work, and she\nsays she got it from my grandmother, and my grandmother and my aunt, and my aunt\nto my wife.\n\nGRIFFIN: So it's almost 100 years since the Garfunkels being responsible for Bnos\nChesed Shel Emes and the Hebrew Women's Aid.\n\nGARFUNKEL: I think it was organized as an organization in 1915 . . . it might\nhave been 1908. I don't remember.\n\nGRIFFIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1909, I think, is when . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: . . . 1909. I don't remember the dates. It was before my time. Before\nthat, before they had an organization, as such, there were a group of women that\ndid all the work. I know, now the shrouds are bought from the [unintelligible,\n17:51] that makes them in New York. But many years ago, I remember when they\nwould call me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunday or Saturday night or something else if someone had passed\naway. I would go down to either Slotin \u0026 Company or Kahn \u0026 Company and buy a\nbolt of linen and then go around and pick up some of the ladies that would help\n-- Mrs. Steinberg, Ms. Rabhan, Ms. Blum -- I'm trying to think who else. I hate\nto leave anyone out. I'm going back maybe 50 years, 60 years. They would sit\ndown, and they would cut out the linen and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit there and sew it and prepare the\nshroud for the body.\n\nGRIFFIN: The next question could be a zinger, but I really mean it positively,\nBen. You are considered Mr. Orthodoxy of the Jewish community. Sometimes that\nhad good ramifications, sometimes it was a complex situation. I think you've\nbeen responsible for vital movements in the Jewish community-- the Day School,\nthe community Hebrew school, everything else. How about speaking to that now,\nyour role as part of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conscience . . . orthodox conscience of the Jewish\ncommunity, Ben.\n\nGARFUNKEL: I guess it's something you just grow up with in your family. You see\nit, and you don't think . . . it's not something that you undertake to do or\nthat comes along. My grandfather started the first daily minyan in Savannah, and\nmy father told me that when he and his brother were boys, seven and eight years\nof age, they would go around knocking on the doors at six o'clock in the morning\nto try to get men ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together so they could have a minyan. By the time my father\nand his brother were bar mitzvah, and there was another family here at that\ntime, the Davis family. Davis had two sons about their age, so between my\ngrandfather and Mr. Davis and Davis's boys and my father and my uncle, they had\nsix to start with. After that he said they had no problem. They had enough that\nthey didn't have to go around and wake people up, but they maintained a daily\nminyan. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When my Uncle Abe passed away in 1929, he had no children, and my father\nand his brother went to shul to say kaddish for him for the year. When it was\nover, my father said that they had always gone to a daily minyan, but he didn't\nknow why they had to wait . . . they had gotten away from it when they'd moved\naway from the synagogue . . . why they had to wait until someone passed away to\nstart going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. From that time on, from 1929, we've all gone daily to minyan\ntwice a day. I guess you go along with your father, and it becomes almost habit\nforming. It's just sort of an accepted thing. Fortunately, my boys seem to have\nsufficient interest. They don't go every day, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do attend regularly. I'm\nsure that they will see that it is perpetuated and continued on.\n\nGRIFFIN: Your son Nathan also serves beyond that. He serves as what . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: . . . as the Hazzan . . .\n\nGRIFFIN: . . . as the Hazzan in the synagogue. Ben, how about telling us a little\nbit about the Day School movement. You were there almost from the beginning when\nJacob . . . Jack Kiel and Ramon Rosenzweig and you started it.\n\nGARFUNKEL: Yes, right before then.\n\nGRIFFIN: It was with the Reverend Jacobson at that time. That was in, what, the\nearly Sixties or late Fifties with Reverend Jacobson?\n\nGARFUNKEL: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that was the late Fifties. My wife and I went down to . . .\nget my timing right. My father passed away in 1956, and we were in Florida in\n1957. I went to a young Israel minyan to say kaddish in Miami [Florida]. There\nwas a man that was very nice to me, and I thought he was the shammas in the\nshul. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked someone whether I could give him something. I didn't want to\ninsult the man, but I wanted to leave something with him for being nice to me.\nThe man that I asked laughed at me and said that this man was a millionaire.\nThis was just what he liked to do, and if I wanted to do something for him, that\nI should make a donation to the Hebrew Academy of Miami. He was very interested\nin the Day School they had started in Miami. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miami Beach, I guess it was really,\nnot Miami.\n\nGRIFFIN: Rabbi [Alexander] Gross . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: Yes, so I gave him a check. I think it was all of $10. He said the\nonly way he would accept the check would be if I would take it to the school. He\nwanted me to see the school. My wife and I drove down to-- this was up on 40th,\nI believe, 40th and Euclid, and the school at that time was down on Eighth\nStreet. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We drove down to Eighth Street, saw the school, and met a man by the\nname of Lauer. He told us that he started the school. [He] said, \"If you want to\nstart a school,\" in his words, \"the first thing you do is kidnap four children\nand you lock them in a room and you start a school.\" We laughed. We had my\ndaughter was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then . . . my oldest was, I think, four or five years of age. We\ncame back all enthused, and we decided we were going to start a day school in\nSavannah. My wife . . . Rabbi [Abraham] Rosenberg had been away, and he called\nmy wife and brought us regards from a cousin of mine that he had stayed with in\nLong Island. My wife said, \"Rabbi, we're going to start a day school.\" He said,\n\"Yes, someday we'll have a school in Savannah.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"No, Rabbi, this\nyear.\" We started out . . . I think we started with either eight or ten children\nin the first grade, and we had quite a job. At that time B.B. Jacob had a Hebrew\nSchool on Hall and Abercorn Street, and we had quite a fight with the orthodox\nsynagogue. They didn't want any part of a day school, didn't even want to let us\nuse a room in the building. We finally got them to where they agreed to let us\nuse a room in the building for the first grade. We only had one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"class. We had no\nteachers, no Hebrew teachers that were employed. We had an English teacher and\nRabbi Jacobson. Then as we added classes . . . I think we added, if I remember\ncorrectly, I believe we got up to four or five grades. Rabbi Jacobson and Sam\nRosenberg and his wife, the three of them taught the Hebrew studies at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nschool, and they were not paid for their services. They did it all gratis to\nhelp to try to get a school started and get it going. I think in those days we\ncharged $10 a month for tuition. At one point, I think when we got up to five\ngrades, we had somewhere around 25 children, 25 to 30 children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The following\nyear we had problems, and I don't remember what the problem was, but the entire\nthing fell apart, and we went one year without a school. The following year Jack\nKiel moved to Savannah with his family, and he had some young kids and wanted to\nstart a school again. We started the first grade with Jack Kiel and Ramon\nRosenzweig, and I guess myself and Mr. B. Karpf--B. Karpf was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"active. We\ngot started with the Day School, and the second year Jack Kiel was really the\nleader, and he brought Rabbi [A. Moshe] Possick here to be the principal and to\nteach. Rabbi Possick was here for, I don't remember how many years, but he built\nit up quite a bit. Since then, it's . . . at one point was very successful and\nnow the enrollment has fallen off ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"badly. I hope that they get started now and\neventually it's going to build back up again. They seem to be on the right\nground, the right foot.\n\nGRIFFIN: Ben, you were an alderman and mayor pro tem. Of course, we had a Jewish\nmayor from 1903 to 1907 when your father was superintendent of police. But you\nwere the first . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: I think Herman Myers served longer than that. I'm not sure, but I\nthink he was mayor longer. He was mayor for quite a long time. I think he was\nmayor for ten years or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something, been reelected . . .\n\nGRIFFIN: But we know from 1907 was his last year. That was the year the city hall\nwas . . .\n\nGARFUNKEL: The city hall was built in 1904.\n\nGRIFFIN: Yes, but 1907 I think they dedicated it or something.\n\nGARFUNKEL: Maybe.\n\nGRIFFIN: Let us hear a little bit about your political career. I think you were\nthe first Jewish mayor pro tem, although we have a present Jewish mayor pro tem\nin Leo Center.\n\nGARFUNKEL: When we . . . when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was asked to run with a Republican slate, we . .\n. I offered to run with . . . Curtis Lewis ran for mayor, and we weren't sure\nthat we were going to have a ticket, whether we would qualify and have even a\nticket to oppose the present administration at that time. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meetings a week\nbefore the closing date, and I remember the closing date for the entry was the\nfirst day of Shavuos. I said the day before, I said, \"You better make up your\nmind whether you're going to run because tomorrow I'm not going to be available.\nI'm not going to be able to qualify.\" Jay Gardner called Shelby Myrick who was\nthe ordinary, and we were all lifelong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. He said, \"Shelby, you know,\nBenny's not going to be able to qualify. If we get a ticket, he'll run with us.\"\nShelby said, \"Tell you what, you tell Benny to come on over, and I'll let him\nqualify and he'll give me his check and I'll give him the oath, and I'll put it\nin my desk drawer. If the rest of you qualify, fine, and if you don't qualify,\nI'll just tear it up.\" I went over the day before anyone else. As a matter of\nfact, I didn't know until I got the newspaper that afternoon whether I was\nrunning or not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the others qualified, but no one had told me. I saw it in\nthe newspaper that they did have a slate of aldermen, and they were running for\noffice. We were very fortunate we were elected as an entire slate. At that time,\nthe custom was that whatever alderman obtained of the largest number of total\nvotes was elected mayor pro tem. I had maybe 500 more votes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the next\nhighest alderman, and as a result was elected mayor pro tem. We were supposed to\nbe inaugurated in office on, I think it was the 3rd of October, it was 1966.\nThat was the first or one of the last days of Sukkot, and I told them, \"You go\nahead and have your inauguration, but I won't be there because it's Yom Tov.\"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the others, the mayor and the other aldermen were all non-Jewish, but they\ninsisted, over my objection, that they were going to postpone the inauguration\nfrom the third until the fifth of October so that I could be there. On account\nof yom tov, they put off the . . . postponed the inauguration.\n\nGRIFFIN: I think there's two significance there. One is that the elected\nofficials were willing to let the Jews be observant and still participate in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/transcript/40652/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politics. Secondly, from my experience since 1949, the Jews have never been the\nlast on the ticket. They've always ranked very high up when they've run with\nfive or six on the ticket.\n\nGARFUNKEL: They always were well represented, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1830.0,1860.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Garfunkel was born to Charles and Lina Garfunkel of Savannah in 1913. Benjamin was very active in both the Savannah and Savannah Jewish communities, serving as the president of various boards and as mayor pro tempore of the city council. He died in December of 1987 at the age of 74.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is a coastal city in Chatham County, Georgia. It is known for its well-preserved architecture and rich history. It is about a four-hour drive from Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) or Shabbat (Hebrew) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikvah\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water, often gathered from a natural source, that is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher foods are those that conform to the Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut. Kashrut requires foods to be prepared according to Jewish law, and any food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharleston is a port city in Charleston County, South Carolina. It is known for its rich history, antebellum architecture, and southern cuisine. Charleston is about a two-hour drive from Savannah, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFlorida is the southeasternmost U.S. state, with the Atlantic on one side and the Gulf of Mexico on the other. It has hundreds of miles of beaches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacksonville is a coastal resort city in Duval County, Florida. It is known for its urban park system and stunning beaches. It is about a two-hour drive from Orlando. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It played an important part in both the U.S. Civil War and the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. Today it is a transportation and industry hub. As of 2021, the metropolitan Atlanta area housed over six million people. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSweden is a Scandinavian nation in Europe known for its coastal islands, inland lakes, boreal forests, and glaciated mountains. During WWII, the nation provided refuge to Jews in Nazi-occupied Norway and Denmark. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc and to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks by non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated riots that first began in the 19th century after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire from 1772 to 1815. During World War II, the Nazi Germany launched an anti-Jewish pogrom throughout the German empire. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a central European nation known for its diverse topography and rich history. Prior to the antisemitic movements that emerged in Russia and Germany, the country was considered to be the center of European Jewish life. But starting in the early 1900’s, Russian pogroms forced a large number of Polish Jews to seek refuge in the United States. Then, following the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, nearly 85% of Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust. Mass emigration to the U.S. occurred again in 1968 when more than half of Poland’s Jewish population was stripped of citizenship and forced to leave. Today (2022), the Jewish community in Poland is slowly rebuilding.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA rabbi is a religious leader who studies and teaches Jewish law. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg is a major port city in northern Germany. It is crossed by hundreds of canals and contains large areas of parkland. In the early 1900’s, it was one of the most important emigration ports in Europe and was known as the ‘Gateway to the World.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York is a northeastern U.S. state known for New York City, which is one of the major commercial, financial, and cultural centers of the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustralia is a sovereign country located between the southern Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is known for its tropical beaches, marine reserves, diverse wildlife, and Aboriginal culture. At the end of the 19th century, many Eastern European Jews emigrated to Australia to escape persecution and pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePeddling is the practice of selling goods from place to place. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, peddling made it possible for immigrant families to save up money and eventually start businesses. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Louis, Missouri is a major city along the Mississippi River. It is known for its iconic gateway arch, which pays homage to America’s westward expansion as the ‘Gateway to the West.’ \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouisville is Kentucky’s largest city. It sits on the Ohio River and is right on the Indiana border. Louisville is known for the Kentucky Derby, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and baseball. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSullivan’s Island is barrier island just off of the Charleston Harbor in South Carolina. It was the site of a major American Revolutionary War battle and some of the first shots of the American Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Sumter is an island fortification located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. It was the site of the first shots and first battle of the American Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCooper River Bridge consisted of parallel bridges over the Cooper River in South Carolina that connected Charleston to Mount Pleasant. The bridge was replaced with the Arthur Ravenel Bridge in 2005. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Confederate States Army (CSA) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. It was eventually defeated by the Union Army in 1865. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Joseph Garfunkel (A.J./Abe) was the uncle of Benjamin Garfunkel and brother of Charles Garfunkel. He was the co-founder of A.J. \u0026amp; C. Garfunkel Insurance and Real Estate. He died in 1929 at the age of 57.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called the First World War or the Great War, was an international conflict that involved most European nations as well as Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions from 1914 to 1918. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBnai Brith Jacob is the only Orthodox synagogue in Savannah, Georgia. The congregation was formed in 1861 when Eastern European Jewish immigrants, accustomed to the Ashkenazic tradition of worship, first came to Savannah. The congregation’s synagogue relocated numerous times before settling on Abercorn Street. Today (2022) the congregation is led by Rabbi Avigdor Slatus. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Mickve Israel, located in the Historic District of Savannah on Monterey Square, is home to the third-oldest Jewish congregation in America. The congregation was founded in 1733 by Sephardic Jewish settlers who had been living in difficult circumstances in London. The temple was constructed in 1820 and was the first synagogue built in Georgia. Today (2022), Congregation Mickve Israel is a Reform Jewish synagogue led by Rabbi Robert Haas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism popular in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugenie Garfunkel was the aunt of Benjamin Garfunkel and the wife of Benjamin’s uncle, Abraham Garfunkel. She was born in Germany in 1876 but spent most of her life in Savannah. Eugenie was the president of various organizations in the Savannah Jewish community. She died in April of 1972 at the age of 95. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSadie Garfunkel was the sister of Charles Garfunkel and aunt of Benjamin Garfunkel. She was active in the Savannah Jewish community. Sadie died in February of 1972 at the age of 91.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMrs. Simon Kalman Friedman (Bessie Friedman) was the founder of the Hebrew Women’s aid Society and owner of Friedman’s Art Store. She was born circa 1878 and died in 1936. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Women’s Aid Society of Savannah, Georgia was founded in the early 20th century to help the Jewish community of Savannah. Members would come together to discuss issues and ways to support, or aid, in the problems they addressed. It is unclear if the organization still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMrs. Samuel Blumenthal was an early board member of the Hebrew Women’s Aid Society. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMs. Harriet Blumenthal was an early board member of the Hebrew Women’s Aid Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMrs. P. Kandel was an early board member of the Hebrew Women’s Aid Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrah Gemiluth Hesed Society (HGH) is a fraternal philanthropic society in Savannah, Georgia that was organized in 1888 and chartered in 1889 to carry out the principal beliefs of the Jewish religion, \u003cem\u003etzedakah\u003c/em\u003e, charity, and justice. The Society was created as an economic and social support system for early Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe to help them gain independence and become active members of their new community. Interest-free loans were made to members, allowing them to start businesses and bring over family members that had been left behind in the Old Country. Other membership assistance included sick and death benefits. Towards the end of the twentieth century, membership benefits became primarily social rather than financial. Hebrah Gemiluth Hesed, however, continues its mission as a philanthropic society by continuing to contribute to various charities and community organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Savannah Jewish Council was founded in 1943 by twenty-two local Jewish organizations and twelve original members. The Council changed its name to the Savannah Jewish Federation in December 1985 to better define its work and resemblance to other federations. The purpose of the organization is to provide a centralized group in charge of raising, collecting, and distributing funds to causes and institutions that are in general interest or affecting the welfare of Savannah’s Jewish residents. It is still in function today (2022).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBnos Chesed Shel Emes, a Women’s Burial Society, was organized in 1916 by Congregation Bnai Brith Jacob to provide last rites to women. It is comparable to Chevra Kadisha, which is an organization of Jewish men and women who see to it that the bodies of the deceased are prepared for burial according to Jewish tradition. Bnos Chesed Shel Emes was responsible for building the Jewish Chapel at Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah. It is unclear if the organization still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shroud is a cloth that is wrapped around a deceased person’s body before burial or cremation. In Orthodox Judaism, shrouds are simple white cloths known as \u003cem\u003etachrichim\u003c/em\u003e. They are meant to protect the poor from embarrassment at not being able to afford lavish burial clothes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlotin \u0026amp; Company was founded in 1907 and was one of the largest dry goods wholesalers in Savannah in the early 20th century. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKahn \u0026amp; Company is nationwide distributor of hotel linens that was formed in Savannah, Georgia in 1929. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Community School was organized in the late 1950’s through efforts made by the Jewish Educational Alliance, the Savannah Jewish Council, and those in the local Jewish community. The goal of the institution was to provide nondenominational education to the wider Jewish community in Savannah. In 1990 it merged with the Savannah Hebrew Day School to become the Rambam Day School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Savannah Hebrew Day School was a prominent Jewish educational institution in Savannah, Georgia during the second half of the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries. As a congregation-based school, it was intimately related to Congregation Bnai Brith Jacob. In 1990 it merged with the Hebrew Community School to become the Rambam Day School. Hebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism, adult females count as well. A \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or Shabbat services, reading from the Torah and haftarah portions in synagogue, and saying Kaddish, amongst other things. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted in the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available \u003cem\u003eSabbath\u003c/em\u003e after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShul\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school.” It emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. Along with the \u003cem\u003eShema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmidah\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e is said at all prayer services and other specific occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling, it is customary to recite the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e does not mention death at all, but instead praises God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamon Rosenzweig was the son of Sidney and Lena Rosenzweig, the owners of the Savannah Bargain Corner. He was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the Savannah Hebrew Day School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA h\u003cem\u003eazzan\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew), also known as a chazzan, is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Young Israel is a synagogue-based Orthodox organization with a network of affiliated “Young Israel” synagogues. Its goals are to instill an understanding of and appreciation for Torah-based Judaism throughout the United States. A young Israel \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e is a \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e associated with the Young Israel organization. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami, officially the City of Miami, is a coastal metropolis and the seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida. With a population of 442,241 as of the 2020 census, it is the second-most populous city in Florida. It is known for its Latin-American cultural influences, notable art scene, and nightlife.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA s\u003cem\u003ehammas\u003c/em\u003e is an official that acts as the sexton or caregiver of a synagogue. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Academy of Miami is a modern Orthodox Dati Tziyoni school that was founded by Rabbi Alexander Sender Gross in 1947. It was the first Hebrew school of its kind south of Baltimore. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami Beach is an island city in south Florida that is connected by bridge to mainland Miami. It is known for its art deco architecture and international celebrity community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Alexander Gross founded the Hebrew Academy of Miami and played a central role in the development of Jewish life in south Florida. He was president of the Rabbinical Alliance of America and was active in the United Jewish Appeal. He died in Miami Beach, Florida in 1980. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Abraham Rosenberg served as the rabbi of Congregation Bnai Brith Jacob beginning in 1945 until his death in 1985. He was the driving force of the Congregation’s move to its present site at 5444 Abercorn Street. Rabbi Rosenberg helped found the National Conference of Synagogue Youth, a worldwide program for Orthodox Jewish pre-teens and teenagers, in 1955. Locally, he was involved in Savannah's Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s, the Chatham Clinic for Alcoholism, and the Chatham-Savannah Mental Health Association. In 1972, Rosenberg received the Chief Rabbi Herzog Gold Medal Award from the Religious Zionists of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLong Island is a densely populated island in southeastern New York State that is part of the metropolitan New York City area. It is known for its beaches and bagels. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi A. Moshe Possick received master’s degrees in Hebrew letters and education from YU graduate schools. He served as a day school principal in Savannah, Philadelphia, Montreal, and Queens before beginning a career at Torah Umesorah, the national association of Hebrew day schools. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Myers was the first Jewish mayor of Savannah from 1895 to 1907. He was instrumental in the development of Savannah, leading the construction of City Hall and establishing other businesses such as Hotel Tybee and the National Bank of Savannah. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Center was prominent Jewish businessman and boxer from Savannah. He served as an alderman under mayor John Rousakis from 1970 to 1990 and was mayor pro tempore from 1982 until 1990. Leo died in 2012 at the age of 94.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Curtis Lewis was a businessman and philanthropist that served as the mayor of Savannah in the late 1960s. Benjamin Garfunkel served as mayor pro temp under Curtis Lewis. The administration was instrumental in developing the southside of Savannah, revitalizing River Street, and constructing the Savannah Civic Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShavuos\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e, is the Hebrew word for “weeks” and refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e by God at Mount Sinai. It occurs at the completion of the seven-week counting period between Passover and \u003cem\u003eShavuos\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eShavuos\u003c/em\u003e, like many other Jewish holidays, began as an ancient agricultural festival that marked the end of the spring barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. In ancient times,\u003cem\u003e Shavuos\u003c/em\u003e was a pilgrimage festival during which Israelites brought crop offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. Today, it is a celebration of \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e, education, and actively choosing to participate in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish festival held in autumn to commemorate the sheltering of the Israelites in the wilderness during the Exodus. During \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Jews transfer their living quarters from the house to a \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e, which is a makeshift booth whose roof is made of branches or vegetation thin enough to let in rain. People eat in the \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e and many pious Jews sleep there. The \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e is meant to remind Jews of the booths in which their ancestors dwelt when they wandered in the wilderness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/annotation_set/917/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Tov\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew word meaning “good day.” It is a generic term for specific days of Jewish holidays, including the first and seventh days of \u003cem\u003ePassover, Shavuos, Rosh Hashanah\u003c/em\u003e, the first day of \u003cem\u003eSukkot,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSimchat Torah\u003c/em\u003e. On days of \u003cem\u003eYom Tov\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003eprohibits work\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=1770.0,1800.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/index/51917","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Garfunkel, Benjamin [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/index/51917/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Political Influence and Immigration in Savannah ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=25.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/index/51917/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben, would you begin with some of your reminiscences, please?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779#t=25.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82524/file/170779/index/51917/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benjamin 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